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that_o the_o main_a truth_n of_o this_o proposition_n lie_v in_o this_o that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o man_n be_v govern_v by_o these_o two_o affection_n proposition_n contradictory_n to_o disjunctive_n be_v those_o where_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o disjunction_n be_v deny_v which_o among_o the_o latin_n as_o in_o all_o other_o compose_v proposition_n by_o put_v the_o negative_a at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o proposition_n non_fw-la omnis_fw-la actio_fw-la est_fw-la bona_fw-la vel_fw-la mala_fw-la and_o in_o english_a it_o be_v not_o true_a that_o every_o action_n be_v good_a or_o bad_a conditional_a conditionals_n be_v such_o as_o have_v two_o part_n bind_v by_o the_o condition_n if_o of_o which_o the_o first_o where_o the_o condition_n lie_v be_v call_v the_o antecedent_n and_o the_o other_o the_o consequent_a if_o the_o soul_n be_v spiritual_a be_v the_o antecedent_n it_o be_v immortal_a be_v the_o consequent_a this_o consequence_n be_v sometime_o mediate_a sometime_o immediate_a 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folicity_n in_o
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truth_n who_o in_o all_o thing_n take_v a_o wrong_a course_n who_o satisfy_v themselves_o with_o corrupt_a reason_n and_o fain_o will_v impose_v the_o same_o upon_o other_o who_o suffer_v themselves_o to_o be_v lead_v away_o with_o the_o small_a experience_n who_o be_v always_o in_o excess_n and_o extremity_n who_o want_v sufficient_a staidness_n to_o preserve_v themselves_o constant_a to_o the_o truth_n which_o they_o know_v as_o adhere_v thereto_o rather_o by_o hazard_n then_o sound_a and_o judicious_a choice_n or_o else_o quite_o contrary_a continue_v so_o obstinate_o fix_v in_o their_o opinion_n that_o they_o will_v not_o so_o much_o as_o listen_v to_o those_o that_o can_v undeceive_v they_o who_o bold_o decide_v and_o determine_v argument_n which_o they_o neither_o know_v nor_o understand_v and_o which_o be_v never_o yet_o understand_v by_o any_o other_o who_o make_v no_o difference_n at_o all_o between_o speak_v and_o speak_v or_o only_o judge_v of_o the_o truth_n of_o thing_n 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call_v a_o balance_n as_o like_o a_o balance_n as_o a_o windmill_n and_o all_o one_o this_o balance_n they_o cry_v be_v a_o emblem_n of_o justice_n and_o all_o that_o be_v bear_v under_o that_o constellation_n shall_v be_v upright_o and_o just_a there_o be_v three_o other_o sign_n in_o the_o zodiac_n which_o they_o call_v the_o one_o a_o ram_n the_o other_o a_o bull_n the_o three_o a_o goat_n and_o which_o they_o may_v as_o well_o have_v call_v a_o elephant_n a_o crocodile_n or_o a_o rhinoceros_n now_o the_o ram_n the_o bull_n and_o the_o goat_n be_v beast_n that_o chew_v the_o cud_n and_o therefore_o they_o that_o take_v physic_n when_o the_o moon_n be_v in_o any_o of_o these_o constellation_n shall_v be_v in_o danger_n to_o vomit_v it_o up_o again_o these_o be_v strange_a extravagancy_n yet_o as_o extravagant_a as_o they_o be_v there_o be_v person_n that_o utter_v they_o abroad_o for_o sound_a ware_n and_o other_o that_o as_o easy_o believe_v '_o they_o this_o falsehood_n of_o the_o 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be_v there_o be_v a_o infinite_a company_n of_o dull_a and_o stupid_a head_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v reform_v by_o instruction_n but_o by_o restrain_v they_o within_o those_o bound_n which_o be_v proper_a for_o their_o capacity_n and_o hinder_v they_o from_o meddle_v with_o those_o thing_n of_o which_o they_o be_v uncapable_a nevertheless_o it_o be_v very_o true_a that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o fallacious_a judgement_n among_o man_n proceed_v not_o from_o this_o principle_n as_o be_v rather_o cause_v by_o the_o precipitation_n of_o the_o brain_n and_o through_o defect_n of_o consideration_n from_o whence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o they_o judge_v rash_o of_o what_o they_o only_o know_v obscure_o and_o confuse_o the_o little_a regard_n and_o love_n of_o truth_n in_o man_n be_v the_o reason_n that_o they_o take_v so_o little_a pain_n the_o chief_a part_n of_o their_o time_n to_o distinguish_v what_o be_v true_a from_o what_o be_v false_a they_o admit_v into_o their_o breast_n all_o sort_n of_o discourse_n and_o tenant_n rather_o choose_v to_o suppose_v they_o to_o be_v true_a then_o to_o examine_v '_o they_o if_o they_o understand_v they_o not_o they_o be_v willing_a to_o believe_v that_o other_o do_v and_o thus_o they_o load_v their_o memory_n with_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o falsity_n and_o afterward_o argue_v upon_o those_o principle_n never_o consider_v what_o they_o say_v or_o what_o they_o think_v vanity_n and_o presumption_n also_o contribute_v very_o much_o to_o this_o miscarriage_n they_o think_v it_o a_o shame_n to_o doubt_v and_o not_o to_o know_v and_o they_o rather_o choose_v to_o talk_v and_o determine_v at_o a_o venture_n then_o to_o acknowledge_v their_o not_o be_v sufficient_o inform_v to_o judge_v aright_o alas_o we_o be_v full_a of_o ignorance_n and_o error_n and_o yet_o it_o be_v the_o most_o difficult_a labour_n in_o the_o world_n to_o draw_v
from_o the_o lip_n of_o man_n such_o a_o confession_n as_o this_o i_o be_o deceive_v i_o be_o at_o a_o stand_n though_o so_o just_a and_o so_o conformable_a to_o their_o natural_a condition_n other_o there_o be_v on_o the_o other_o side_n who_o not_o have_v wit_n enough_o to_o know_v that_o there_o be_v a_o thousand_o thing_n full_a of_o obscurity_n and_o uncertainty_n and_o yet_o out_o of_o another_o sort_n of_o vanity_n desirous_a to_o let_v the_o world_n see_v that_o they_o be_v not_o sway_v by_o popular_a credulity_n take_v a_o pride_n in_o maintain_v that_o there_o be_v nothing_o at_o all_o certain_a thus_o they_o discharge_v themselves_o of_o the_o trouble_n of_o examination_n and_o misguide_a by_o this_o evil_a principle_n they_o question_v the_o most_o constant_a truth_n even_o of_o religion_n itself_o this_o be_v the_o source_n of_o pyrrhonism_n which_o be_v another_o extravagance_n of_o human_a wit_n which_o though_o it_o appear_v quite_o contrary_a to_o the_o rashness_n of_o those_o that_o decide_v and_o determine_v all_o thing_n flow_v nevertheless_o from_o the_o same_o spring_n that_o be_v to_o say_v want_v of_o consideration_n for_o as_o the_o one_o will_v not_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o find_v out_o error_n the_o other_o will_v not_o be_v at_o the_o trouble_n to_o face_n truth_n with_o that_o steadfastness_n which_o be_v requisite_a for_o convincement_n the_o least_o glimmer_a suffice_v to_o make_v the_o one_o believe_v notorious_a falsehood_n and_o to_o the_o other_o be_v a_o sufficient_a satisfaction_n to_o make_v they_o question_v the_o great_a certainty_n but_o as_o well_o in_o the_o one_o as_o the_o other_o it_o be_v only_a want_n of_o industry_n that_o produce_v such_o different_a effect_n true_a reason_n place_n all_o thing_n in_o their_o proper_a station_n she_o cause_v we_o to_o scruple_n all_o thing_n that_o be_v doubtful_a to_o reject_v what_o be_v false_a and_o ingenious_o to_o acknowledge_v what_o be_v clear_a and_o evident_a without_o content_v ourselves_o with_o vain_a argument_n of_o the_o pyrrhonian_n which_o do_v no_o way_n destroy_v the_o rational_a assurance_n we_o have_v of_o thing_n certain_a not_o in_o the_o very_a judgement_n of_o those_o that_o propose_v '_o they_o no_o man_n ever_o serious_o doubt_v whether_o there_o be_v a_o world_n a_o sun_n and_o a_o moon_n or_o whether_o the_o whole_a be_v big_a than_o its_o part_n man_n may_v outward_o say_v with_o their_o lip_n that_o they_o doubt_v such_o a_o thing_n but_o they_o can_v never_o affirm_v it_o in_o their_o heart_n therefore_o pyrrhonism_n can_v be_v call_v a_o sect_n of_o people_n that_o be_v persuade_v of_o what_o they_o aver_v but_o a_o sect_n of_o liar_n so_o frequent_o do_v they_o contradict_v one_o another_o in_o discourse_v of_o their_o opinion_n their_o heart_n not_o be_v able_a to_o accord_v with_o their_o tongue_n as_o we_o may_v find_v in_o montaigne_n who_o have_v endeavour_v to_o restore_v that_o sect_n to_o this_o latter_a age._n for_o after_o he_o have_v affirm_v that_o the_o academic_n differ_v from_o the_o pyrrhonian_n he_o declare_v himself_o for_o the_o pyrrhonian_n in_o these_o word_n the_o opinion_n of_o the_o pyrrhonian_n say_v he_o be_v more_o bold_a and_o altogether_o much_o more_o probable_a whence_o it_o appear_v that_o there_o be_v some_o thing_n more_o probable_a than_o other_o nor_o do_v he_o speak_v this_o to_o maintain_v a_o piece_n of_o suttlety_n they_o be_v word_n that_o escape_v he_o before_o he_o be_v aware_a and_o that_o proceed_v from_o the_o bottom_n of_o nature_n which_o the_o falsehood_n of_o opinion_n can_v stifle_v but_o the_o mischief_n be_v that_o in_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o so_o subject_a to_o sense_n these_o person_n that_o place_v their_o whole_a delight_n in_o doubt_v all_o thing_n will_v not_o permit_v their_o wit_n to_o apply_v itself_o to_o what_o may_v confirm_v their_o judgement_n or_o if_o they_o do_v it_o be_v very_o slight_o by_o which_o mean_n they_o fall_v into_o a_o voluntary_a suspense_n and_o waver_v in_o matter_n of_o religion_n as_o be_v please_v with_o that_o state_n of_o darkness_n which_o they_o procure_v to_o themselves_o and_o more_o convenient_a to_o allay_v the_o sting_n and_o reproach_n of_o their_o conscience_n and_o give_v the_o free_a reins_o to_o their_o passion_n see_v then_o that_o these_o irregularity_n of_o the_o understanding_n which_o appear_v so_o opposite_a while_o the_o one_o give_v easy_a beleif_n to_o what_o be_v obscure_a and_o uncertain_a the_o other_o still_o question_n what_o be_v clear_a and_o evident_a have_v yet_o the_o same_o source_n that_o be_v to_o say_v want_v of_o attentive_a study_n to_o discern_v the_o truth_n the_o remedy_n be_v visible_a since_o there_o be_v but_o one_o way_n to_o guard_v ourselves_o from_o those_o miscarriage_n by_o rectify_v our_o judgement_n and_o our_o thought_n with_o mature_a and_o studious_a deliberation_n which_o be_v the_o only_a thing_n absolute_o necessary_a to_o defend_v a_o man_n from_o surprise_v for_o as_o to_o what_o the_o academic_n affirm_v that_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o find_v out_o the_o truth_n unless_o we_o have_v the_o mark_n of_o it_o as_o it_o will_v be_v impossible_a to_o know_v a_o runagate_n slave_n if_o meet_v by_o chance_n unless_o his_o peculiar_a mark_n be_v know_v it_o be_v a_o mere_a frivolous_a piece_n of_o suttlety_n for_o as_o we_o need_v no_o other_o mark_n to_o distinguish_v light_n from_o darkness_n but_o the_o light_n itself_o so_o neither_o do_v we_o need_v any_o other_o mark_n to_o distinguish_v truth_n than_o the_o brightness_n of_o the_o evidence_n which_o surround_v it_o and_o subdue_v and_o convince_v the_o understanding_n maugre_o all_o opposition_n so_o that_o all_o the_o argument_n of_o these_o philosopher_n be_v not_o able_a to_o prevent_v the_o soul_n from_o surrender_v herself_o to_o truth_n when_o full_o penetrate_v by_o its_o pierce_a ray_n than_o they_o be_v able_a to_o hinder_v the_o eye_n from_o see_v when_o open_a and_o that_o they_o be_v pierce_v by_o the_o light_n of_o the_o sun_n but_o because_o the_o understanding_n suffer_v itself_o to_o be_v sometime_o abuse_v by_o false_a appearance_n for_o want_v of_o necessary_a consideration_n and_o because_o it_o have_v not_o attain_v to_o a_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n by_o long_a and_o difficult_a examination_n most_o certain_o it_o will_v be_v of_o great_a advantage_n to_o find_v out_o rule_v for_o the_o improvement_n of_o the_o search_n of_o truth_n that_o so_o it_o may_v become_v more_o easy_a and_o more_o sure_o effectual_a nor_o be_v it_o impossible_a but_o that_o such_o rule_n may_v be_v find_v out_o for_o since_o that_o man_n be_v frequent_o deceive_v in_o their_o judgement_n and_o sometime_o again_o as_o right_o understand_v when_o they_o argue_v one_o while_o ill_o another_o while_n well_o and_o after_o they_o have_v argue_v ill_o be_v capable_a to_o see_v their_o error_n it_o be_v but_o observe_v by_o reflect_v upon_o their_o own_o thought_n what_o method_n they_o follow_v when_o they_o argue_v well_o and_o what_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o their_o mistake_n when_o they_o happen_v to_o be_v deceive_v and_o by_o virtue_n of_o those_o reflection_n to_o frame_v rule_n to_o themselves_o whereby_o to_o avoid_v be_v surprise_v for_o the_o future_a this_o be_v proper_o that_o which_o the_o philosopher_n undertake_v and_o which_o they_o make_v such_o magnificent_a promise_n to_o perform_v and_o therefore_o if_o we_o may_v believe_v they_o they_o furnish_v we_o in_o that_o sort_n of_o learning_n which_o they_o design_v to_o this_o purpose_n call_v it_o by_o the_o name_n of_o logic_n with_o a_o light_n sufficient_a to_o dissipate_v all_o those_o cloud_n that_o darken_v our_o understanding_n they_o correct_v all_o the_o error_n of_o our_o thought_n and_o give_v we_o such_o infallible_a rule_n that_o we_o can_v miss_v the_o truth_n and_o so_o necessary_a withal_o that_o without_o they_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o know_v any_o thing_n of_o certainty_n these_o be_v the_o applause_n which_o they_o themselves_o give_v their_o own_o precept_n but_o if_o we_o consider_v what_o we_o find_v by_o experience_n concern_v the_o use_n which_o these_o philosopher_n have_v make_v of_o those_o rule_n as_o well_o in_o logic_n as_o in_o other_o part_n of_o philosophy_n we_o may_v have_v sufficient_a cause_n to_o mistrust_v the_o verity_n of_o their_o promise_n but_o because_o it_o be_v not_o just_a to_o reject_v whatever_o be_v beneficial_a in_o logic_n because_o of_o the_o ill_a use_n that_o be_v make_v of_o it_o and_o for_o that_o it_o be_v not_o probable_a that_o so_o many_o great_a wit_n who_o have_v so_o sedulous_o study_v the_o rule_n of_o reason_v can_v find_v out_o nothing_o that_o be_v solid_a and_o material_a and_o last_o for_o that_o custom_n have_v introduce_v a_o kind_n of_o necessity_n for_o we_o to_o have_v at_o least_o a_o rough_a knowledge_n of_o
logic_n we_o think_v it_o may_v in_o some_o measure_n contribute_v to_o the_o public_a advantage_n to_o draw_v from_o thence_o whatever_o it_o contain_v most_o serviceable_a to_o rectify_v our_o judgement_n and_o this_o be_v chief_o the_o design_n of_o this_o treatise_n together_o with_o some_o new_a reflection_n that_o come_v into_o our_o thought_n while_o the_o pen_n be_v in_o our_o hand_n and_o which_o indeed_o make_v up_o the_o great_a and_o most_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o whole_a for_o we_o find_v that_o the_o ordinary_a philosopher_n have_v no_o other_o intention_n then_o to_o set_v down_o the_o rule_n of_o good_a and_o bad_a argument_n now_o though_o it_o can_v be_v say_v that_o these_o rule_n be_v altogether_o useless_a since_o many_o time_n they_o serve_v to_o discover_v the_o fraud_n of_o intricate_a and_o puzzle_v argument_n and_o to_o dispose_v our_o thought_n to_o argue_v and_o refel_v in_o a_o more_o convince_a manner_n nevertheless_o we_o be_v not_o to_o believe_v that_o this_o benefit_n extend_v very_o far_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o error_n of_o man_n not_o consist_v in_o their_o suffering_n themselves_o to_o be_v delude_v by_o ill_a consequence_n but_o in_o permit_v themselves_o to_o be_v sway_v by_o false_a judgement_n from_o whence_o false_a consequence_n be_v draw_v and_o this_o be_v that_o for_o which_o they_o who_o have_v hitherto_o treat_v of_o logic_n have_v find_v but_o little_a remedy_n and_o which_o be_v therefore_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o new_a reflection_n so_o frequent_a in_o this_o treatise_n nevertheless_o we_o be_v oblige_v to_o acknowledge_v that_o these_o reflection_n which_o we_o call_v new_a because_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v in_o common_a logic_n be_v not_o all_o the_o author_n be_v own_o but_o that_o we_o have_v borrow_a some_o from_o the_o write_n of_o a_o famous_a philosopher_n of_o this_o age_n wherein_o appear_v as_o much_o perspicuity_n and_o curiosity_n of_o wit_n as_o there_o do_v confusion_n in_o other_o some_o few_o other_o reflection_n we_o have_v also_o draw_v from_o a_o small_a manuscript_n of_o the_o decease_a monsieur_n paschal_n entitle_v the_o soul_n of_o geometry_n and_o this_o be_v that_o which_o we_o have_v make_v use_n of_o in_o the_o nine_o chapter_n of_o the_o first_o part_n of_o the_o difference_n between_o the_o definition_n of_o name_n and_o the_o definition_n of_o thing_n and_o the_o five_o rule_n which_o be_v explain_v in_o the_o four_o part_n more_o large_o handle_v there_o then_o in_o this_o treatise_n as_o to_o what_o we_o have_v take_v out_o of_o the_o ordinary_a logic_n book_n our_o follow_a observation_n declare_v in_o the_o first_o place_n we_o have_v a_o design_n to_o bring_v into_o this_o treatise_n all_o that_o be_v real_o beneficial_a in_o other_o as_o the_o rule_n of_o figure_n the_o division_n of_o term_n and_o idea_n with_o some_o reflection_n upon_o the_o proposition_n other_o thing_n we_o think_v of_o little_a use_n as_o the_o category_n or_o predicament_n and_o place_n but_o because_o they_o be_v short_a easy_a and_o common_a we_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o omit_v they_o with_o a_o caution_n however_o what_o judgement_n to_o make_v of_o they_o to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v not_o be_v think_v more_o useful_a than_o indeed_o they_o be_v we_o be_v more_o doubtful_a what_o to_o do_v with_o certain_a other_o thing_n sufficient_o knotty_a but_o of_o little_a profit_n as_o the_o conversion_n of_o proposition_n the_o demonstration_n of_o the_o rule_n of_o figure_n but_o at_o length_n we_o resolve_v not_o to_o leave_v they_o out_o the_o difficulty_n itself_o not_o be_v altogether_o useless_a for_o true_a it_o be_v that_o when_o it_o do_v not_o terminate_v in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o any_o truth_n we_o may_v have_v reason_n to_o say_v stultum_fw-la est_fw-la difficiles_fw-la habere_fw-la nugas_fw-la it_o be_v a_o foolish_a thing_n to_o labour_n in_o difficult_a trifle_n yet_o be_v they_o not_o altogether_o to_o be_v avoid_v when_o they_o lead_v we_o to_o something_o of_o truth_n since_o it_o may_v prove_v to_o a_o man_n advantage_n to_o exercise_v himself_o in_o the_o understanding_n of_o truth_n that_o be_v intricate_a there_o be_v some_o stomach_n that_o only_o digest_v light_n and_o delicate_a diet_n and_o there_o be_v some_o wit_n that_o can_v apply_v themselves_o to_o the_o study_n of_o other_o then_o easy_a truth_n array_v in_o the_o ornament_n of_o eloquence_n both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v a_o niceness_n not_o to_o be_v commend_v or_o rather_o a_o real_a weakness_n for_o a_o man_n must_v endeavour_v to_o enable_v himself_o to_o discover_v truth_n when_o it_o be_v most_o conceal_v and_o envelop_v and_o to_o respect_v she_o in_o what_o shape_n soever_o she_o appear_v for_o if_o a_o man_n be_v not_o able_a to_o surmount_v that_o niceness_n and_o distaste_n which_o be_v easy_o conceive_v of_o thing_n that_o appear_v a_o little_a subtle_a and_o scholastic_a he_o do_v but_o thereby_o contract_n and_o shrivel_v up_o his_o understanding_n and_o render_v himself_o uncapable_a to_o apprehend_v any_o more_o than_o what_o be_v to_o be_v know_v by_o a_o long_a series_n of_o several_a proposition_n so_o that_o when_o one_o truth_n depend_v upon_o three_o or_o four_o principle_n which_o he_o must_v necessary_o consider_v and_o study_v all_o at_o one_o time_n he_o be_v amaze_v and_o foil_v and_o many_o time_n deprive_v of_o the_o knowledge_n of_o several_a thing_n high_o advantageous_a which_o be_v a_o fault_n of_o great_a consequence_n the_o capacity_n of_o man_n understanding_n shrink_v or_o dilate_v itself_o according_a to_o use_v and_o custom_n and_o therefore_o for_o the_o enlarge_n of_o the_o intellect_n the_o mathematics_n and_o all_o difficult_a study_n chief_o conduce_v for_o they_o cause_v a_o expansion_n of_o thought_n and_o exercise_v they_o in_o diligence_n and_o embolden_v they_o in_o a_o steady_a confidence_n to_o stick_v to_o what_o they_o know_v these_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o induce_v we_o not_o to_o omit_v those_o thorny_a subject_n and_o to_o discourse_v of_o they_o as_o nice_o as_o any_o other_o treatise_n of_o logic._n they_o who_o think_v they_o tedious_a may_v forbear_v to_o read_v they_o and_o indeed_o we_o have_v already_o give_v they_o that_o caution_n at_o the_o beginning_n that_o they_o may_v have_v no_o reason_n to_o complain_v since_o it_o be_v at_o their_o own_o choice_n to_o read_v or_o let_v they_o alone_o nor_o do_v we_o think_v it_o necessary_a to_o mind_v the_o disgust_n of_o some_o person_n that_o abhor_v certain_a term_n of_o art_n frame_v only_o to_o retain_v more_o easy_o the_o several_a figure_n of_o argumentation_n as_o if_o they_o be_v some_o charm_n in_o magic_n and_o frequent_o spend_v their_o insipid_a jest_n upon_o baroco_n and_o baralipton_n as_o be_v too_o pedantical_a for_o we_o look_v upon_o their_o pun_n to_o be_v more_o pedantical_a than_o the_o word_n for_o there_o be_v nothing_o 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his_o opinion_n about_o a_o passage_n in_o seutonius_fw-la or_o about_o the_o etymology_n of_o a_o word_n as_o if_o his_o religion_n and_o his_o country_n lie_v at_o stake_n to_o endeavour_v to_o raise_v all_o the_o world_n against_o a_o man_n as_o a_o disturber_n of_o the_o peace_n of_o christendom_n that_o have_v not_o a_o venerable_a opinion_n of_o cicero_n as_o julius_z scaliger_n have_v endeavour_v to_o do_v against_o erasmus_n to_o interest_n himself_o for_o the_o reputation_n of_o a_o ancient_a philosopher_n as_o if_o he_o be_v one_o of_o his_o near_a relation_n this_o be_v proper_o that_o which_o entitle_v a_o man_n to_o pedantry_n but_o to_o make_v use_n of_o a_o term_n of_o art_n ingenious_o find_v out_o for_o the_o ease_n of_o the_o memory_n may_v be_v easy_o allow_v without_o any_o such_o reproach_n it_o remain_v that_o we_o shall_v give_v a_o reason_n for_o omit_v so_o many_o question_n as_o be_v find_v
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that_o the_o swiftness_n of_o ponderous_a thing_n descend_v increase_v proportionable_o to_o the_o proportion_n of_o their_o weight_n when_o any_o man_n may_v end_v this_o dispute_n by_o let_v two_o ponderous_a body_n never_o so_o unequal_a in_o proportion_n fall_v from_o a_o high_a place_n at_o what_o time_n he_o shall_v find_v very_o little_a difference_n in_o the_o swiftness_n of_o their_o motion_n all_o thing_n violent_a be_v of_o short_a continuance_n and_o all_o extreme_n be_v violent_a it_o be_v very_o hard_a measure_n to_o proscribe_v all_o aristotle_n opinion_n as_o former_o have_v be_v do_v on_o the_o other_o side_n it_o be_v a_o unreasonable_a servitude_n for_o a_o man_n to_o pledge_v his_o assent_n to_o all_o he_o have_v write_v and_o to_o allow_v only_o he_o for_o the_o standard_n of_o philosophy_n as_o afterward_o they_o go_v about_o to_o do_v man_n
can_v long_o endure_v such_o a_o tyranny_n but_o by_o degree_n they_o will_v recover_v the_o possession_n of_o their_o rational_a liberty_n which_o consist_v in_o approve_v what_o they_o judge_v to_o be_v true_a and_o reject_v that_o which_o they_o judge_v to_o be_v false_a for_o it_o do_v not_o seem_v contrary_a to_o reason_n that_o reason_n shall_v submit_v to_o authority_n in_o science_n which_o treat_v of_o thing_n above_o reason_n be_v bind_v to_o follow_v another_o light_n which_o be_v that_o of_o divine_a authority_n but_o in_o science_n that_o depend_v upon_o the_o support_n of_o reason_n reason_n act_v well_o and_o by_o she_o own_o precept_n when_o she_o decree_v that_o there_o be_v no_o obedience_n to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o authority_n of_o philosopher_n against_o reason_n this_o be_v the_o rule_n which_o we_o have_v follow_v in_o discourse_v the_o opinion_n of_o the_o philosopher_n as_o well_o ancient_a as_o modern_a we_o have_v seek_v for_o truth_n in_o both_o neither_o 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the_o thing_n themselves_o do_v not_o present_v themselves_o to_o our_o thought_n but_o in_o the_o clothing_n of_o those_o word_n by_o which_o we_o express_v they_o to_o other_o it_o be_v necessary_a for_o logic_n to_o consider_v idea_n join_v to_o word_n and_o word_n join_v to_o idea_n and_o thus_o by_o what_o we_o have_v say_v it_o follow_v that_o logic_n may_v be_v divide_v into_o four_o part_n according_a to_o the_o several_a reflection_n which_o we_o make_v upon_o the_o four_o operation_n of_o the_o mind_n first_o part_n contain_v reflection_n upon_o idea_n or_o upon_o the_o first_o operation_n of_o the_o mind_n which_o be_v call_v apprehension_n since_o we_o can_v have_v any_o knowledge_n of_o what_o be_v without_o we_o but_o by_o the_o assistance_n of_o idea_n which_o be_v within_o we_o what_o we_o shall_v discourse_v of_o idea_n may_v be_v think_v perhaps_o to_o be_v the_o most_o important_a part_n of_o logic_n as_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n we_o may_v reduce_v these_o reflection_n to_o five_o head_n according_a to_o the_o five_o way_n of_o consider_v idea_n 1._o according_a to_o their_o nature_n and_o original_a 2._o according_a to_o the_o principal_a difference_n of_o the_o object_n which_o they_o present_v 3._o according_a to_o their_o be_v single_a or_o compound_v where_o we_o shall_v treat_v of_o abstraction_n and_o precision_n of_o the_o intellect_n 4._o according_a to_o their_o extent_n or_o restriction_n that_o be_v to_o say_v their_o universality_n particularity_n or_o singularity_n 5._o according_a as_o they_o be_v clear_a and_o obscure_a distinct_a or_o confuse_a chap._n i._o of_o idea_n according_a to_o their_o nature_n and_o original_a the_o word_n idea_n be_v of_o the_o number_n of_o those_o word_n which_o be_v so_o clear_a that_o they_o need_v not_o to_o be_v explain_v by_o any_o other_o there_o be_v no_o other_o more_o clear_a and_o simple_a so_o that_o all_o that_o can_v be_v do_v in_o this_o case_n to_o avoid_v error_n and_o mistake_n be_v to_o observe_v the_o false_a notion_n and_o interpretation_n that_o may_v be_v attribute_v to_o this_o word_n while_o some_o make_v use_v of_o it_o only_o to_o signify_v that_o manner_n of_o conceive_v which_o be_v perform_v by_o the_o application_n of_o the_o mind_n to_o those_o form_n that_o be_v depaint_v in_o our_o fancy_n and_o be_v call_v imagination_n for_o as_o st._n austin_n observe_v man_n ever_o since_o his_o fall_n have_v be_v so_o accustom_a to_o contemplate_v corporeal_a thing_n the_o form_n of_o which_o enter_v through_o our_o sense_n into_o our_o brain_n that_o the_o most_o part_n believe_v they_o can_v apprehend_v a_o thing_n when_o they_o can_v imagine_v it_o that_o be_v contemplate_v it_o as_o a_o thing_n corporeal_a as_o if_o man_n have_v no_o other_o way_n to_o think_v or_o apprehend_v whereas_o no_o man_n can_v make_v a_o reflection_n
to_o these_o such_o a_o opinion_n that_o be_v maintain_v by_o such_o a_o author_n be_v false_a the_o opinion_n that_o our_o soul_n be_v compose_v of_o atom_n which_o be_v teach_v by_o lucretius_n be_v false_a so_o that_o these_o kind_n of_o judgement_n always_o enclose_v two_o affirmation_n when_o they_o be_v not_o distinct_o express_v the_o one_o primary_n which_o relate_v to_o the_o truth_n itself_o which_o be_v that_o it_o be_v a_o great_a error_n to_o believe_v that_o our_o soul_n be_v compose_v of_o atom_n the_o other_o incident_a which_o refer_v only_o to_o the_o historical_a part_n that_o this_o error_n be_v general_o teach_v by_o lucretius_n chap._n v._o of_o the_o falsehood_n that_o occur_v in_o complex_n term_n and_o incident_a proposition_n what_o we_o have_v already_o say_v may_v serve_v in_o answer_n to_o one_o celebrate_a question_n how_o to_o know_v whether_o there_o be_v no_o falsehood_n but_o in_o proposition_n and_o whether_o there_o be_v none_o in_o idea_n and_o simple_a term_n i_o speak_v of_o falsehood_n rather_o than_o of_o truth_n for_o there_o be_v a_o truth_n in_o thing_n that_o be_v certain_a which_o be_v their_o conformity_n to_o the_o will_n of_o god_n whether_o man_n think_v of_o they_o or_o not_o but_o there_o can_v be_v no_o falsehood_n of_o thing_n but_o as_o they_o relate_v to_o the_o understanding_n of_o man_n or_o any_o other_o understand_v subject_n to_o error_n which_o judge_n false_o that_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v not_o the_o question_n be_v whether_o this_o falsehood_n be_v only_o to_o be_v meet_v in_o proposition_n and_o judgement_n the_o usual_a answer_n be_v no_o which_o be_v true_a in_o one_o sense_n however_o that_o hinder_v not_o but_o that_o there_o may_v be_v falsehood_n not_o in_o single_a idea_n but_o in_o complex_fw-la term_n for_o it_o be_v sufficient_a that_o something_o may_v be_v judge_v or_o affirm_v in_o they_o either_o express_o or_o virtual_o which_o will_v be_v more_o plain_a if_o we_o consider_v particular_o two_o sort_n of_o complex_fw-la term_n the_o one_o of_o which_o the_o pronoun_n be_v explicative_a the_o other_o of_o which_o it_o be_v determinative_a in_o the_o first_o sort_n of_o complex_n term_n we_o be_v not_o to_o wonder_v if_o we_o find_v any_o falsehood_n for_o the_o attribute_n of_o the_o incident_a proposition_n be_v affirm_v by_o the_o subject_a to_o which_o the_o pronoun_n relate_v as_o in_o alexander_n who_o be_v the_o son_n of_o philip_n i_o affirm_v though_o incident_o the_o son_n of_o philip_n of_o alexander_n and_o by_o consequence_n there_o be_v a_o falsehood_n in_o it_o if_o it_o he_o not_o so_o but_o here_o we_o be_v to_o make_v two_o or_o three_o remark_n of_o moment_n 1._o that_o the_o fasilty_a of_o a_o incident_a proposition_n do_v not_o blemish_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o principal_a proposition_n for_o example_n alexander_n who_o be_v the_o son_n of_o philip_n overcome_v the_o persian_n this_o proposition_n ought_v to_o pass_v for_o true_a though_o alexander_n be_v not_o the_o son_n of_o philip_n because_o the_o affirmation_n of_o the_o principal_a proposition_n fall_v only_o upon_o alexander_n and_o what_o be_v incident_o add_v do_v not_o hinder_v but_o that_o alexander_n may_v vanquish_v the_o persian_n nevertheless_o if_o the_o attribute_n of_o the_o principal_a proposition_n have_v relation_n to_o the_o incident_a proposition_n as_o if_o i_o shall_v say_v alexander_z the_o son_n of_o philip_n be_v amintas_n be_v grandchild_n then_o will_v it_o only_o be_v that_o the_o falsehood_n of_o the_o incident_a proposition_n will_v render_v the_o principal_a proposition_n false_a 2._o title_n that_o be_v give_v to_o certain_a dignity_n may_v be_v give_v to_o all_o that_o possess_v that_o dignity_n though_o what_o be_v signify_v by_o the_o title_n do_v not_o at_o all_o agree_v with_o '_o they_o thus_o because_o the_o title_n of_o holy_a and_o thrice_o holy_a be_v former_o give_v to_o all_o bishop_n we_o find_v that_o the_o catholic_a bishop_n at_o the_o conference_n of_o carthage_n do_v not_o scruple_n to_o give_v that_o title_n to_o the_o donatist_n bishop_n the_o most_o holy_a petelian_a say_v it_o though_o they_o know_v well_o that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o true_a holiness_n in_o a_o heretic_n bishop_n we_o find_v also_o that_o st._n paul_n give_v the_o title_n of_o best_a and_o most_o excellent_a to_o festus_n governor_n of_o judea_n because_o it_o be_v the_o title_n usual_o give_v to_o the_o chief_a governor_n 3._o but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o when_o a_o person_n be_v the_o author_n of_o a_o title_n which_o he_o give_v to_o another_o and_o which_o he_o give_v according_a to_o his_o own_o and_o not_o the_o opinion_n of_o other_o or_o according_a to_o popular_a error_n for_o than_o we_o may_v impute_v to_o himself_o the_o falsehood_n of_o such_o proposition_n thus_o when_o a_o man_n say_v aristotle_n who_o be_v the_o prince_n of_o philosopher_n or_o simple_o the_o prince_n of_o philosopher_n believe_v that_o the_o original_a of_o the_o nerve_n be_v in_o the_o heart_n we_o have_v no_o reason_n to_o tell_v he_o this_o be_v false_a because_o aristotle_n be_v not_o the_o best_a of_o philosopher_n for_o it_o be_v enough_o that_o he_o have_v follow_v in_o this_o the_o common_a opinion_n though_o it_o be_v false_a but_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v say_v that_o gassendus_fw-la who_o be_v the_o most_o learned_a of_o philosopher_n believe_v that_o there_o be_v a_o vacuum_n in_o nature_n we_o may_v with_o reason_n dispute_v the_o title_n which_o he_o will_v give_v gassendus_fw-la and_o make_v he_o responsible_a for_o the_o falsehood_n couch_v in_o that_o incident_a proposition_n a_o man_n may_v be_v also_o accuse_v of_o falsehood_n who_o give_v to_o the_o same_o person_n a_o title_n which_o be_v not_o suitable_a to_o he_o yet_o not_o be_v blame_v for_o give_v he_o another_o title_n which_o be_v less_o true_a and_o less_o agreeable_a for_o example_n pope_n john_n the_o xii_o be_v neither_o holy_a nor_o chaste_a nor_o pious_a as_o baronius_n acknowledge_v for_o though_o they_o who_o call_v he_o most_o holy_a can_v not_o be_v tax_v of_o falsehood_n yet_o they_o who_o call_v he_o most_o chaste_a and_o pious_a be_v very_o great_a liar_n though_o they_o do_v it_o by_o incident_a proposition_n as_o if_o they_o have_v say_v john_n the_o xii_o the_o most_o chaste_a pope_n decree_v such_o a_o thing_n this_o be_v what_o i_o have_v to_o say_v concern_v incident_a proposition_n where_o the_o pronoun_n who_o or_o which_o be_v explicative_a as_o to_o those_o other_o where_o the_o pronoun_n be_v determinative_a as_o man_n who_o be_v pious_a king_n who_o love_v their_o subject_n certain_a it_o be_v they_o be_v not_o liable_a to_o falsehood_n because_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o incident_a proposition_n be_v not_o affirm_v of_o the_o subject_a to_o which_o the_o pronoun_n relate_v for_o example_n shall_v it_o be_v say_v that_o such_o judge_n as_o do_v nothing_o for_o favour_n or_o reward_n be_v worthy_a of_o applause_n it_o be_v not_o therefore_o affirm_v that_o there_o be_v any_o such_o judge_n who_o be_v so_o upright_o nevertheless_o i_o believe_v there_o be_v always_o in_o these_o proposition_n a_o tacit_n and_o virtual_a affirmation_n not_o of_o the_o actual_a congruity_n of_o the_o predicate_v with_o the_o subject_a to_o which_o the_o pronoun_n relate_v but_o of_o the_o possible_a congruity_n and_o if_o there_o be_v any_o deceit_n in_o this_o we_o may_v rational_o conclude_v there_o be_v a_o falsehood_n in_o the_o incident_a proposition_n as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v say_v soul_n that_o be_v square_a be_v more_o solid_a than_o those_o which_o be_v round_o here_o the_o idea_n of_o square_a and_o round_o be_v incompatible_a with_o the_o idea_n of_o a_o soul_n take_v for_o the_o principle_n of_o thought_n i_o judge_v that_o those_o incident_a proposition_n ought_v to_o pass_v for_o false_a and_o hence_o it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o our_o error_n proceed_v for_o have_v the_o idea_n of_o a_o thing_n we_o frequent_o join_v to_o it_o another_o incompatible_a idea_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n attribute_v to_o the_o same_o idea_n that_o which_o be_v not_o suitable_a to_o it_o thus_o find_v in_o ourselves_o two_o idea_n one_o of_o the_o think_v substance_n another_o of_o the_o extend_a substance_n it_o frequent_o happen_v that_o when_o we_o consider_v our_o soul_n which_o be_v the_o think_v substance_n we_o insensible_o intermix_v something_o of_o the_o idea_n of_o the_o extend_a substance_n as_o when_o we_o imagine_v that_o the_o soul_n fill_v up_o a_o space_n like_o the_o body_n and_o that_o it_o can_v not_o be_v at_o all_o if_o it_o be_v no_o where_o which_o be_v not_o property_n that_o belong_v to_o a_o body_n whence_o arise_v that_o impious_a error_n of_o the_o mortality_n of_o the_o soul_n we_o may_v read_v a_o
excellent_a discourse_n of_o st._n austin_n upon_o this_o subject_a in_o his_o ten_o book_n of_o the_o trinity_n where_o he_o show_v that_o there_o be_v nothing_o so_o easy_a as_o to_o know_v the_o nature_n of_o our_o soul_n but_o that_o which_o confound_v man_n be_v this_o that_o be_v desirous_a to_o know_v it_o they_o be_v not_o satisfy_v with_o what_o they_o know_v without_o any_o great_a trouble_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o it_o be_v a_o substance_n that_o think_v desire_n doubt_n and_o know_v but_o they_o add_v to_o what_o it_o be_v what_o it_o be_v not_o fancy_v the_o soul_n under_o some_o of_o those_o phantosm_n under_o which_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o conceive_v corporeal_a thing_n on_o the_o other_o side_n when_o we_o consider_v body_n we_o have_v much_o ado_n to_o abstain_v from_o intermix_v something_o of_o the_o idea_n of_o the_o substance_n that_o think_v hence_o we_o affirm_v that_o heavy_a thing_n tend_v to_o the_o centre_n of_o plant_n that_o they_o seek_v for_o proper_a nourishment_n of_o crisis_n in_o disease_n that_o it_o be_v nature_n that_o go_v about_o to_o discharge_v itself_o of_o what_o be_v baneful_a and_o a_o thousand_o other_o whimsy_n more_o especial_o in_o our_o body_n that_o nature_n have_v a_o inclination_n to_o do_v this_o or_o that_o when_o we_o be_v assure_v that_o we_o have_v no_o such_o desire_n nor_o ever_o have_v any_o such_o thought_n and_o that_o it_o be_v ridiculous_a to_o imagine_v that_o there_o be_v within_o we_o any_o other_o thing_n than_o ourselves_o that_o know_v what_o be_v good_a or_o hurtful_a for_o we_o that_o desire_v the_o one_o and_o eschew_v the_o other_o i_o believe_v moreover_o that_o we_o be_v to_o attribute_v to_o these_o incompatible_a idea_n all_o those_o murmur_n of_o man_n against_o the_o deity_n for_o it_o will_v be_v impossible_a to_o murmur_v against_o god_n if_o we_o conceive_v he_o aright_o as_o he_o be_v altogether_o wise_a omnipotent_a and_o all_o goodness_n but_o the_o ungodly_a consider_v he_o as_o omnipotent_a and_o the_o sovereign_a lord_n of_o all_o the_o world_n attribute_n to_o he_o all_o the_o misfortune_n that_o befall_v they_o wherein_o they_o be_v not_o deceive_v but_o because_o at_o the_o same_o time_n they_o apprehend_v he_o to_o be_v cruel_a and_o unjust_a which_o be_v incompatible_a with_o his_o goodness_n they_o impious_o inveigh_v against_o he_o as_o the_o author_n of_o the_o misery_n which_o they_o suffer_v chap._n vi_o of_o complex_n proposition_n according_a to_o affirmation_n and_o negation_n of_o one_o sort_n of_o those_o kind_n of_o proposition_n which_o the_o philosopher_n call_v modal_n beside_o those_o proposition_n where_o the_o subject_a or_o attribute_n be_v a_o term_n complex_fw-la there_o be_v also_o other_o that_o be_v complex_n because_o there_o be_v term_n or_o incident_a proposition_n which_o only_o regard_v the_o form_n of_o the_o proposition_n that_o be_v the_o affirmation_n or_o negation_n which_o be_v express_v by_o the_o verb_n as_o if_o i_o shall_v say_v i_o affirm_v that_o the_o earth_n be_v round_o here_o i_o affirm_v be_v only_o a_o incident_a proposition_n which_o ought_v to_o make_v a_o part_n of_o something_o in_o the_o principal_a proposition_n nevertheless_o it_o be_v visible_a that_o it_o make_v no_o part_n either_o of_o the_o subject_a or_o of_o the_o attribute_n for_o they_o suffer_v no_o alteration_n as_o be_v understand_v as_o entire_o as_o if_o i_o shall_v simple_o aver_v the_o earth_n be_v round_o so_o that_o the_o incident_a proposition_n fall_v only_o upon_o the_o affirmation_n which_o be_v express_v in_o two_o manner_n the_o one_o most_o common_o by_o the_o verb_n est_fw-la the_o earth_n be_v round_o and_o the_o other_o express_o by_o the_o verb_n i_o maintain_v so_o when_o they_o say_v i_o deny_v it_o it_o be_v true_a it_o be_v not_o true_a or_o when_o they_o add_v in_o one_o proposition_n that_o which_o support_v the_o truth_n as_o when_o i_o say_v the_o reason_n of_o astronomy_n convince_v we_o that_o the_o sun_n be_v much_o big_a than_o the_o earth_n for_o the_o first_o part_n be_v only_o a_o support_n of_o the_o argument_n nevertheless_o it_o be_v of_o great_a moment_n to_o know_v that_o there_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o these_o proposition_n which_o be_v ambiguous_a and_o which_o may_v be_v take_v different_o according_a to_o the_o design_n of_o the_o propounder_n as_o when_o i_o say_v all_o philosopher_n assure_v we_o that_o heavy_a thing_n fall_v of_o themselves_o now_o if_o it_o be_v my_o intention_n to_o show_v that_o heavy_a thing_n fall_v down_o of_o themselves_o the_o first_o part_n of_o this_o proposition_n will_v be_v only_o incident_a and_o will_v only_o support_v the_o affirmation_n of_o the_o latter_a part_n but_o if_o i_o intend_v to_o report_v this_o opinion_n of_o the_o philosopher_n without_o approve_v it_o than_o the_o first_o part_n will_v be_v the_o principal_a proposition_n and_o the_o last_o will_v only_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o attribute_n for_o so_o i_o affirm_v not_o only_o that_o heavy_a thing_n fall_v of_o themselves_o but_o that_o all_o philosopher_n assert_v it_o and_o it_o be_v easy_o see_v that_o these_o two_o way_n of_o change_v the_o proposition_n alter_v it_o in_o manner_n that_o it_o become_v two_o different_a proposition_n and_o different_a in_o sense_n but_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o judge_n by_o the_o consequence_n in_o which_o of_o the_o two_o sense_n the_o proposition_n be_v to_o be_v take_v for_o example_n the_o proposition_n be_v lay_v down_o i_o shall_v add_v but_o stone_n be_v heavy_a therefore_o they_o fall_v down_o of_o themselves_o will_v be_v plain_a that_o i_o have_v take_v the_o first_o sense_n and_o that_o the_o first_o part_n be_v only_o incident_a on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o i_o shall_v conclude_v thus_o now_o this_o be_v a_o error_n and_o by_o consequence_n a_o error_n may_v be_v teach_v by_o the_o philosopher_n than_o it_o will_v be_v manifest_a that_o i_o have_v take_v the_o proposition_n in_o the_o second_o sense_n that_o be_v that_o the_o first_o part_n will_v be_v the_o principal_a proposition_n and_o the_o second_o part_n only_o the_o predicate_a as_o for_o complex_n proposition_n where_o the_o complexity_n fall_v upon_o the_o verb_n and_o not_o upon_o the_o subject_a nor_o the_o predicate_v philosopher_n have_v particular_o take_v notice_n of_o those_o that_o be_v call_v modal_n because_o the_o affirmation_n or_o negation_n be_v modify_v by_o one_o of_o the_o four_o modes_n possible_a contingent_a impossible_a necessary_a and_o because_o every_o mode_n may_v be_v affirm_v or_o deny_v as_o it_o be_v possible_a it_o be_v not_o possible_a and_o in_o both_o manner_n be_v join_v with_o the_o affirmative_a or_o negative_a proposition_n every_o mode_n may_v have_v four_o proposition_n and_o the_o four_o together_o sixteen_o which_o be_v denote_v by_o these_o four_o word_n purpurea_n iliace_n amabimus_n edentuli_fw-la of_o which_o this_o be_v the_o mystery_n every_o syllable_n mark_v one_o of_o the_o four_o modes_n 1._o possible_a 2._o contingent_a 3._o impossible_a 4._o necessary_a and_o the_o vowel_n in_o every_o syllable_n which_o be_v a._n e._n i._n or_o u._n denote_v whether_o the_o mode_n be_v affirm_v or_o deny_v and_o whether_o the_o proposition_n which_o they_o call_v the_o thing_n say_v aught_o to_o be_v deny_v or_o affirm_v in_o this_o manner_n a._n the_o affirmation_n of_o the_o mode_n and_o the_o affirmation_n of_o the_o proposition_n e._n the_o affirmation_n of_o the_o mode_n and_o denial_n of_o the_o proposition_n i._o the_o denial_n of_o the_o mode_n and_o affirmation_n of_o the_o proposition_n u._n the_o denial_n of_o the_o mode_n and_o denial_n of_o the_o negation_n it_o will_v be_v lose_v time_n to_o produce_v example_n which_o be_v easy_o find_v out_o we_o be_v only_o to_o observe_v that_o purpurea_n answer_v to_o the_o a_o of_o proposition_n incomplex_fw-la iliace_n to_o the_o e._n amabimus_n to_o the_o i._o edentuli_n to_o the_o u._n so_o that_o if_o we_o intend_v the_o example_n shall_v be_v true_a have_v choose_v a_o subject_a we_o must_v take_v for_o purpurea_fw-la a_o attribute_n that_o may_v be_v universal_o affirm_v for_o iliace_n one_o that_o may_v be_v universal_o deny_v for_o amabimus_fw-la one_o that_o may_v be_v affirm_v particular_o and_o for_o edentili_n one_o that_o may_v be_v deny_v particular_o but_o whatever_o predicate_v we_o take_v this_o be_v always_o certain_a that_o all_o the_o four_o proposition_n of_o the_o same_o word_n have_v always_o the_o same_o sense_n so_o that_o one_o be_v true_a all_o the_o rest_n be_v true_a chap._n vii_o of_o several_a sort_n of_o compose_v proposition_n we_o have_v already_o say_v that_o compose_v proposition_n have_v either_o a_o double_a subject_n or_o a_o double_a predicate_fw-la now_o of_o these_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n one_o where_o the_o composition_n be_v express_o mark_v the_o rest_n
false_a though_o we_o may_v oppose_v certain_a instance_n wherein_o they_o may_v stray_v from_o the_o truth_n but_o to_o be_v satisfy_v if_o they_o may_v be_v extend_v from_o other_o beyond_o their_o just_a limit_n that_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v take_v too_o rigorous_o according_a to_o the_o letter_n 2._o observation_n there_o be_v some_o proposition_n that_o ought_v to_o pass_v for_o metaphysical_o universal_a though_o they_o may_v admit_v of_o exception_n that_o be_v when_o those_o exception_n be_v exotic_a and_o such_o as_o according_a to_o common_a use_n be_v not_o comprehend_v in_o those_o universal_a term_n as_o when_o i_o say_v all_o man_n have_v two_o arms._n this_o proposition_n ought_v to_o pass_v for_o true_a according_a to_o ordinary_a use_n and_o it_o will_v be_v but_o mere_a brangle_v to_o oppose_v against_o it_o that_o there_o have_v be_v monster_n who_o be_v man_n though_o they_o have_v four_o arms._n it_o being_n plain_a that_o there_o be_v nothing_o intend_v concern_v monster_n in_o these_o general_a proposition_n and_o that_o the_o only_a meaning_n of_o the_o assertion_n be_v that_o according_a to_o the_o order_n of_o nature_n all_o man_n have_v two_o arms._n in_o like_a manner_n it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o all_o man_n make_v use_v of_o word_n to_o express_v their_o thought_n but_o that_o all_o man_n do_v not_o make_v use_n of_o writing_n nor_o will_v it_o be_v a_o rational_a objection_n to_o contradict_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o proposition_n by_o instance_v dumb_a people_n because_o it_o be_v evident_a though_o the_o sense_n be_v not_o express_v in_o word_n that_o it_o be_v not_o mean_v of_o such_o as_o have_v a_o natural_a impediment_n to_o make_v use_n of_o sound_n either_o clude_v it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o speak_v of_o another_o sort_n of_o knowledge_n which_o ofttimes_o be_v no_o less_o certain_a nor_o less_o evident_a in_o its_o manner_n then_o that_o which_o we_o draw_v from_o authority_n for_o there_o be_v two_o general_a way_n by_o which_o we_o know_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v true_a the_o first_o be_v the_o knowledge_n which_o we_o have_v by_o ourselves_o whether_o we_o have_v attain_v it_o by_o observation_n or_o ratiocination_n whether_o by_o our_o sense_n or_o by_o our_o reason_n which_o may_v be_v general_o term_v reason_n in_o regard_n the_o sense_n themselves_o depend_v upon_o the_o judgement_n of_o reason_n or_o knowledge_n the_o word_n be_v here_o more_o general_o take_v than_o in_o the_o school_n for_o all_o manner_n of_o knowledge_n of_o a_o object_n draw_v from_o the_o same_o object_n the_o other_o way_n be_v the_o authority_n of_o person_n worthy_a of_o credit_n who_o assure_v we_o that_o a_o thing_n be_v so_o though_o of_o ourselves_o we_o know_v nothing_o of_o it_o which_o be_v call_v faith_n or_o belief_n according_a to_o the_o word_n of_o st._n austin_n for_o what_o we_o know_v we_o owe_v to_o reason_n for_o what_o we_o believe_v to_o authority_n but_o as_o this_o authority_n may_v be_v of_o two_o sort_n either_o from_o god_n or_o man_n so_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o faith_n divine_a and_o human._n divine_a faith_n can_v be_v subject_a to_o error_n because_o that_o god_n can_v neither_o deceive_v we_o nor_o be_v deceive_v human_a faith_n be_v of_o its_o self_n subject_n to_o error_n for_o all_o man_n be_v liar_n according_a to_o scripture_n and_o because_o it_o may_v happen_v that_o he_o who_o shall_v assure_v we_o of_o the_o certainty_n of_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v deceive_v himself_o nevertheless_o as_o we_o have_v already_o observe_v there_o be_v some_o thing_n which_o we_o know_v not_o but_o by_o a_o human_a faith_n which_o nevertheless_o we_o ought_v to_o believe_v for_o as_o certain_a and_o unquestionable_a as_o if_o they_o be_v mathematical_o demonstrate_v as_o that_o which_o be_v know_v by_o the_o constant_a relation_n of_o so_o many_o person_n that_o it_o be_v moral_o impossible_a they_o shall_v ever_o have_v conspire_v to_o affirm_v the_o same_o thing_n if_o they_o be_v not_o true_a for_o example_n man_n have_v be_v natural_o most_o averse_a from_o conceive_v any_o antipode_n nevertheless_o though_o we_o never_o be_v in_o those_o place_n and_o know_v nothing_o of_o any_o antipode_n but_o by_o human_a faith_n he_o must_v be_v a_o fool_n that_o do_v not_o believe_v '_o they_o and_o he_o must_v be_v out_o of_o his_o wit_n who_o question_n whether_o ever_o there_o be_v any_o such_o person_n as_o caesar_n pompey_n cicero_n or_o virgil_n or_o whether_o they_o be_v not_o feign_a name_n as_o amadis_n de_fw-fr gaul_n true_a it_o be_v that_o it_o be_v a_o difficult_a thing_n to_o know_v when_o human_a faith_n have_v attain_v to_o this_o same_o assurance_n and_o this_o be_v that_o which_o lead_v man_n astray_o into_o two_o such_o opposite_a deviation_n so_o that_o some_o believe_v too_o slight_o upon_o the_o least_o report_n other_o ridiculous_o make_v use_v of_o all_o the_o force_n of_o their_o wit_n to_o annul_v the_o belief_n of_o thing_n attest_v by_o the_o great_a authority_n when_o it_o thwart_v the_o prejudice_n of_o their_o understanding_n and_o therefore_o certain_a limit_n be_v to_o be_v assign_v which_o faith_n must_v exceed_v to_o obtain_v this_o assurance_n and_o other_o beyond_o which_o there_o be_v nothing_o but_o uncertainty_n leave_v in_o the_o middle_a a_o certain_a space_n where_o we_o shall_v meet_v with_o certainty_n or_o uncertainty_n as_o we_o approach_v near_o to_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o of_o these_o bound_n now_o than_o if_o we_o do_v but_o compare_v the_o two_o general_a way_n by_o which_o we_o believe_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v true_a reason_n and_o faith_n certain_a it_o be_v that_o faith_n always_o suppose_v some_o reason_n for_o as_o st._n austin_n say_v in_o his_o 122._o epistle_n and_o in_o several_a other_o place_n we_o can_v never_o bring_v ourselves_o to_o believe_v that_o which_o be_v above_o our_o reason_n if_o reason_n itself_o have_v not_o persuade_v we_o that_o there_o be_v some_o thing_n which_o we_o do_v well_o to_o believe_v though_o we_o be_v not_o capable_a to_o apprehend_v they_o which_o be_v principal_o true_a in_o respect_n of_o divine_a faith_n for_o true_a reason_n teach_v we_o that_o god_n be_v truth_n itself_o he_o can_v deceive_v we_o in_o what_o he_o reveal_v to_o we_o concern_v his_o nature_n and_o his_o mystery_n whence_o it_o appear_v that_o though_o we_o be_v oblige_v to_o captivate_v our_o understanding_n in_o obedience_n to_o faith_n as_o say_v st._n paul_n yet_o we_o do_v it_o neither_o blind_o nor_o unreasonable_o which_o be_v the_o original_n of_o all_o false_a religion_n but_o with_o a_o knowledge_n of_o the_o cause_n and_o for_o that_o it_o be_v but_o a_o reasonable_a act_n to_o captivate_v ourselves_o to_o the_o authority_n of_o god_n when_o he_o have_v give_v we_o sufficient_a proof_n such_o as_o be_v his_o miracle_n and_o other_o prodigious_a accident_n which_o oblige_v we_o to_o believe_v that_o he_o himself_o have_v discover_v to_o man_n the_o truth_n which_o we_o be_v to_o believe_v as_o certain_a it_o be_v in_o the_o second_o place_n that_o divine_a faith_n ought_v to_o have_v a_o great_a power_n over_o our_o understanding_n then_o our_o own_o reason_n and_o that_o upon_o this_o dictate_v of_o reason_n itself_o that_o the_o more_o certain_a be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o less_o certain_a and_o that_o be_v more_o certain_a which_o god_n assure_v we_o to_o be_v true_a then_o that_o which_o reason_n persuade_v we_o when_o it_o be_v more_o contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o god_n to_o deceive_v we_o than_o the_o nature_n of_o our_o own_o reason_n to_o be_v deceive_v chap._n xiii_o certain_a rule_n for_o the_o guidance_n of_o reason_n the_o belief_n of_o event_n that_o depend_v upon_o human_a faith_n the_o most_o customary_a use_n of_o sound_a judgement_n and_o that_o faculty_n of_o the_o soul_n by_o which_o we_o discern_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n be_v not_o employ_v in_o speculative_a science_n about_o which_o so_o few_o person_n be_v oblige_v to_o spend_v their_o time_n and_o yet_o there_o be_v no_o occasion_n wherein_o it_o be_v more_o frequent_o to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o and_o where_o it_o be_v more_o necessary_a than_o in_o that_o judgement_n which_o we_o ought_v to_o make_v of_o what_o pass_v every_o day_n among_o men._n i_o do_v not_o speak_v of_o judge_v whether_o a_o action_n be_v good_a or_o bad_a worthy_a of_o applause_n or_o reproof_n for_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o regulation_n of_o morality_n but_o of_o judge_v of_o the_o truth_n or_o falsehood_n of_o human_a event_n which_o may_v only_o be_v refer_v to_o logic_n whether_o we_o consider_v they_o as_o past_a as_o when_o we_o only_o endeavour_v to_o know_v whether_o we_o ought_v to_o believe_v they_o or_o not_o or_o whether_o we_o consider_v they_o as_o be_v to_o come_v
as_o when_o we_o fear_v or_o hope_v they_o will_v come_v to_o pass_v which_o regulate_v our_o hope_n and_o our_o fear_n certain_a it_o be_v that_o some_o reflection_n may_v be_v make_v upon_o this_o subject_a which_o perhaps_o may_v not_o be_v altogether_o unprofitable_a or_o rather_o may_v be_v of_o great_a use_n for_o the_o avoid_n of_o certain_a error_n into_o which_o most_o people_n fall_v because_o they_o do_v not_o sufficient_o study_v the_o rule_n of_o reason_n the_o first_o reflection_n be_v that_o there_o be_v a_o vast_a difference_n to_o be_v make_v between_o two_o sort_n of_o truth_n the_o one_o that_o only_o relate_v to_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n and_o their_o immutable_a essence_n abstract_v from_o their_o existence_n the_o other_o that_o relate_v to_o thing_n existent_a that_o relate_v to_o human_a and_o contingent_a event_n which_o may_v or_o may_v not_o come_v to_o pass_v when_o we_o speak_v of_o the_o future_a and_o may_v probable_o never_o have_v be_v when_o we_o talk_v of_o what_o be_v past_a i_o speak_v this_o with_o reference_n to_o their_o next_o cause_n make_v a_o abstraction_n of_o their_o immutable_a order_n in_o divine_a providence_n because_o on_o the_o one_o side_n it_o do_v not_o hinder_v contingence_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v unknown_a to_o we_o it_o contribute_v nothing_o to_o make_v we_o believe_v the_o thing_n themselves_o now_o as_o all_o thing_n be_v requisite_a in_o truth_n of_o the_o first_o sort_n there_o be_v nothing_o sure_a which_o be_v not_o universal_o true_a and_o so_o we_o must_v conclude_v that_o a_o thing_n be_v false_a if_o it_o be_v false_a in_o any_o case_n but_o if_o we_o think_v to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o same_o rule_n in_o human_a event_n we_o shall_v always_o judge_v false_o and_o make_v a_o thousand_o false_a argument_n for_o these_o event_n be_v natural_o contingent_a it_o will_v be_v ridiculous_a to_o seek_v out_o in_o they_o for_o a_o necessary_a truth_n and_o so_o that_o person_n will_v be_v altogether_o void_a of_o reason_n who_o will_v believe_v nothing_o of_o such_o thing_n unless_o it_o be_v make_v out_o to_o he_o that_o it_o be_v absolute_o necessary_a they_o shall_v be_v so_o now_o will_v he_o less_o deviate_v from_o reason_n that_o will_v require_v i_o to_o believe_v any_o particular_a event_n suppose_v it_o be_v the_o conversion_n of_o the_o king_n of_o china_n to_o the_o christian_a religion_n upon_o this_o only_a ground_n because_o it_o be_v not_o impossible_a to_o be_v so_o for_o see_v that_o another_o who_o shall_v assure_v i_o to_o the_o contrary_n may_v make_v use_n of_o the_o same_o reason_n it_o be_v clear_a that_o that_o reason_n alone_o can_v determine_v i_o to_o believe_v the_o one_o rather_o than_o the_o other_o we_o must_v therefore_o lay_v it_o down_o for_o a_o certain_a and_o unquestionable_a maxim_n upon_o this_o occasion_n that_o the_o possibillity_n alone_o of_o a_o event_n be_v not_o a_o sufficient_a reason_n to_o make_v i_o believe_v it_o and_o that_o i_o may_v have_v reason_n also_o to_o believe_v a_o thing_n though_o i_o judge_v it_o not_o impossible_a but_o that_o the_o contrary_n may_v have_v come_v to_o pass_v so_o that_o of_o the_o two_o event_n i_o may_v rational_o believe_v the_o one_o and_o not_o the_o other_o though_o i_o believe_v they_o both_o possible_a how_o then_o shall_v we_o resolve_v to_o believe_v the_o one_o rather_o than_o the_o other_o if_o we_o judge_v they_o both_o possible_a observe_v the_o follow_a rule_n to_o judge_v of_o the_o truth_n of_o a_o event_n and_o to_o persuade_v myself_o into_o a_o resolution_n to_o believe_v or_o not_o to_o believe_v a_o thing_n it_o must_v not_o be_v consider_v naked_o and_o in_o itself_o like_o a_o proposition_n in_o geometry_n but_o all_o the_o circumstance_n that_o accompany_v it_o as_o well_o internal_a as_o external_a be_v to_o be_v weigh_v with_o the_o same_o consideration_n i_o call_v internal_a circumstance_n such_o as_o belong_v to_o the_o fact_n itself_o and_o external_a those_o that_o relate_v to_o the_o person_n who_o testimony_n induce_v we_o believe_v it_o this_o be_v do_v if_o all_o the_o circumstance_n be_v such_o that_o it_o never_o or_o very_o rare_o happen_v that_o the_o same_o circumstance_n be_v accompany_v with_o falsehood_n our_o understanding_n natural_o carry_v to_o believe_v the_o thing_n to_o be_v true_a and_o there_o be_v a_o reason_n for_o so_o do_v especial_o in_o the_o conduct_n of_o the_o action_n of_o our_o life_n that_o never_o require_v a_o great_a assurance_n than_o a_o moral_a certainty_n and_o which_o be_v satisfy_v upon_o most_o occasion_n with_o a_o great_a probability_n but_o on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o these_o circumstance_n be_v such_o as_o be_v frequent_o accompany_v with_o falsehood_n reason_n require_v we_o to_o suspend_v our_o belief_n or_o that_o we_o shall_v look_v upon_o as_o false_a what_o be_v tell_v we_o when_o we_o see_v no_o likelihood_n that_o it_o shall_v be_v true_a though_o we_o do_v not_o find_v any_o absolute_a impossibility_n for_o example_n we_o demand_v whether_o the_o history_n of_o the_o baptism_n of_o constantine_n by_o silvester_n be_v true_a or_o false_a baronius_n believe_v it_o true_a but_o cardinal_n perron_n bishop_n spondanus_n petavius_n morinus_n and_o the_o most_o eminent_a of_o the_o roman_a church_n believe_v it_o false_a now_o if_o we_o insist_v upon_o the_o sole_a possibility_n we_o have_v no_o reason_n to_o reject_v baronius_n for_o his_o opinion_n contain_v nothing_o absolute_o impossible_a and_o to_o speak_v absolute_o it_o be_v also_o possible_a that_o eusebius_n who_o affirm_v the_o contrary_a affirm_v a_o untruth_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o arrian_n and_o that_o the_o father_n that_o follow_v he_o be_v deceive_v by_o his_o testimony_n but_o if_o we_o make_v use_v of_o the_o rule_n already_o lay_v down_o which_o be_v to_o consider_v what_o be_v the_o circumstance_n both_o of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o baptism_n of_o 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at_o milan_n when_o we_o be_v there_o when_o a_o blind_a man_n be_v restore_v to_o his_o sight_n which_o can_v not_o be_v unknown_a to_o thousand_o for_o it_o be_v a_o large_a city_n and_o there_o be_v then_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o thing_n be_v do_v before_o a_o vast_a multitude_n of_o people_n crowd_v to_o the_o body_n of_o the_o martyr_n st._n gervase_n and_o protasius_n of_o a_o woman_n cure_v in_o africa_n by_o flower_n that_o have_v touch_v the_o relic_n of_o st._n stephen_n as_o he_o testify_v in_o the_o same_o book_n of_o a_o lady_n of_o quality_n cure_v of_o a_o cancer_n by_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o cross_n which_o she_o cause_v to_o be_v make_v upon_o the_o soar_n by_o one_o that_o be_v new_o baptise_a according_o to_o a_o revelation_n which_o she_o have_v have_v of_o a_o child_n that_o die_v unbaptise_v who_o restoration_n to_o life_n the_o mother_n obtain_v by_o her_o prayer_n to_o st._n peter_n in_o the_o strength_n of_o her_o faith_n invoke_v he_o in_o these_o word_n holy_a martyr_n restore_v i_o my_o son_n thou_o know_v i_o ask_v his_o life_n for_o no_o other_o reason_n but_o because_o he_o shall_v not_o be_v eternal_o separate_v from_o god_n now_o if_o these_o thing_n may_v be_v suppose_v to_o have_v happen_v as_o they_o be_v relate_v there_o be_v no_o rational_a person_n but_o must_v acknowledge_v these_o thing_n to_o be_v the_o finger_n of_o god_n so_o that_o all_o their_o incredulity_n can_v do_v will_v be_v to_o doubt_v of_o the_o testimony_n of_o st._n austin_n and_o to_o believe_v he_o a_o falsifyer_n of_o the_o truth_n to_o gain_v a_o veneration_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n among_o the_o pagan_n which_o be_v that_o which_o they_o have_v no_o colour_n to_o imagine_v first_o because_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a that_o a_o person_n of_o his_o judgement_n will_v have_v tell_v a_o untruth_n in_o thing_n so_o public_a wherein_o he_o may_v have_v be_v convince_v of_o falsehood_n by_o infinite_a number_n of_o testimony_n which_o will_v have_v 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to_o make_v upon_o the_o belief_n of_o event_n which_o be_v that_o among_o those_o circumstance_n which_o we_o ought_v to_o consider_v that_o we_o may_v know_v whether_o credit_n be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o fact_n or_o no_o there_o be_v some_o which_o we_o may_v call_v common_a circumstance_n because_o they_o frequent_o occur_v and_o be_v far_o often_o join_v to_o truth_n then_o falsehood_n and_o then_o if_o they_o be_v not_o counterbalanced_a by_o other_o particular_a circumstance_n that_o ruin_n the_o motive_n of_o belief_n draw_v from_o common_a circumstance_n we_o have_v reason_n to_o believe_v those_o event_n if_o not_o to_o be_v certain_a yet_o at_o least_o to_o be_v probable_a which_o probability_n be_v sufficient_a when_o we_o be_v bind_v to_o pronounce_v our_o opinion_n in_o such_o case_n for_o as_o we_o ought_v to_o be_v satisfy_v with_o a_o moral_a assurance_n in_o thing_n not_o capable_a of_o metaphysical_a certainty_n so_o when_o we_o can_v obtain_v a_o full_a moral_a 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notary_n that_o be_v by_o two_o public_a person_n who_o chief_a interest_n it_o be_v to_o be_v just_a and_o true_a in_o their_o employment_n because_o not_o only_o their_o conscience_n and_o reputation_n but_o their_o life_n and_o estate_n lie_v at_o stake_n this_o consideration_n alone_o be_v sufficient_a if_o we_o know_v no_o other_o particularity_n of_o the_o contract_n to_o make_v we_o believe_v that_o the_o contract_n be_v not_o antedate_v not_o but_o that_o it_o may_v be_v so_o but_o because_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o of_o a_o thousand_o contract_n nine_o hundred_o ninety_o nine_o be_v not_o so_o that_o it_o be_v infinite_o more_o probable_a that_o this_o contract_n be_v one_o of_o the_o nine_o hundred_o ninety_o nine_o than_o the_o only_o antedate_v contract_n of_o a_o thousand_o so_o that_o if_o withal_o the_o integrity_n of_o the_o notary_n that_o sign_v it_o be_v know_v to_o i_o i_o shall_v most_o certain_o believe_v that_o there_o be_v no_o foul_a play_n in_o the_o write_n 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