false_a though_o we_o may_v oppose_v certain_a instance_n wherein_o they_o may_v stray_v from_o the_o truth_n but_o to_o be_v satisfy_v if_o they_o may_v be_v extend_v from_o other_o beyond_o their_o just_a limit_n that_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v take_v too_o rigorous_o according_a to_o the_o letter_n 2._o observation_n there_o be_v some_o proposition_n that_o ought_v to_o pass_v for_o metaphysical_o universal_a though_o they_o may_v admit_v of_o exception_n that_o be_v when_o those_o exception_n be_v exotic_a and_o such_o as_o according_a to_o common_a use_n be_v not_o comprehend_v in_o those_o universal_a term_n as_o when_o i_o say_v all_o man_n have_v two_o arms._n this_o proposition_n ought_v to_o pass_v for_o true_a according_a to_o ordinary_a use_n and_o it_o will_v be_v but_o mere_a brangle_v to_o oppose_v against_o it_o that_o there_o have_v be_v monster_n who_o be_v man_n though_o they_o have_v four_o arms._n it_o being_n plain_a that_o there_o be_v nothing_o intend_v concern_v monster_n in_o these_o general_a proposition_n and_o that_o the_o only_a meaning_n of_o the_o assertion_n be_v that_o according_a to_o the_o order_n of_o nature_n all_o man_n have_v two_o arms._n in_o like_a manner_n it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o all_o man_n make_v use_v of_o word_n to_o express_v their_o thought_n but_o that_o all_o man_n do_v not_o make_v use_n of_o writing_n nor_o will_v it_o be_v a_o rational_a objection_n to_o contradict_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o proposition_n by_o instance_v dumb_a people_n because_o it_o be_v evident_a though_o the_o sense_n be_v not_o express_v in_o word_n that_o it_o be_v not_o mean_v of_o such_o as_o have_v a_o natural_a impediment_n to_o make_v use_n of_o sound_n either_o clude_v it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o speak_v of_o another_o sort_n of_o knowledge_n which_o ofttimes_o be_v no_o less_o certain_a nor_o less_o evident_a in_o its_o manner_n then_o that_o which_o we_o draw_v from_o authority_n for_o there_o be_v two_o general_a way_n by_o which_o we_o know_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v true_a the_o first_o be_v the_o knowledge_n which_o we_o have_v by_o ourselves_o whether_o we_o have_v attain_v it_o by_o observation_n or_o ratiocination_n whether_o by_o our_o sense_n or_o by_o our_o reason_n which_o may_v be_v general_o term_v reason_n in_o regard_n the_o sense_n themselves_o depend_v upon_o the_o judgement_n of_o reason_n or_o knowledge_n the_o word_n be_v here_o more_o general_o take_v than_o in_o the_o school_n for_o all_o manner_n of_o knowledge_n of_o a_o object_n draw_v from_o the_o same_o object_n the_o other_o way_n be_v the_o authority_n of_o person_n worthy_a of_o credit_n who_o assure_v we_o that_o a_o thing_n be_v so_o though_o of_o ourselves_o we_o know_v nothing_o of_o it_o which_o be_v call_v faith_n or_o belief_n according_a to_o the_o word_n of_o st._n austin_n for_o what_o we_o know_v we_o owe_v to_o reason_n for_o what_o we_o believe_v to_o authority_n but_o as_o this_o authority_n may_v be_v of_o two_o sort_n either_o from_o god_n or_o man_n so_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o faith_n divine_a and_o human._n divine_a faith_n can_v be_v subject_a to_o error_n because_o that_o god_n can_v neither_o deceive_v we_o nor_o be_v deceive_v human_a faith_n be_v of_o its_o self_n subject_n to_o error_n for_o all_o man_n be_v liar_n according_a to_o scripture_n and_o because_o it_o may_v happen_v that_o he_o who_o shall_v assure_v we_o of_o the_o certainty_n of_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v deceive_v himself_o nevertheless_o as_o we_o have_v already_o observe_v there_o be_v some_o thing_n which_o we_o know_v not_o but_o by_o a_o human_a faith_n which_o nevertheless_o we_o ought_v to_o believe_v for_o as_o certain_a and_o unquestionable_a as_o if_o they_o be_v mathematical_o demonstrate_v as_o that_o which_o be_v know_v by_o the_o constant_a relation_n of_o so_o many_o person_n that_o it_o be_v moral_o impossible_a they_o shall_v ever_o have_v conspire_v to_o affirm_v the_o same_o thing_n if_o they_o be_v not_o true_a for_o example_n man_n have_v be_v natural_o most_o averse_a from_o conceive_v any_o antipode_n nevertheless_o though_o we_o never_o be_v in_o those_o place_n and_o know_v nothing_o of_o any_o antipode_n but_o by_o human_a faith_n he_o must_v be_v a_o fool_n that_o do_v not_o believe_v '_o they_o and_o he_o must_v be_v out_o of_o his_o wit_n who_o question_n whether_o ever_o there_o be_v any_o such_o person_n as_o caesar_n pompey_n cicero_n or_o virgil_n or_o whether_o they_o be_v not_o feign_a name_n as_o amadis_n de_fw-fr gaul_n true_a it_o be_v that_o it_o be_v a_o difficult_a thing_n to_o know_v when_o human_a faith_n have_v attain_v to_o this_o same_o assurance_n and_o this_o be_v that_o which_o lead_v man_n astray_o into_o two_o such_o opposite_a deviation_n so_o that_o some_o believe_v too_o slight_o upon_o the_o least_o report_n other_o ridiculous_o make_v use_v of_o all_o the_o force_n of_o their_o wit_n to_o annul_v the_o belief_n of_o thing_n attest_v by_o the_o great_a authority_n when_o it_o thwart_v the_o prejudice_n of_o their_o understanding_n and_o therefore_o certain_a limit_n be_v to_o be_v assign_v which_o faith_n must_v exceed_v to_o obtain_v this_o assurance_n and_o other_o beyond_o which_o there_o be_v nothing_o but_o uncertainty_n leave_v in_o the_o middle_a a_o certain_a space_n where_o we_o shall_v meet_v with_o certainty_n or_o uncertainty_n as_o we_o approach_v near_o to_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o of_o these_o bound_n now_o than_o if_o we_o do_v but_o compare_v the_o two_o general_a way_n by_o which_o we_o believe_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v true_a reason_n and_o faith_n certain_a it_o be_v that_o faith_n always_o suppose_v some_o reason_n for_o as_o st._n austin_n say_v in_o his_o 122._o epistle_n and_o in_o several_a other_o place_n we_o can_v never_o bring_v ourselves_o to_o believe_v that_o which_o be_v above_o our_o reason_n if_o reason_n itself_o have_v not_o persuade_v we_o that_o there_o be_v some_o thing_n which_o we_o do_v well_o to_o believe_v though_o we_o be_v not_o capable_a to_o apprehend_v they_o which_o be_v principal_o true_a in_o respect_n of_o divine_a faith_n for_o true_a reason_n teach_v we_o that_o god_n be_v truth_n itself_o he_o can_v deceive_v we_o in_o what_o he_o reveal_v to_o we_o concern_v his_o nature_n and_o his_o mystery_n whence_o it_o appear_v that_o though_o we_o be_v oblige_v to_o captivate_v our_o understanding_n in_o obedience_n to_o faith_n as_o say_v st._n paul_n yet_o we_o do_v it_o neither_o blind_o nor_o unreasonable_o which_o be_v the_o original_n of_o all_o false_a religion_n but_o with_o a_o knowledge_n of_o the_o cause_n and_o for_o that_o it_o be_v but_o a_o reasonable_a act_n to_o captivate_v ourselves_o to_o the_o authority_n of_o god_n when_o he_o have_v give_v we_o sufficient_a proof_n such_o as_o be_v his_o miracle_n and_o other_o prodigious_a accident_n which_o oblige_v we_o to_o believe_v that_o he_o himself_o have_v discover_v to_o man_n the_o truth_n which_o we_o be_v to_o believe_v as_o certain_a it_o be_v in_o the_o second_o place_n that_o divine_a faith_n ought_v to_o have_v a_o great_a power_n over_o our_o understanding_n then_o our_o own_o reason_n and_o that_o upon_o this_o dictate_v of_o reason_n itself_o that_o the_o more_o certain_a be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o less_o certain_a and_o that_o be_v more_o certain_a which_o god_n assure_v we_o to_o be_v true_a then_o that_o which_o reason_n persuade_v we_o when_o it_o be_v more_o contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o god_n to_o deceive_v we_o than_o the_o nature_n of_o our_o own_o reason_n to_o be_v deceive_v chap._n xiii_o certain_a rule_n for_o the_o guidance_n of_o reason_n the_o belief_n of_o event_n that_o depend_v upon_o human_a faith_n the_o most_o customary_a use_n of_o sound_a judgement_n and_o that_o faculty_n of_o the_o soul_n by_o which_o we_o discern_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n be_v not_o employ_v in_o speculative_a science_n about_o which_o so_o few_o person_n be_v oblige_v to_o spend_v their_o time_n and_o yet_o there_o be_v no_o occasion_n wherein_o it_o be_v more_o frequent_o to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o and_o where_o it_o be_v more_o necessary_a than_o in_o that_o judgement_n which_o we_o ought_v to_o make_v of_o what_o pass_v every_o day_n among_o men._n i_o do_v not_o speak_v of_o judge_v whether_o a_o action_n be_v good_a or_o bad_a worthy_a of_o applause_n or_o reproof_n for_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o regulation_n of_o morality_n but_o of_o judge_v of_o the_o truth_n or_o falsehood_n of_o human_a event_n which_o may_v only_o be_v refer_v to_o logic_n whether_o we_o consider_v they_o as_o past_a as_o when_o we_o only_o endeavour_v to_o know_v whether_o we_o ought_v to_o believe_v they_o or_o not_o or_o whether_o we_o consider_v they_o as_o be_v to_o come_v
as_o when_o we_o fear_v or_o hope_v they_o will_v come_v to_o pass_v which_o regulate_v our_o hope_n and_o our_o fear_n certain_a it_o be_v that_o some_o reflection_n may_v be_v make_v upon_o this_o subject_a which_o perhaps_o may_v not_o be_v altogether_o unprofitable_a or_o rather_o may_v be_v of_o great_a use_n for_o the_o avoid_n of_o certain_a error_n into_o which_o most_o people_n fall_v because_o they_o do_v not_o sufficient_o study_v the_o rule_n of_o reason_n the_o first_o reflection_n be_v that_o there_o be_v a_o vast_a difference_n to_o be_v make_v between_o two_o sort_n of_o truth_n the_o one_o that_o only_o relate_v to_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n and_o their_o immutable_a essence_n abstract_v from_o their_o existence_n the_o other_o that_o relate_v to_o thing_n existent_a that_o relate_v to_o human_a and_o contingent_a event_n which_o may_v or_o may_v not_o come_v to_o pass_v when_o we_o speak_v of_o the_o future_a and_o may_v probable_o never_o have_v be_v when_o we_o talk_v of_o what_o be_v past_a i_o speak_v this_o with_o reference_n to_o their_o next_o cause_n make_v a_o abstraction_n of_o their_o immutable_a order_n in_o divine_a providence_n because_o on_o the_o one_o side_n it_o do_v not_o hinder_v contingence_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v unknown_a to_o we_o it_o contribute_v nothing_o to_o make_v we_o believe_v the_o thing_n themselves_o now_o as_o all_o thing_n be_v requisite_a in_o truth_n of_o the_o first_o sort_n there_o be_v nothing_o sure_a which_o be_v not_o universal_o true_a and_o so_o we_o must_v conclude_v that_o a_o thing_n be_v false_a if_o it_o be_v false_a in_o any_o case_n but_o if_o we_o think_v to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o same_o rule_n in_o human_a event_n we_o shall_v always_o judge_v false_o and_o make_v a_o thousand_o false_a argument_n for_o these_o event_n be_v natural_o contingent_a it_o will_v be_v ridiculous_a to_o seek_v out_o in_o they_o for_o a_o necessary_a truth_n and_o so_o that_o person_n will_v be_v altogether_o void_a of_o reason_n who_o will_v believe_v nothing_o of_o such_o thing_n unless_o it_o be_v make_v out_o to_o he_o that_o it_o be_v absolute_o necessary_a they_o shall_v be_v so_o now_o will_v he_o less_o deviate_v from_o reason_n that_o will_v require_v i_o to_o believe_v any_o particular_a event_n suppose_v it_o be_v the_o conversion_n of_o the_o king_n of_o china_n to_o the_o christian_a religion_n upon_o this_o only_a ground_n because_o it_o be_v not_o impossible_a to_o be_v so_o for_o see_v that_o another_o who_o shall_v assure_v i_o to_o the_o contrary_n may_v make_v use_n of_o the_o same_o reason_n it_o be_v clear_a that_o that_o reason_n alone_o can_v determine_v i_o to_o believe_v the_o one_o rather_o than_o the_o other_o we_o must_v therefore_o lay_v it_o down_o for_o a_o certain_a and_o unquestionable_a maxim_n upon_o this_o occasion_n that_o the_o possibillity_n alone_o of_o a_o event_n be_v not_o a_o sufficient_a reason_n to_o make_v i_o believe_v it_o and_o that_o i_o may_v have_v reason_n also_o to_o believe_v a_o thing_n though_o i_o judge_v it_o not_o impossible_a but_o that_o the_o contrary_n may_v have_v come_v to_o pass_v so_o that_o of_o the_o two_o event_n i_o may_v rational_o believe_v the_o one_o and_o not_o the_o other_o though_o i_o believe_v they_o both_o possible_a how_o then_o shall_v we_o resolve_v to_o believe_v the_o one_o rather_o than_o the_o other_o if_o we_o judge_v they_o both_o possible_a observe_v the_o follow_a rule_n to_o judge_v of_o the_o truth_n of_o a_o event_n and_o to_o persuade_v myself_o into_o a_o resolution_n to_o believe_v or_o not_o to_o believe_v a_o thing_n it_o must_v not_o be_v consider_v naked_o and_o in_o itself_o like_o a_o proposition_n in_o geometry_n but_o all_o the_o circumstance_n that_o accompany_v it_o as_o well_o internal_a as_o external_a be_v to_o be_v weigh_v with_o the_o same_o consideration_n i_o call_v internal_a circumstance_n such_o as_o belong_v to_o the_o fact_n itself_o and_o external_a those_o that_o relate_v to_o the_o person_n who_o testimony_n induce_v we_o believe_v it_o this_o be_v do_v if_o all_o the_o circumstance_n be_v such_o that_o it_o never_o or_o very_o rare_o happen_v that_o the_o same_o circumstance_n be_v accompany_v with_o falsehood_n our_o understanding_n natural_o carry_v to_o believe_v the_o thing_n to_o be_v true_a and_o there_o be_v a_o reason_n for_o so_o do_v especial_o in_o the_o conduct_n of_o the_o action_n of_o our_o life_n that_o never_o require_v a_o great_a assurance_n than_o a_o moral_a certainty_n and_o which_o be_v satisfy_v upon_o most_o occasion_n with_o a_o great_a probability_n but_o on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o these_o circumstance_n be_v such_o as_o be_v frequent_o accompany_v with_o falsehood_n reason_n require_v we_o to_o suspend_v our_o belief_n or_o that_o we_o shall_v look_v upon_o as_o false_a what_o be_v tell_v we_o when_o we_o see_v no_o likelihood_n that_o it_o shall_v be_v true_a though_o we_o do_v not_o find_v any_o absolute_a impossibility_n for_o example_n we_o demand_v whether_o the_o history_n of_o the_o baptism_n of_o constantine_n by_o silvester_n be_v true_a or_o false_a baronius_n believe_v it_o true_a but_o cardinal_n perron_n bishop_n spondanus_n petavius_n morinus_n and_o the_o most_o eminent_a of_o the_o roman_a church_n believe_v it_o false_a now_o if_o we_o insist_v upon_o the_o sole_a possibility_n we_o have_v no_o reason_n to_o reject_v baronius_n for_o his_o opinion_n contain_v nothing_o absolute_o impossible_a and_o to_o speak_v absolute_o it_o be_v also_o possible_a that_o eusebius_n who_o affirm_v the_o contrary_a affirm_v a_o untruth_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o arrian_n and_o that_o the_o father_n that_o follow_v he_o be_v deceive_v by_o his_o testimony_n but_o if_o we_o make_v use_v of_o the_o rule_n already_o lay_v down_o which_o be_v to_o consider_v what_o be_v the_o circumstance_n both_o of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o baptism_n of_o constantine_n and_o which_o be_v those_o that_o carry_v the_o great_a mark_n of_o truth_n we_o shall_v find_v they_o to_o be_v the_o latter_a for_o on_o the_o one_o side_n there_o be_v no_o great_a reason_n to_o rely_v upon_o the_o testimony_n of_o a_o writer_n as_o fabulous_a as_o the_o author_n of_o the_o act_n of_o sylvester_n who_o be_v the_o only_a person_n of_o antiquity_n who_o have_v speak_v of_o constantin_n be_v baptize_v at_o rome_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n there_o be_v no_o liklihood_n that_o a_o person_n so_o serious_a and_o learned_a as_o eusebius_n shall_v presume_v to_o report_v a_o untruth_n relate_v to_o a_o thing_n so_o remarkable_a as_o the_o baptism_n of_o the_o first_o emperor_n that_o restore_v the_o church_n to_o her_o liberty_n and_o which_o ought_v to_o have_v be_v spread_v over_o all_o the_o world_n at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o he_o write_v which_o be_v not_o above_o four_o or_o five_o hundred_o year_n after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o say_a emperor_n nevertheless_o there_o be_v a_o exception_n to_o this_o rule_n by_o which_o we_o ought_v to_o be_v satisfy_v with_o possibillity_n or_o likelihood_n that_o be_v when_o a_o action_n which_o be_v otherwise_o sufficient_o attest_v be_v contradict_v by_o incongruity_n and_o apparent_a contrariety_n with_o other_o history_n for_o than_o it_o suffice_v that_o the_o solution_n bring_v to_o enervate_a these_o repugnancy_n be_v possible_a and_o probable_a and_o it_o will_v be_v unreasonable_a to_o require_v other_o positive_a proof_n for_o that_o the_o act_n itself_o be_v sufficient_o prove_v it_o be_v not_o equitable_a to_o require_v that_o we_o shall_v prove_v all_o the_o circumstance_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n otherwise_o we_o may_v call_v in_o question_n a_o thousand_o most_o certain_a history_n which_o we_o can_v make_v agree_v with_o other_o of_o less_o authority_n but_o by_o conjecture_n which_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o prove_v positive_o for_o example_n we_o can_v bring_v to_o a_o agreement_n what_o be_v deliver_v in_o the_o king_n and_o chronicle_n concern_v the_o year_n of_o the_o reign_v of_o several_a of_o the_o king_n of_o juda_n and_o israel_n but_o by_o assign_v to_o some_o of_o the_o king_n two_o beginning_n of_o their_o reign_n the_o one_o during_o the_o life_n of_o the_o reign_v prince_n and_o the_o other_o after_o the_o decease_n of_o their_o parent_n now_o if_o it_o be_v ask_v what_o proof_n we_o have_v that_o such_o a_o prince_n reign_v for_o some_o time_n with_o his_o father_n we_o must_v confess_v there_o be_v none_o positive_a but_o it_o suffice_v that_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n possible_a and_o which_o have_v often_o come_v to_o pass_v at_o other_o time_n to_o make_v it_o lawful_a for_o we_o to_o suppose_v it_o as_o a_o cicumstance_n necessary_a to_o reconcile_v history_n otherwise_o certain_a and_o therefore_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o ridiculous_a
in_o the_o golden_a legend_n or_o the_o metaphra_v in_o regard_v those_o book_n be_v so_o full_a of_o fable_n that_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o be_v credit_v upon_o their_o authority_n as_o cardinal_n bellarmin_n have_v make_v no_o scruple_n to_o confess_v of_o the_o last_o but_o i_o affirm_v that_o every_o man_n of_o sense_n bate_v his_o piety_n aught_o to_o acknowledge_v for_o true_a the_o miracle_n which_o st_n austin_n recite_v in_o his_o confession_n and_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr civitate_fw-la dei_fw-la some_o of_o which_o he_o see_v and_o other_o of_o which_o he_o be_v inform_v by_o the_o person_n themselves_o in_o who_o sight_n they_o be_v wrought_v as_o of_o the_o blind_a man_n cure_v at_o milan_n before_o all_o the_o people_n by_o touch_v the_o relic_n of_o st._n gervace_n and_o protasius_n which_o he_o report_v in_o his_o confession_n and_o of_o which_o he_o speak_v in_o the_o 22d_o book_n de_fw-fr civitate_fw-la dei_fw-la cap._n 8._o a_o certain_a miracle_n be_v wrought_v 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holy_a martyr_n restore_v i_o my_o son_n thou_o know_v i_o ask_v his_o life_n for_o no_o other_o reason_n but_o because_o he_o shall_v not_o be_v eternal_o separate_v from_o god_n now_o if_o these_o thing_n may_v be_v suppose_v to_o have_v happen_v as_o they_o be_v relate_v there_o be_v no_o rational_a person_n but_o must_v acknowledge_v these_o thing_n to_o be_v the_o finger_n of_o god_n so_o that_o all_o their_o incredulity_n can_v do_v will_v be_v to_o doubt_v of_o the_o testimony_n of_o st._n austin_n and_o to_o believe_v he_o a_o falsifyer_n of_o the_o truth_n to_o gain_v a_o veneration_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n among_o the_o pagan_n which_o be_v that_o which_o they_o have_v no_o colour_n to_o imagine_v first_o because_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a that_o a_o person_n of_o his_o judgement_n will_v have_v tell_v a_o untruth_n in_o thing_n so_o public_a wherein_o he_o may_v have_v be_v convince_v of_o falsehood_n by_o infinite_a number_n of_o testimony_n which_o will_v have_v 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to_o make_v upon_o the_o belief_n of_o event_n which_o be_v that_o among_o those_o circumstance_n which_o we_o ought_v to_o consider_v that_o we_o may_v know_v whether_o credit_n be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o fact_n or_o no_o there_o be_v some_o which_o we_o may_v call_v common_a circumstance_n because_o they_o frequent_o occur_v and_o be_v far_o often_o join_v to_o truth_n then_o falsehood_n and_o then_o if_o they_o be_v not_o counterbalanced_a by_o other_o particular_a circumstance_n that_o ruin_n the_o motive_n of_o belief_n draw_v from_o common_a circumstance_n we_o have_v reason_n to_o believe_v those_o event_n if_o not_o to_o be_v certain_a yet_o at_o least_o to_o be_v probable_a which_o probability_n be_v sufficient_a when_o we_o be_v bind_v to_o pronounce_v our_o opinion_n in_o such_o case_n for_o as_o we_o ought_v to_o be_v satisfy_v with_o a_o moral_a assurance_n in_o thing_n not_o capable_a of_o metaphysical_a certainty_n so_o when_o we_o can_v obtain_v a_o full_a moral_a 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logic_n or_o the_o art_n of_o think_v in_o which_o beside_o the_o common_a be_v contain_v many_o excellent_a new_a rule_n very_o profitable_a for_o direct_v of_o reason_n and_o acquire_v of_o judgement_n in_o thing_n as_o well_o relate_v to_o the_o instruction_n of_o a_o man_n self_n as_o of_o other_o in_o four_o part_n the_o first_o consist_v of_o reflection_n upon_o idea_n or_o upon_o the_o first_o operation_n of_o the_o mind_n which_o be_v call_v apprehension_n etc._n etc._n the_o second_o of_o consideration_n of_o man_n about_o proper_a judgement_n etc._n etc._n the_o three_o of_o the_o nature_n and_o various_a kind_n of_o reason_v etc._n etc._n the_o four_o treat_v of_o the_o most_o profitable_a method_n for_o demonstrate_v or_o illustrate_v any_o truth_n etc._n etc._n to_o which_o be_v add_v a_o index_n to_o the_o whole_a book_n for_o the_o excellency_n of_o the_o matter_n print_v many_o time_n in_o french_a and_o latin_a and_o now_o for_o public_a good_a translate_v into_o 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recommend_v he_o to_o the_o commonwealth_n of_o learning_n nor_o be_v his_o diligence_n in_o this_o particular_a less_o to_o be_v applaud_v for_o have_v cleanse_v the_o augean_a stable_n of_o so_o many_o system_n from_o study_a barbarism_n and_o delirium_fw-la for_o which_o reason_n this_o logic_n be_v thrice_o reprint_v in_o france_n so_o great_a be_v the_o satisfaction_n in_o those_o part_n and_o likewise_o translate_v into_o latin_a for_o universal_a benefit_n and_o now_o be_v render_v into_o english_a as_o be_v a_o small_a treatise_n no_o less_o useful_a for_o the_o conduct_n of_o human_a life_n than_o to_o instruct_v and_o guide_v we_o wander_v in_o the_o labyrinth_n of_o unsettled_a reason_n let_v not_o the_o reader_n slight_o pass_v these_o page_n over_o but_o serious_o digest_v this_o art_n of_o think_v and_o be_v digest_v let_v he_o disperse_v the_o application_n into_o all_o the_o judgement_n which_o he_o make_v of_o thing_n and_o into_o all_o the_o action_n of_o his_o life_n 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belong_v to_o reason_n to_o make_v the_o choice_n who_o choose_v aright_o be_v they_o who_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o equal_a poise_n of_o wit_n such_o as_o make_v a_o wrong_a choice_n be_v they_o who_o judgement_n be_v deprave_v wherein_o consist_v the_o chief_a and_o most_o important_a difference_n between_o the_o faculty_n of_o the_o understanding_n and_o therefore_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v the_o most_o principal_a study_n of_o a_o man_n to_o form_n and_o shape_v his_o judgement_n and_o to_o render_v it_o the_o most_o exact_a that_o possible_a may_v be_v the_o main_a aim_n to_o which_o his_o utmost_a diligence_n ought_v to_o tend_v to_o this_o end_n we_o must_v make_v use_n of_o reason_n as_o the_o instrument_n to_o acquire_v knowledge_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n we_o ought_v to_o make_v use_n of_o knowledge_n to_o perfect_a reason_n truth_n of_o understanding_n be_v infinite_o of_o great_a value_n than_o all_o speculative_a knowledge_n by_o mean_n of_o the_o most_o solid_a and_o 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by_o the_o tone_n of_o the_o voice_n he_o that_o talk_v smooth_o and_o grave_o speak_v reason_n he_o that_o can_v ready_o explain_v himself_o and_o seem_v to_o be_v in_o a_o heat_n must_v be_v in_o the_o wrong_n and_o more_o than_o this_o they_o know_v not_o which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o there_o be_v no_o absurdity_n how_o insupportable_a soever_o which_o do_v not_o find_v their_o champion_n he_o that_o have_v a_o design_n to_o deceive_v the_o world_n shall_v not_o fail_v of_o person_n as_o ready_a to_o be_v gull_v and_o the_o most_o ridiculous_a foppery_n shall_v meet_v with_o understanding_n proportionate_a to_o their_o folly_n and_o indeed_o we_o ought_v not_o to_o wonder_v at_o any_o thing_n while_o we_o find_v so_o many_o people_n infatuate_v with_o the_o foolery_n of_o judicial_a astrology_n and_o person_n of_o gravity_n so_o serious_o handle_v that_o subject_a there_o be_v a_o certain_a constellation_n in_o the_o firmament_n which_o some_o man_n have_v be_v please_v to_o call_v a_o balance_n as_o like_o a_o balance_n as_o a_o windmill_n and_o all_o one_o this_o balance_n they_o cry_v be_v a_o emblem_n of_o justice_n and_o all_o that_o be_v bear_v under_o that_o constellation_n shall_v be_v upright_o and_o just_a there_o be_v three_o other_o sign_n in_o the_o zodiac_n which_o they_o call_v the_o one_o a_o ram_n the_o other_o a_o bull_n the_o three_o a_o goat_n and_o which_o they_o may_v as_o well_o have_v call_v a_o elephant_n a_o crocodile_n or_o a_o rhinoceros_n now_o the_o ram_n the_o bull_n and_o the_o goat_n be_v beast_n that_o chew_v the_o cud_n and_o therefore_o they_o that_o take_v physic_n when_o the_o moon_n be_v in_o any_o of_o these_o constellation_n shall_v be_v in_o danger_n to_o vomit_v it_o up_o again_o these_o be_v strange_a extravagancy_n yet_o as_o extravagant_a as_o they_o be_v there_o be_v person_n that_o utter_v they_o abroad_o for_o sound_a ware_n and_o other_o that_o as_o easy_o believe_v '_o they_o this_o falsehood_n of_o the_o 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be_v there_o be_v a_o infinite_a company_n of_o dull_a and_o stupid_a head_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v reform_v by_o instruction_n but_o by_o restrain_v they_o within_o those_o bound_n which_o be_v proper_a for_o their_o capacity_n and_o hinder_v they_o from_o meddle_v with_o those_o thing_n of_o which_o they_o be_v uncapable_a nevertheless_o it_o be_v very_o true_a that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o fallacious_a judgement_n among_o man_n proceed_v not_o from_o this_o principle_n as_o be_v rather_o cause_v by_o the_o precipitation_n of_o the_o brain_n and_o through_o defect_n of_o consideration_n from_o whence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o they_o judge_v rash_o of_o what_o they_o only_o know_v obscure_o and_o confuse_o the_o little_a regard_n and_o love_n of_o truth_n in_o man_n be_v the_o reason_n that_o they_o take_v so_o little_a pain_n the_o chief_a part_n of_o their_o time_n to_o distinguish_v what_o be_v true_a from_o what_o be_v false_a they_o admit_v into_o their_o breast_n all_o sort_n of_o discourse_n and_o tenant_n rather_o choose_v to_o suppose_v they_o to_o be_v true_a then_o to_o examine_v '_o they_o if_o they_o understand_v they_o not_o they_o be_v willing_a to_o believe_v that_o other_o do_v and_o thus_o they_o load_v their_o memory_n with_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o falsity_n and_o afterward_o argue_v upon_o those_o principle_n never_o consider_v what_o they_o say_v or_o what_o they_o think_v vanity_n and_o presumption_n also_o contribute_v very_o much_o to_o this_o miscarriage_n they_o think_v it_o a_o shame_n to_o doubt_v and_o not_o to_o know_v and_o they_o rather_o choose_v to_o talk_v and_o determine_v at_o a_o venture_n then_o to_o acknowledge_v their_o not_o be_v sufficient_o inform_v to_o judge_v aright_o alas_o we_o be_v full_a of_o ignorance_n and_o error_n and_o yet_o it_o be_v the_o most_o difficult_a labour_n in_o the_o world_n to_o draw_v
logic_n we_o think_v it_o may_v in_o some_o measure_n contribute_v to_o the_o public_a advantage_n to_o draw_v from_o thence_o whatever_o it_o contain_v most_o serviceable_a to_o rectify_v our_o judgement_n and_o this_o be_v chief_o the_o design_n of_o this_o treatise_n together_o with_o some_o new_a reflection_n that_o come_v into_o our_o thought_n while_o the_o pen_n be_v in_o our_o hand_n and_o which_o indeed_o make_v up_o the_o great_a and_o most_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o whole_a for_o we_o find_v that_o the_o ordinary_a philosopher_n have_v no_o other_o intention_n then_o to_o set_v down_o the_o rule_n of_o good_a and_o bad_a argument_n now_o though_o it_o can_v be_v say_v that_o these_o rule_n be_v altogether_o useless_a since_o many_o time_n they_o serve_v to_o discover_v the_o fraud_n of_o intricate_a and_o puzzle_v argument_n and_o to_o dispose_v our_o thought_n to_o argue_v and_o refel_v in_o a_o more_o convince_a manner_n nevertheless_o we_o be_v not_o to_o believe_v that_o this_o benefit_n extend_v very_o far_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o error_n of_o man_n not_o consist_v in_o their_o suffering_n themselves_o to_o be_v delude_v by_o ill_a consequence_n but_o in_o permit_v themselves_o to_o be_v sway_v by_o false_a judgement_n from_o whence_o false_a consequence_n be_v draw_v and_o this_o be_v that_o for_o which_o they_o who_o have_v hitherto_o treat_v of_o logic_n have_v find_v but_o little_a remedy_n and_o which_o be_v therefore_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o new_a reflection_n so_o frequent_a in_o this_o treatise_n nevertheless_o we_o be_v oblige_v to_o acknowledge_v that_o these_o reflection_n which_o we_o call_v new_a because_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v in_o common_a logic_n be_v not_o all_o the_o author_n be_v own_o but_o that_o we_o have_v borrow_a some_o from_o the_o write_n of_o a_o famous_a philosopher_n of_o this_o age_n wherein_o appear_v as_o much_o perspicuity_n and_o curiosity_n of_o wit_n as_o there_o do_v confusion_n in_o other_o some_o few_o other_o reflection_n we_o have_v also_o draw_v from_o a_o small_a manuscript_n of_o the_o decease_a monsieur_n paschal_n entitle_v the_o soul_n of_o geometry_n and_o this_o be_v that_o which_o we_o have_v make_v use_n of_o in_o the_o nine_o chapter_n of_o the_o first_o part_n of_o the_o difference_n between_o the_o definition_n of_o name_n and_o the_o definition_n of_o thing_n and_o the_o five_o rule_n which_o be_v explain_v in_o the_o four_o part_n more_o large_o handle_v there_o then_o in_o this_o treatise_n as_o to_o what_o we_o have_v take_v out_o of_o the_o ordinary_a logic_n book_n our_o follow_a observation_n declare_v in_o the_o first_o place_n we_o have_v a_o design_n to_o bring_v into_o this_o treatise_n all_o that_o be_v real_o beneficial_a in_o other_o as_o the_o rule_n of_o figure_n the_o division_n of_o term_n and_o idea_n with_o some_o reflection_n upon_o the_o proposition_n other_o thing_n we_o think_v of_o little_a use_n as_o the_o category_n or_o predicament_n and_o place_n but_o because_o they_o be_v short_a easy_a and_o common_a we_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o omit_v they_o with_o a_o caution_n however_o what_o judgement_n to_o make_v of_o they_o to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v not_o be_v think_v more_o useful_a than_o indeed_o they_o be_v we_o be_v more_o doubtful_a what_o to_o do_v with_o certain_a other_o thing_n sufficient_o knotty_a but_o of_o little_a profit_n as_o the_o conversion_n of_o proposition_n the_o demonstration_n of_o the_o rule_n of_o figure_n but_o at_o length_n we_o resolve_v not_o to_o leave_v they_o out_o the_o difficulty_n itself_o not_o be_v altogether_o useless_a for_o true_a it_o be_v that_o when_o it_o do_v not_o terminate_v in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o any_o truth_n we_o may_v have_v reason_n to_o say_v stultum_fw-la est_fw-la difficiles_fw-la habere_fw-la nugas_fw-la it_o be_v a_o foolish_a thing_n to_o labour_n in_o difficult_a trifle_n yet_o be_v they_o not_o altogether_o to_o be_v avoid_v when_o they_o lead_v we_o to_o something_o of_o truth_n since_o it_o may_v prove_v to_o a_o man_n advantage_n to_o exercise_v himself_o in_o the_o understanding_n of_o truth_n that_o be_v intricate_a there_o be_v some_o stomach_n that_o only_o digest_v light_n and_o delicate_a diet_n and_o there_o be_v some_o wit_n that_o can_v apply_v themselves_o to_o the_o study_n of_o other_o then_o easy_a truth_n array_v in_o the_o ornament_n of_o eloquence_n both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v a_o niceness_n not_o to_o be_v commend_v or_o rather_o a_o real_a weakness_n for_o a_o man_n must_v endeavour_v to_o enable_v himself_o to_o discover_v truth_n when_o it_o be_v most_o conceal_v and_o envelop_v and_o to_o respect_v she_o in_o what_o shape_n soever_o she_o appear_v for_o if_o a_o man_n be_v not_o able_a to_o surmount_v that_o niceness_n and_o distaste_n which_o be_v easy_o conceive_v of_o thing_n that_o appear_v a_o little_a subtle_a and_o scholastic_a he_o do_v but_o thereby_o contract_n and_o shrivel_v up_o his_o understanding_n and_o render_v himself_o uncapable_a to_o apprehend_v any_o more_o than_o what_o be_v to_o be_v know_v by_o a_o long_a series_n of_o several_a proposition_n so_o that_o when_o one_o truth_n depend_v upon_o three_o or_o four_o principle_n which_o he_o must_v necessary_o consider_v and_o study_v all_o at_o one_o time_n he_o be_v amaze_v and_o foil_v and_o many_o time_n deprive_v of_o the_o knowledge_n of_o several_a thing_n high_o advantageous_a which_o be_v a_o fault_n of_o great_a consequence_n the_o capacity_n of_o man_n understanding_n shrink_v or_o dilate_v itself_o according_a to_o use_v and_o custom_n and_o therefore_o for_o the_o enlarge_n of_o the_o intellect_n the_o mathematics_n and_o all_o difficult_a study_n chief_o conduce_v for_o they_o cause_v a_o expansion_n of_o thought_n and_o exercise_v they_o in_o diligence_n and_o embolden_v they_o in_o a_o steady_a confidence_n to_o stick_v to_o what_o they_o know_v these_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o induce_v we_o not_o to_o omit_v those_o thorny_a subject_n and_o to_o discourse_v of_o they_o as_o nice_o as_o any_o other_o treatise_n of_o logic._n they_o who_o think_v they_o tedious_a may_v forbear_v to_o read_v they_o and_o indeed_o we_o have_v already_o give_v they_o that_o caution_n at_o the_o beginning_n that_o they_o may_v have_v no_o reason_n to_o complain_v since_o it_o be_v at_o their_o own_o choice_n to_o read_v or_o let_v they_o alone_o nor_o do_v we_o think_v it_o necessary_a to_o mind_v the_o disgust_n of_o some_o person_n that_o abhor_v certain_a term_n of_o art_n frame_v only_o to_o retain_v more_o easy_o the_o several_a figure_n of_o argumentation_n as_o if_o they_o be_v some_o charm_n in_o magic_n and_o frequent_o spend_v their_o insipid_a jest_n upon_o baroco_n and_o baralipton_n as_o be_v too_o pedantical_a for_o we_o look_v upon_o their_o pun_n to_o be_v more_o pedantical_a than_o the_o word_n for_o there_o be_v nothing_o 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in_o his_o politic_n his_o ethic_n his_o problem_n and_o his_o history_n of_o animal_n and_o as_o confuse_v as_o his_o analtic_n be_v yet_o we_o must_v confess_v that_o almost_o all_o we_o know_v concern_v the_o rule_n of_o logic_n be_v take_v from_o thence_o so_o that_o there_o be_v not_o any_o author_n from_o who_o we_o have_v borrow_v more_o than_o from_o aristotle_n in_o this_o logic_n as_o one_o to_o who_o the_o body_n of_o the_o precept_n belong_v true_a it_o be_v that_o the_o most_o imperfect_a of_o his_o work_n seem_v to_o be_v his_o physics_n as_o be_v also_o that_o which_o for_o a_o long_a time_n have_v be_v condemn_v and_o forbid_v by_o the_o church_n as_o a_o learned_a person_n have_v make_v appear_v in_o a_o treatise_n write_v to_o that_o purpose_n though_o the_o principal_a fault_n of_o it_o be_v not_o that_o it_o be_v false_a but_o that_o it_o be_v too_o true_a and_o teach_v nothing_o but_o such_o thing_n as_o can_v not_o be_v conceal_v from_o our_o knowledge_n for_o 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oblige_v to_o reverence_v the_o memory_n of_o some_o philosopher_n that_o be_v only_o for_o two_o reason_n either_o out_o of_o a_o prospect_n of_o the_o truth_n to_o which_o they_o have_v adhere_v or_o for_o the_o reputation_n which_o they_o have_v acquire_v among_o the_o learned_a for_o the_o sake_n of_o truth_n we_o reverence_v they_o when_o they_o keep_v close_o to_o it_o but_o truth_n do_v not_o require_v that_o we_o shall_v honour_v falsehood_n in_o whosoever_o it_o appear_v as_o for_o the_o consent_n of_o man_n in_o the_o approbation_n of_o a_o philosopher_n certain_a it_o be_v that_o it_o be_v a_o good_a reason_n for_o give_v respect_n nor_o can_v it_o be_v deny_v but_o very_o imprudent_o without_o great_a weariness_n and_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o in_o contradict_v the_o generality_n we_o may_v be_v just_o suspect_v of_o presumption_n as_o believe_v ourselves_o more_o clear-sighted_a than_o so_o many_o other_o but_o when_o the_o learned_a world_n be_v divide_v in_o their_o opinion_n as_o to_o the_o worth_n of_o a_o author_n and_o that_o person_n of_o reputation_n appear_v on_o both_o side_n we_o be_v not_o then_o oblige_v to_o that_o reservedness_n and_o we_o may_v free_o declare_v what_o we_o approve_v and_o what_o we_o dislike_v in_o those_o write_n about_o which_o the_o learned_a be_v divide_v for_o than_o we_o do_v not_o oppose_v our_o sentiment_n against_o the_o sense_n of_o the_o author_n and_o his_o abetter_n but_o side_n with_o those_o that_o maintain_v the_o contrary_a party_n and_o now_o behold_v the_o true_a condition_n of_o aristotle_n at_o this_o day_n his_o philosophy_n have_v experience_v both_o fortune_n sometime_o explode_v and_o condemn_v by_o all_o otherwhile_o receive_v and_o applaud_v by_o all_o at_o this_o day_n it_o be_v reduce_v into_o a_o middle_a condition_n between_o the_o two_o extreme_n in_o france_n flanders_n england_n germany_n and_o holland_n they_o write_v frequent_o for_o and_o against_o aristotle_n philosophy_n the_o parisian_a conference_n as_o well_o as_o their_o write_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n nor_o do_v any_o one_o complain_v of_o this_o open_a war_n declare_v against_o he_o the_o most_o famous_a professor_n no_o long_o condemn_v themselves_o to_o that_o slavery_n of_o blind_o receive_v and_o maintain_v whatever_o they_o find_v in_o his_o book_n and_o some_o of_o his_o opinion_n be_v utter_o exterminate_v for_o what_o physician_n will_v now_o maintain_v that_o the_o nerve_n proceed_v from_o the_o heart_n as_o aristotle_n believe_v since_o anatomy_n clear_o demonstrate_v now_o that_o they_o derive_v there_o original_a from_o the_o brain_n whence_o proceed_v that_o say_n of_o st._n austin_n qui_fw-la ex_fw-la puncto_fw-la cerebri_fw-la &_o quasi_fw-la centro_fw-la omnes_fw-la sensus_fw-la diffudit_fw-la who_o diffuse_v all_o the_o sense_n from_o the_o point_n and_o as_o it_o be_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o brain_n and_o what_o philosopher_n dare_v be_v so_o obstinate_a as_o to_o affirm_v that_o the_o swiftness_n of_o ponderous_a thing_n descend_v increase_v proportionable_o to_o the_o proportion_n of_o their_o weight_n when_o any_o man_n may_v end_v this_o dispute_n by_o let_v two_o ponderous_a body_n never_o so_o unequal_a in_o proportion_n fall_v from_o a_o high_a place_n at_o what_o time_n he_o shall_v find_v very_o little_a difference_n in_o the_o swiftness_n of_o their_o motion_n all_o thing_n violent_a be_v of_o short_a continuance_n and_o all_o extreme_n be_v violent_a it_o be_v very_o hard_a measure_n to_o proscribe_v all_o aristotle_n opinion_n as_o former_o have_v be_v do_v on_o the_o other_o side_n it_o be_v a_o unreasonable_a servitude_n for_o a_o man_n to_o pledge_v his_o assent_n to_o all_o he_o have_v write_v and_o to_o allow_v only_o he_o for_o the_o standard_n of_o philosophy_n as_o afterward_o they_o go_v about_o to_o do_v man_n
instruction_n another_o for_o flattery_n another_o for_o reprehension_n sometime_o a_o man_n be_v willing_a that_o his_o voice_n shall_v not_o only_o reach_v the_o ear_n of_o he_o he_o speak_v to_o but_o that_o it_o shall_v pierce_v and_o run_v through_o '_o they_o nor_o will_v any_o one_o think_v it_o well_o that_o a_o lackey_n be_v loud_o and_o vehement_o reprove_v shall_v answer_v sir_n speak_v low_a i_o hear_v you_o well_o enough_o for_o it_o be_v the_o tone_n of_o the_o voice_n that_o make_v one_o part_n of_o the_o reproof_n and_o it_o be_v necessary_a to_o imprint_v that_o idea_n in_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o servant_n which_o the_o master_n will_v have_v it_o make_v but_o sometime_o these_o accessary_a idea_n be_v fix_v to_o the_o word_n themselves_o for_o that_o usual_o they_o thorough_o excite_v those_o that_o pronounce_v '_o they_o and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o among_o several_a expression_n that_o seem_v to_o signify_v the_o same_o thing_n some_o be_v injurious_a 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denote_v the_o thing_n to_o be_v such_o as_o it_o be_v without_o aggravation_n or_o extenuation_n and_o we_o may_v instance_n other_o thing_n that_o will_v signify_v the_o same_o thing_n after_o such_o a_o manner_n as_o will_v include_v moreover_o a_o soft_a and_o lenify_v idea_n and_o which_o will_v demonstrate_v that_o the_o person_n have_v a_o desire_n to_o excuse_v and_o extenuate_v the_o crime_n which_o he_o lay_v to_o the_o other_o charge_n and_o those_o be_v the_o way_n which_o prudent_a and_o moderate_a man_n make_v use_v of_o unless_o some_o reason_n prevail_v with_o they_o to_o act_v with_o more_o tartness_n and_o vehemency_n hence_o also_o may_v be_v understand_v the_o difference_n between_o a_o plain_a and_o a_o figure_v style_n and_o why_o the_o same_o thought_n seem_v much_o more_o lovely_a when_o they_o be_v express_v by_o a_o figure_n then_o if_o they_o be_v restrain_v to_o a_o plain_a manner_n of_o speech_n which_o proceed_v from_o hence_o that_o figure_v expression_n beside_o the_o principal_a thing_n signify_v the_o motion_n and_o gesture_n of_o he_o that_o speak_v and_o imprint_v both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o idea_n in_o the_o mind_n whereas_o simple_a expression_n set_v forth_o only_a the_o naked_a truth_n for_o example_n of_o this_o half_a verse_n of_o virgil_n usque_fw-la adeone_fw-mi mori_fw-la miserum_fw-la est_fw-la be_v express_v simple_o and_o without_o a_o figure_n non_fw-la est_fw-la usque_fw-la adeo_fw-la mori_fw-la miserum_fw-la without_o doubt_v the_o sentence_n will_v not_o have_v have_v that_o force_n and_o the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o first_o expression_n signify_v more_o than_o the_o second_o for_o it_o do_v not_o only_o express_v the_o thought_n that_o it_o be_v not_o so_o miserable_a a_o thing_n as_o man_n think_v to_o die_v but_o it_o represent_v also_o the_o idea_n of_o a_o man_n as_o it_o be_v provoke_v death_n and_o undaunted_o look_v it_o in_o the_o face_n which_o without_o question_n be_v a_o great_a and_o 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eye_n and_o which_o produce_v no_o motion_n in_o the_o mind_n for_o since_o that_o figure_n express_v the_o passion_n of_o the_o soul_n when_o figure_n be_v intermix_v where_o the_o soul_n be_v no_o way_n move_v such_o agitation_n of_o the_o mind_n be_v contrary_a to_o nature_n and_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o convulsion_n for_o which_o reason_n there_o can_v be_v nothing_o more_o preposterous_a than_o the_o stir_n and_o hurlyburly_n which_o some_o preacher_n make_v who_o fly_v out_o into_o fury_n and_o extravagant_a bombast_v upon_o all_o manner_n of_o subject_n and_o who_o be_v no_o less_o furious_a upon_o philosophical_a digression_n then_o upon_o truth_n the_o most_o weighty_a and_o necessary_a for_o salvation_n on_o the_o other_o side_n when_o the_o subject_a of_o the_o discourse_n be_v such_o that_o it_o require_v a_o rouse_a and_o wake_v of_o the_o mind_n it_o be_v a_o fault_n to_o deliver_v himself_o in_o a_o jejune_n and_o frigid_a stile_n and_o without_o any_o manner_n of_o motion_n therefore_o divine_a truth_n not_o be_v simple_o propose_v only_a to_o be_v know_v but_o much_o more_o to_o be_v belove_v reverence_v and_o adore_v by_o man_n without_o doubt_n the_o noble_a elevate_v and_o figure_v manner_n of_o elocution_n observe_v by_o the_o holy_a father_n be_v much_o more_o proportionable_a to_o the_o subject_a than_o a_o flat_a and_o meager_a style_n like_o that_o of_o the_o scholastic_o since_o it_o not_o only_o teach_v we_o the_o truth_n we_o be_v to_o know_v but_o also_o endeavour_n to_o raise_v in_o we_o those_o sentiment_n of_o love_n reverence_n and_o affection_n which_o the_o father_n have_v for_o those_o truth_n when_o they_o write_v and_o which_o represent_v to_o we_o the_o image_n of_o that_o holy_a disposition_n must_v of_o necessity_n contribute_v more_o to_o imprint_v the_o like_a in_o we_o whereas_o the_o scholastic_a stile_n be_v plain_a and_o content_v itself_o with_o the_o idea_n of_o the_o naked_a truth_n be_v nothing_o so_o effectual_a to_o produce_v in_o our_o soul_n those_o motion_n of_o respect_n and_o love_n which_o we_o ought_v to_o have_v for_o the_o truth_n of_o christianity_n which_o render_v it_o not_o only_o less_o profitable_a but_o less_o delightful_a since_o the_o soul_n itself_o be_v more_o delight_v in_o observe_v the_o motion_n of_o her_o affection_n then_o in_o acquire_v knowledge_n last_o it_o be_v by_o mean_n of_o this_o observation_n that_o we_o may_v resolve_v that_o famous_a question_n among_o the_o ancient_a philosopher_n whether_o there_o be_v any_o word_n to_o be_v count_v unchaste_a and_o by_o which_o we_o may_v also_o refute_v the_o argument_n of_o the_o stoic_n who_o justify_v that_o we_o may_v make_v use_n indifferent_o of_o any_o word_n though_o impudent_a and_o obscene_a they_o be_v of_o opinion_n say_v cicero_n in_o a_o letter_n which_o he_o write_v upon_o this_o subject_a that_o there_o be_v no_o word_n that_o be_v either_o nast_a or_o obscene_a for_o they_o say_v that_o the_o obscenity_n proceed_v either_o from_o the_o thing_n or_o it_o be_v in_o the_o word_n it_o do_v not_o proceed_v simple_o from_o the_o thing_n because_o they_o may_v be_v express_v in_o other_o word_n that_o be_v not_o esteem_v so_o nauseous_a nor_o be_v it_o in_o the_o word_n consider_v as_o they_o be_v because_o it_o happen_v ofttimes_o that_o one_o word_n signify_v two_o thing_n and_o so_o in_o one_o signification_n it_o may_v be_v nauseous_a in_o another_o well_o enough_o approve_v but_o all_o this_o be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o vain_a piece_n of_o suttlety_n which_o grow_v from_o hence_o that_o those_o philosopher_n do_v not_o consider_v those_o accessary_a accident_n which_o the_o mind_n add_v to_o the_o principal_a idea_n of_o thing_n for_o from_o thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n may_v be_v express_v honest_o by_o one_o sound_n and_o lascivious_o by_o another_o if_o one_o of_o the_o sound_n have_v
excellent_a discourse_n of_o st._n austin_n upon_o this_o subject_a in_o his_o ten_o book_n of_o the_o trinity_n where_o he_o show_v that_o there_o be_v nothing_o so_o easy_a as_o to_o know_v the_o nature_n of_o our_o soul_n but_o that_o which_o confound_v man_n be_v this_o that_o be_v desirous_a to_o know_v it_o they_o be_v not_o satisfy_v with_o what_o they_o know_v without_o any_o great_a trouble_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o it_o be_v a_o substance_n that_o think_v desire_n doubt_n and_o know_v but_o they_o add_v to_o what_o it_o be_v what_o it_o be_v not_o fancy_v the_o soul_n under_o some_o of_o those_o phantosm_n under_o which_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o conceive_v corporeal_a thing_n on_o the_o other_o side_n when_o we_o consider_v body_n we_o have_v much_o ado_n to_o abstain_v from_o intermix_v something_o of_o the_o idea_n of_o the_o substance_n that_o think_v hence_o we_o affirm_v that_o heavy_a thing_n tend_v to_o the_o centre_n of_o plant_n that_o they_o seek_v for_o proper_a nourishment_n of_o crisis_n in_o disease_n that_o it_o be_v nature_n that_o go_v about_o to_o discharge_v itself_o of_o what_o be_v baneful_a and_o a_o thousand_o other_o whimsy_n more_o especial_o in_o our_o body_n that_o nature_n have_v a_o inclination_n to_o do_v this_o or_o that_o when_o we_o be_v assure_v that_o we_o have_v no_o such_o desire_n nor_o ever_o have_v any_o such_o thought_n and_o that_o it_o be_v ridiculous_a to_o imagine_v that_o there_o be_v within_o we_o any_o other_o thing_n than_o ourselves_o that_o know_v what_o be_v good_a or_o hurtful_a for_o we_o that_o desire_v the_o one_o and_o eschew_v the_o other_o i_o believe_v moreover_o that_o we_o be_v to_o attribute_v to_o these_o incompatible_a idea_n all_o those_o murmur_n of_o man_n against_o the_o deity_n for_o it_o will_v be_v impossible_a to_o murmur_v against_o god_n if_o we_o conceive_v he_o aright_o as_o he_o be_v altogether_o wise_a omnipotent_a and_o all_o goodness_n but_o the_o ungodly_a consider_v he_o as_o omnipotent_a and_o the_o sovereign_a lord_n of_o all_o the_o world_n attribute_n to_o he_o all_o the_o misfortune_n that_o befall_v they_o wherein_o they_o be_v not_o deceive_v but_o because_o at_o the_o same_o time_n they_o apprehend_v he_o to_o be_v cruel_a and_o unjust_a which_o be_v incompatible_a with_o his_o goodness_n they_o impious_o inveigh_v against_o he_o as_o the_o author_n of_o the_o misery_n which_o they_o suffer_v chap._n vi_o of_o complex_n proposition_n according_a to_o affirmation_n and_o negation_n of_o one_o sort_n of_o those_o kind_n of_o proposition_n which_o the_o philosopher_n call_v modal_n beside_o those_o proposition_n where_o the_o subject_a or_o attribute_n be_v a_o term_n complex_fw-la there_o be_v also_o other_o that_o be_v complex_n because_o there_o be_v term_n or_o incident_a proposition_n which_o only_o regard_v the_o form_n of_o the_o proposition_n that_o be_v the_o affirmation_n or_o negation_n which_o be_v express_v by_o the_o verb_n as_o if_o i_o shall_v say_v i_o affirm_v that_o the_o earth_n be_v round_o here_o i_o affirm_v be_v only_o a_o incident_a proposition_n which_o ought_v to_o make_v a_o part_n of_o something_o in_o the_o principal_a proposition_n nevertheless_o it_o be_v visible_a that_o it_o make_v no_o part_n either_o of_o the_o subject_a or_o of_o the_o attribute_n for_o they_o suffer_v no_o alteration_n as_o be_v understand_v as_o entire_o as_o if_o i_o shall_v simple_o aver_v the_o earth_n be_v round_o so_o that_o the_o incident_a proposition_n fall_v only_o upon_o the_o affirmation_n which_o be_v express_v in_o two_o manner_n the_o one_o most_o common_o by_o the_o verb_n est_fw-la the_o earth_n be_v round_o and_o the_o other_o express_o by_o the_o verb_n i_o maintain_v so_o when_o they_o say_v i_o deny_v it_o it_o be_v true_a it_o be_v not_o true_a or_o when_o they_o add_v in_o one_o proposition_n that_o which_o support_v the_o truth_n as_o when_o i_o say_v the_o reason_n of_o astronomy_n convince_v we_o that_o the_o sun_n be_v much_o big_a than_o the_o earth_n for_o the_o first_o part_n be_v only_o a_o support_n of_o the_o argument_n nevertheless_o it_o be_v of_o great_a moment_n to_o know_v that_o there_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o these_o proposition_n which_o be_v ambiguous_a and_o which_o may_v be_v take_v different_o according_a to_o the_o design_n of_o the_o propounder_n as_o when_o i_o say_v all_o philosopher_n assure_v we_o that_o heavy_a thing_n fall_v of_o themselves_o now_o if_o it_o be_v my_o intention_n to_o show_v that_o heavy_a thing_n fall_v down_o of_o themselves_o the_o first_o part_n of_o this_o proposition_n will_v be_v only_o incident_a and_o will_v only_o support_v the_o affirmation_n of_o the_o latter_a part_n but_o if_o i_o intend_v to_o report_v this_o opinion_n of_o the_o philosopher_n without_o approve_v it_o than_o the_o first_o part_n will_v be_v the_o principal_a proposition_n and_o the_o last_o will_v only_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o attribute_n for_o so_o i_o affirm_v not_o only_o that_o heavy_a thing_n fall_v of_o themselves_o but_o that_o all_o philosopher_n assert_v it_o and_o it_o be_v easy_o see_v that_o these_o two_o way_n of_o change_v the_o proposition_n alter_v it_o in_o manner_n that_o it_o become_v two_o different_a proposition_n and_o different_a in_o sense_n but_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o judge_n by_o the_o consequence_n in_o which_o of_o the_o two_o sense_n the_o proposition_n be_v to_o be_v take_v for_o example_n the_o proposition_n be_v lay_v down_o i_o shall_v add_v but_o stone_n be_v heavy_a therefore_o they_o fall_v down_o of_o themselves_o will_v be_v plain_a that_o i_o have_v take_v the_o first_o sense_n and_o that_o the_o first_o part_n be_v only_o incident_a on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o i_o shall_v conclude_v thus_o now_o this_o be_v a_o error_n and_o by_o consequence_n a_o error_n may_v be_v teach_v by_o the_o philosopher_n than_o it_o will_v be_v manifest_a that_o i_o have_v take_v the_o proposition_n in_o the_o second_o sense_n that_o be_v that_o the_o first_o part_n will_v be_v the_o principal_a proposition_n and_o the_o second_o part_n only_o the_o predicate_a as_o for_o complex_n proposition_n where_o the_o complexity_n fall_v upon_o the_o verb_n and_o not_o upon_o the_o subject_a nor_o the_o predicate_v philosopher_n have_v particular_o take_v notice_n of_o those_o that_o be_v call_v modal_n because_o the_o affirmation_n or_o negation_n be_v modify_v by_o one_o of_o the_o four_o modes_n possible_a contingent_a impossible_a necessary_a and_o because_o every_o mode_n may_v be_v affirm_v or_o deny_v as_o it_o be_v possible_a it_o be_v not_o possible_a and_o in_o both_o manner_n be_v join_v with_o the_o affirmative_a or_o negative_a proposition_n every_o mode_n may_v have_v four_o proposition_n and_o the_o four_o together_o sixteen_o which_o be_v denote_v by_o these_o four_o word_n purpurea_n iliace_n amabimus_n edentuli_fw-la of_o which_o this_o be_v the_o mystery_n every_o syllable_n mark_v one_o of_o the_o four_o modes_n 1._o possible_a 2._o contingent_a 3._o impossible_a 4._o necessary_a and_o the_o vowel_n in_o every_o syllable_n which_o be_v a._n e._n i._n or_o u._n denote_v whether_o the_o mode_n be_v affirm_v or_o deny_v and_o whether_o the_o proposition_n which_o they_o call_v the_o thing_n say_v aught_o to_o be_v deny_v or_o affirm_v in_o this_o manner_n a._n the_o affirmation_n of_o the_o mode_n and_o the_o affirmation_n of_o the_o proposition_n e._n the_o affirmation_n of_o the_o mode_n and_o denial_n of_o the_o proposition_n i._o the_o denial_n of_o the_o mode_n and_o affirmation_n of_o the_o proposition_n u._n the_o denial_n of_o the_o mode_n and_o denial_n of_o the_o negation_n it_o will_v be_v lose_v time_n to_o produce_v example_n which_o be_v easy_o find_v out_o we_o be_v only_o to_o observe_v that_o purpurea_n answer_v to_o the_o a_o of_o proposition_n incomplex_fw-la iliace_n to_o the_o e._n amabimus_n to_o the_o i._o edentuli_n to_o the_o u._n so_o that_o if_o we_o intend_v the_o example_n shall_v be_v true_a have_v choose_v a_o subject_a we_o must_v take_v for_o purpurea_fw-la a_o attribute_n that_o may_v be_v universal_o affirm_v for_o iliace_n one_o that_o may_v be_v universal_o deny_v for_o amabimus_fw-la one_o that_o may_v be_v affirm_v particular_o and_o for_o edentili_n one_o that_o may_v be_v deny_v particular_o but_o whatever_o predicate_v we_o take_v this_o be_v always_o certain_a that_o all_o the_o four_o proposition_n of_o the_o same_o word_n have_v always_o the_o same_o sense_n so_o that_o one_o be_v true_a all_o the_o rest_n be_v true_a chap._n vii_o of_o several_a sort_n of_o compose_v proposition_n we_o have_v already_o say_v that_o compose_v proposition_n have_v either_o a_o double_a subject_n or_o a_o double_a predicate_fw-la now_o of_o these_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n one_o where_o the_o composition_n be_v express_o mark_v the_o rest_n
than_o the_o endeavour_n of_o some_o person_n of_o this_o latter_a age_n to_o prove_v that_o st._n peter_n never_o be_v at_o rome_n they_o can_v deny_v this_o truth_n to_o be_v attest_v by_o all_o the_o ecclesiastic_a writer_n and_o those_o the_o most_o ancient_a as_o papias_n dionysius_n of_o corinth_n caius_n irenaeus_n tertullian_n against_o who_o there_o be_v not_o any_o one_o that_o have_v make_v the_o the_o least_o contradiction_n nevertheless_o they_o imagine_v they_o can_v ruin_v this_o truth_n by_o conjecture_n for_o example_n because_o st._n paul_n make_v no_o mention_n of_o st._n peter_n in_o his_o epistle_n write_v to_o rome_n and_o when_o they_o be_v answer_v that_o st._n peter_n may_v be_v then_o absent_a from_o rome_n in_o regard_n he_o be_v not_o say_v to_o have_v fix_v his_o seat_n there_o as_o be_v one_o that_o often_o travail_a abroad_o to_o preach_v the_o gospel_n in_o other_o place_n they_o reply_v that_o this_o be_v urge_v without_o any_o proof_n which_o be_v impertinent_a because_o the_o act_n which_o they_o oppose_v be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o confirm_a truth_n in_o ecclesiastical_a history_n it_o be_v sufficient_a for_o those_o that_o uphold_v it_o to_o reconcile_v these_o pretend_a contrariety_n as_o they_o do_v those_o of_o the_o scripture_n itself_o for_o which_o as_o we_o have_v show_v possibillity_n be_v sufficient_a chap._n vii_o a_o application_n of_o the_o precede_a rule_n to_o the_o belief_n of_o miracle_n the_o rule_n which_o we_o have_v explain_v be_v without_o doubt_n of_o great_a importance_n for_o the_o well_o regulate_v our_o reason_n in_o the_o belief_n of_o particular_a acts._n for_o want_v of_o the_o due_a observation_n of_o which_o we_o be_v in_o great_a danger_n of_o fall_v into_o the_o two_o dangerous_a extremity_n of_o credulity_n and_o incredulity_n for_o example_n there_o be_v some_o who_o make_v a_o conscience_n of_o question_v any_o miracle_n because_o they_o have_v a_o fancy_n that_o they_o shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o question_v all_o shall_v they_o question_v any_o and_o for_o that_o they_o be_v persuade_v that_o it_o be_v enough_o for_o they_o by_o know_v that_o all_o thing_n be_v possible_a with_o god_n to_o believe_v whatever_o be_v tell_v they_o touch_v the_o effect_n of_o his_o omnipotency_n other_o as_o ridiculous_o imagine_v that_o it_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o understanding_n to_o call_v all_o miracle_n in_o question_n for_o no_o other_o reason_n because_o so_o many_o have_v be_v relate_v that_o have_v prove_v to_o be_v false_a and_o therefore_o there_o be_v no_o more_o reason_n to_o believe_v the_o one_o than_o the_o other_o the_o inclination_n of_o the_o first_o be_v much_o more_o tolerable_a than_o that_o of_o the_o latter_a though_o true_a it_o be_v that_o both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o argue_v equal_o amiss_o they_o both_o depend_v upon_o common_a place_n the_o first_o upon_o the_o power_n and_o goodness_n of_o god_n upon_o certain_a and_o unquestionable_a miracle_n which_o they_o bring_v for_o proof_n of_o those_o that_o be_v call_v in_o question_n and_o upon_o the_o blindness_n of_o libertine_n who_o will_v believe_v nothing_o but_o what_o be_v proportionable_a to_o their_o reason_n all_o this_o be_v very_o good_a in_o its_o self_n but_o very_o weak_a to_o convince_v we_o of_o a_o particular_a miracle_n for_o god_n do_v not_o always_o act_v according_a to_o his_o power_n nor_o be_v it_o a_o argument_n that_o a_o miracle_n be_v wrought_v because_o other_o of_o the_o same_o nature_n have_v be_v wrought_v and_o we_o may_v do_v well_o to_o believe_v what_o be_v above_o our_o reason_n without_o be_v oblige_v to_o believe_v all_o that_o man_n be_v please_v to_o obtrude_v upon_o we_o as_o be_v above_o our_o reason_n the_o latter_a make_v use_n of_o common_a place_n of_o another_o sort_n truth_n say_v one_o of_o they_o and_o falsehood_n appear_v with_o countenance_n alike_o the_o same_o gate_n the_o same_o step_v we_o behold_v with_o the_o same_o eye_n i_o have_v see_v the_o rise_n of_o several_a miracle_n in_o my_o time_n and_o though_o they_o vanish_v in_o the_o birth_n yet_o we_o can_v but_o foresee_v the_o train_n they_o will_v have_v gather_v have_v they_o live_v to_o their_o full_a age._n for_o it_o be_v but_o to_o find_v out_o the_o end_n of_o the_o thread_n and_o to_o cut_v it_o into_o as_o many_o piece_n as_o we_o please_v and_o there_o be_v not_o a_o great_a distance_n between_o nothing_o and_o the_o small_a thing_n in_o the_o world_n than_o there_o be_v between_o this_o and_o the_o great_a now_o the_o first_o that_o be_v intoxicate_v with_o this_o begin_n of_o novelty_n come_v to_o spread_v their_o history_n find_v by_o the_o opposition_n which_o they_o meet_v with_o where_o the_o difficulty_n of_o persuasion_n lodge_v and_o make_v it_o their_o business_n to_o fucus_n over_o that_o part_n of_o a_o false_a piece_v particular_a error_n first_o cause_v public_a mistake_n and_o afterward_o public_a mistake_n cause_v particular_a error_n thus_o the_o whole_a structure_n of_o the_o miracle_n by_o some_o pull_v down_o by_o other_o uphold_v and_o by_o addition_n enlarge_v at_o length_n grow_v up_o to_o a_o considerable_a pile_n so_o that_o the_o most_o remote_a witness_n be_v better_a instruct_v than_o he_o that_o live_v close_o by_o and_o the_o last_o that_o hear_v of_o it_o better_o confirm_v then_o the_o first_o publisher_n this_o discourse_n be_v ingenious_a and_o may_v be_v profitable_a to_o prevent_v we_o from_o be_v lead_v away_o with_o every_o idle_a report_n but_o it_o will_v be_v a_o extravagance_n from_o hence_o to_o conclude_v general_o that_o we_o ought_v to_o suspect_v whatever_o be_v say_v of_o miracle_n for_o certain_a it_o be_v that_o what_o be_v here_o allege_v relate_v only_o to_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v take_v up_o upon_o common_a fame_n without_o inquire_v into_o the_o original_a cause_n of_o the_o report_n and_o we_o have_v no_o reason_n to_o be_v confident_a of_o what_o we_o know_v upon_o no_o better_a ground_n but_o who_o so_o blind_a as_o not_o to_o see_v that_o we_o may_v make_v a_o common_a place_n opposite_a to_o this_o and_o that_o at_o least_o upon_o as_o good_a a_o foundation_n for_o as_o there_o be_v some_o miracle_n that_o will_v deserve_v but_o little_a credit_n shall_v we_o inquire_v into_o their_o original_a so_o there_o be_v other_o that_o vanish_v out_o of_o the_o memory_n of_o man_n or_o which_o find_v but_o little_a credit_n in_o their_o judgement_n because_o they_o will_v not_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o inform_v themselves_o our_o understanding_n be_v not_o subject_a only_o to_o one_o sort_n of_o distemper_n but_o several_a and_o those_o quite_o contrary_a there_o be_v a_o sottish_a stupidity_n that_o believe_v all_o thing_n the_o least_o probable_a but_o there_o be_v a_o conceit_a presumption_n that_o condemn_v for_o false_a whatever_o surpase_v the_o narrow_a limit_n of_o the_o understanding_n sometime_o we_o hunt_v after_o trifle_n and_o neglect_v thing_n of_o great_a moment_n false_a story_n spread_v themselves_o every_o where_o while_o true_a one_o can_v hardly_o get_v liberty_n to_o creep_v abroad_o few_o person_n have_v hear_v of_o the_o miracle_n that_o happen_v in_o our_o time_n at_o faramonsty_a in_o the_o person_n of_o a_o nun_n so_o blind_a that_o hardly_o the_o ball_n of_o her_o eye_n be_v leave_v in_o her_o head_n who_o recover_v her_o sight_n by_o touch_v the_o relic_n of_o st._n fara_fw-mi as_o i_o be_o assure_v by_o the_o testimony_n of_o a_o person_n that_o see_v she_o in_o both_o condition_n st._n austin_n affirm_v that_o many_o real_a miracle_n be_v wrought_v in_o his_o time_n that_o be_v know_v but_o to_o few_o and_o which_o though_o most_o remarkable_a and_o wonderful_a spread_v no_o far_o then_o from_o one_o end_n of_o the_o town_n to_o the_o other_o which_o induce_v he_o to_o write_v and_o relate_v in_o his_o sermon_n to_o the_o people_n such_o as_o be_v most_o certain_a and_o he_o observe_v in_o his_o twenty_o second_o book_n of_o the_o city_n of_o god_n that_o in_o the_o single_a city_n of_o hippo_n near_o seventy_o miracle_n be_v wrâ—â—â—â—â—_n within_o two_o year_n after_o the_o building_n of_o a_o chapel_n in_o honour_n of_o st._n stephen_n beside_o a_o great_a number_n of_o other_o which_o he_o do_v not_o commit_v to_o writing_n which_o however_o he_o testify_v to_o be_v true_a upon_o his_o knowledge_n we_o therefore_o see_v that_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o irrational_a then_o to_o guide_v ourselves_o by_o common_a place_n upon_o these_o occasion_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o reject_v all_o miracle_n or_o embrace_v all_o and_o therefore_o we_o must_v examine_v they_o by_o their_o particular_a circumstance_n and_o by_o the_o credit_n and_o knowledge_n of_o the_o reporter_n piety_n do_v not_o not_o oblige_v a_o man_n of_o sense_n to_o believe_v all_o the_o miracle_n