true_a or_o probable_a but_o be_v indeed_o deceitful_a and_o the_o ancient_n do_v call_v those_o sophister_n which_o endeavour_v to_o obtain_v glory_n by_o disputation_n and_o that_o by_o five_o way_n or_o mean_n especial_o by_o force_v the_o respondent_fw-la 1._o to_o redargution_n which_o be_v the_o denial_n of_o something_o that_o be_v before_o grant_v or_o the_o concession_n of_o something_o that_o be_v before_o deny_v when_o the_o respondent_fw-la be_v force_v to_o contradict_v himself_o 2._o to_o something_o that_o be_v false_a as_o when_o he_o admit_v of_o something_o that_o be_v apparent_o know_v to_o be_v so_o 3._o to_o something_o contrary_a to_o common_a sense_n as_o when_o he_o admit_v of_o some_o proposition_n that_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o common_a receive_v opinion_n 4._o to_o some_o solecism_n as_o when_o he_o admit_v of_o some_o thing_n contrary_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o grammar_n or_o 5._o and_o last_o to_o some_o trivial_a and_o vain_a thing_n as_o when_o there_o be_v a_o vain_a and_o useless_a repetition_n of_o the_o same_o thing_n these_o fallacious_a way_n of_o argue_v aristotle_n have_v well_o refer_v to_o these_o two_o head_n to_o fallacy_n in_o word_n or_o in_o thing_n of_o fallacy_n in_o word_n he_o reckon_v five_o ambiguity_n amphibolie_a composition_n division_n and_o figure_n of_o a_o word_n of_o fallacy_n in_o thing_n he_o name_v seven_o accident_n of_o a_o thing_n speak_v after_o a_o sort_n to_o a_o thing_n speak_v simple_o ignorance_n of_o the_o argument_n a_o false_a or_o wrong_a cause_n consequent_a beg_v of_o the_o question_n and_o a_o ask_n of_o many_o question_n chap._n xx._n of_o fallacy_n in_o word_n all_o fallacy_n in_o word_n arise_v from_o some_o multiplicity_n that_o be_v in_o they_o and_o the_o multiplicity_n that_o be_v in_o word_n be_v either_o actual_a potential_a or_o fantastic_a 1._o actual_a when_o a_o word_n without_o variation_n have_v many_o meaning_n as_o in_o aequivocation_n and_o amphibolie_a 2._o potential_a when_o a_o word_n be_v alter_v in_o the_o pronunciation_n have_v many_o meaning_n as_o in_o composition_n division_n and_o accent_n 3._o fantastic_a when_o a_o word_n do_v real_o and_o indeed_o signify_v but_o one_o and_o yet_o do_v seem_v to_o signify_v many_o thing_n as_o in_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o word_n a_o fallacy_n of_o aequivocation_n or_o homonymie_n be_v when_o some_o simple_a word_n be_v diverse_o take_v in_o the_o several_a proposition_n of_o the_o same_o syllogism_n and_o this_o may_v be_v three_o way_n 1._o when_o one_o word_n be_v apply_v to_o several_a thing_n for_o example_n every_o dog_n do_v bark_n the_o dog_n star_n be_v a_o dog_n therefore_o the_o dog_n star_n do_v bark_n 2._o when_o a_o word_n proper_o signify_v but_o one_o thing_n be_v by_o analogy_n or_o metaphor_n apply_v to_o another_o as_o if_o one_o will_v prove_v that_o water_n have_v foot_n because_o it_o run_v or_o the_o meadow_n a_o mouth_n because_o it_o smile_v 3._o when_o there_o be_v some_o ambiguity_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o accident_n of_o the_o part_n of_o speech_n according_a to_o grammar_n as_o if_o one_o will_v prove_v that_o he_o which_o be_v sit_v do_v stand_v because_o he_o do_v rise_v in_o these_o fallacy_n there_o be_v four_o term_n and_o may_v be_v resolve_v by_o show_v the_o several_a signification_n of_o the_o ambiguous_a word_n a_o fallacy_n of_o amphibolie_n be_v when_o some_o sentence_n be_v doubtful_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o construction_n and_o this_o may_v be_v three_o way_n 1._o the_o construction_n of_o the_o word_n be_v the_o same_o but_o under_o a_o diverse_a habitude_n as_o if_o one_o will_v prove_v this_o to_o be_v aristotle_n book_n because_o he_o make_v it_o 2._o by_o change_v the_o order_n of_o the_o construction_n as_o thus_o that_o which_o one_o do_v see_v be_v true_a but_o you_o see_v thomas_n drink_v therefore_o it_o be_v true_a that_o thomas_n be_v drink_v 3._o when_o a_o sentence_n have_v both_o a_o proper_a and_o a_o metaphorical_a sense_n as_o thus_o they_o which_o laugh_v have_v mouth_n the_o meadow_n do_v laugh_v therefore_o the_o meadow_n have_v mouth_n and_o to_o this_o belong_v all_o proverbial_a speech_n and_o may_v be_v resolve_v by_o show_v the_o ambiguity_n of_o the_o sentence_n a_o fallacy_n of_o composition_n be_v when_o such_o word_n be_v join_v together_o which_o shall_v be_v disjoin_v and_o the_o contrary_a unto_o this_o be_v a_o fallacy_n of_o division_n when_o such_o word_n be_v sever_v which_o ought_v to_o be_v join_v together_o both_o of_o these_o may_v happen_v four_o way_n 1._o when_o the_o dictum_fw-la in_o a_o modal_a proposition_n may_v be_v put_v for_o its_o whole_a self_n or_o for_o a_o part_n of_o its_o self_n as_o for_o example_n it_o be_v possible_a for_o he_o that_o be_v sit_v to_o run_v the_o which_o proposition_n be_v false_a if_o take_v together_o for_o while_o he_o do_v sit_v he_o can_v actual_o run_v but_o be_v disjoin_v it_o be_v true_a for_o he_o that_o do_v now_o sit_v at_o another_o time_n may_v run_v 2._o in_o hypothetical_n proposition_n who_o part_n be_v join_v by_o some_o conjunction_n copulative_a or_o disjunctive_a as_o two_o and_o three_o be_v even_o and_o odd_a but_o five_o be_v two_o and_o three_o therefore_o five_o be_v even_o and_o odd_a 3._o when_o some_o word_n in_o a_o sentence_n may_v be_v join_v to_o diverse_a thing_n as_o for_o example_n he_o that_o may_v now_o be_v true_o say_v to_o be_v bear_v be_v bear_v in_o this_o hour_n but_o a_o man_n that_o be_v threescore_o year_n old_a may_v now_o be_v true_o say_v to_o be_v bear_v therefore_o a_o man_n that_o be_v threescore_o year_n old_a be_v bear_v in_o this_o hour_n 4._o when_o two_o thing_n be_v take_v several_o in_o the_o premise_n and_o conjunct_o in_o the_o conclusion_n and_o the_o contrary_a as_o thus_o this_o dog_n be_v a_o father_n and_o this_o dog_n be_v you_o therefore_o this_o dog_n be_v your_o father_n in_o these_o there_o be_v four_o term_n and_o be_v resolve_v by_o separate_v the_o divide_a sense_n from_o that_o which_o be_v compound_v and_o show_v which_o of_o they_o be_v true_a and_o genuine_a and_o which_o not_o a_o fallacy_n in_o accent_n be_v when_o one_o and_o the_o same_o word_n or_o sentence_n do_v signify_v diverse_a thing_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o different_a accent_n or_o manner_n of_o pronunciation_n and_o this_o may_v be_v four_o way_n 1._o by_o make_v a_o wrong_a pronunciation_n a_o long_a syllable_n for_o a_o short_a or_o the_o contrary_n 2._o by_o the_o diverse_a writing_n without_o a_o diphthong_n or_o aspiration_n as_o thus_o they_o that_o can_v pronounce_v shibboleth_n be_v safe_a from_o the_o gileadite_n but_o the_o ephramite_n can_v pronounce_v shibboleth_n therefore_o they_o be_v safe_a 3._o when_o one_o word_n be_v make_v of_o two_o or_o two_o of_o one_o 4._o by_o change_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o pronunciation_n as_o thus_o he_o that_o say_v well_o do_v do_v acknowledge_v the_o action_n to_o be_v good_a but_o he_o that_o deride_v another_o do_v say_v well_o do_v therefore_o he_o that_o deride_v another_o do_v acknowledge_v the_o action_n to_o be_v good_a in_o these_o also_o there_o be_v four_o term_n and_o they_o be_v solve_v by_o show_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o diverse_a accent_n or_o writing_n a_o fallacy_n of_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o word_n be_v when_o for_o some_o similitude_n and_o likeness_n of_o word_n that_o do_v seem_v to_o agree_v to_o one_o thing_n which_o be_v proper_a to_o another_o but_o these_o fallacy_n have_v the_o least_o show_n of_o probability_n and_o therefore_o be_v but_o rare_o use_v and_o be_v many_o of_o they_o solve_v by_o say_v that_o the_o word_n be_v indeed_o like_a by_o reason_n of_o some_o accident_n as_o sound_z or_o termination_n but_o not_o in_o substance_n sense_n or_o signification_n chap._n xxi_o of_o fallacy_n 〈◊〉_d thing_n fallacy_n in_o thing_n be_v seven_o 1._o a_o fallacy_n of_o accident_n when_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o one_o of_o the_o term_n in_o a_o syllogism_n only_o by_o accident_n be_v attribute_v unto_o another_o as_o if_o it_o be_v essential_a this_o happen_v 1._o when_o we_o argue_v from_o the_o accident_n to_o the_o subject_n and_o the_o contrary_a for_o example_n that_o which_o cause_v drunkenness_n be_v to_o be_v remove_v but_o wine_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o drunkenness_n therefore_o wine_n must_v be_v take_v away_o 2._o when_o the_o genus_fw-la of_o the_o supposition_n be_v change_v the_o material_a into_o the_o formal_a the_o simple_a into_o personal_a and_o the_o contrary_n as_o thus_o a_o animal_n be_v a_o genus_fw-la a_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n therefore_o a_o man_n be_v a_o genus_fw-la 3._o when_o we_o argue_v from_o the_o superior_a to_o the_o inferior_a and_o the_o contrary_a as_o if_o we_o will_v prove_v that_o rationality_n be_v
dog_n for_o another_o reason_n viz._n the_o anology_n that_o it_o have_v to_o a_o dog_n so_o a_o live_a man_n and_o a_o paint_a man_n agree_v in_o the_o common_a name_n of_o man_n but_o the_o reason_n for_o which_o they_o be_v so_o call_v be_v diverse_a the_o common_a name_n which_o for_o diverse_a reason_n be_v give_v to_o the_o several_a thing_n signify_v by_o they_o be_v call_v aequivocate_a aequivocals_n and_o the_o thing_n express_v by_o those_o name_n be_v call_v aequivocate_v aequivocals_n thus_o a_o man_n be_v a_o aequivocate_a aequivocal_a a_o live_a man_n and_o a_o paint_a man_n be_v aequivocate_v aequivocals_n aequivocals_n be_v either_o such_o as_o be_v 1._o by_o chance_n of_o which_o no_o reason_n can_v be_v give_v for_o their_o be_v call_v by_o that_o common_a name_n or_o 2._o by_o counsel_n of_o which_o some_o reason_n of_o dependency_n or_o similitude_n may_v be_v give_v for_o their_o be_v call_v by_o that_o common_a name_n as_o a_o live_a man_n and_o a_o paint_a man_n and_o those_o be_v synechdochical_o call_v aequivocals_n by_o analogy_n of_o both_o which_o these_o canon_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v 1._o aequivocal_a word_n if_o they_o be_v not_o distinguish_v and_o take_v in_o one_o sense_n be_v of_o no_o use_n in_o any_o science_n every_o ens_fw-la or_o entity_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o ten_o predicament_n be_v a_o common_a analogous_n thing_n 3._o every_o analogous_n thing_n put_v by_o itself_o be_v to_o be_v take_v in_o the_o most_o common_a signification_n vnivocals_n be_v such_o thing_n as_o have_v a_o common_a name_n and_o the_o reason_n for_o which_o it_o be_v apply_v to_o many_o be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o in_o they_o all_o thus_o the_o name_n of_o a_o live_a creature_n be_v common_a both_o to_o man_n and_o beast_n the_o common_a name_n which_o be_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n attribute_v unto_o many_o be_v call_v vnivocate_a vnivocals_n and_o the_o thing_n express_v by_o these_o name_n be_v call_v vnivocate_v vnivocals_n thus_o a_o live_a creature_n be_v a_o univocate_a vnivocal_a and_o a_o man_n a_o bull_n a_o lion_n be_v univocate_v vnivocals_n denominative_n be_v such_o word_n as_o be_v of_o near_a affinity_n in_o sound_n and_o signification_n dâ—_n differ_v in_o termination_n as_o justice_n and_o just_o in_o every_o denomination_n there_o be_v three_o thing_n 1._o the_o form_n denominate_v and_o that_o be_v some_o accident_n in_o the_o abstract_n which_o be_v inherent_a in_o the_o subject_n as_o justice_n 2._o the_o subject_a denominate_v and_o that_o be_v a_o substance_n in_o which_o the_o form_n be_v inherent_a as_o socrates_n 3._o the_o denominative_a and_o that_o be_v some_o accident_n in_o the_o concrete_a which_o be_v predicate_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o rise_v from_o the_o form_n as_o just_o the_o form_n denominate_v and_o the_o denominative_a as_o justice_n and_o just_o in_o reference_n to_o the_o word_n agree_v in_o the_o beginning_n differ_v in_o the_o end_n the_o signification_n agree_v in_o the_o thing_n &_o differ_v in_o the_o manner_n the_o use_n of_o these_o definition_n be_v that_o the_o form_n of_o predication_n aequivocal_o vnivocal_o and_o denominative_o may_v be_v the_o better_o know_v 1._o aequivocal_a predication_n be_v in_o reference_n to_o the_o name_n but_o not_o in_o reference_n to_o the_o defini-nition_a and_o thus_o every_o ens_fw-la or_o entity_n be_v predicate_v of_o in_o the_o ten_o predicament_n 2._o vnivocal_a predication_n be_v in_o reference_n to_o the_o name_n and_o definition_n both_o thus_o superior_n be_v predicate_v of_o the_o inferior_n of_o the_o same_o predicament_n 3._o denominative_a predication_n be_v to_o be_v predicate_v in_o the_o concrete_a as_o a_o accident_n be_v predicate_v of_o its_o subject_n thus_o the_o accident_n in_o â—he_n nine_o last_o predicament_n be_v predicate_v of_o the_o substance_n in_o the_o first_o the_o division_n belong_v to_o the_o antepredicament_n be_v two_o one_o be_v of_o word_n and_o the_o other_o of_o thing_n a_o word_n be_v either_o simple_a or_o compound_v a_o simple_a voice_n or_o word_n be_v threefold_a 1._o in_o respect_n of_o the_o sound_n only_o when_o one_o word_n do_v signify_v many_o thing_n as_o a_o dog_n and_o every_o aequivocate_a aequivocal_a 2._o in_o substance_n and_o signification_n when_o more_o word_n than_o one_o be_v use_v to_o express_v one_o thing_n as_o a_o live_a creature_n for_o a_o animal_n 3._o in_o sound_n and_o substance_n both_o when_o one_o word_n do_v express_v one_o only_a thing_n as_o a_o man_n a_o animal_n a_o compound_a voice_n or_o word_n be_v also_o threefold_a 1._o in_o respect_n of_o the_o sound_n only_o as_o when_o more_o word_n than_o one_o be_v use_v to_o express_v one_o only_a thing_n as_o a_o live_a body_n for_o a_o animal_n 2._o in_o substance_n and_o signification_n when_o one_o word_n express_v diverse_a thing_n as_o a_o dog_n be_v one_o word_n but_o have_v diverse_a signification_n as_o every_o aequivocate_a aequivocal_a have_v 3._o in_o sound_n and_o substance_n both_o as_o when_o they_o be_v diverse_a word_n and_o these_o diverse_a word_n do_v signify_v more_o thing_n as_o these_o word_n a_o learned_a man_n do_v signify_v the_o substance_n and_o the_o quality_n thing_n be_v either_o universal_a or_o particular_a and_o both_o of_o they_o be_v either_o substance_n or_o accident_n 1._o universal_a substance_n be_v speak_v of_o the_o subject_n but_o be_v not_o in_o it_o as_o a_o man_n be_v predicate_v of_o socrates_n and_o plato_n but_o inher_v not_o in_o any_o subject_n 2._o particular_a substance_n be_v neither_o predicate_v of_o the_o subject_n nor_o inherent_a in_o it_o because_o they_o be_v individual_a substance_n as_o socrates_n 3._o universal_a accident_n be_v both_o predicate_v of_o and_o inherent_a in_o their_o subject_n as_o whiteness_n be_v speak_v of_o this_o or_o that_o whiteness_n and_o may_v be_v inherent_a in_o a_o man_n or_o a_o wall_n or_o a_o ship_n 4._o particular_a accident_n be_v not_o predicate_v of_o any_o subject_n but_o be_v inherent_a in_o some_o as_o this_o whiteness_n be_v in_o socrates_n a_o subject_a be_v either_o of_o inhesion_n or_o predication_n a_o subject_a of_o inhesion_n be_v that_o in_o which_o some_o accident_n do_v inhere_o thus_o a_o wall_n in_o respect_n of_o whiteness_n be_v a_o subject_n of_o inhesion_n and_o accident_n only_o be_v capable_a of_o such_o a_o subject_n a_o subject_n of_o predication_n be_v that_o of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v predicate_v essential_o and_o so_o every_o inferior_a thing_n be_v the_o subject_n of_o his_o superior_a every_o universal_a substance_n as_o well_o as_o every_o universal_a accident_n be_v capable_a of_o such_o a_o subject_n a_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v inherent_a in_o a_o subject_n eight_o several_a way_n 1._o perfective_o as_o a_o part_n be_v in_o the_o whole_a and_o thus_o a_o hand_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o a_o man_n 2._o comprehensive_o as_o the_o whole_a be_v in_o its_o part_n and_o thus_o a_o man_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o all_o his_o member_n 3._o potestative_o as_o a_o species_n in_o its_o genus_fw-la thus_o man_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o a_o animal_n 4._o actual_o as_o a_o genus_fw-la in_o its_o species_n thus_o a_o animal_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o a_o man_n 5._o authoritative_o as_o a_o king_n in_o his_o kingdom_n 6._o eminent_o as_o a_o thing_n in_o the_o end_n thereof_o and_o thus_o virtue_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o happiness_n 7._o circumscriptive_o as_o a_o thing_n in_o its_o place_n thus_o socrates_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o a_o house_n 8._o inherent_o as_o a_o accident_n in_o its_o subject_n and_o thus_o heat_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o fire_n of_o these_o several_a way_n we_o be_v here_o to_o understand_v the_o last_o only_o to_o wit_n of_o inhesion_n as_o heat_n be_v in_o fire_n or_o as_o a_o accident_n in_o its_o subject_n the_o first_o antepredicamental_a rule_n be_v this_o whatever_o may_v be_v speak_v of_o the_o predicate_v may_v be_v speak_v of_o the_o subject_n of_o that_o predicate_v also_o as_o whatsoever_o may_v be_v speak_v of_o a_o animal_n may_v be_v speak_v of_o every_o sort_n of_o animal_n as_o of_o man_n beast_n and_o such_o like_a the_o limitation_n of_o this_o rule_n be_v many_o but_o the_o most_o considerable_a be_v these_o three_o 1._o that_o you_o proceed_v not_o from_o word_n tâ—_n thing_n that_o be_v from_o word_n of_o the_o first_o to_o word_n of_o the_o second_o intention_n whence_o it_o follow_v not_o animal_n be_v a_o genus_fw-la a_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n therefore_o man_n be_v a_o genus_fw-la 2._o that_o you_o pass_v not_o from_o one_o side_n of_o the_o predicamental_a order_n to_o the_o othr_n and_o hence_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v man_n be_v a_o animal_n a_o animal_n be_v rational_a or_o
more_o immediate_a â—â—use_n do_v intervene_v between_o the_o predicate_a â—nd_v the_o subject_n as_o that_o which_o be_v rational_a be_v â—â—sible_a a_o man_n be_v rational_a 12._o in_o a_o most_o perfect_a demonstration_n where_o â—â—e_v middle_a term_n be_v the_o material_a or_o formal_a inâ—rnal_a cause_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o efficient_a of_o the_o â—â—fect_a by_o emanation_n the_o major_a proposition_n 〈◊〉_d immediate_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o cause_n but_o not_o â—f_o the_o subject_n as_o that_o which_o be_v rational_a be_v â—sible_a the_o conclusion_n be_v immediate_a in_o respect_n 〈◊〉_d the_o subject_n but_o not_o of_o the_o cause_n as_o a_o â—an_v be_v risible_a the_o minor_a be_v immediate_a in_o reâ—â—ect_n of_o the_o cause_n and_o the_o subject_a both_o as_o a_o â—an_v be_v risible_a 13._o in_o a_o most_o perfect_a demonstration_n wherâ—_n the_o middle_a term_n be_v not_o the_o internal_a cause_n of_o thâ—_n subject_n though_o both_o the_o major_a and_o conclusion_n be_v immediate_a yet_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o immediate_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o cause_n this_o happen_v in_o every_o chief_a demonstration_n from_o the_o external_a cause_n as_o also_o where_o we_o proceed_v from_o one_o affection_n predemonstrate_v to_o the_o demonstration_n of_o another_o such_o as_o be_v all_o mathematical_a demonstration_n for_o the_o most_o part_n aâ—_n zab._n de_fw-fr medio_fw-la demonst_a c._n 7._o 14._o the_o relative_a condition_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o reference_n to_o the_o conclusion_n be_v three_o first_o that_o the_o premise_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n second_o that_o they_o be_v before_o three_o that_o they_o be_v more_o know_v than_o the_o conclusion_n 15._o the_o premise_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v thâ—_n cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n as_o the_o medium_n be_v thâ—_n cause_n why_o a_o affection_n be_v not_o only_o the_o cauâ—â—_n why_o the_o conclusion_n be_v know_v but_o the_o cauâ—â—_n why_o it_o be_v true_a and_o as_o the_o medium_n be_v before_o aâ—_n affection_n not_o in_o time_n but_o nature_n so_o the_o truâ—â—_n of_o the_o premise_n be_v first_o in_o nature_n before_o thâ—_n truth_n of_o the_o conclusion_n last_o as_o the_o medium_n be_v more_o know_v than_o a_o affection_n not_o bâ—_n a_o confuse_a knowledge_n and_o in_o respect_n of_o we_o but_o by_o a_o distinct_a knowledge_n and_o accord_v to_o nature_n so_o be_v the_o premise_n more_o knowâ—_n than_o the_o conclusion_n because_o we_o by_o reason_n 〈◊〉_d the_o premise_n receive_v the_o conclusion_n with_o full_a assent_n of_o mind_n we_o must_v needs_o assent_v to_o that_o more_o than_o to_o the_o premise_n for_o according_a to_o aristotle_n that_o for_o which_o another_o be_v such_o as_o it_o be_v must_v needs_o itself_o be_v more_o such_o lib._n 1._o post_n cap._n 2._o 16._o premise_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n axiom_n and_o thesis_n 17._o a_o axiom_n be_v a_o proposition_n of_o who_o â—ruth_n no_o body_n can_v be_v ignorant_a the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n be_v know_v 18._o a_o thesis_n be_v a_o proposition_n who_o truth_n do_v not_o sufficient_o appear_v by_o know_v only_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n but_o by_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o sense_n or_o any_o other_o declaration_n and_o it_o â—s_v either_o a_o definition_n or_o a_o hypothesis_n 1._o a_o definition_n be_v that_o by_o which_o we_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v a_o hypothesis_n be_v that_o by_o which_o we_o show_v whether_o the_o thing_n be_v or_o not_o 20._o the_o medium_n of_o a_o demonstration_n ought_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a and_o that_o either_o efficient_a or_o final_a and_o the_o efficient_a either_o internal_a or_o external_a 21._o a_o cause_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o either_o absolute_o or_o in_o his_o own_o kind_n here_o it_o be_v understand_v to_o be_v the_o next_o absolute_o that_o it_o be_v such_o a_o cause_n as_o do_v produce_v the_o effect_n and_o without_o which_o that_o effect_n can_v be_v for_o as_o much_o as_o there_o be_v four_o kind_n of_o cause_n and_o in_o every_o kind_a some_o one_o the_o next_o of_o the_o four_o next_o cause_n there_o be_v but_o one_o that_o be_v the_o next_o absolute_o 22._o moreover_o it_o be_v require_v that_o this_o next_o cause_n shall_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v but_o it_o be_v necessary_a that_o it_o shall_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o subject_n also_o for_o the_o question_n be_v not_o whether_o there_o be_v a_o subject_n for_o this_o be_v suppose_v but_o whether_o there_o be_v a_o predicate_v or_o whether_o it_o be_v inherent_a in_o the_o subject_n 23._o this_o next_o cause_n must_v be_v either_o the_o efficient_a or_o the_o final_a for_o when_o the_o predicate_a be_v a_o accident_n it_o have_v neither_o matter_n not_o form_v proper_o so_o call_v the_o final_a cause_n be_v use_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v make_v for_o other_o such_o as_o be_v medium_n and_o natural_a instrument_n action_n also_o and_o habit_n if_o any_o such_o can_v be_v demonstrate_v the_o efficient_a cause_n be_v use_v in_o all_o the_o rest_n sometime_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o next_o efficient_a cause_n be_v also_o the_o form_n oâ—_n matter_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o these_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n be_v indeed_o the_o most_o excellent_a but_o do_v not_o make_v a_o different_a species_n of_o themselves_o but_o these_o thing_n will_v be_v more_o clear_o understand_v by_o the_o example_n follow_v 1._o every_o rational_a creature_n be_v capable_a 〈◊〉_d knowledge_n every_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a creature_n therefore_o every_o man_n be_v capable_a of_o knowledge_n in_o this_o demonstration_n the_o medium_n rational_a be_v the_o internal_a efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o form_n of_o the_o subject_n 2._o every_o terrestrial_a thing_n do_v sink_v in_o water_n ebon_n be_v terrestrial_a therefore_o ebon_n do_v sink_v in_o water_n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o internal_a efficient_a cause_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_n 3._o whatsoever_o do_v consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n have_v three_o dimension_n every_o body_n do_v consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n therefore_o every_o body_n have_v three_o dimension_n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o internal_a efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o both_o the_o form_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_n 4._o that_o which_o have_v three_o dimension_n will_v not_o admit_v of_o another_o body_n in_o the_o same_o place_n with_o itself_o but_o every_o body_n have_v three_o dimension_n therefore_o etc._n etc._n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o internal_a efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o propriety_n of_o the_o subject_n 5._o that_o which_o by_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n can_v be_v enlighten_v by_o the_o sunbeam_n do_v suffer_v a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o sun-light_n but_o the_o moon_n the_o earth_n be_v interpose_v can_v be_v enlighten_v by_o the_o sunbeam_n therefore_o the_o moon_n etc._n etc._n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o external_a efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a 6._o whoso_o be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o heavenly_a thing_n aught_o to_o have_v his_o countenance_n lift_v up_o man_n be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o heavenly_a thing_n therefore_o etc._n etc._n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o final_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a 24._o sometime_o it_o so_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o question_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v both_o by_o the_o efficient_a and_o final_a cause_n so_o you_o may_v demonstrate_v that_o a_o live_a creature_n do_v sleep_v either_o because_o the_o common_a â—ense_n be_v overcome_v by_o vapour_n and_o that_o the_o â—assage_n of_o the_o external_a sense_n be_v obstruct_v and_o this_o be_v a_o demonstration_n from_o the_o â—ficient_a cause_n or_o that_o the_o animal_n spirit_n may_v be_v refresh_v and_o strengthen_v and_o this_o be_v a_o demonstration_n from_o the_o final_a cause_n chap._n viii_o of_o a_o imperfect_a demonstration_n or_o the_o demonstration_n what._n have_v hitherto_o speak_v of_o the_o principal_a demonstration_n or_o the_o demonstration_n â—hy_a the_o next_o be_v the_o less_o principal_a or_o the_o â—emonstration_n what_o and_o which_o leave_v a_o imperfect_a knowledge_n and_o be_v twofold_a the_o â—ne_n be_v from_o the_o effect_n the_o other_o from_o a_o remote_a â—ause_n the_o first_o of_o these_o collect_v the_o cause_n from_o â—ome_o sensible_a effect_n for_o example_n every_o thing_n that_o be_v risible_a be_v rational_a every_o man_n be_v risible_a therefore_o every_o man_n be_v rational_a here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o next_o effect_n and_o the_o predicate_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n 2._o the_o second_o of_o these_o demonstration_n collect_v the_o effect_n from_o some_o remote_a cause_n for_o example_n that_o which_o have_v not_o a_o sensitive_a soul_n do_v not_o breath_n a_o plant_n have_v not_o a_o sensitive_a
the_o first_o of_o these_o logic_n have_v its_o name_n from_o this_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o signify_v speech_n and_o according_a to_o aristotle_n speech_n be_v twofold_a internal_a and_o external_a internal_a speech_n he_o call_v that_o which_o be_v conceive_v in_o the_o mind_n and_o that_o he_o call_v external_a which_o be_v express_v by_o word_n now_o logic_n have_v its_o name_n from_o both_o these_o kind_n of_o speech_n but_o chief_o from_o the_o internal_a which_o be_v the_o reason_n or_o ratiocination_n of_o the_o mind_n whereas_o the_o external_a speech_n be_v but_o the_o interpreter_n of_o the_o internal_a this_o word_n logic_n may_v be_v take_v two_o way_n 1._o for_o the_o habit_n which_o be_v get_v by_o precept_n and_o practice_n 2._o for_o the_o systeme_n of_o logical_a precept_n by_o which_o that_o habit_n may_v be_v more_o easy_o acquire_v and_o this_o definition_n of_o logic_n do_v bessute_n with_o it_o in_o the_o first_o acceptation_n though_o i_o shall_v here_o speak_v of_o it_o in_o the_o second_o namely_o as_o it_o be_v take_v for_o the_o systeme_n of_o logical_a precept_n the_o part_n of_o this_o definition_n be_v two_o the_o genus_fw-la and_o the_o differentia_fw-la the_o genus_fw-la or_o general_a name_n here_o give_v to_o logic_n be_v art_n not_o a_o manual_a art_n or_o handicraft_n trade_n but_o a_o internal_a and_o mental_a art_n for_o the_o mind_n have_v its_o artificial_a work_n as_o well_o as_o the_o body_n as_o be_v manifest_a even_o in_o poetry_n the_o difference_n or_o particular_a name_n by_o which_o it_o be_v distinguish_v from_o other_o art_n will_v be_v best_a conceive_v by_o consider_v three_o thing_n the_o end_n the_o office_n and_o the_o object_n thereof_o the_o last_o and_o principal_a end_n of_o logic_n be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n and_o its_o chief_a office_n by_o which_o this_o end_n may_v be_v attain_v be_v these_o three_o 1._o to_o define_v thing_n that_o be_v obscure_a 2._o to_o divide_v thing_n that_o be_v general_a and_o universal_a 3._o to_o reason_v concern_v thing_n dubious_a and_o the_o matter_n or_o object_n about_o which_o it_o â—reateth_v be_v all_o that_o we_o can_v possible_o either_o conceive_v in_o our_o mind_n or_o utter_v with_o word_n but_o the_o manner_n how_o this_o matter_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v be_v not_o as_o thing_n be_v in_o their_o own_o nature_n but_o â—s_v the_o instrument_n of_o logic_n may_v be_v apply_v unto_o they_o the_o part_n of_o logic_n therefore_o be_v these_o two_o thematical_a and_o organical_a the_o thematical_a part_n be_v that_o which_o treat_v of_o theme_n with_o their_o various_a affection_n and_o second_o notion_n as_o of_o the_o matter_n of_o which_o logical_a instrument_n be_v compose_v the_o organical_a part_n be_v that_o which_o treat_v of_o those_o instrument_n and_o their_o composition_n chap._n ii_o of_o simple_a and_o compound_v theme_n a_o theme_n be_v any_o thing_n propound_v to_o the_o understanding_n that_o it_o may_v be_v know_v 1._o to_o know_v be_v to_o form_v a_o conception_n or_o notion_n of_o the_o thing_n propose_v and_o a_o notion_n be_v the_o representation_n of_o a_o thing_n in_o the_o understanding_n 2._o notion_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n primary_n or_o secundary_a 3._o a_o primary_n notion_n be_v that_o which_o represent_v the_o thing_n as_o it_o be_v in_o itself_o 4._o a_o secundary_a notion_n be_v that_o which_o together_o with_o the_o first_o notion_n represent_v the_o manner_n how_o the_o mind_n do_v either_o understand_v a_o thing_n or_o explain_v its_o own_o understanding_n unto_o other_o 5._o theme_n be_v either_o simple_a or_o compound_v 6._o simple_n theme_n be_v such_o theme_n as_o be_v apprehend_v without_o any_o composition_n of_o notion_n as_o a_o man_n a_o house_n 7._o compound_v theme_n be_v such_o as_o be_v understand_v by_o two_o or_o more_o notion_n be_v join_v together_o in_o the_o affirmation_n or_o in_o the_o negation_n of_o a_o thing_n as_o a_o man_n do_v run_v 8._o a_o simple_a theme_n be_v either_o universal_a or_o particular_a 9_o a_o universal_a simple_a theme_n be_v that_o which_o in_o its_o own_o nature_n may_v be_v speak_v of_o many_o in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o respect_n and_o that_o univocal_o and_o without_o any_o ambiguity_n as_o a_o man_n a_o horse_n a_o plant_n 10._o a_o particular_a or_o singular_a theme_n be_v that_o which_o in_o its_o own_o nature_n can_v be_v speak_v of_o no_o more_o than_o one_o as_o socrates_n plato_n for_o though_o the_o name_n of_o socrates_n and_o plato_n may_v be_v give_v to_o many_o yet_o that_o be_v by_o way_n of_o imposition_n not_o of_o their_o own_o nature_n name_n as_o name_n be_v natural_o speak_v of_o no_o more_o than_o one_o 11._o singular_a theme_n be_v call_v individual_n because_o they_o can_v be_v divide_v into_o any_o more_o of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o nature_n 12._o and_o individual_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n 1._o such_o as_o be_v certain_a and_o determinate_a the_o which_o may_v be_v express_v three_o way_n 1._o by_o a_o proper_a name_n as_o alexander_n paul_n which_o signify_v some_o certain_a and_o determinate_a particular_a 2._o by_o a_o pronoun_n demonstrative_a as_o this_o man_n 3._o by_o circumlocution_n or_o paraphrase_n as_o the_o apostle_n of_o the_o gentile_n that_o be_v paul_n 2._o such_o as_o be_v uncertain_a and_o indeterminate_a which_o do_v indeed_o express_v a_o particular_a thing_n but_o this_o or_o that_o indefinite_o as_o some_o man_n 3._o a_o universal_a simple_a theme_n otherwise_o call_v a_o predicable_a may_v be_v speak_v of_o two_o way_n 1._o by_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v and_o then_o it_o be_v speak_v of_o such_o thing_n as_o do_v differ_v either_o 1._o in_o species_n and_o be_v call_v genus_fw-la as_o a_o live_a creature_n colour_n or_o 2._o in_o number_n only_o and_o be_v call_v species_n as_o a_o man_n 2._o by_o declare_v what_o kind_n of_o thing_n it_o be_v of_o which_o it_o be_v speak_v and_o that_o either_o essential_o and_o be_v call_v difference_n or_o accidental_o and_o that_o either_o of_o necessity_n and_o then_o it_o be_v call_v a_o proper_a accident_n as_o the_o risible_a faculty_n in_o man_n or_o not_o of_o necessity_n and_o then_o it_o be_v call_v a_o common_a or_o simple_a accident_n as_o white_a chap._n iii_o of_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n a_o genus_fw-la or_o general_n may_v be_v take_v two_o way_n 1._o civil_o and_o then_o among_o grammarian_n it_o note_v the_o distinction_n of_o sex_n but_o among_o orator_n it_o be_v take_v for_o a_o multitude_n which_o have_v their_o beginning_n from_o some_o one_o thus_o the_o roman_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o genus_fw-la or_o race_n of_o romulus_n or_o else_o it_o be_v take_v for_o that_o one_o from_o whence_o that_o multitude_n have_v its_o beginning_n thus_o romulus_n be_v the_o genus_fw-la or_o person_n from_o whence_o the_o roman_n have_v their_o rise_n 2._o logical_o and_o then_o it_o be_v universal_a which_o be_v speak_v of_o many_o that_o do_v differ_v in_o the_o species_n by_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v and_o thus_o take_v it_o be_v either_o supreme_a and_o so_o a_o genus_fw-la as_o that_o it_o can_v be_v a_o species_n and_o of_o this_o sort_n there_o be_v ten_o general_n or_o predicament_n or_o subaltern_n and_o so_o a_o genus_fw-la in_o respect_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v contain_v under_o it_o and_o a_o species_n in_o regard_n of_o that_o under_o which_o it_o be_v itself_o contain_v as_o a_o live_a creature_n 2._o a_o species_n also_o may_v be_v take_v two_o way_n 1._o civil_o as_o it_o be_v use_v among_o orator_n and_o so_o it_o be_v take_v for_o the_o external_a form_n and_o beauty_n of_o the_o body_n 2._o logical_o and_o so_o it_o be_v a_o universal_a which_o may_v be_v speak_v of_o many_o that_o differ_v in_o number_n only_o by_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v the_o genus_fw-la in_o this_o definition_n be_v this_o word_n universal_a the_o rest_n of_o the_o definition_n be_v put_v for_o the_o difference_n in_o which_o by_o these_o word_n speak_v of_o many_o by_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v difference_n and_o accident_n whether_o proper_a or_o common_a be_v both_o exclude_v and_o by_o these_o word_n differ_v in_o number_n only_o genus_fw-la be_v exclude_v also_o 3_o a_o species_n be_v either_o subaltern_n that_o be_v species_n of_o one_o and_o genus_fw-la of_o another_o or_o most_o special_a that_o be_v so_o a_o species_n as_o that_o it_o can_v be_v a_o genus_fw-la as_o a_o horse_n a_o man_n 4._o the_o canon_n or_o rule_n of_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n be_v these_o follow_v 1._o every_o genus_fw-la must_v have_v two_o or_o more_o species_n 2._o nothing_o can_v be_v say_v of_o the_o genus_fw-la which_o may_v not_o be_v also_o say_v of_o every_o species_n and_o the_o species_n be_v
irrational_a therefore_o man_n be_v rational_a or_o irrational_a 3._o that_o you_o proceed_v not_o from_o the_o concreet_fw-la to_o the_o abstract_n and_o hence_o this_o do_v not_o follow_v a_o man_n be_v just_a justice_n be_v a_o quality_n therefore_o a_o man_n be_v a_o quality_n the_o second_o antepredicamental_a rule_n have_v two_o part_n the_o first_o be_v this_o subaltern_a general_n have_v the_o same_o species_n and_o difference_n as_o a_o body_n and_o a_o animal_n have_v the_o same_o difference_n the_o second_o part_n be_v this_o general_n not_o subaltern_n have_v not_o the_o same_o species_n and_o difference_n as_o substance_n and_o quality_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v subaltern_a general_n whereof_o one_o be_v essential_o contain_v by_o the_o other_o as_o a_o animal_n and_o a_o body_n and_o they_o be_v say_v not_o to_o be_v subaltern_n general_n where_o the_o one_o be_v not_o essential_o contain_v of_o the_o other_o as_o a_o animal_n and_o a_o science_n the_o chief_a use_n of_o this_o rule_n be_v to_o prevent_v the_o confound_a of_o the_o predicament_n and_o to_o distinguish_v thing_n between_o themselves_o that_o do_v belong_v to_o diverse_a predicament_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o predicament_n in_o general_n the_o particular_a order_n or_o predicament_n to_o which_o all_o simple_a theme_n may_v be_v reduce_v be_v ten_o of_o which_o some_o be_v more_o principal_a some_o less_o 2._o the_o more_o principal_a predicament_n be_v the_o first_o six_o and_o these_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n one_o of_o substance_n and_o the_o other_o of_o accident_n 3._o predicamental_a rank_n or_o order_n of_o accident_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n 1._o absolute_a as_o the_o predicament_n of_o quantity_n quality_n action_n anâ—_n passion_n 2._o relative_n as_o the_o predicament_n of_o relation_n 4._o the_o less_o principle_n predicamental_a rank_n oâ—_n order_n be_v these_o four_o when_o where_o situation_n and_o habit._n and_o in_o these_o ten_o predicament_n be_v all_o to_o be_v rank_v which_o can_v be_v predicate_v or_o speak_v of_o any_o thing_n direct_o collateral_o or_o by_o reduction_n first_o then_o direct_o and_o primary_o ever_o supreme_a genus_fw-la or_o every_o thing_n of_o which_o thâ—_n supreme_a genus_fw-la may_v be_v predicate_v essential_o may_v be_v place_v in_o the_o predicamental_a scale_n and_o thus_o all_o general_n special_n and_o individual_a be_v place_v in_o they_o second_o collateral_o or_o sideways_o and_o so_o some_o thing_n be_v place_v in_o the_o predicamental_a order_n which_o be_v not_o speak_v or_o predicate_v oâ—_n the_o supreme_a genus_fw-la but_o yet_o do_v divide_v the_o general_n and_o constitute_v the_o special_n and_o thus_o essential_a difference_n only_o be_v there_o place_v three_o indirect_o or_o by_o reduction_n thuâ—_n matter_n and_o form_n be_v in_o the_o predicament_n oâ—_n substance_n a_o point_n and_o unity_n in_o quantity_n and_o a_o proper_a accident_n be_v in_o the_o same_o predicament_n with_o its_o species_n the_o canon_n or_o rule_n be_v four_o 1._o all_o word_n of_o ambiguity_n or_o doubt_n at_o least_o before_o they_o be_v distinguish_v and_o limit_v with_o all_o feign_a and_o impossible_a thing_n be_v exclude_v the_o predicamental_a order_n 2._o every_o real_a finite_a simple_a and_o vnivocal_a thing_n be_v in_o some_o predicament_n direct_o collateral_o or_o by_o reduction_n 3._o individual_n be_v in_o some_o predicament_n not_o for_o themselves_o but_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o species_n 4._o no_o one_o and_o the_o same_o numerical_a thing_n can_v be_v in_o diverse_a predicament_n either_o in_o one_o respect_n or_o in_o diverse_a chap._n viii_o of_o substance_n a_o substance_n be_v a_o thing_n subsist_v of_o itself_o and_o it_o be_v either_o first_o or_o second_o 2._o the_o first_o substance_n be_v a_o singular_a substance_n or_o a_o substance_n that_o can_v be_v predicate_v of_o its_o subject_n as_o alexander_n bucephalus_n 3._o the_o second_o substance_n be_v a_o universal_a substance_n or_o a_o substance_n which_o may_v be_v predicate_v of_o its_o subject_n as_o a_o man_n a_o horse_n 4._o the_o first_o substance_n be_v chief_o and_o proper_o a_o substance_n and_o among_o the_o second_o substance_n every_o one_o be_v by_o so_o much_o more_o a_o substance_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v near_o to_o the_o first_o the_o rule_n or_o property_n be_v six_o 1._o a_o substance_n be_v not_o in_o its_o subject_n this_o agree_v to_o every_o substance_n and_o to_o every_o substance_n only_o but_o not_o only_o to_o those_o which_o be_v complete_o so_o but_o to_o the_o difference_n and_o part_n of_o substance_n also_o 2._o a_o substance_n be_v univocal_o predicate_v of_o those_o thing_n of_o which_o it_o be_v predicate_v this_o agree_v to_o all_o second_o substance_n and_o their_o difference_n and_o no_o other_o for_o the_o first_o substance_n be_v not_o predicate_v of_o any_o subject_n 3._o every_o first_o substance_n do_v signify_v some_o particular_a thing_n 4._o a_o substance_n as_o it_o be_v a_o substance_n be_v not_o contrary_a to_o another_o but_o as_o it_o have_v accident_n or_o quality_n thus_o fire_n and_o water_n be_v contrary_a not_o as_o they_o be_v substance_n but_o in_o reference_n to_o their_o quality_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a etc._n etc._n 5._o a_o substance_n as_o it_o be_v a_o substance_n be_v not_o vary_v by_o degree_n or_o receive_v not_o more_o and_o less_o but_o the_o variance_n or_o comparison_n be_v in_o respect_n of_o accident_n as_o a_o wise_a man_n and_o a_o fool_n a_o old_a man_n and_o a_o child_n one_o water_n hot_a than_o another_o these_o differ_v in_o quality_n not_o in_o substance_n 6._o one_o and_o the_o same_o numerical_a substance_n be_v capable_a of_o contrary_a accident_n as_o water_n may_v be_v now_o seethe_v hot_a and_o anon_o as_o cold_a as_o ice_n chap._n ix_o of_o quantity_n hitherto_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o predicament_n of_o substance_n those_o of_o accident_n now_o follow_v and_o first_o those_o that_o be_v absolute_o so_o as_o quantity_n quality_n action_n and_o passion_n 2._o quantity_n be_v a_o absolute_a accident_n by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v great_a in_o bulk_n or_o number_n 3._o and_o hence_o quantity_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v twofold_a continue_a or_o dissever_v 4._o continue_a quantity_n be_v that_o who_o part_n be_v join_v together_o by_o a_o common_a term_n 5._o dissever_a quantity_n be_v that_o who_o part_n be_v not_o join_v together_o by_o a_o common_a term_n and_o this_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o number_n 6._o continue_a quantity_n be_v either_o successive_a who_o part_n consist_v in_o succession_n and_o than_o it_o be_v time_n or_o permanent_a as_o magnitude_n and_o place_n 7._o every_o magnitude_n be_v either_o a_o line_n a_o superficies_n or_o a_o body_n 8._o a_o line_n be_v a_o magnitude_n which_o can_v be_v divide_v but_o one_o way_n the_o limit_n whereof_o be_v a_o point_n for_o every_o line_n be_v make_v continue_a and_o bound_v with_o a_o point_n 9_o a_o superficies_n be_v a_o magnitude_n which_o may_v be_v divide_v two_o way_n the_o term_n or_o limit_v thereof_o be_v a_o line_n 10._o a_o solid_a or_o body_n be_v that_o which_o may_v be_v divide_v three_o way_n namely_o by_o length_n breadth_n and_o thickness_n who_o term_n or_o limit_n be_v a_o superficies_n 11._o place_n be_v that_o which_o measure_v something_o beside_o the_o subject_n in_o which_o it_o be_v namely_o the_o thing_n which_o be_v place_v this_o seem_v to_o be_v refer_v to_o a_o superficies_n for_o place_v according_a to_o aristotle_n lib._n 4_o phy_n cap._n 14_o be_v the_o superficies_n next_o to_o the_o body_n that_o be_v contain_v in_o it_o the_o canon_n or_o rule_n be_v three_o 1._o nothing_o be_v contrary_a unto_o quantity_n in_o itself_o but_o in_o reference_n to_o its_o quality_n only_o thus_o winter_n be_v contrary_n unto_o summer_n in_o respect_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a 2._o quantity_n can_v receive_v more_o or_o less_o as_o one_o house_n be_v not_o more_o or_o less_o a_o house_n than_o another_o though_o one_o be_v a_o great_a house_n than_o another_o 3._o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v equal_a or_o unequal_a in_o respect_n of_o magnitude_n or_o greatness_n chap._n x._o of_o quality_n quality_n be_v a_o absolute_a accident_n by_o which_o it_o be_v simple_o and_o determinate_o declare_v whâ—â—_n kind_a of_o thing_n that_o subject_n be_v of_o which_o it_o be_v the_o quality_n 2._o quality_n be_v the_o most_o copious_a of_o all_o the_o predicament_n and_o it_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n patible_a or_o impatible_a 3._o a_o impatible_a quality_n be_v such_o a_o quality_n as_o do_v not_o cause_v any_o passion_n in_o the_o sense_n or_o any_o way_n affect_v they_o and_o this_o be_v either_o innate_a or_o acquire_v 4._o a_o acquire_v quality_n be_v such_o a_o quality_n as_o be_v beget_v by_o labour_n and_o this_o aristotle_n make_v the_o first_o
it_o by_o some_o other_o synonymous_n word_n more_o general_o know_v 5._o a_o real_a definition_n be_v that_o which_o show_v what_o the_o thing_n be_v and_o this_o be_v twofold_a perfect_a imperfect_a 6._o a_o real_a &_o a_o perfect_a definition_n be_v that_o which_o do_v explain_v the_o thing_n by_o essential_a attribute_n whether_o they_o be_v such_o as_o constitute_v the_o thing_n and_o than_o it_o be_v a_o definition_n of_o the_o substantial_a form_n which_o do_v most_o exact_o explain_v the_o nature_n of_o its_o species_n as_o a_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a live_a creature_n or_o such_o as_o do_v partly_o constitute_v the_o thing_n and_o partly_o produce_v the_o same_o necessary_o and_o than_o it_o be_v a_o definition_n of_o the_o accident_n and_o this_o be_v threefold_a 1._o formal_n which_o consist_v of_o the_o genus_fw-la and_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o accident_n for_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o accident_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o form_n as_o thunder_n be_v a_o noise_n in_o the_o cloud_n 2._o causal_n which_o do_v demonstrate_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n define_v and_o it_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o accident_n either_o efficient_a or_o final_a 3._o both_o formal_a and_o causal_a which_o show_v the_o genus_fw-la subject_n and_o cause_n of_o the_o thing_n define_v as_o if_o a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o moon_n be_v thus_o define_v it_o be_v a_o privation_n of_o light_n in_o the_o moon_n by_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o genus_fw-la be_v privation_n the_o difference_n or_o form_n be_v the_o subject_n viz._n the_o moon_n and_o the_o efficient_a cause_n be_v the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n 7._o a_o real_a but_o imperfect_a definition_n otherwise_o call_v a_o description_n be_v that_o which_o explain_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n by_o certain_a accidental_a attribute_n it_o do_v consist_v of_o a_o genus_fw-la or_o something_o which_o do_v supply_v the_o place_n of_o a_o genus_fw-la and_o of_o proper_a and_o common_a accident_n which_o supply_v the_o place_n of_o the_o difference_n as_o a_o man_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n that_o be_v risible_a have_v two_o foot_n and_o because_o our_o knowledge_n begin_v from_o the_o accident_n therefore_o this_o kind_n of_o description_n be_v most_o in_o use_n with_o all_o the_o canon_n or_o rule_n be_v 1._o in_o every_o science_n you_o be_v to_o begin_v with_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o name_n thereof_o 2._o a_o description_n may_v be_v suitable_a as_o well_o to_o the_o substantial_a as_o the_o accidental_a part_n of_o any_o thing_n 3._o a_o species_n only_o be_v define_v by_o a_o formal_a definition_n 4._o a_o accident_n only_o be_v define_v by_o a_o causal_a definition_n or_o by_o a_o formal_a and_o a_o causal_n both_o 5._o a_o definition_n consist_v of_o the_o form_n and_o cause_n both_o do_v differ_v from_o a_o demonstration_n in_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o term_n only_o 6._o every_o descriptive_a definition_n whether_o formal_a or_o formal_a and_o causal_a both_o be_v a_o oration_n chap._n ii_o of_o division_n division_n be_v the_o resolve_v of_o the_o whole_a into_o part_n and_o this_o be_v either_o of_o some_o ambiguous_a word_n into_o its_o several_a signification_n or_o of_o the_o whole_a into_o its_o part_n 2._o now_o the_o whole_a be_v either_o simple_a or_o aggregate_v 3._o division_n of_o the_o whole_a simple_o and_o proper_o so_o call_v be_v threefold_a 1._o universal_a into_o its_o subjective_a part_n or_o of_o the_o general_n into_o the_o special_n as_o to_o divide_v animal_n into_o man_n and_o beast_n 2._o essential_a which_o resolve_v the_o whole_a into_o essential_a part_n and_o this_o be_v either_o of_o a_o species_n into_o its_o genus_fw-la and_o difference_n or_o of_o some_o spefical_a nature_n into_o its_o matter_n and_o form_n as_o a_o â—an_v into_o soul_n and_o body_n 3._o integral_a which_o resolve_v the_o whole_a inâ—o_o integral_a part_n and_o this_o be_v the_o division_n of_o some_o individual_a either_o into_o its_o sensible_a or_o material_a part_n 4._o division_n of_o the_o aggregated_a whole_a into_o â—s_a part_n and_o by_o accident_n be_v four_o fold_n 1._o when_o the_o subject_n may_v be_v divide_v by_o its_o accident_n as_o man_n be_v learned_a or_o unlearned_a 2._o when_o a_o accident_n may_v be_v divide_v by_o â—ts_n subject_n as_o fever_n be_v in_o the_o spirit_n or_o in_o the_o humour_n or_o in_o the_o solid_a part_n 3._o when_o a_o accident_n may_v be_v divide_v by_o accident_n as_o good_a be_v either_o profitable_a honestâ—r_o â—r_z pleasant_a 5._o when_o thing_n may_v be_v divide_v by_o their_o â—bjects_n as_o sight_n by_o colour_n hear_v by_o â—ound_n 6._o when_o cause_n may_v be_v divide_v by_o their_o â—ffects_n and_o the_o contrary_a as_o heavenly_a heatâ—s_n â—s_z from_o the_o sun_n and_o elementary_a from_o fire_n the_o canon_n or_o rule_n be_v these_o 1._o a_o ambiguous_a word_n must_v be_v explain_v before_o it_o can_v define_v any_o thing_n 2._o unless_o the_o ambiguity_n be_v explain_v in_o the_o beginning_n the_o error_n will_v be_v afterward_o the_o great_a 3._o in_o the_o simple_a divide_v of_o the_o whole_a tâ—â—_n member_n divide_v shall_v be_v equal_a to_o and_o agree_v with_o the_o whole_a 4._o the_o member_n divide_v shall_v be_v disjoin_v from_o one_o another_o 5._o division_n do_v consist_v of_o as_o few_o member_n or_o part_n as_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o whole_a will_v bear_v 6._o in_o any_o division_n the_o whole_a must_v be_v of_o a_o large_a extent_n than_o any_o one_o of_o the_o part_n chap._n iii_o of_o a_o syllogism_n a_o syllogism_n be_v a_o oration_n in_o which_o some_o thing_n be_v take_v for_o grant_v something_o else_o not_o grant_v before_o be_v prove_v or_o infer_v from_o they_o and_o this_o be_v twofold_a perfect_a or_o imperfect_a 2._o a_o perfect_a syllogism_n be_v a_o argumentation_n in_o which_o from_o two_o premise_n dispose_v right_o and_o according_a to_o rule_v some_o conclusion_n do_v necessary_o follow_v as_o every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n every_o thing_n that_o have_v reason_n be_v a_o man_n therefore_o every_o rational_a thing_n be_v a_o animal_n 3._o a_o perfect_a syllogism_n be_v twofold_a categoriâ—l_a and_o hypothetical_n 4._o a_o categorical_a syllogism_n be_v that_o in_o â—ich_a all_o the_o proposition_n be_v categorical_a and_o â—â—is_n be_v also_o twofold_a common_a and_o expositor_n 5._o a_o common_a categorical_a syllogism_n be_v that_o in_o which_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v a_o common_a name_n 〈◊〉_d every_o sound_n may_v be_v hear_v every_o voice_n be_v a_o find_v therefore_o every_o voice_n may_v be_v hear_v 6._o a_o expository_n categorical_a syllogism_n be_v that_o in_o which_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v a_o singular_a â—â—me_n as_o sorates_n be_v learn_v socrates_n be_v a_o athenian_a therefore_o some_o athenian_a be_v learnâ—â—_n 7._o a_o hypothetical_n syllogism_n be_v that_o in_o â—hich_v one_o or_o more_o of_o the_o proposition_n be_v hypothetical_n as_o if_o socrates_n be_v a_o man_n he_o be_v a_o animal_n but_o socrates_n be_v a_o man_n therefore_o he_o 〈◊〉_d a_o animal_n 8._o to_o make_v a_o common_a categorical_a sylloâ—sm_n two_o thing_n be_v require_v matter_n and_o â—rm_n 9_o the_o matter_n of_o a_o syllogism_n be_v either_o remote_a or_o next_o 10._o the_o remote_a matter_n of_o a_o syllogism_n be_v â—hat_n matter_n of_o which_o it_o be_v remote_o make_v â—s_v the_o three_o term_n in_o every_o proposition_n callâ—d_v the_o major_a extreme_a the_o minor_a extreme_a and_o the_o middle_a term_n or_o argument_n 11._o the_o major_a extreme_a be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o major_a proposition_n and_o in_o the_o conclusion_n but_o never_o in_o the_o minor_fw-la 12._o the_o minor_a extreme_a be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o minor_a proposition_n and_o in_o the_o conclusion_n but_o never_o in_o the_o major_a 13._o the_o middle_a term_n or_o argument_n be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o major_a and_o minor_a proposition_n but_o never_o in_o the_o conclusion_n 14._o the_o next_o or_o immediate_a matter_n of_o a_o syllogism_n be_v that_o of_o which_o the_o syllogism_n be_v immediate_o make_v as_o the_o three_o proposition_n of_o which_o the_o first_o be_v call_v the_o major_a the_o second_o the_o minor_a and_o the_o three_o the_o conclusion_n 15._o the_o form_n of_o a_o syllogism_n be_v the_o right_a dispose_n of_o the_o matter_n both_o next_o and_o remote_a and_o this_o comprehend_v two_o thing_n figure_n and_o mode_n 16._o a_o figure_n be_v that_o which_o show_v how_o the_o middle_a term_n may_v be_v fit_o place_v which_o may_v be_v do_v three_o way_n or_o by_o three_o figure_n 17._o the_o first_o figure_n make_v that_o which_o be_v the_o subject_n in_o the_o major_a proposition_n to_o be_v the_o predicate_v in_o the_o minor_fw-la 18._o the_o second_o figure_n make_v that_o which_o be_v the_o predicate_a in_o the_o major_a proposition_n to_o