power of performing are carried by these Spirits from the principal parts for the faculties of the soul are unseparable proprieties and the soul is fitted with its faculty in all its parts nor doth it take them from any other parts but there useth them where it hath fit instruments These Spirits are of three sorts Spirits how many forts Natural Vital Animal The Natural are generated in the Liver and are said to flow from thence into all the parts of the body but although the name of Spirit may in some measure be attributed to the most thin and subtile parts of the blood which oftentimes comes forth out of the Veins with the blood yet there is not a little difference betwixt them and the other Spirits properly so called The natural Spirit and so properly doth not deserve the â—â—me of Spirits as the rest do since they are not the proper instruâ—ents of our actions nor the bond of the soul which uniteth it â—â—th the body and is not generated in any peculiar cavity as the â—â—ital Spirits are It s use The use of the Natural Spirits are to strengthen â—â—e Innate Spirit in all its parts that it may supply the Vital Spirits â—â—th matter and may serve for the more convenient distribution of blood through the Veins The Vital Spirit is generated in the heart The Vital Spirits whence generated of the thinnest and purest blood or the natural Spirit commonly so called and aêr by hâ—â—p of respiration drawn by the dilatatian of the Arteries in the left Ventricle of the heart and being there freed from all fuliginous vapours is distributed through the Arteries into all the parts of the body but the Blood out of which this Spirit is generated for the most part is conveyed through the arterious vein from the right Ventricle of the heart into the Lungs and from thence with aër drawn by breathing in is carried through the arterious vein into the left Ventricle of the heart Their Uses Now this Spirit with its innate heat in the heart is not onely the chief instrument of the actions of the heart but is distributed through the Arteries into the whole body and stirreth up cherisheth increaseth and strengthneth the innate heat in all the parts and doth as it were give action and perfection thereunto whence it is called by some the Influent heat besides which it affords matter fit for the generation of the animal spirits Thirdly The Animal Spirâ—t there are Animal spirits really different from the Viâ—â—l for they are generated in a peculiar place namely the Brain and â—om thence through peculiar Channels to wit Nerves are disperâ—d over the whole body nor can the Vital Spirit perform what the Animal can fince it is a living part orespread with a Vital Spirit Neverthelesse being toucht may be deprived of sense and motion â—â—rough the defect of the Vital Spirit They are generated of the â—urest part of that blood Where and whence generated which is contained in the comers or caâ—ities of the brain which comes from the mixt vein and artery â—nd is orespread with the vital and natural Spirit the purest part â—eing poured out through little branches and small furrows in the â—bstance of the brain for in this and not in the Ventricles of the brain the purest and most subtile part of the blood is changed into animal spirits It s Uses The Animal Spirit serves for the use of living â—â—eatures namely to perform internal and external senses as alâ—â— it serves for motion in Animals and its presence occasioneth â—he faculty of the soul actually to perform the operations of the â—nternal and external senses and it perfecteth animal motion and â—an occasion local motion CHAP. VII Of the natural constitution of Organick parts and the common Unity of parts alike and not alike called similar and dissimilar parts THe natural Constitution of the Organick parts The natural constitution of the Organick parts consist â—â— the due composition and a convenient knitting of the 〈◊〉 milar parts into one form fit and profitable for action for making up whereof these things ensuing are necessary First Their Number a certain number of the parts compounding whicâ— in some are lesse others more according as the instrument are more or lesse compounded till at length there is made up a perfect instrument which can perform perfect actions Secondly Magnirude a due magnitude of the parts compounding being neither bigger nor lesser then they ought Thirdly Conformation due framing which comprehends first a convenienâ— figure secondly cavities and pores that in case a part be noâ— solid but porous it may contain the just number and magnitude of those pores thirdly a certain disposition of the secundary qualities namely that some parts may have a sharp superficies some parts light others heavy some soft others hard some coloured others not light colour or dark colour according as the nature and use of the part requireth Site and connexion Fourthly situation and connexion that every part may be in its own place and may agree with others Lastly it is requisite that there be a common unity aâ— well of parts alike as disalike which is a coherence and growing together of divers bodies into one Unity which if it be wanting and taken away the natural action is hindred CHAP. VIII Of the faculties of the Soul and of the differences of actions iâ— mans body AFter that we have shewed wherein health consists The actions and differences of the faculties of the mind and what iâ— requisite for the performing of actions now we are to explainâ— what are the differences of the faculties of the mind and of actions in a body Physitians whom we here follow divide Actions for theiâ— purpose into Natural Vital and Animal according to the three principal members the Liver Heart and Brain by which all Actions in the body are governed For Physitians purposes are not the same with Philosophers to inquire or search the kindâ— or differences of Souls of living creatures which appears by the diâ—â—inct manners of life which is in Plants in brute beastes living â—treatures and man but onely ought to find out in man the difâ—erences of actions whose actions it is their businesse to preserve and if offended to restore and moreover a Physitian doth not so much consider the faculties themselves which hurt not as the Organs and instruments and then distinguish actions according to the differences of them CHAP. IX Of the Natural faculty and first of Nutrition and Augmentation THat we may begin with the natural faculty The principal natural faculties I mean the Natural faculty so called peculiarly by Physitians for as it is taken generally it is opposed to preternatural and so the Vital and Aniâ—mal faculties may be called Natural The Natural faculty by the Philosophers is called a growing or flourishing power All its actions tend to the preservation of its kind
the Vital Spirits should be carried from the heart of the Child to the exterior parts thereof namely the Secondines and the Urine-passage which is carried from the bottom of the bladder unto the Navel The time from the conception to the bringing forth Physitians divide into two parts the first is called the time of formation from the conception till the time when first the Child begins to move the second the time of adorning which is the time from its motion till its coming forth Of adorning Hippocrates in his book of the Nativity of a Child makes the time of Females formation to be two and fourty dayes but males thirty dayes which is to be conceived from their more imperfect formation but afterwards nature more elaborately frames the parts which are not framed in males till three months nor in females till the fourth month When all the members are framed and rendred more firm the Infant begins to spring and kick in males in the third in females in â—e fourth month as t is commonly reported so that the time of â—rmation being doubled is the time of quickning The time of motion the time of moâ—â—on being trebled is the time of bringing forth Yet one quickning 〈◊〉 more obscure another more manifest which about the middle of time of a Womans going with Child as all Women commonly perswade themselves is first perceived The time that Women go with Child although it be uncertain and various yet for the most part The time of birth it is nine months end or the beginning of the tenth month that a natural birth happens for the most part such Children as live come into the World at that time and that time for humane birth is most natural But before half a years time experience tells us that a Child can hardly be brought forth and live and if it so happen that before the scaventh month be ended a Child be borne and live it is a great rarity and very strange But in the seaventh month because the perfection is finished of all the parts the Child may live and especially which as Hippocrates in his book of beginnings says is of two hundred and ten dayes that is about the end of the seaventh month brought forth But Hippocrates says that a Child borne in the eighth month cannot live Yet others say that some that are borne in the eighth month may live After the tenth month the Child being great wants nourishment and roome to be in although we read some are delivered after the tenth month yet that is seldome The time of legitimate birth For a legitimate birth according to the Law of Nature is then when there is not roome enough for the Child to live and move in nor aliment enough to satisfy him for then 't is time to shake off his shackles those tunicles and indeavour to make away for its own birth and the Mother finds paines and the womb strives to put out that bagg and by its expulsive faculty sends forth the young which thing the Voluntary endeavour of the mother much helpeth which is done by her contracting her Spirits and depression of her Midriff and squeesing the muscles of the paunch CHAP. XI Of the Vital Faculty THE Vital faculty which Physitians call the second faculty although some would refer it to the Animal The Vital faculty differs from the other faculries some to the Natural faculty and others think it to be mixed of them both Yet since it differs not only from those actions which are performed by the natural and Animal faculties but also goes forth by its own organs nor doth it move hither and thither by the assistance of the Animal Spirits but by its own proper Spirits which from thence are called Vital Spirits it is deservedly to be esteemed a peculiar faculty diâ—â—inct from the Vegetable and Animal faculties There are three sorts of Vital faculties Its actions are three and so many motions of the heart wherein they relide The first is the generation of the Vital Spirit and heat The second is the Pulse The third is the Irascible faculty The first to wit Generation of Vital Spirits A Pulse It s definition Of Dilating Of Contracting is the generation of the Vital Spirits and influent heat The second without the which the first cannot perform its office is the Pulse namely the motion of the heart and of the Arteries consisting in dilating and contracting that so the Vital Spirits may be generated and distributed and the natural heat may be preserved in its natural harmony By Dilatation the heart is filled and attracts to its self air with blood from the right Ventricle by the Venous Artery which goes from thence to the heart and attracts from the lungs air and blood by help of the Arterial Vein into the left Ventricle of the heart for the generation and refreshing and restauration of the Vital Spirits and heat By the Systole or Contraction of the Heart it distributeth the Vital Spirits and Arterious blood through and by the help of the great Artery into the whole body and sends the fuliginous excrements to the Lungs by the Arterial Vein In like manner the Dilatation of the Artery through its little Orifices terminating in the skin attracts to it self ambient air to form and cool its heat the Orifices that are terminated neer the Heart draw from it the hottest and thinnest blood full of Vital Spirit But as the mouths of the Arteries with the Orifices of the Veins do draw the purest and finest Spirits to fostet and cherish their heat but by Contraction they expâ—l fuliginous excrements which action is called a steaming through or transpiration which is made through the hidden Pores of the skin and by the Latines is called Transpiratio In the third place the Irascible faculty belongeth to the Vital faculty The Irascible faculty from whence Anger Joy Fear Sadness and terrour and other passions of the mind arise And that its residence is in the Heart is most evident because the motion of the Heart and the Pulse of the Arteries are most evidently changed in the passions of the mind Respiration is also added to the Vital faculty as principally necessary to further its action Breathing and hath the same end and purpose as the Pulse hath and is instituted for the benefit of the Heart It is performed principally by the Lungs and the Lungs are as it were the fan or bedows of the Heart and are the primary Instruments of breathing and are indued with a peculiar power of moving themselves even as the Heart is differing only from the Animal faculty Nor are the Lungs moved only by the motion of the breast but by their proper force and power The motion fo the Lungs And although the motion of the Lungs and Breasts are made together yet neither are the cause of the others motion but they therefore move together because they conspire to bring one
making water is to be observed those Vrines which are made presently after eating and drinking When Vrine is to be received signifie nothing certainly especially if much drink be taken since the decoction is not performed Vrine is rather to be lookt upon after a perfect concoction and about the morning In Fevers regard is to be had of the fits because in time of the Paroxism the morbifique matter is expelled another way Secondly it is to be weighed whether any meat drink or medicine be taken which may change the Vrine Thirdly The whole Vrine to be taken It should first settle In what place should be kept Inspection of troubled Vrines the whole Urine made at once is to be be taken not to be mingled with waters made at several times Fourthly judgment is not to be given of Urine before it hath setled and the Contents enjoy their proper place Fifthly you must beware least the Urine by cold air or winds especially in an open vessel being exposed thereunto should be changed or corrupted yet it may be changed no less by too much heat then by too much cold Sixthly if the Urines are troubled they are to be setled by the heat of fire or rather warm water that they may return to their former state yet it is convenient to look upon troubled Urines before they become clear again since often times in troubled Vrines the substance of the Vrine is more manifest then in clear and often times Vrines which be not troubled seem to be alike when troubled they differ exceedingly and in troubled Vrines oftentimes that matter of the Vrine shews it self which scarce any one could believe had been contained in it when 't was clear Seventhly the Vrinal in Inspection ought to be quiet and not to be stirred only after Inspection it may be lawful to stir the contents Eighthly the Glass wherein the Vrine is to be viewed ought to be clear perspicuous and void of all colour Ninthly the Urine is to be cast neither in a place too shady nor too light yet the colours in a small shade so not too dark may be discerned best but the Contents in a lighter place CHAP. XII What may be discerned and foretold by a Vrine ALL diseases and affects cannot be discerned by Vrine only since there are diseases of many parts which alter not the Vrine What can be known by Urine but without dispute the Vrine may shew that disposition which is in the Liver and Vrines since the Vrine is an Excrement of the Veins of the Reins also and passages through which the Vrine flows and the diseases of the Bladder and Yard without controversie the Vrine may shew for if any thing be contained in the ways through which the Vrine passeth contrary to nature 't is easily mingled with the Vrine moreover the diseases of those parts which send matter to the Veins may be dscerned by the Vrine Whence if any peculiar part be affected and the Vrine changed also if in the part affected there be also made any peculiar change it is a token that such matter is transmitted from that part to the Reins and Bladder On the contrary also when the matter which is contained in the Veins is carried sometimes to other part s and causeth various Symptomes the diseases of those parts may also be known by the Vrines especially if other Symptomes agree with those of the Vrine Lastly when Fevers and venemous diseases may be joined with the diseases of many parts although the Vrines then do not first indicate that very disease of the private part yet 't is not unprofitable then to consider the Vrines and to observe the signs from thence of life and death And thus what may be known and foretold of every Vrine is manifest from those things which are spoken of the causes of all the differences which happen unto Vrine Book III. PART I. SECT IV. OF PULSES CHAP. I. What a Pulse is A Pulse which the Greeks call Sphugmos and Sphuxis A Pulse what is a motion of the Heart and Arteries proceeding from the vital faculty consisting of dilatation and contraction and is appointed for the preservation of the Harmony of the native heat Instruments of a Pulse Instruments of the Pulse are the Heart and Arteries and the Heart is the Fountain Chimny and Elaboratory of heat and vital Spirits but the Arteires are the Channels through which this vivifying heat is derived from the heart as from a Fountain and disperst through the whole body which work that they may rightly perform power is given to them by nature whereby they can dilate and contract them selves by perpetual motion Efficient cause by which means Arteries Blood with the vital Spirits is diffused through the whole body the vapors are expelled and cold air is drawn in neither is the motion of the Heart and Arteries made only by the fervent heat of the Blood and Spirits nor is this motion to be accounted accidental Vital faculty and as it were violent but the heart by a peculiar faculty which it hath in its self which they call Vital and Pulsisique is moved neither are the Heart and Arteries dilated because they are filled but they are filled because dilated Neither is this faculty denied to the Arteries although in its own manner it depends on the heart The vse of the Heart and Arteries The use of the motion of the heart and arteries and the end of their motion is the preservation of the native heat the generation of vital spirits and the distribution of them through the whole boby but the native heat is preserved as being hotter whilest 't is cooled and fanned and the matter fit for the generating of spirits is drawn but the fuligenous vapors are expelled The motion of the Heart and Pulse performs these duties by that double motion out of the which as of parts it is composed namely by Sistole and Dyastole or dilatation and contraction But because these two motions are opposite and a thing cannot be moved against its opposite unless first it be quiet It is necessary that these two motions admit of two cessations between the one is that which follows the Systole the other the Dyastole And indeed attraction is made by dilatation for the cooling and fanning of the heat and the generation of spirits But contraction is made for expulsion for the heart when it is dilated attracts blood the matter of vital spirits and arterious blood and air from the Lungs through the arterious veins But the Arteries draw some of the thinner blood from the Veins especially they draw aire through their small orifices opening to the Pores of the Skin by contraction the Heart expels fuliginous vapors and together emits arterious Blood and Spirits into the Arteries but the Arteries expel fuligenous excrements and together communicate some Spirits and arterial blood to all the parts CHAP. 2. Of the simple differences of Pulses THe differences of
nutrition is a coagulation of aliment but in augmentation there is a motion of Extension of the whole of every part therof it differs also in regard of the end which in Nutrition is only a restoration of that which is taken away but in Augmentation an acquiring or a getting of a greatet magnitude to exercise perfectly all the necessary actions of our life and lastly in time for Nutrition dureth the whole time of our lives Augmentation to a certain time in our life For man as other living creatures doth not alwayes grow but to the certain time of his age which comes not to passe by reason of the soul which alwayes reteins its force and strength but by reason of the body especially of the bones which in processe of tims are so hardned that they are not apt to any farther extension of growth CHAP. X. Of Generation BUT since man although he be nourished cannot live perpetually and in individuals as other living Creatures also cannot indure to perpetuity The generative power the generative power is granted and given by the Creator of all things that mankind might be preserved and the third kind of Natural actions is Generation which by ejaculation of seed begets his like For although this faculty and Action be common to plants yet in man and other more perfect Creatures it requires greater preparation and distinction of sex as male and semale concur in Generation and it is necessary that both of them do some way help and conduce to Generation and the male not in himself but in another The distinction of Sexes The instruments of generation but the foemale in her self doth generate For the male ejaculates his prolifique sperm into the female womb which mingled with hers is cherished by the same it is also nourished and reteined until it hath the shape of a perfect man For which purpose the Creator hath made necessary Instruments for both Sexes for the male Testicles Vessels preparing and conducting sperm and a yard necessaâ—y to ejaculate it into the part most fit to receive it for the Females Stones seminary vessels and the womb There are two principles which concur to the Generation of a Child the seed of the male and female and the menstruous blood The Principles of generation Seed The seed is a body hot and moist full of that divine Spirit of the first Principles or Elements and proportionable to the Quintessence or Element whereof Stars were made fit for the propagation of the Soul and generation of a living Creature like it self and is getherated in the Stones whither the purest part of the blood Spirits and heat is sent through the Veins Arteries and Nerves from the remote parts of the body and is changed into a white frothy or slimy matter The male and female seed both confer seeing the same Instruments are appointed by nature for generating and semitting of sperm and the same cause efficient and the same â—matter in each for the forms of each alike do manifest themselves in the off-spring Blood although the power and force be greater in the male then the female But the menstruous blood is only the material principle wherefore it is ordered by the Creator that at the time when semales are apt and fit for procreation which for the most part is from the fourteenth till the five and fortieth year of their age that blood which the other parts wants not each month is sent to the womb to supply what may be wanting for a little one or if the female be not great may be by it evacuated Menstruous blood This menstruous blood of it self is not offensive nor is it expelled because it is hurtful but because it aboundeth in quantity but when it becomes pernicious 't is by reason of its remaining too long in the body by its comixture with other humours The forming of the young is caused by the Soul The formation of the young which is in the seed and there shews it self in two actions in putting life into the conception and forming of all the parts and the Soul as Scaliger writeth out of Themistius is its own architect which builds a convenient domicill for its own habitation But it receiveth this power from the Creator whose Instruments and hands as it were the Souls are and he hath given this energy to them at the Creation of them then which nothing can be more wonderful to be thought on The Generative faculty hath two others whereby it performs its Office The Alterative and Formative The Alterative The Formative The Alterative is that which changeth the generative matter into the substance of the young and all its parts the formative is that which Forms all the members and gives them their quantity figure number place and the rest The Instrument which the Soul and formative power useth is the formative or plastick heat or that Spirit proportionable to the Element of the Stars for the seeds being received into the womb are mingled together reteined cherished and the power which lyes hidden in the seed is stirred up by the innate heat of the womb and then a Conception is said to be made Conception and then begins a sending forth of the instruments of the body to be made then is it called a Conception which commonly is said to continue til the seventh day But first of all The order of frameing Firs the membrances whereof are framed two Chorion Amnios The Secondine The Spermatick parts are described together Theumbilisall vessels The Veins belonging to the Navel Two Artcries Urachus The time of formation the membranes about the Child are formed by which the seed is shut in and the Spirit and heat thereof is covered and as it were intrenched They are two in number the first is called Chorion and covers the whole Child and is fastened to the vessels belonging to the Navel by their intervening the whole cleaveth to the womb the other coare doth immediately cover the Child and is called Amnios These two coats in the birth seem to be one as it were and come forth after the Child and are therefore called the Afferbirth But the solid and Spermatick parts shall be explained in the first place and afterwards according to their nobleness and as necessity requires the rest shall be perfectly shewn The Infant in the womb doth not take that nourishment which it receiveth by the mouth but from the Mother for the receiving whereof there are appointed by nature four vessels belonging to the Navel namely a Vein which is a branch which comes from the Gate-vein which is as it were the infants nurse two Arteries branches arisen from the Iliak Vein by which the Infant breaths although later Authors who teach us that the vital Spirits by which the Child breaths proceed not from the Mother but from the Child 's own heart do assign another use to the said Iliak branches to wit that
to be so exact and happening by some occasion from the external air or the heat vanishing of its own accord the vitious matter is separated from the other humors But if Vrine be made thick Troubled which grows clear and afterwards become thin that happens because the natural heat begins to perform and concoct the matter and to stir it and mingle it which notwithstanding since it is not exactly mingled the heat afterwards ceasing the Heterogeneal parts are separated of their own accord and the thicker reside in the bottome The same comes to pass if the Vrine be thin but some matter may be mingled therewith in its passage but since it is not exactly mingled with it but only confused afterward of its own accord it settles in the bottom Lastly Troubled which remains so if the Vrine be made thick and remain so it signifies great confusion of humors is made in the Veins by the heat stirring the humors but not rightly concocting them nor is there good concoction made which the excrements elaborate to make after their manner and indeed if such a Vrine appear in the beginning of such a disease wherein no concoction seems hitherto to be made by the natural heat it is a token that 't is caused by the fiery heat contrary to nature agitating and troubling the humors in the veins but if the Vrine in the beginning is not made thick but clear and afterwards becomes turbulent it is a sign that the disease grows worse and that the heat acting upon the matter contrary to nature is encreased yet always this and also other signs must have regard to the rest of the conditions of the Vrine and hence it is to be collected whether such signs be made by the strength of nature working upon the vitious humors or by the encrease of the preter-natural heat and putrifaction or debility of strength CHAP. V. Of the causes of colours in Vrines COncerning the causes of colours in Vrine The causes of a golden colour in Vrine a golden colour which agrees to the Vrines of sound men proceeds according to the vulgar opinion from some portion of yellow choller or rather from a serous and salt excrement yet that also something tinctured with choller which is mixt with the Vrine A white Water is made Of a whit either because nothing is mingled with it which may colour it which is properly called aqueous or because some white body is mixed therewith The first cause of aqueous Vrine is Crudity and weakness of the native heat by reason whereof this excrement is left Of an aqueous as it were imperfect Secondly obstructions of the passages through which the matter useth to flow to the Vrine Thirdly if choller and therewith that salt humor be carried to another place as happens for the most part in acute Fevers and Phrensies with them Fourthly much drink Fifthly heat of the Reins and Liver which plentifully draw drink to them but do not concoct it Sixthly Gravel in the Reins or Bladder too much of that which is salt and thick adheres but the aqueous flows out Vrines of another kind are made by the mixture of some white substance whether it be flegm or quitture or seed Of milky and these Vrines we call milky yet for the most part they are made thick and afterwards become clear and the matter setling in the bottome of what kind it is may be easily discerned A Vrine is somewhat pale Of palish Of pale when pale choller in a sufficient quantity or a little of yellow is mingled with the Urine but if much pale choller or yellow in an indifferent quantity be mingled with the Vrine a pale colour ariseth If yellow be mixed in greater quantity Of yellow the Vrine becomes yellow yet some times other causes besides internal external may give a tincture to the Vrine as Rhubarb Saffron the leaves of Senna and such like A ruddy colour in Vrine is caused by choller and blood Of blood red and indeed if the Vrine be coloured with blood it doth not look clear and is properly called Vrine dyed with blood and has a colour like water wherein the flesh of animals newly slain have been washed and is made either in some open vessel for what cause soever or by the weakness of the Liver and Reins by reason whereof they cannot contain blood and assimulate it to themselves or because nature at set times evacuates the blood abounding in the whole body with Vrine but the blood which is mingled with the Vrine is either thin and the Vrine is made red or reddish or thick which if much be mingled the Vrine is made exceeding red but if little either simply red or of a pale red but that Vrine which is coloured by store of choller the choller colouring it and and making it redder it shineth and is as it were like flame sometimes also it is made red and thick by plentiful mixture of adust choller like wine of a blackish or deep red Wine like Vrine is made by the mixture of ceruleous choller Of Vine colour Of grape colour or representing the colour of Woad as also by the mixture of plenty of red choller Grapy by the mixture of yellow choller exceedingly dryed and as it were changed into a Violet colour and degenerating towards black A green Vrine is caused by plenty of Aeruginous Of green and Leck-like colour Yellow and black Vrine are sometimes caused by the mixture of external things Of yellow and black as for what belongs to the internal causes the Vrine is made black when either the melancholy humour is evacuated with it which happens in those which cumulate melancholy humours in the Spleen or black choller is mixed with the Urine or when the heat and spirits are extinguished in the veins the blood is corrupted and becomes black CHAP. VI. Of the causes of an oyly Vrine and of other differences O Leaginous Urines either have only fat swimming in the superficies Of oyly Vrines or represent Oyl in substance and colour the first difference proceeds from a melting of the fat and is rather to be referred to the differences in the Contents but that Vrine which seems like Oyl in substance and colour and yet is nor truly fat hath its beginning from the mixture of excrementitious humours especially of pale and black Choller as also of Flegm from whence proceeds a crudity with a certain greenness like Oyl Black Vrine always thick but when the difference in substance and colour are joined a black Urine cannot be thin but if the black humor makes it black it is necessary that there is so great plenty thereof mixt with the Vrine that the Vrine must become thick A light red Vrine is thin from the small portion of blood mingled therewith A light red thin but if it be made of a pale red 't is by choller which cannot happen unless there be so great
permits opening of a veine if it be weake it prohibits it and regard is to be had here not only of the present but of the future strength for when the strength is weake either oppressed with store of humours or loosed in the latter imbecility only breathing of a veine is prohibited but in the former it is profitable All other things which are said to permit or prohibit the breathing of a veine besides strength they doe it only in this respect namely as they are the tokens or signes of strength or debility of nature as Age which flourishing admits of opening a veine Child-hood and old Age prohibit the same Seâ— the Sex as to women with child especially in the last monthes the opening of a veine is prohibited unlesse some disease inforce it and there be store of blood property of nature custome habit of body course of life constitution of Aire some Symptomes as large evacuations watchings and such like which dissipate the spirits and substance of our bodyes and loosen our strength unlesse they are taken away by opening of a veine How much blood to be evacuated The quantity of letting blood is indicated from the greatnesse of the fault depending on the blood and according as that hath greater or lesse force so blood is to be evacuated more largely or sparingly yet the strength as also things permitting are here to be weighed anâ— all those things which are the signes of strength and weaknesse and t is to be considered whether the strength will beare that evacuation which the magnitude of the disease requires But whether the quantity of blood which is indicated be to be taken away at once or severall times the greatnesse of the disease and the strength doe shew in a most violent evilâ— t is convenient to evacuate the blood at once in milder at severall times also strong bodyes will beare one large evacuation of blood but if they are weake t is better to doe it at severall times The presence of those Indicants which serve for the letting blood Time shews the time of letting blood and the absence of the prohibiting therefore the most convenient time of letting blood for the most part is the beginning of a disease yet it is not to be appointed whilst crude juice and unconcocted meates are in the first passages and in diseases wherein there are certaine intermissions and wherein the fits returne at certaine times the time when the fit is is not convenient for letting blood but the time of intermission is more commodious or if that be too short the declination of the fit or the abating of a disease As for the houre Houre if a disease that is violent provokes or urgeth in what houre of the day soever or even at midnight no preparation being made before and no delay being made you may open a veine at other times one houre or two after sleep is most convenient But where What veines to be opened or the place and veine to be opened although what veines soever be opened it may evacuate the whole body yet the larger performe this best and regard is to be had to the fountaine of blood and the rise of the evil which are principally the liver and spleen the veines therefore in the right or left cubit are to be opened according as the disease requires the internall externall or middle and especially the internall but what veines are to be opened for Revulsion and Derivation sake shall be shewne in there proper place CHAP. XVIII Of Revulsion AS for the third fault of humours Default of humours according to qualities namely when humours recede from their naturall state in respect of qualities how that is to be amended from those things which were spoken before of the preparation of humours and which shall be spoken hereafter of curing of diseases of intemperature is manifest enough But the error in motion is various In motion and humours decline from their naturall state if either they are not rightly moved that is when they are moved thither whither they ought not that is when they ought to be quiet according to the Law of nature they are moved at that time or else are not moved when they should be moved or are moved in parts or thither where they ought not to be moved the first error is called the restraining motion the second the inciting the third the helping the fourth the correcting and averting to another place First therefore humours as they offend in motion afford one indication only of stopping of motion Humours offending in motion what they indicate of staying the violence of a humour or an averting of a humour from a place to which it flowes contrary to nature unlesse happily nature unburthens it selfe conveniently by that meanes or the body puts away humours that trouble it to some ignoble part of it but we may satisfy this indication severall wayes namely if either we take away those things from the humour which are necessary for motion or whether we draw back the same by force namely if out of what is thin and fluid we make it thick if we stop the passages to it and straighten and make narrow the wayes through which it ought to flow lastly if we prohibit its comming and bind the passages which are in the part that it may not be conveniently received but when we cannot hinder these often or it is sufficient to stay a flux we call back and retract those humours by force Humours are drawn back either by reason of vacuity or heat or paine By reason of vacuity or rather evacuation humours are drawn back which power out and evacuate them out the body through other parts as the opening of a veine scarrifications leaches flowing of courses Hemmerodes purging by the Paunch vomitings urines sweats By heat and paine they are drawn back by those things which have power of inciting heat and paine or have power of performing them both as are frications ligatures lotions fomentations vesicatories causticks and such like An so How many waies the motion of humors may be hindered although there is one Indicant namely a fault of the humours in motion so there is one Indicate namely remedy hindring motion and averting the humour from the part to which it flowes yet the manners of performing these are various namely foure Revulsion Derivation Interception and repulsion Revulsion Revulsion what which the Greeks cal Antispasis is an averting of a humour flowing into some part into the contrary But humours are Revelled not those which are in the affected part for these are properly evacuated out of the part affected Revulsion ought not to be to the next or nigh thereunto but they are such as do flow to some part or are about to flow But since this is common to every Revulsion that a contrary motion may be occasioned for the flowing humour and may move it to a part not to that whither
is a hot distemper of the whole depending on the heat of the Spirits inflamed Indicationâ— And seeing the heat of the Spirits and the distemper thence introduced indicate cooling yet if the cause exciting the same be still present that also ought to be taken away These Fevers are cured by good dyet The Cure so that there is seldome any need of strong medicines the food therefore ought to be cooling and moistning the meat of good juyce and easie of concoction principally cream of Baâ—ey the rest may be mixed with lettice sorrel juice of Citron or Lemmon Vinegar The drink should be barley-water small beer or small white-wine Yet if pain in the head be present or that the Fever be occasioned by anger or from a bubo then wine is to be refrained The Ancients most frequently used Baths of warm water but at present neither the same industry is used in preparation of them neither are men in our age so accustomed and disposed to bathe In the first place diligent care is to be had of that Fever Ephemeral which ariset hfrom the clovure of the skin Cure of an Ephemer a from closure of the skin or it's thickness or crudity of the stomack since they easily turn into putred Fevers And an Ephemera which is caused by stoppage of the pores of the skin since it comes to pass rather from plenty of blood then ill habit of body in that a vein is forthwith to be opened that the blood may be diminished and cooled but the thickness of the skin if occasioned by cold or astringent things is cured by those things that rarifie and open the same by a bath of fair water luke-warm soft rubbings temperate and luke-warm oils wherewith the body should be annointed But if the thickness of the skin be occasioned by drying things use moistening dyet and the body should be annointed with temperate and moistening oils Lastly if the Ephemera proceed from crudity From crudity of the stomack since that is twofold the one called Acid which proceeds from diminution of heat the other Nitrous which is caused by preter-natural heat If from Acid crudity which seldom happens the Ephemera proceed and that crudity be less so that meat may be reduced into a better state rest and sleep are to be occasioned and before sleep meat of easie concoction in a small quantity is to be taken and the stomack to be comforted with hot oyls But if the crudity be great then the meat is to be ejected by vomit or if the sick be not apt to vomit with a lenitive he should provoke a stool before it be distributed into the veins he must then abstain from meat and the stomack both with internal and external medicines is to be comforted But if the crudity be unsavoury or nitrous 't is to be conected with cold things wherewith if the concoction be not helped the corrupt meat is either to be emitted by vomit or to be purged by gentle medicines opening the first passages only such as are good against cholar and as corroborate the stomack CHAP. VII Of an Ephemera of more dayes and of a Synocha without putrefaction THere remains another kind of Fever An Ephemera of many days called Ephemera to which that appellation doth not belong because it is extended more dayes Yet it can be referr'd to no other sort of Fever then this more conveniently therefore although Ephemera should signifie the essence of the Fever Ephemera is so called though with the addition of more dayes Such Fevers are those which no wayes differ from Ephemeral Fevers newly described unless in durability the cause of which is obstruction of cutanious vessels which when they do continue stopped Synocha without putrefaction an inflamation of the Spirits so long endureth until that cause cease Moreover to these belong a Synocha without putrefaction commonly called a Fever inflative which is generated from the fervency of Spirits and thinner blood without putrefaction The cause of this Fever is the prohibition of the hot Effluvium Cause arising from obstructions or striction of the pores of the skin in a plethorick body This continues several dayes namely to the third or fourth day neither can the plenty of vapours kindled and exhaleing which proceed from the blood be discussed in one day nor can the obstruction or astriction of the pores of the skin be opened in one day The Signs of a Synocha without putrefaction are the same with those of other Ephemeraes Diagnostick signs only more evident For the heat is somewhat greater then in the others the skin is not dry but moist as it were the Urine somewhat thicker and redder the Pulse vehement swift frequent full great and equal the face and whole body red and fresh and as it were blown up the veins swell and strut with blood the head is heavy and respiration more difficult This Fever as the other Ephemerals is void of danger Prognosticks and is dissolved by sweat or Hemeroids of the nose within the fourth day or if it be protracted longer within the seventh day so it be rightly handled For unless it be rightly order'd 't will degenerate into a Synocha with putrefaction or into a Phrensie Squincy Plurisie or some other perillous inflamation But when this Fever ariseth by the inflaming of the thinner blood and Spirits in a plethorick body occasioned by the prohibition of transpiration Cure the blood offending in quantity is to be abated the heat to be cooled and the closed pores to be opened Therefore presently a Clyster being first given or a lenitive medicine a vein is to be opened that the blood may be abated fanned and cooled and better governed by nature And in that more plentifully then in any other Fever you may bleed yet so as that the strength may bear it As for things altering Galen to cool the blood drinks cold water and commands the sick to drink as much of it as they please which may be permitted in those which are accustomed to small drinks and in whom no danger is to be feared by drinking the same whether by reason of thick juices which the drinking of cold water may hinder the dividing of or by reason of some weakenness in the bowels by which they may be offended at the drinking of water which unless seeing in our bodies we seldom need we may rather use other coolers such as are Oxymel with water water of Chicory Endive decoct of barley juice of Lemmon or Citron Oxysauharum Spirit of Vitriol and Salt and the like cooling and opening things And that the appertion may the more happily be performed you must abstain from syrrups and conserves with much sugar in them unless they are much watered If obstruction of the pores of the skin be present 't is to be opened as I said before Their diet ought to be thin and little Dyet such as hath force to cool and moisten principally
colder is hot Man for whose sake these things of Temperaments are spoken In man there is a twofold Temperament since his body is not simply mixed but organick and living there is required in him a double Temperament one of the body as it is absolutely and simply mixt The other as it is living This is lost by death and is often changed by old age but that remaineth sometimes in the dead carcass after death yet at length by putrefaction and corruption of that which is mixed t is dissolved In that also according to Heat Cold Drowth and Moisture there is a great diversity of parts But the matter which is proper to living Creatures in all is Heat and Moisture Again the Temperament of a living man is twofold Temperament Innate Influent the one Innate the other Influent Innate is that which is imbibed in the living parts of man by reason of the Innate heat is inherent in him from his first being Influent is that which floweth from the principal parts and is communicated to the whole body And that it is not the same with Innate is manifest from those that fall into a Swoun when the body becomes extreme cold and yet the Innate Temperament is not changed These three Temperaments though they may be considered severally Yet they concur to constitute one Temperament of a sound man And therefore although without all doubt amongst all other living Creatures man is of the most temperate so that other living Creatures as also medicines compared to him are said to be Hotter Colder Moister or Dryer Yet simply and absolutely he is not temperate The Temperament of a man of what sort it is for common-sense tels us that Heat in man is predominate over the other qualities for the Temperature of a man to perform his actions best is Hot and Moist and our lives consist of Heat and Moisture on the contrary coldness and driness lead us to death and by how much sooner a man is cooled and dryed by so much sooner he grows old and dyes Yet The differences of the Temperaments of man that heat and that moisture have their degrees For if the heat exceed the cold and the moisture the drowth moderately that Temper is best and is accompted Temperate All others differing from this are called either Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist or Cold and Dry although all in general are Hot and Moist These differences of Temperaments are commonly explained by the names of Sanguine Sanguine Cholerick Phlegmatick Melancholy Cholerick Phlegmatick and Melancholy Temperaments These differences and appellations may be admitted of if they are not taken from the diversity of excrementitious humours in various bodies but from the variety of blood which is the nutriment of the body For those whose Blood is temperate Occult qualities or moderately hot and moist are called Sanguines Those who have hotter and dryer blood and their bodies from thence become hotter and dryer are called Cholerick Persons Those who have colder and moister and their bodies from thence grows colder and moister are called Phlegmaticks Those who have cold and dry blood and their bodies from thence become cold and dry are Melancholians But we must not rest at the Primary qualities for there are others more noble and more abstruse the causes of many actions and of Sympathy and Antipathy with other alterations that must be granted although in this humane imbecillity for the most part they are unknown to us The Astrologers The opinions of the Astrologers that they may some way expresse the various Constitutions of Bodies according to the occult diversities of Stars call some Solar bodies born under the influence of the Sun so Jovial under Jupiter others Martial Venereal Mercurial Saturninal as being born under one of those and also admit of mixt constitutions born under several Planets nor indeed absurdly altogether since there is a great agreement and consent betwixt Superior and Inferior bodies But since there are divers parts of a body and each part hath its peculiar Temperature not onely proceeding from the mixture of Elements but some are hotter some have lesse heat in them neverthelesse they agree together to make the Temperament of the whole which is hot and moist and so heat with cold moisture with dry things are equal'd So that from thence there proceedeth a certain Harmony and the Temperament of the whole is moderately hot and moist But to constitute that Temperament of the whole The Temperament of the whole wherein it depends the noble parts of the body perform more then the rest and most especially the Heart the Fountain and Treasury of the native heat and vital spirits From whence all the parts of the body receive the influent spirits and heat Next to it the Liver which furnisheth the whole body with aliment namely bloud afterwards the Stones then the Brain the shop of Animal spirits last the Stomack the place for the first Concoction Concerning the Temperament of several parts The Temperament of the parts of the body The Hot Parts the most Temperate is the skin especially that in the Palm of the hand to which as to the mean the other parts being compared tend to heat cold drowth or moisture The Hot parts are the Heart of all the parts the hottest the Fountain of native heat and Closet of vital spirits Also the Liver flesh of the Muscles Spleen Reins Lungs Veins and Arteries Fat also and fatness The Cold are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Nerves Cold. Membranes Spinal Marrow the Brain The Moist parts are Fat the marrow of the bones the Brain Moist the marrow of the back the Duggs the Stones the Lungs the Spleen Reins flesh of Muscles the Tongue Heart and softer Nerves The Dry are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Membranes Dry. Arteries Veins hard Nerves There is a certain difference of Temperaments in mans body by reason of Sex and Age As for what belongeth to Sex The Temperament of Sex Females are colder then Males as having contracted a colder nature from their principles of generation lest that the blood necessary for future generation by a stronger heat should be consumed The Temperament is also changed according to age to wit The Temperament of ages the age which is principally ordained for certain internal changes by heat and moisture Authors for the most part divide mans life into three ages Child-hood Manly-age and Old-age or Youthful Age of perfection Declination or if you please into the first middle and last age to which differences other ages spoken of by Authors may be referred The first age therefore is our Infancy which remaineth till the seventh year the second our Child-hood which for the most part continueth to the fourteenth year of our age then our youthfull age from the fourteenth to the five and twentieth when our growth for the most part in stature ceaseth And sometime Hippocrates in his first Book
and rest Exercise for idlenesse and too much rest fills the body with Excrements dulls the native heat and renders the body slow and feeble on the other side too much exercise dissipates the Spirits consumes the body and by consequence cooles the whole body hinders concoction the veins and vessels often break stirs up untimely humours heats them and causeth fevers and especially if the body be full of vitious humours they being stirred are carried through the whole body and stir up fevers and other distempers and symptomes Fifthly Passions of the mind the affections of the mind make great alterations in the body in anger the Blood and Spirits become extream hot and are hurried to the external parts from the internal whence they inflame the whole body and often kindle Fevers and raise other Symptomes Too much joy may so dissipate the Spirits that it is observed one may die therewith in fear and trembling the Spirits and heat desert the exteriour parts and fly to the heart and suffocate the heart sorrow by degrees dissolveth the Spirits cooleth the Body dryes spoils concoction causes watchings and begets melancholly diseases Lastly Excretions and retentions those things that are reteined in and sent out of our bodies are the causes of Diseases for if the profitable humors be untimely sent out it debilitates the body and consumes it but if the excrements are retained diseases are bred that are like unto them CHAP. III. Of the internal causes of Diseases and first of fulnesse of Blood INternal things which are the causes of diseases Internal things the causes of diseases either are generated in the body according to nature or are found in the bedy contrary to nature those which are generated according to nature are those three of Hypocrates conteining conteined and doing violence or as others would have it solid humid and spirituous those are called preternatural humours which are found in the body contrary to nature as stones gravel wormes and all things that are generated in the body differing from natural whereunto belongeth those things that are sent into the body and there stick and remain as darts bullets of lead and such like But these things are made to be the causes of diseases How many wayes either as they are in their whole kind contrary to nature or as they offend in qùantity quality motion or place The fault of humours in Specie is divided into Plethorick and Cacochimick The fault of humors twofold Plethorie for humours are either apt to nourish the bedy or not fit plenty of the one â—s called Plethorick of the other Cacochimick for Plethory is when blood and humours profitable for the nourishment of the body abound Plethorie towfold To the vessels To the strength and are beyond mediocrity This plenitude is twofold either as to the vessels when blood so abounds as that the vessels wherein it is contained are stretched beyond their ordinary bigness the other as to the strength when there is more blood then the strength can bear to which Horatius Augenius adds this mixt of them both to wit when there is so great plenty of blood as stretcheth and extendeth the veins and so great pains that the strength cannot bear it Chacochimy is an excesse of other humours besides blood Chachochimy namely when natural excrementious humours offend in plenty or preternatural excrementious humours abound and whilest either these or those putrifie and bring in a strange nature The seat of Plethory and Chacochimy Both pure and spurious Pure Plethory Pure Chacochimy Spurious The causes of Plethory The seat of Plethory is only in the veins but Chacochimy is not onely in the veins but also out of them and in the whole body or some parts especially the bowels But sometimes Plethory and Chacochimy are mixed whence both are divided into spurious and legitimate pure Plethory is when there is too great plenty of pure blood and humours without any vitious ones Pure Chacochimy is when there is too great plenty of ill humours and no good blood with them but when good juyce aboundeth and ill humours are mixed therewith it is called a spurious Plethory or Chacochimy according as blood and ill humours do more or lesse abound There are many causes of Plethory as plenty of Dyet supplies matter to cause it nourishment of good juyce and great plenty of such nourishment the Efficient causes are Constitution of the Body and principally of the Heart and Liver hot and moist and youthful age which may be occasioned in the Spring time and a temperate constitution of the Air idlenesse moderate sleep a life without care and paines suppression of accustomary evacuations of blood Chacochimy according to the variety of excrementitious humours is manifold The kinds of Chacochimy for sometimes phlegm sometimes choller sometimes melancholly and adust melancholly and sometimes serous humours abound of which humorsthere are again various differences CHAP. IV. Of Phlegm THere are divers kinds of Phlegm which are commonly divided into natural and preternatural The kinds of Phlegm Natural Phlegm Natural is a cold and moist juyce or blood not perfectly concocted but if we rightly observe the matter this humour is not properly to be reckoned amongst the excrementitious humours because the blood is crude and may be turned into the aliment of the parts Of the preternatural Phlegm there are four kinds unsavory The kinds of preternatural Plegm Unsavory sharp vitreous salt Unsavory Phlegm peculiarly and principally may be called a Crude Humour which for want of concoction hath not acquired that perfection which it ought in the stomach and therefore can no where in mans body be turned into good substance Acride Phlegm is also crude and called so from the taste it relishes of to them that void it Acride and proceeds from the defect of heat These two kinds proceed from the same causes which according to greater or lesser power they have of introducing coldness and crudity so sometimes this sometimes that kind is generated such are cold meates hard to be digested too great plenty of meat and drink and taken at unseasonable times a cold constitution of the stomach and the adjacent intrails which way soever occasioned Salt Phlegm Salt so called from the savour and is occasioned by the mixture of a serous humidity and a salt with Phlegm whence it is not simply cold but mixed with heat and drinesse and as there is more or lesse of the salt humour mixed so is it more or lesse hot Lastly Vitreous Phlegm is vitreous so called by Praxagorus because in substance and colour it somewhat doth resemble melted glasse this is exceeding cold clammy and thick CHAP. V. Of Choller CHoller is threefold The kinds of Choller Alimentary Natural and Contrary to Nature but the first is not an Excrement but the hotter and dryer part of the Masse of Blood of a different nature from that which is in
the Optique Spirits where we also conclude the errors of the Optique Neâ—ves if they are deficient in the brain Diseases of the visive spirits and of the Optique Nerve being hurt through cold distemper compression obstruction and then for the most part the other senses both internal and external are affected or at least that part of the braine is affected from whence the Optique Nerves have their oâ—iginal and then the sight onely is taken away or by default of the Nerve Optique it self which is its narrowness or by rupture which proceeds from obstruction of the Optique Nerves compression percussion a stroak by chance contorsion or by any violent motion whatsoever Lastly the cause of Splendor and Glittering of the Eyes is reflection of the Rayes of the internal light Causes of glittering eyes by reason of the Object a more thick body or vapours or thick humours if they are mingled with the Christaline or vitrious humours or cover them The hearing is hindered through default of the Organ of hearing Causes of deafness or of the spirits and first of all if the external eares are wanting sounds and articulate voices seem like the warbling or purling of Waters or singing of Grashoppers Secondly if the auditory passage either wholly or in part br hindered either from an external cause as a little Stone a Kernel Water or an internal cause as a Tubercle an Ulcer and such like and so either deafnesse is occasioned or hearing diminished or depraved Thirdly if the Membrane which they call the Drum is too thick or moistened too much or is loosened whether it be from the first birth or afterwards from internal or external causes the hearing is hurt Also if it be too much dryed by any grievous diseases or old age deafness doth arise But if it be broken either by internal force as by the violent putting in of an ear-picker or by an extream shrill sound or is eroded by an Ulcer deafness is occasioned Fourthly if the other parts of the ear be not rightly constituted and the air implanted be impure or deficient or the Nerve being dilated is cooled or is made thicker or affected with a Tumor or those three little bones either are not well framed by nature or are moved by some violence out of their places or the internal passages are filled with vapors and humors flowing contrary to Nature or the Arteries passing under the ears are filled with too much spirit and heat and too much agitated or lastly the auditory Nerue either is not rightly framed from our first beginning or is obstructed and compressed by a humor according to the diversity of the disease the hearing is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished or depraved Lastly the hearing is hurt through default of the Spirits either through the straitness of the passages of the braine as in an Apoplexy or through its perturbation as in an Epilepsie or through cold distemper by reason whereof difficulty of hearing is occasioned The smelling is hurt through default of the Organs Causes of smelling hurt or Spirits or some external error the faults of the Organs are the narrowness of the Adaequate senses and external Nostrils whether from compression or constipation or obstruction of the Scive-like bone and its Membrane as happens in such as are great or by the distemper of the chief Organ of smelling the mammillary precess but especially moist distemper or obstruction of the same from matter flowing which happens in Catarrhs and according to the variety of these diseases the smelling is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished the smelling is offended by reason of the animal spirits if either they are deficient which are in those which are ready to dye or are hindered from flowing as in an Apoplexy an Epilepsie and such like diseases of the brain Lastly the smelling is depraved through some external errors whilest a vapour or some filthy and stinking matter sticks in the wayes through which the smell passes for here it is infected by the foul smell thereof to that things having no ill smell seem to the sense of smelling to stink The taste also is hurt through default of spirits Cause of taste hurt or by some disease of the Organs or some external error The taste is hurt by reason of spirits when they are deficient which useth to happen to such as are dying or the taste cannot flow to the Organ either through straitness of that part of the brain from whence the Nerves appointed for the taste arise or from obstruction compression or wounds of the said Nerves The taste is hurt through default of the tongue as of an instrument whilest it is troubled with cold and moist distemper or cold and moist matter is poured on it or whilest it is dryed or is troubled with Pustuls or an Ulcer and according to the magnitude of diseases the taste is either wholly abolished or diminished Lastly the taste is depraved by external error or from external causes as from something taken into the mouth whose savour is not easily taken away or from an internal cause as a humour or a vapour wherewith the tongue is imbued being communicated from the stomach the Lungs the Brain and other parts to the tongue Lastly Cause of fieling hurt for what belongs to the causes of hindering the touch insensibility and dulness happens through defect and diminition of the animal spirits of the Oâ—gan touching this come to pass either because the animal spirits are not generated through imbecility of the native heat which happen to them in years or defect of matter by reason of great evacuation or whilest they are resolved or scattered or cooled or stupified by a Narcottique Medicine or when they cannot flow to it through the narrowness of the Nerves obstruction constipulation compression solution of continuity of the same The proximate cause of pain is solution of Unity in a membranous part Cause of pain whether it be occasioned by some primary quality or secondary whereof this stirreth up solution of continuity not so manifest but rather contemplable by reason but that is manifest which therefore is properly called solution of Unity Lastly Itching itching is stirred up from thiâ— salt and sharp Exerements collected in the skin moving man to scratch CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses OVer much watching is occasioned by too much effusion of the animal spirits Causes of too much watching to the Organs of the senses through defect of restraint of the first sense and too much irritation of the common sense the bond of the first sense or sweet exhalations are defective either because they are not generated in the body which comes to pass by long fasting or the use of meats which do not produce such exhalations or because they are consumed scattered and called away from the brain which comes to pass in a hot and dry distemper either of the whole body or of the brain and when hot
humors and vapors are elevated in the brain which often happens in Fevers and Delitiums The same causes also for the most part have a power of stirring up the common sense and besides those principally grief which in what part of the body soever it is when it violently affects the sense of touching it also stirs up the common sense which once moved irritates also the rest of the senses and so it is necessary that over much watchfulness must ensue Cause of too much sleep The causes of too much sleep and first the cauâ—es of non-natural are all those things that hinder the spirits from being sent forth to the external parts Non-natural in due manner and season such are those which dissipate and consuâ—ne the heat of the spirits beyond measure or they are called back too much into the internal parts or hinder the spirits that they cannot go out to the remote parts as too much exercise paines taking too much watching baths and such like which fill the braine with halituous vapours Moreover the causes of a preter-natural and diseased sleep so called are also against nature namely Preternatural those things which detaine the spirits against nature so that they cannot freely passe to the Organs of the senses The cause of a Coma Coma and Cataphora or a dead sleep is a plentiful vapor whether cold and moist or hot and moist either generated in the brain or sent thither out of the whole body or part of it but principally stupifactive rendring the animal spirits heavy and drowsie When there is too greedy desire of sleep Coma vigil the same stupifactive vapor is the cause but because hot and sharp vapours are mingled with it and many various and absurd imaginations are brought to the fancy the sleep is troubled and interrupted The causes of immoderate dreams are impure vapours Of immoderate dreams black and melancholy arising from food and humors causing exhalations of the same nature and stirring up the animal spirits or a distemper of the brain stirring the vapors ascending from the inferiour parts and spirits in the brain A natural extasie hath for the most part the same causes Of an extasic for those which are troubled therewith have in their deep sleep various shapes and images represented to their fantafie about which the imagination being too much busied and fixed the rest of the senses ceasing when they awake they account those dreams by reason of the too much intentiveness of the fantasie for truths and think and say to themselves that those things did really happen The cause of such as walk in their sleep Sleep walkers is a stronger imagination from an internal object represented by a dream the fantasie being violently affected stimulates the desire and thence the motive faculty to perform something the senses for the most part being bound and the rational faculty obscured but the imagination doth depend either on some vehement diurnal disease which hath gone before or on the disposition of the spirits which the vapours thicken which are not onely mingled with the spirits but also have force of binding all the spirits and set before you many cleare dreames The memory Abolishing and diminishing of the mentory fantasie as the imagination is either abolished or diminished principally through the fault of the instrument which is the brain through its too cool a distemper thereof whereunto belongs not onely innate heat but default of spirits the default of innate heat is either native and contracted from our birth or happening afterwards from our birth Heat is deficient to those who have too great heads or a brain weak and cold by nature and mixt with too much moisture or a head too little and therefore little brains or a figure too concise the figure also it self of the head may hinder these actions After a mans birth the native heat is deficient through old age and what other causes soever which may destroy and debilitate the innate heat and may cause foul spirits whether they be internal and diseases and vitious humors or external as cold meat moist thick corrupt and impure air over-much watching stroaks and wounds of the head Besides the defect and cold distemper of the native heat the memory also is weakned yea and taken away sometimes by too much moisture of the brain the same also is hurt sometimes by external error namely through the fault of objects whilest in certain diseases it is confounded and distracted by almost innumerable objects which may likewise happen to such as are well who whilest they are busied in telling any story by reason of some object happening by chance they are so called aside that they cannot make an end of their story But the reasonable faculty is not diminished nor abolished of its self nor by reason of its instrument but because the fantasie is hurt and sometimes the memory and sometimes both The depravation of the imagination and ratiocinatination happens in divers kinds of Deliriums and all have their rise from some default of the animal spirits which being ill disposed represent objects so disposed to the fantasie and whereas for the most part the imagination and ratiocination are both affected in a Delirium and the imagination useth a corporeal Organ with its Spirits but the ratiâ—â—ination useth none but onely beholdeth fantasms In every Delirium the next cause of the hurt of the imagination is the vitiousnesse of the animal spirits but the depravation of the rational faculty is caused by the fantasms The imagination and understanding hurt called Paraphrosune hath its beginning from hot vapours which in burning Fâ—ve s and inflammations of the interiour parts are elevated to the brain and disturb the animal spirits yet moderately which thing also may happen if any one should take in his meat or drink that which may trouble the spirits On this manner commeth sottishness and such as is caused by Wine the weed Darnel Hops and such like A Frensie is caused by a hot Tumor of the Brain and its Membranes from whence the hot vapours being advanced continually trouble and stir the spirits in the brain A Frenzy The cause of offending the imagination in Melancholy Of Melancholy is dark animal spirits but the causes of depraving of the rational faculty are dusky fantasms but the animal spirits are become dark and black two ways first when the spirits themselves are pure in their own nature but some strange foul and blackish matter is mingled with them Secondly when the spirits themselves are darkish in their own nature and geneâ—ate such the former is caused three wayes the first is when the matter dark and impure clouding the spirits is contained in the vessels in the head Secondly when the matter is communicated to the brain from the whole body and principally from the greater veins Thirdly when it is transmitted principally from the Hypocondries which is thence named Hypocondriacal Melancholy the
latter is occasioned two wayes either when the vital spirits are generated vitious and impure in the heart which when the matter of the animal spirit is such in the braine 't is necessary that there be generated in such black animal spirits in the braine or because although the vital spirit be good and pure neverthelesle the constitution of the brain is vitious which changeth the pure vital spirit into a black animal spirit The cause of mad Love is sorrow and conti nual solitation Of mad Love to which anger is often joined arising through the desire of a fair thing whether it be really so or seem so to be for although the amorous herb Philtra may stir up desire to lust yet that desire is not terminated in any definite person nor can the mind of a man be compelled to love that which he is unwilling to love and that Philtra doth not cause love but madnesse also as experience often teacheth The cause of madness is a hot and fiery disposition of the animal spirits Madnssâ—e such hot and fiery spirits proceed from a hot distemper of the braine or hot vapours mingled therewith which black Choller will set foreward sometimes in the veins of the head only other times in the whole body especially in those that are great with child and when it resides about the womb whether they are generated of fervent blood or adust colour or dryed Melancholy The disease which causeth men to think that they are turned into Wolves is called Lycanthropie Lycanthropie if it proceed from a natural cause and not from the Devil It ariseth from the depravation of the imagination and ratiocination and the blood of living creatures being drunk may be very powerful to cause the same yet for the most part it becomes from poyson communicated to us by the biting of any mad living creature or by the froth of their mouths thrown upon us by spittle by receiving their breath with our mouths by eating the flesh of ravenous animals whence Wolf-madness also Dog-madness and Badger-madness do arise as Hydrophobie which is when one is distractedly timerous of waters which neverthelesse may be occasioned without the biting of any mad animal by poyson in mans body but principally is occasioned by terror of the observations of Physitians do witness and then the disease is not to be referred to madness because those Symptomes which are proper to those that are bitten with mad creatures do not appear in these but onely the diâ—eased are adverse to all liquid things and neither can swallow liquid things but also at the sight and noise of them they fall in danger of swooning and death which nature is peculiar to this poyson nor can any other cause be rendered from manifest qualities But the disease of Tarantators Of Tarantulas and a company of S. Viti occasioned by the venemous biting of a Tarantula and the Chorea of S. Viti so called hath its rise from a venemous and malignant humour somewhat like to the venom of a Taâ—antula begotten in mans body and indeed is the cause of the Symptomes of the rest of the poysons in general but because they dance in this manner that is proper to this poyson onely neither can there be rendered any manifest cause thereof but here it is necessary to fly to that sanctuary of ignorance and to say that this poyson is destroyed in an occuâ—â— manner by the force of musick and this little creature is harmoneous and delights in musick CHAP. V. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the mooving faculty IN the first place the cause of a Palsie Cause of the Palsie or deprivation of motion in one part or more is the defect of animal spirits in the Organs appointed for motion the spirits are deficient when they are not sent out by the Nerves from the braine as happens in an Apoplexy sometimes also this disease is called a Palsie for although they are emitted yet through the ill disposition of the part they cannot exercise motion and sense therein they are not admitted through default of the Nerves and spinal Marrow namely when they endure some cold distemper and moist especially yet sometimes hot and dry or are dull or are cut or knockt or beaten or are made narrower or by obstruction or compression by reason of some humor or tumor or tubercle whether they are in the Nerves themselves as after wounds of the Nerves and contusions of the same scars do arise or in the parts neer thereunto by some contusion by a stroak or a fall by a sudden relaxation made of the Vertabres or being bound Besides a Palsie there are other impotencies of motion Cause of taking away motion the cause whereof besides that of the Nerves even now explained in a Palsie is the fault of the part instituted for motion a vitious disposition and disease namely if the bones in the joynts which are framed for them cannot move oâ— cannot rightly be removed out of their place through ill conformation fracture relaxation if the ligaments which come about the joints and continue in motion in a natural state are broken cut asunder eroded attenuated or become softer or on the contrary are dryed hardned and filled witk a hard and knoty substance if the Muscles and their Tendones are cooled too much and their native heat be as it were dulled or moistned by some humour contrary to nature or on the other side if they are dryed and hardned if any tumor knot bunch hard flesh ariseth in them if they are wounded if the Tendones are so stretched out by violent motion that they become longer then they were or wont to be or as it were broken with bonds or if a painful tumor be in a Muscle The cause of Lazinesse is the reception of trouble in the Muscles and parts appointed for animal motion Of Laziness but since this slownesse is two-fold voluntary and against our wills the one comes without much exercise and labour from vitious humours burning the parts appointed for motion the other which is also called Excicrative comes after too much labour and motion the parts serving for motion being dried and the spirits consumed The cause of trembling is the imbecility of the motive faculty Of Trembling which cannot keep the member in that part wherein it is placed The faculty is become weak through the faintnesse of the strength and some defect of animal spirits whether they are not generated by reason of some distemper of the brain or defect of the vital spirits either scattered or consumed both which may be occasioned by too large evacuations long fasting watchings long and tedious sicknesse too much Venery or through diseases of the Nerves as distemper especially cold contracted by what meanes soever or want or losse of sense is occasioned by stupifactives or by straitnesse but lesse then in a Palsie The cause of Convulsion is the irritation of the expulsive faculty Of
not so great store of Wine strong Beere or Ale is the familiar drinke and indeed profitable enough as experience shewes But the strong drinke is prepared some of Wheate Its differences some of Barly others of them both in Polonia it is made of Oates and preserved with Hops the manner of preparing is very different every where the waters also differ wherewith they are boyled they are kept also in some places in pitched Vessels in others not pitched Strong drinke made of Wheate nourisheth more then that of Barley and also heats and moistens more Drinkes made with Wheate especially seeing the strong drink made of Wheate hath lesse Hops then that which is made of Barly but it generates more viscous juice it causeth obstructions it provokes urine With Barly but it loosens the belly Barly Beere because of the Barly heateth lesse but because more Hops for the most part are put into it acquires no small force of heating it nourisheth lesse Mixt. and yeelds a thinner juice but is more diuretick that which is mixt of Wheate and Barly is of a middle nature That drink which is made of Corne no way dried but by the heate of the Sun hath more excrementicious humours and often times brings forth obstructions All new drink is more unwholesome especially if it be troubled for it obstructs the passages and breeds the stone but that which is more cleansed is wholesomer but principally strong drinkes have their faculties from various waters of severall natures Hony and water mingled Hydromell for the most part heate and dry more then Wine especially if Aromatick things are added but it easily turnes into choler by reason of the Hony and therefore is not so good a drink for cholerick persons CHAP. V. Of the passions of the mind and of the exercise and rest of the body THE perturbations of the mind Tranquility of mind have great power in the preservation of health for an Euthumie or well setled mind and such as is at quiet doth much conduce to the preservation of health Joy Next to that moderate joy is fitrest to preserve the health of body and a naturall constitution because it recreates the heart spirits and the whole body but if it be overmuch it dissipates Exercise of body and diffuseth the Spirits Motion of the body and exercise first brings a certain solidity and hardnesse to the parts then it increaseth health thirdly it moves and agitates the spirits from whence the heart is made strong and can easily resist externall injuries and is fit to undergoe all actions happy nourishment is made and the excrementicious Vapours are discussed on the contrary those bodies which live idly are soft and tender Kinds of motion and unfit to performe labours under the name of motion are comprehended labours of every kind dancing running playing at ball gesture carrying ryding swimming walking a stirrer up of the people rubbing and such like but divers exercises have different force and some exercise some parts more then others in running and walking the legs are most exercised in handling of weapons and laying them down the armes in singing speaking with a loud voice and cleare reading the face and brest the whole body in playing with a little ball which exercise therefore is most convenient whereof a peculiar book of Galen is extant there is also a certain diversity according to violence and magnitude in motion swift attenuates and thickens slow rarifies and increaseth flesh vehement extenuates the body and makes it leane yet together hard flourishing and firme too much motion exhausteth and dissipates the substance of the spirits and solid parts and cooles the whole body it dissolves the strength of the nerves and ligaments it sometimes looseneth and distendeth the membrances and breaks the lesser veines CHAP. VI. Of Sleeping and waking MOderate watchings stirs up the Spirits and senses Watchings and render them more flowrishing distribute the Spirits and heate into all the parts of the body they helpe distribution of aliment and promote the protrusion of excrements yet if watchings are immoderate first they consume and dissipate the Animall Spirits and dry the whole body especially the braine they increase choler they whet and inflame and lastly the heate being dissipated they stir up cold diseases The strength being decayed is againe kindled a fresh with moderate sleep the spirits Sleep that are dissipated with diurnall labours are restored the heate is called back into the inner parts from whence a concoction of Aliments and crude humours is happily performed in the whole body the whole body and especially the bowells are sweetly moistned the heate increased and the whole body becomes stronger cares are taken away anger is allayed and the mind enjoyes more tranquility immoderate evacuations besides sweate are hindred and sleep is especially beneficiall to old men on the contrary immoderate sleep obscures the spirits and renders them dull and causeth an amazednesse in the understanding and memory it sends out the heate being hindred with crude and superfluous humours accumulated sleep also which seizeth on our bodyes after what manner soever when they are empty drys and extenuates the body CHAP VII Of Bathes EVery Bath of fresh water moistneth A Temperate Bath but in heating and cooling there is not the same faculty every where a temperate Bath of sweet water opens the pores of the skin and softens and rarifies the part and discusseth the excrements into the extreame parts and corrects the drynesse of parts and so takes away lassitude but if it should continue long 't would discusse that which is dissolved and weaken the strength Luke-warme Bathes Luke Warme if they incline to cold something refrigerate the body nor have they power of rarifying the parts and discussing excrements Cold water of it selfe cooles Cold. yet by accident the pores being shut and the heate penned in heateth whence if through dissipation the native heat should be in danger cold rhings being timely applyed have power to recollect and preserve it Bathes oftentimes do hurt and especially to those that are not accustomed to them and to Plethorick persons and such as are filled with crude humours as also to those which are obnoxious to Catarrhes and inflamations or an Erysipelas The Romans often frequented Bathes and they often bathed twice a day the preparation whereof you may see Galen 10. of the method of healing Chap. the tenth they used unctions also before and after bathing whereof Galen the second of simple faculties of healing Chap. the twenty fourth and the seventh CHAP. VIII Of Excretions and Retentions and of Venery THe body may be easily kept in its naturall State Excrements of the paunch if those things which are profitable for its nourishment be retained and those things which are unprofitable and ought to be cast out are omitted but if those things which ought to be retained in the body are cast out and those things which
of a Synocha with putrifaction OF the Nature of a Fâ—ver Chap. 1. p. 1. Of the causes of Fevers in general ch 2. p. 3. Of the Symptomes of a Fever in general ch 3. p. 4. Of the differences of Fevers in general ch 4. p. 5. Of the Cure of Fevers in general ch 5. p. 6. Of the Fever Ephemera ch 6 p. 6. Of an Ephera of more days and of a Synocha without putrifaction ch 7. p. 10. BOOK II. Of Putred Fevers OF putred Fevers in general ch p. 12. Of the differences of putred Fevers ch 2. p. 15 Of the signâ— of putred Fevers in general ch 3. p. 16 Of the Cure of putred Fevers in general ch 4 p. 17. Of breathing of a Vein ch 5. p 18 Of Purging ch 6. p. 19 Of co-coction and separation of Humors ch 7. p 22 Of Sudoâ—ificks and Diureticks ch 8. p. 23 Of Diet in putred Fevers ch 9. p. 24 Of the differences of putred Fevers ch 10. p. 27 Of a continued putred primary Fever and first of a Synocha in particular ch 11. p. 28 Of a Causus or Burning Fever ch 12. p. 31 Of continued periodick Fevers in general and of a continued Tertian ch 13. p. 33 Of a continued Quotidian ch 14. p. 36 Of the Fever Epiala p. 38 Of the â—yncopal Fever p. 39 Of a continued Quartan ch 15. p 40 Of Symptomatical Fevers ch 16. p. 41 Of Intermitting Fevers in general ch 17. p. 46 Of Intermitting Fevers in particular and first of an Intermitting Tertian ch 18. p. 55 Of a Quotidian Intermittent ch 19 p. 61 Of an intermitting Quartan ch 20. p. 62. Of compound Fevers and Semi-tertians ch 21. p. 67 BOOK III. Of a Hectick Fever OF the nature of a Hectick Fever ch 1. p. 71 Of the signs of a Hectick Fever ch 2. p. 72 Of the Cure of a Hectick Fever ch 3. p. 73 BOOK IV. Of the Plague and of Pestilential and malignant Fevers OF the Nature of the Pestilence ch 1. p. 75 Of the causes of the Pestilence ch 2. p. 77 Of Contagion ch 3. p. 79 Of the signs of the Plague ch 4. p. 81 Of preservation from the Pestilence ch 5. p. 82 Of the Cure of the Pestilence ch 6. p. 85 Of the nature of a pestilent and malignant Fever and the difference of them from the Plague ch 7. p 89 To what kind of Fevers pestilent and malignant ones pâ—rtain ch 8. p 90. Causes of a pestilent malignant Fever ch 9. p 91 Signs of malignant and pestilent Fevers ch 10 p. 92 Of the cure of malignant and pestilential Fevers in general ch 11. p 93 Of a malignant Fever with the Measles and Small Pox ch 12. p. 97. Of the Spotted Fever ch 13. p. 105 Of the English Sweat ch 14. p. 108 Of the Vngarick Disease ch 15. p. 110 Of a malignant Fever with the Cramp ch 16. p. 114 Of a malignant Fever with a Catarrh and a Cough and the Squincy ch 17. p. 116 Of the Cure of Symptomatical Fevers ch 18. p 118 Book I. Of Fevers in General and of an Ephemera and of a Synocha with Putrefaction CHAP. I. Of the Nature of a Fever THat which is called by the Latines a Fever The name of a Fever by the Greeks from fire is called the fiery distemper Hippocrates plainly calls it fire if it be very vehement as being by the consent of all men a hot distemper For although some Germans call it Daskalte yet that appellation belongs not to every Fever neither doth it express the nature of a Fever but only signifieth Cold An intermitting Fever may be so called A Fever is a hot distemper of the whole body atising from heat kindled contrary to nature in the heart It s definition and nature and by the mediation of the Blood and Spirits conveyed through the veins and arteries to all the parts and hindring natural actions unless it be prevented For a Fever is generated when as Galen 1. Aphor. 14. hath it The native heat is become fiery Generation of it For seeing that all the parts of the body have a certain temperature and all of them are actually hot every one according to its own degree and thereby are rendered fit to perform natural actions If in the heart from whence the vital heat is diffused over all the parts of the body each part receiving its due temper from thence a certain preter-natural heat be kindled and spread over the whole body so that to the natural temperature of the parts some degrees of preter-natural heat are added and that actual heat shall be increased a certain excess of heat and a hot distemper is kindled in the whole body which is called a Fever Which distemper indeed formaliter as some say is contrary to nature and is called a Fever but materialiter 't is not altogether contrary to nature for unless there had been before some degrees of natural heat extant the supervenient heat could not constitute this degree of heat And indeed a hot distemper only constitutes a Fever Driness is no part of the Essence of a Fever for although all fevourish heat tend to driness yet that driness is not sickness in all Fevers neither is the body by fevourish heat rendred unfit to perform its natural actions it is so by driness in every Fever that the natural actions are hindred but although the fevourish heat always tend to driness yet oftentimes the disposition of the body wherein that heat acteth and moisture therewithal hinders the production of a disease by driness The adequate Subject of a Fever is the whole body The Subject or certainly most of its parts but the principal is the heart as being that wherein that heat is first kindled and from thence communicated to all the other parts of the body unless it be hindred nor can a Fever be generated unless the heart first become hot Indeed the whole body is the Subject of a Fever in regard of the similiar parts and as it is indued with actual heat which is as it were kindled by the innate and influent heat For this heat when it is changed and converted into a fiery heat from a temperate and moderate a Fever is stirred up The immediate cause of a Fever is heat kindled in the heart contrary to nature The proximate cause and diffused over all the body For as the heart whilest it is well and according to nature is the fountain of natural heat and disperseth the same over all the body so if it grow hot contrary to nature it distributes that unnatural heat over all the parts For although a Fever may be kindled by the inflamation of other parts likewise yet that happens not unless that heat be first sent to the heart and afterwards from thence to all the parts of the body whence it comes to pass that in every Fever the Pulse is changed Nevertheless every kind of heat in the heart is not sufficient to
which also a Synocha without putrefaction is referred and a putrid There is another thing worth the noting that one Fever is Primary another Symptomatical Primary is that which follows no former disease but depends on its proper cause Secondary or Symptomatical is that which ariseth from the inflamation of any member See Galen 4. Aphor. 7. But of Symptomatical this is to be noted that those which by the ancients were accounted Symptomatical were indeed primary many of them and inflamations of the parts of the Membrane that covers the ribbs of the lungs or chopps rather happened to those parts then the Fever to take it's rise from them Feavers accompanied Which Fevers may be called Comitatae or such as accompany the Fever CHAP. V. Of the cure of Fevers in general NOw to the cure Cure A Fever as it is a Fever being a hot distemper indicates cooling things are to be used Galen 8. Meth. Med. Cap. 1. But because there is no small difference amongst Fevers and that a Fever is often joyned with it's cause regard is to be had of the cause of the same Nay indeed because the cause often offends more then the Fever it self the Fever is so to be cooled as that the cause may not be cherished and those things be detained in the body which ought to be evacuated And oftentimes error is committed in this whilest regard is had only of the heat cold things are administred by which the cause of the Fever being detained the Fever is prolonged Whereas on the other side heating things as likewise either opening or sudocifick things without cooling medicines often with happy success cure the Fever For the cause being taken away the Fever it self ceaseth of it's own accord Whereof more particularly hereafter CHAP. VI. Of the Fever Ephemera THere are two sorts of Fevers whose heat are inherent in our bodies in habitude Feavers in habitude For that the hot distemper of the parts is cherished either by the heat of the Spirits or humors and the humors are inflamed either with or without putrefaction Those Fevers which are sustained by the heat of the Spirits and humours without putrefaction The name Ephemeros are called Ephemerae and Humorales without putrefaction Those which are kindled by putrifying humours are called putred Fevers That Fever which is cherished by the kindling of Spirits is called by the Greeks Puretos Ephemeros by the Lattines Diaria and Ephemera by a name not taken from the nature of the disease but from it's duration In respect of the Essence thereof it may be defined thus Definition It is a Fever arising from and depending on the heating and inflaming of the vital Spirits The proximate cause of this Fever is the heat of the vital Spirits kindled contrary to nature The next cause which being spread over the whole body through the arteries heats the whole against nature That heat is stirr'd up from all those causes before mentioned in the second Chapter only except from putrefaction Remote cause which sometimes immediately sometimes remotely by means of the natural and animal Spirits heat the vital to wit perturbations of the mind sadness fear sollitude anger over much watching too much intentiveness of the mind too much exercise of body grief hunger thirst hot meats and drinks drunkenness crudities in bodies cholerick heat of air fire hot Baths retention of the hot Effluvium inflamations of Kernels and Buboes from the which heat alone without putred vapours is conveyed to the heart according to the vulgar opinion Yet it seemeth not impossible but that those putred vapours by the veins and arteries next to the part affected may be communicated to the heart And so these Fevers should rather be Symptomatical then absolute putred then Ephemeral Those that are hot and dry easily fall into this Fever Disposition of body in whom many hot dry vapours are coliected which are easily inflamed by causes heating them more Amongst the Signs by which this Fever is known and discerned from others in the first place Galen 1 de differ Diagnostick signs Febrium c. 7. saith it beginneth from some procatartick or evident cause which indeed is an inseperable sign but not a proper sign for although a Fever that doth not arise from a manifest cause is not an Ephemera yet every Fever which ariseth from a manifest cause is not therefore an Ephemera 2. Moreover the Urine in substance colour and contents is most like unto the Urine of healthy men or at least recedes not much from them which in an Ephemera which proceeds from crudity it useth to do in which the Urine useth to appear more crude and whiter 3. The Pulse is neerer to a natural one then in any other Fever only that it useth to be extended in magnitude celerity and frequency Yet in regard of the cause which occasioned the Fever some change may be made in the Pulse 4. The heat of this Fever is gentle and weak in respect of other Fevers 5. Nay in the very state and height thereof it is somewhat more gentle and moderate 6. This Fever invades without shakings or tremblings it 's increase and augmentation in heat and pulse is free and equal 7. The declination is performed by moisture or moist evaporation by sweat like theirs who are sound in health which by a little exercise more then ordinary comes forth and a perfect apurexsie follows that moisture so that after the declination no footing is left for the Fever either discernable by Pulse or any other circumstances And in case any footing be left it is a sign that it will turn into another sort of Fever The causes are most perfectly to be known by the relation of the sick which may instruct the Physician whether from passion of the mind exercise of the body or any other evident cause this disease hath been occasioned These causes also affords some signs of themselves which the Physician cannot be ignorant of These Fevers are the shortest of all others Prognosticks and continue not above twenty four hours There is no danger in them unless some error be committed and for the most part they are conquered by nature wherefore Physicians are seldom called to their cures Yet according to the diversity of their causes some are cured more easily others with more difficulty For those causes which are hardly taken away and the humours are apâ— to corrupt a Fever introduced from such easily degenerates into a putred which happeneth when it is extended above four and twenty hours or no sweat appears and pain in the head be present and persevere And it degenerates either into a Synocha without putrefaction if the body be youthful and plethorick or into a putred if the body be cacochymick or into a Hectick if the body be hot dry and lean And the proper signs of those Fevers shew into what sort of them the transmutation will be made Moreover sithence this Fever
destruction and yet neither the contagion nor destructive power have attained to the highest degree and many continue well in health 't is a pestilent Fever in particular Lastly if so be many which begin to be visited die and that most every where are infected and that the contagion be spread over remote places 't is the plague CHAP. VIII To what kind of Fevers Pestilent and Malignant ones pertain MOreover since there are three kinds of Fevers To what kind of Fevers pestilent and malignant ones belong Ephemeral Putred and Hectick and again of putred Fevers there are some differences 't is now enquired to what kind of Fevers malignant and pestilent do belong or whether malignancy and pestilency belong to all Fevers or to some certain kind only But we have already determined that there are no Ephemeraes nor Hecticks pestilent and malignant because that in all pestilent and malignant Fevers there are manifest tokens of corruption or putrefaction of humours although that malignant and pestilent humour have likewise a manifest antipathy with the spirits and may stir up a dangerous Fever But all putred pestilential Fevers are continued since the force of the venomous putrifaction is such as that it can easily diffuse it self into all the veins and arteries and may easily corrupt the humours But malignant Fevers in particular so called may also be intermittent as experience sheweth Neither is it impossible that even in the first passages of the body the putrifying humours may acquire some malignity and seeing that in such Fevers the force of the venome is not so great nothing hinders but that Nature may appoint certain excretions at appointed periods Continued pestilent and malignant Fevers are particularly addicted to no sort of them but according as putrefaction happens into this or that sickly preparation so this or that continued Fever is stirred up somtimes a Synocha somtimes a periodick whence various symptomes likewise do arise according to the sickly provision Moreover concerning the differences of malignant and pestilential Fevers The differences of pestilent and malignant Fevers since that in every such Fever there are found two things the putrifaction it self from whence the Fever ariseth and malignity in respect of these also do the Fevers differ For somtimes equally from putrefaction and malignity danger is at hand which Fevers if the putrifaction and malignity be great are exceeding dangerous but if neither the malignancy nor putrefaction be much the Fevers are not dangerous Somtimes there is more putrifaction but the malignancy is not much and then the Fever comes neerer to the nature of other putred Fevers but somtimes the putrifaction is not much but the malignant quality vehement and such Fevers seem to be milde but they are most fraudulent and dangerous Concerning the nature of Pestilency and Malignity although it be occult yet from its effects we may apprehend a certain variety whilst somtimes spots somtimes Measles somtimes wheals come forth somtimes too great sweats somtimes Catarrhs Pleurisies and other evils according to the antipathy which the venome hath with this or that particular part CHAP. IX Of the causes of a Pestilent and Malignant Fever AS for the causes of these Fevers Cause because their malignancy is less then theirs of the pestilence and through this as it were by degrees we ascend to the Pestilence those which are the causes of the Plague for the most part are the same with those of malignant and pestilent Fevers but more mild as principally ayr heaven course of diet and contagion Namely malignant Fevers in the first place do arise from a sickly provision of the body for it ariseth from meat that is bad fit for corruption and very obnoxious to putrifaction whereof Galen may be seen in his book of Meats affording good and bad juice and the humours may be so corrupted in our bodies as that they become venomous of which I have spoken in the Institutions in the second book part 2. cap. 12. Furthermore from common causes likewise namely unprofitable constitution of Ayr as also from the influence of Stars But pestilent Fevers so called in particular have the same causes but more grievous which at length if they are increased produce the pestilence whence Fevers malignant and pestilent long continuing at length turn to the plague CHAP. X. Of the Signs of Malignant and Pestilent Fevers IN the same manenr is it about the Diagnostick signs The Dianostick signs of pestilent Fevers for in a pestilential Fever peculiarly so called the same signs almost appear as in the plague only fewer or more gentle and such Fevers are not so dangerous nor so infectious as the Plague it self But as to the signs of their differences if both malignity and putrifaction be very much the strength will be much weakned and grievous nay the most dangerous symptomes appear If the putrifaction be very great the malignancy little the feverish symptomes which accompany putrifaction are vehement enough but the strength is not so much debilitated But if the putrifaction be not great but the malignant quality vehement the symptomes which accompany the Fever are gentle enough but the strength is exceedingly weakned If the humours only are affected there appear Buboes Carbuncles Imposthumes Spots Pushes and other tokens of putred Fevers if the spirits are much infected these signes are wanting neither is the heat great the strength suddenly languisheth and the sick are troubled with faintings the pulses are unequal weak and languishing and the Fever it self in one two or three days space is terminated by health or death Lastly if the heart be much infected great defect of the strength is present and the sick do not complain of any great heat As concerning Malignant Fevers Of malignant they are very difficult to be known at the first because the malignity often lies hid and shews not it self unless when it take strength wherefore all signs are diligently to be weighed and if any thing be suspected it must be seriously pondered but all the signs of a malignant Fever are greater then those of a Fever and the symptomes which appear are more vehement then those which can proceed from a Fever namely weakness of strength unquietness more anxiety then the feverish heat would occasion the pulse is freqnent little weak or if it seem to be natural other evil symptomes are present the Urine somtimes is like unto those who are in health somtimes thin and crude having in it no sediment or in case it have any 't is more like an excrement then a sediment somtimes 't is thick discoloured troubled muddy having a red and troubled sediment the heat is more milde then the nature of the disease and symptomes seem to afford the face or countenance is much changed from its lively and natural state and therefore by these signs pestilent and malignant fevers may be easily known yet there are other things happen heaviness to sleep watchings diliriums pains of the head
the leaves of a Fig course rags Leaches applyed the juice of an Onion the juice of Century or Sow-bread the Gall of a Hog or Bullock or with rags wet in these but the internall with suppositers and sharpe Glisters The courses whilst they flow exacuate also and diminish perfluour blood Courses but nature appointed that flux which if it be supprest is to be opened in which businesse this is to be observed that in provoking them the Physitian should make use of that time when at other times they use to flow for if he should endeavour it at another time he looses his labour Cuppings which Scarrification also Cupping with scarrisying but by die evacuating blood by themselves and sensibly but by degrees for which reason they are something applyed for good reasons sometimes instead of opening a veine if they are applyed with good reason they are indicated from no great fault of the blood But when they are used instead of Phlebotomie they are applyed for some great fault in the blood which indeed requires the breathing of a veine which notwithstanding weak strength will not endure but Cupping-glasses properly evacuate cutaneous blood yet because some of the blood which comes out of the skin is powred into the capillary veines from the great veines in this respect also they are said to evacuate the whole body but if that evacuation be more sparing it doth not reach the whole And when Cupping-glasses evacuate by drawing the use of them is most profitable if any revulsion be required at the same time as for the place of applycation if they are applyed in respect of the whole they should be put to the inferior parts if in respect of any part then to that part which requires this remedie yet in those that are pregnant they are not to be exhibited to the inferior parts but rather to the Armes Lastly simple scarification also without cupping Scarrification may evacuate blood which truly is used sometimes instead of opening a veine and t is appointed in the Legs especially by which meanes it may not only evacuate but also re-vell from the head and superior parts yet sometimes in the Arme and back also but in its proper use t is exhibited when there is a purpose to evacuate only out of some one part but especially when we would evacuate some acrid malignant and venemous matter least being retained it should cast the sick into danger which is used also in a Gangrene and by the ancients in a callous Ulcer CHAP XVII Of opening a veine BUt the most efficacious remedie for evacuation of blood is the breathing of a veine which neverthelesse hath other uses What indicates a breathing of a veine whereof we will here speake together for t is a question of great moment when the breathing of a veine or evacuation of blood by opening of a veine is to be appointed where first this is to be noted that the opening oâ— a veine is not some one Indicate but the matter of remedie which is profitable in many Indicates There are two generall benefits in the opening of a veine The use of opening a veine to evacuate blood and by accident whilst it draws away the blood the vehicle of heate to coole againe in evacuating it performes two things for it both takes blood out of the body and allwayes the cource and violence of humours in the veines first the way it both takes away the ill blood and only diminuisheth it offending in quantity but the latter way it can revell and draw back and derive the blood flowne into a part and the blood which is flowne in whilst it is yet moveable can draw it to the parts neere thereunto so that the opening of a veine may wholy performe five things namely to evacuate corrupt blood to diminuish blood to revell derive and refrigerate For first the vitious and putrifying blood may be evacuated by opening of a veine Putred blood evacuated by the opening of a veine as that which is contained in veines and they being opened it flowes out and indeed t is most profitably appointed in beginning of diseases since nature for the most part in feavers use to drive no small portion of the peccant matter to the extreames and those greater veines under the skin Secondly breathing a veine is an excellent remedie to diminish the blood The cutting of a vtine devinuisheth blood and revels Thirdly the opening of a veine is used for revulsion for a veine being opened the violence of the blood is turned and drawne back to the contrary part and therefore t is a very efficacious remedie to stop flowings of humours contained in the veines Fourthly the opening of a veine may derive the blood which newly flowed into the part It derives and is not yet setled there but as yet fluid a veine being opened nigh at hand it may I say drive the blood to a neighbouring part Fifthly Cooles opening of a veine cooles by accident but if distemper only be present which may be corrected by other remedies and no other fault of the blood be joyned with it which requires breathing of a veine also cooling medicines are ordered to be used but if the blood be so exceeding hot that it requires sudden refrigeration which other medicines perchance cannot performe or some other fault of the blood be joyned which by the same means opening of a veine may helpe for this cause also you may open a veine From whence it is manifest For which Indicants cutting of a veine serves that the breathing fo a veine may be profitable whilst the blood either putrifyes and is corrupted or offends in quantity or flowes to any part with violence or oppresseth a part or burnes vehemently Yet it is not allwayes necessary to open a veine when these â—inconveniences are present since we can take them away by other meanes but then only breathing a veine is conveniâ—ent when there is a great corruption of the blood and it requires sudden releasing as being that which is the best and most efficacious remedy amongst the evacuations of blood then presently blood may be evacuated In short The adequate Indicant of cutting a veine the Indicant to which by mediation of the Indicate as being the matter of helpe opening of a veine agrees it is a vehement fault of the flowing blood which is corrupted either in its substance or it offends in quantity or rusheth into some part or oppresseth some part or growes exceeding hot yet besides these principle faults the blood also sometimes as a cause without which it cannot and as adjuvant it may offend and then also it requires opening of a veine Yet we may not allwayes open a veine when these Indicants are present Things permitting opening a veine for since the opening of a veine evacuates blood together and also exhausteth somewhat of the spirits and so debilitates the strength if the strength be great it