and Guts 4. That within the Liver it hath either very smal or no Communion at al by its Roots with the Roots of the Vena Cava and therefore each Vein carries its Communion peculiar Blood The blood of the Vena Porta is thick and nourisheth the parts of the first Region The blood of the Vena Cava is subtile fit for circulation which nourisheth the parts of the second and third Region 5. That the branches of the Vena Porta within the Liver are larger than those of the Vena Cava if that do arise from thence Largâ—… 6. That in a Diseased body it is usually filled with Caco-Chymia which whether it ought to be emptied by breathing a Vein a man may wel make a scruple lest the Circulation of blood infect the whol Mass 7. Whether the Vena Porta after two or three Evacuations by the Arm may not better be purged by the Hemorrhoids or opening a Vein in one of the Evacuation Feet 8. That al impurities of the Belly are contained in this Vein from whence come terrible obstructions of the Spleen and Mesenterium Obstructions 9. That there are no Shutters found in this Vein as there are in the branches of the Vena Cava 10. That the Vena Porta hath waies whereby it disburdens it self as the Veins of the Hemorrhoids its reflux into the great Artery by the Caeliacal and Vomiting of Blood against Nature in Plethorick Bodies Chap. 22. Of the Caeliacal Artery THis is a branch of the great Artery descending and accompanies the branches Original of the VenaPorta for look how many branches the Vena Porta is divided into so many also is the a T. 12. f. 2. p. q. r. â–¡ Caeliacal Artery divided which notwithstanding hath Pulse from the heart and follows the motion thereof as other Arteries do but seeing his blood injoyes not the benifit of circulacion as other Arteries do so that it seems like a seperated Artery Somtimes his motion is hindered when there Motion is an Inflamation in the Abdomen the rest of the Aâ—â—eries gently mooving as is often observed in Hypocondriack Melancholy and other inflamations of the Hypocâ—ondrium Notwithstanding it hath Communion with the Vena Porta by mutual conjunction Anastomosis of their mouths by which means there is a conflux of blood between them whereby the vital Spirit of the Abdomen is preserved This Pulâ—ation or Palpitation was known to Hippocrates in Lib. 7. Epid. In that History of his about the pulsation of the belly neer the Navel and in his Prâ—gnosticks he makes mention of the same If the Veins about the Midrife â—eat they foreshew either trouble of mind or Madness The Caeliacal Artery in Hippocrates Book of the Diseases of Women is called the breathing place of the inferior Belly See Duretus in Coacis Page 183. The b f. 2. t. Splenical Artery is notable which is not brought by the Sweet-bread Doctrine of the Splenical Artery but creeps along the Longitude of the Diaphragma neer the back bone it is as big as the Splenical Vein but Ambiguous in his progress and gives no branches to the Parts neer it It is inserted into the Spleen by a double branch as the Splenical Vein is and therefore when the Caeliacal Artery is taken away it is in vain to look for the Splenical for there remains none but two or three sinal Arteries which pass to the Stomach From the Splenical Artery neer the Spleen pass two smal Arteries to the Stomach From this faithful and true relation you may easily know how malignant Vapours are carried from the Spleen and Mesenterium to the Heart whence in Plaâ—tus he complained that he had a Splenitick Heart it leaped and beat his Brest Chap. 23. Of the Stomach THe Stomach is the Kitchin of the first Concoction it consists of proper Membranes Membranes of the Stomach and one a T. 12. f. 2. t. common one which it receivs from the Peritoneum The b T. 3. f. 4. C C. internal is rugged and hairy like a peice of Silk The c T. 3. f. 4. E. External is fleshy that it may receive the heat of the Bowels which lie upon it to wit of the Liver and Spleen which heat it And that it may the more easily compress and hold together the internal it hath a threefold sort of strings which strengthen it to that end and also when it is slackened with store of Meat they do contract it again so soon as the digested Aliment is forced out of the Stomach It s Scituation It is b T. 2. f. 10. C. Scituate between the Liver and the Spleen as it were between two fires bending a little towards the left Hypochondrium if the Spleen hold its natural bigness otherwise when the Spleen is bigger than ordinary it thrusts the Stomach Its Size into the middle The greatness of the Stomach cannot be exactly defined because being empty and exhaust if strong it is so contracted that it is no bigger than a mans Fist Being stretched and widened with store of Beily Cheaâ— it wiâ— containe six pints of Drink with a Pound or two of Meat as is daily seen in Gluttons and Toss-Pots There is but one Stomach in Mankind which is somtimes divided according to Number the Longitude into two Cavities which have their Ingress and Egress like the Stomachus and Pylorus And such persons do vomit with great difficulty and when they do they cast up Excrementitious Humors without that broth which they took the same moment Shal we say the separating faculty can work so quick or rather that the broath is slipt down into the Lower division of the Stomach from whence it cannot easily returne because of the narrowness of the upper Orifice If the Stomach be single and rightly shaped it is of a longish Spherical Figure Figure and is compared to the Belly of a Bag-Pipe setting aside the Oesophagus and Guts The Egress of the Stomach is equal in height unto its Ingress that is to say the Two Orifices two Orifices thereof are equal in height least the Meat and Drink should slip through before they be digested and then being digested by the strength of the Stomach Contracting it self the Pylorus is opened and the Chylus sent into the Gut The Ingress or upper a T. 3. f. 2. H. f. 4. A. Orifice of the Stomach is in a special manner termed The upper Somachus being the Seat of Hunger and Thirst because it is crowned with two Nerves called b f. 2. F G. Stomachici Nervi and is consequently of an Exquisite sense The lower Orifice is called c f. 2. K. f. 4. B. Pylorus in which you shal observe a Valve The Lower round in shape and as visible and remarkable as the Valve in the Gut Colon. This Valve is to hinder the Chyle from returning back again into the Stomach Besides these two Orifices in
f. 1. above Q. f. 2. F. â–¡ Arse-hole In the upper Part of this Channel is superincumbent that same Kernel which is Conarium termed b T. 16. f. 4. â— T. 17. f. 1. L. â–¡ Conariâ—m the Pine-Apple Kernel because t is shaped like a Pine-Apple And over this Channel and the fourth c f. 2. N N. â–¡ Ventricle is a thin Membrane stretched out derived from the Tenuis Meninx upon which runs the d T. 16. f. 3. F F. T. 17. f. 1. O O. R R. â–¡ Plexus Chorâ—ides deffused through the foremost Ventricles In the entrance of the fourth Ventricle there is placed a certain portion of the Processuâ— Vermiformis Brain more firm than ordinary which represents the taile of a River-Crab when the shel is peeled off It is called Scolicoides and Vermiformis e T. 16. f. 6. E. T. 17. f. 2. C C. â–¡ Processus the Worm-fashioned Production is opens and shuts the passage into the fourth Ventricle This is placed in the Cerebellum or Petty Brain which contained within it self the two hinder most portions of the spinal Marrow as the Brain contained the other two foremost which I have named with Galen the beds of the Optick Nerves In that same f f. 1. N N. f. 2. D D. G G. T. 18. f. 4. F. â–¡ fourth Ventricle there appeares a certain g T. 17. f. 2. H. T. 18. f. 4. â— â–¡ Chink like a Writing-Pen The fourth Ventricle which is the Separation of the Marrow of the Back The Petty-Brain being pulled asunder you shal see how it conteins within it the fourth Ventricle between the two aftermost Roots of the Marrow of the back and how being drier than the Brain it gives Original to h T. 18. f. 3. â–¡ seven or eight pair of Nerves saving the Optick Nerve It is not ful of windings above but beneath according to the external form of the brain it self In like manner it is divided beneath into i T. 18. f. 4. A A. â–¡ two Parts being continued above If you shal gently draw upwards the formost Part of the brain as far as its basis Pelvis Glandula Pituitaria you shal observe the k T. 17. f. 1. S. T. V. T. 18. f. 1. B. f. 3. B B. â–¡ Optick Nerves and the Nerves serving for a T. 18. f. 1. C C. f. 3. G G. â–¡ Motion and then the b T. 18. f. 3. D. â–¡ Choana or funnel dropping Wheyish moisture upon the c Glandula Pituitaria or Flegm-Kernel which fils up and possesses the Sella Equina or Horse-Saddle In the Choana or Funnel you shal see Four Pipes distilling Tubuli Seven pair of Nerves Wheyish moisture into the Palate and throat Then you shal consider the order of those seven pair of Nerves recorded in the following Verses The d T. 18. f. 1. B B. f. 3. B B. â–¡ First Pair sees the e f. 1. C C. f. 3. G G â–¡ Second moves the Eyes f f. 1. D D. f. 3. H. H. â–¡ Third and Fourth tast h f. 1. F F. f. 3. K K. â–¡ Fift hears and makes us Wise The i f. 1. G G. f. 3. L L. T. 3 f. 8 all â–¡ Sixth is large and wanders all about k f. 3. M M. â–¡ Seventh Larynx moves a prating Tongue so stout Then you shal search under the Dura Meninx in the basis of the brain about the Compass of the Sella Sphenoides for the Rete Mirabile or wonderful l f. 3. P P. â–¡ Net of Arteries Rete Mirabile interwoven one among another being formed of the two m f. 3. C C. â–¡ Carotides or sleep Arteries You shal observe in the Basis of the brain that Wheyish Humors of blood is powred forth in extream pains of the Head coming with Inflammation which while they seek to go forth by the Cavities of the Ears they cause extream sharp pains which bring the Patient into Madness and Sicknes Whether or no in such a desperate Case may we boar either side of the Hindermost Part of the Head to let out the superfluous putrid Humor which corrupts the substance of the Brain The n T. 18. f. 1. F F. f. 3. K K. â–¡ Auditory Nerve is worthy of Consideration which is inserted into the Cavity of the Eare and by a little Channel slides down into the Palate and is distributed into the inner Part of the Larynx from whence comes that same Concent that is between the Tongue and Teeth the Larynx and the Lungs g f. 1. E E. f. 3. I I. â–¡ Observe Whether or no they be intersected Crose-wise so as the right should from its original be carryed unto the left Part and the left unto the right which I have never seen Whether the Nerves in their Rise have Arteries Joyned in company with them Whether the Nerves are made up of many smal threds Whether the other Nerves differ from the Optick Nerve I wil not wholly pass over those four notable Questions Whether the brain be moved Whether or no the brain does cool the Heart Whether the Ventricles of the brain are ordained only to contein Excrements Whether or no the blood be there Circulated and how As to the first Question I say that the substance of the Brain is not moved of it Whether the Brain have any Motion self by Diastole and Sistole after the manner of the Arteries but only the Crassa Meninx which is sprinkled al over with Arteries arising from the wonderful Contexture of Arteries unto the upper Channels of the said Crassa Meninx also the Channels do pant and the brain is moved by elevation and depression of the substance thereof according as it is driven by the Animal spirits The brain does cool the Heart in asmuch as by Circulation it sends back the Whether it cools the heart blood unto the Heart being cooled in the Brain The foremost and uppermost Ventricles are Receptacles for spirits the whey may The use of the fore Ventricles indeed descend into the upper Ventricles from the whole Mass of the brain but it presently fals down into the lower Ventricles that from thence it may flow through Os Ethmoides into the Nostrâ—s if the Os Ethmoides or Colauder-bone be obstructed it distils by the Choana or Funnel or by the little holes over the Funnel into the Palate and Jaws or Throat The Circulation of the blood is performed in the brain with a slow pace The Whether or nâ— and how th ulood is Circulated in th Brain blood rises out of the Net like-Contexture by the Arteries of Dura Meninx unto the foure Channels afterwards it descends by the Veins unto the Heart having been plundred of its spirits which the brain drank up And so the blood being cooled is said to coole the Heart Of al which I shall treat more fully in my Anthropographia or large Description of the body of Man The Brain
of the Vital which is continually brought in great The place where the Animal Spirits are made according to our Authâ—r quantity by the Carotick Arteries to the Basis of the Brain where the branches meeting and being woven together do make the Rete Mirabile from which innumerable branches are derived into the Crassa Meninx that the blood may aâ—cend on every hand to those blood-channels of the Dura Mater which I coâ—ceive does alone palpitate or pant and I have seen in Fractures of the Skul that when that Membrane is broken the brain remains immovable Seeing therefore the foremost Ventricles are opened in the Basis of Brain and equal in their widness to the upper Cavities of the said Ventricles and are close unto the Rete Mirabile from it the Ventricles draw their Spirits or the Spirits exhaling from that Texture whose Arterâ—es are exceeding tender and thin they are brought along into the â—oremost Ventricles and soon after by the third Ventricle which serves instead of a Channel or passage they are forthwith carried by a streight course into the fourth Ventricle the Cistern or Conduit Head of Spirits that from thence they may be distribuâ—ed into the inferior Nerves and into the Cavity of the Spinal Marrow But the seven Pair of Nerves are propagated from those four Eminencies of which the two greater do form and enclose the sides of the foremost Ventricles the other two make the sides of the fourth Ventricle whose Roof and fore and after parts are made up by the double Apophysis Scolicoides Those four Eminencies are Spongy and receive Spirits which run directly into the Nerves of the Spinal Marrow by the â—ourth Ventricle And no man can deny that the Nerves of â—he brain are the off-springs of those four Eminencies and so this Proposition is to be interpreted All Nerves of the Body and Brain do spring from the Spinal Marrow either within or without the brain I deny not that the Spirits are diffused through the whol substance of the brain and not wholly contained in the Ventricles but I aver that the Ventricles are the true Shops or Work-Houâ—es of â—he Animal Spirit which is distributed unto the seven Couple of Nerves and to the Spinal Marrow That this is abâ—uâ—d and impossible Hofmâ—n does thus seek to prove 1. Arg. There is the Spirit made where the Action is performed I Answer many Actions are performed in parts in which no Spirits are bred The Arguments of Hoâ—man to the contrary answered and I deny that in the Body of the Brain al Actions are performed Again there needs no other elaboration than their passage through the brain for as the blood of the Veins passing through the Hearts Ventricles is in a moment made Vital so the Vital Spirits running through the middle of the Brain as far as the Ventricle do become Animal For if it were needful that the Animal Spirit should be elaborated in the Substance of the Brain it would lose much of its â—ubtilty because the brain is cold and moist 2 d Arg. of Hofman If the Spirit be to act it must needs be under the command of the Soul in the Vessels for after that it is entered into the Sea of the Veâ—tricles what is there to compel the same to return into the straâ—t passages of the Neâ—ves I â—nâ—wer If the Spirit be diffâ—â—ed into the whol substance of the brain being really soft as Wax how can it return into the Nerves seeing there are no Vessels running through the â—ubstance of the brain Those bloody marks wherewith it is sprinâ—â—ed are poinâ—s of blood dropping down from above out of the Arteries which runs between the winding substance of the brain The great Providence of Nature because the blood could not pieâ—ce nor pass through the midst of the Substance of the brain hath carried the same through the Channels of the Dura Mater as far as the â—â—ood passages whence â—â— slides into the â—â—ferior parts and by the Press oâ— that great Vein which Constiâ—utes the Plexus Choroides it â—â—ows into the Venâ—ricles More probable it were to assign the Seat and Shop of the Animal Spirits in the Plexus Choroides which is diffuâ—ed through al the Cavities of the brain as far as the baâ—â—s thereof But shew me friend Hofman the way by which the Animal Spirits made of the Vital may be diffused into the substance of the brain so as to flow back into the Nerves 3 d Arg. The Ventricles are surrounded within with the Pia Mater which â—inders the ingress and regresâ— of the Spirits I Answer If the Ventricles have for their Covering the thin Meninx the passage is thereby the saâ—er into the foremost Ventricles without any loss at all I have already demonstrated in an Entrance in the basis of the brain being the way into the fourth Ventricle there is no need of a regâ—ess for Arterial blood which ascends upwards by the Crassa Meninx distilling into the brain does on al sides afford Spirits to the whol brain neither can the blood penetrate without Spirits 4. Arg. Hofmans strongest Argument is this Seeing the two superior Ventricles open into the third and that into the Funnel and it into the Pallate who will be Suâ—ety that the Spirits will not maâ—e their escape this way I Answer This danger is easily shunned by the continual flux and pulse or driving of the Spirits to the Ciâ—â—ern and that same hole is exceeding smal and so deep even to the Oâ— Sphenâ—â—des that it can equal the length of a mans â—â—â—ger You who beleeve that the blood passes from the Right Ventricle of the Heart through the Lungs that it may return into the Left are you not afraid lest we should lose our vital Spirits when we blow ouâ— breath out in Respiration 5. Arg. The Ventricles are not continued with the Nerves but with the whol Body I Answer If the Nerves proceed from those same Eminencies which are Roots oâ— the Spinal Marrow between the Brain and the Petty-brain and they are principal portions of the Brain do not the Nerves arise from the brain it self But you your self have often times written that the Nerves arise within the brain from the â—oots of the Spiâ—al Marrow 6. Arg. The Ventricles have now another Office which cannot stand with that of the Spirits I Answer That I deny any such Office For the Choana or Funnel can pâ—â—ge away any wheyish Excrements which shal be in the Ventricles but the greatest part flowing down by the external windings of the brain unto the basis fals partly into the Os Ethmoides or Colander bone partly it descends to the basis of the brain and if not by the Choana yet by other holes neer abouts it is purged into the Paâ—â—ate But because Hofmans Spirits fail him in â—andling this Quâ—stion can you forbear laughing for they are his own words we shal also leave him to enjoy his self-love with a great flock of bleating Animals so he saies which follows
Vertebra's of the Neck than the joynt of the Thigh does from the Vertebra's of the Loines and Os sacrum About the Beginning of this great Nerve there is another adjoined which riseing The second out of the third hole of the Os sacrum and being carried along above the spine of Os sacrum it is branched out into the Musculi Gloutij and the Flexores Tibiae as far as to the Ham. The Medicinal Consideration Diseases of the Veines belonging to the Limbes especially to the Leg and Thigh Varices what they hee are the Varices which are knottie dilatations in which the Blood is collected as it were into Certaine Satchels Now they are cured with astringents with a close and Their Cure convenient ligature Or the veines are pricked and the blood let out or at the beginning of the varix the largest vein which gives nourishment to the rest or the beginning Whether a veine cut off will grow againe it selfe is tied up and cut off Many conceive that the veines cut off are bred againe they bring for an example the veines which are seen in a very great Sarcoma or fleshy Excrescence but Fernelius has rightly observed that they are not veines but channels between the Skin which nature has framed as gutters to water and nourish the Sarcoma or fleshy Excrescence Many thinke that the veines which are cut being tied together with a string do grow againe which I do not beleive Hippocrates cals the veines Spiracula Corporis the vents of the body or the breathing holes thereof which being opened the Body is aired and he saies that when the Veines are dried they draw sharp and cholerick humors in burning fevers Also the same Author saies that the veines do draw more than the flesh Lib. 1. de Morbis Especially if they be more hot and dry than ordinary â— Bloody sweats whence they proceed When the Veines being debilitated through Sickness of the Liver become nauseant and enclined as it were to vomit they suffer the Blood to run out not only through the mouthes of the upper and lower veines but also through the Skin of the whole Body in manner of a bloody sweat which I have observed two or three times A stoppage of the Veines and Arteries does often happen in Plethâ—…ck bodies The motion of the vessels how abolished so that in all places in which the pulse is wont to be felt the motion of the Arteries is abolished 〈◊〉 which case Hippocrates commends blood letting as a meanes to put the vessells into motion againe Somtimes the Pulle of all the Arteries is intercepted not excepting the Groine or crurall Arteries the Motion of the Heart stil remaining which disposition if it continue long it kills the Patient But if the motion of the Heart be perished likewise the Patient dies suddenly I have seen two that had no pulse at all only their Heart continued beating who lived sixteen yeares but in extreme weakness Balduinus Ronsaeus saw one in the same condition as he affirms in his medicinal Epistles Hereupon a question may be raised how the pulsation of the Arteries can be How the motion of the pulse in the Arteries can be stopped while the Heart moves stopped whiles the Heart beates after its wonted manner though slowly whether it be not necessary in such a Case that the Aorta be obstructed neare the Heart and that the irradiation and influlx of the arterial blood be by that meanes interceâ—â—ped And then the Blood of the veines approaches the Heart being drawne thither in the diastole or dilatation thereof that it may receive the seale of Vitality in the right ventricle and being afterwards driven forth by the Systole or Contraction into the vena cava the vital spirits are forcibly carried into the length of the channel and by the mutual anastomoses of the veines and Arteries they are communicated to the said Arteries with the blood I have in some persons observed that the motion of their Arteries hath been frequently intercepted or became very unequal for some daies together afterwards the impediment being removed which was near the Heart I found the same inequality in the Caeliac Arterie which did beat vehemently although the pulse appeared equal and wel ordered in the rest of the body This I conceive happened by reason of a little bit of flesh or fat which ascending to the Gates of the Heart did cause such a pulse so inordinate and being repelled or drawen back unto the Caeliac Arterie which is a branch of the Aorta it did produce such an irregularity as aforesaid The Crural Arterie seeing that it is evident in the Groine and subject to our feeling The Pulse is last felt in the crural Arterie the pulse thereof is easily discerned being vehement in regard of the greatness of the Arterie and the last which remaines after the pulse is extinguished in other extreme parts of the Body wherein it is usually felt to beate And therefore when no pulse can be felt in the other usual places it must be sought for e examined in this crural Artery not only in Men but in women also provided the Rules of Honesty be not broken And if when a disease is at the Heigth we can feel no pulse in this part death is neare at hand The Dilation or Section of an Arterie happens chiefly in the external parts Aneurisma what it is where the lesser Arteries reside which are branches of the great Trunk And this disease is termed Aneurisma It is seldome seen in the trunk of the Aorta because of its thickness The End of the Fift Book THE SIXTH BOOK OF THE ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY OF John Riolanus THE KINGS PROFESSOR OF PHYSICK A new Osteologia or History of the Bones Wherein he treates of the Bones Ligaments and Gristles of the whole Body by which the frame of the Body is compacted together the Muscles being removed handling al the Diseases and symptomes which happen unto the Bones CHAP. 1. THe Scope of Nature and of the Physitian about the Body of Man its Fabrick are contrary the one unto the others Nature intending to make up the Body of Man begins at the most simple parts and so proceeds by little and little to the more compounded ones until she The Method finish her work But the Physician that he may attaine unto the knowledg of this workmanship of Nature proceeds gradually from the more compound unto the most simple parts so that in his Analysis or Resolution these parts are last which were first in the Composition So when we pul down an house first we throw off the Ceeling then we demolish the walles and Why we treat of the Bones in the last place lastly we dâ—g up the foundation Wee in like manner in our takeing asunder this House of Mans body by Anatomical Administration do now in the last place treat of the Bones which are the foundation of the whole Body and
Appendices are not Numbred which if you ad to three hunded fourty five the Body of the Infant wil be composed of six hundred seventy Bones The End of the First Book THE SECOND BOOK OF ANATOMY AND PHYSICK OF John Riolanus Chap. 1. General Precepts which he that would be an Anatomist must be first Acquainted with SEeing that according to Aristotle Chap. 1. Lib. 1. post Analyt Every Doctrine and discipline which consists in reason and intelligence is perfected by fore-knowledg and Tullius Lib. 1. de nat Deorum saith that without fore-knowledg neither any thing can be understood nor studyed nor disputed Before I set about my Anatomical work I thought good to premise certain general Precepts which are the foundations of Anatomy and wil give great light to our proceeding The Body of man is considered by Anatomists as composed of many How Anatomists Consider the Body of Man Parts which they examine Limb by Limb and by a diligent Dissection they divide the whol Body into its smallest Parts They divide it first into three grand Parts Containing Contained and Impelling that is into the Parts humors and Spirits But in the Anatomical dissection of a dead Body the Humors Its Parts and Spirits are not considered the Speculation of which belongs to Physiology only the Sollid Parts are regarded which are either such as make or such Sollid Parts how many fold as contain Humors and Spirits or the instruments of Motion which is the Chief Action of a living Creature for which it was made The sollid Parts are similar or dissimilar They are called similar Parts because they are most simple from Similar Parts what how many which as from a principle the dissimilar Parts are composed The similar Parts according to Anatomists are Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Fibres Veins Arteries Nerves Flesh Fat These are found almost in al Compound and dissimilar Parts and the Corpulency of the Parts is formed of them The Hairs and Naills are excrements of the external Parts Therefore an Anatomist ought to be wel instructed what these similar Parts are that when he searcheth out the structure of the organical parts Limb by Limb he may know the Fundamentals of this structure 1. A bone is a part of the Body most cold and dry Terrestial and therefore 1. A Bone hardest that so it may prop up the other parts of the body 2. A Cartilage or Gristle is not so hard as a bone which in Old Men somtimes 2. A Cartilage degenerates into a bone The Cartilages are placed about the extremities of the bone to ease them in their Motion some are found separated from the bones as the Cartilages of the inferior Jaw in the Articulation of the Claviculae in the Sternum in the Articulation of the Tibia to the Thigh besides the Cartilages of the Larinx Wind-pipe and such as are placed to prop up other soft Parts as the Nostrels and Ears 3. A Ligament or bond is a part which binds the bones together being of a 3. Ligament middle substance between a Cartilage and a Membrane softer than a Cartilage harder than a Membrane 4. A Membrane Skin or Coat is very soft and subject to dilation It is the 4. Membrane covering of other parts or the Receptacle of somthing as the Stomach Bladder of Gal Iâ— being a hollow body it receiving somthing it may be called Tunica a Coat If it Embrace and cover a sollid body it is propperly called Membrana 5. A Fibrae is like a threed stretched over a Membrane or Interwoven therewith 5. Fibra to strengthen it and because of its various Scituation it is called Right Oblique and Transverse not only to help the Membrane but also to strenghten it Every sort of Fibres is thought to perform a several action as the Right to draw to the Transverse to retain and the Oblique to expel Which Motions notwithstanding absolutely depend upon the inbred faculty of the Part which as it hath a violent dilation so hath it a willing and Natural contraction and is helped in these by the Fibres 6. A vein is a Membranous Vessel round and hollow allotted to contain 6. A Vein Blood and distribute it for the Nourishment of the whol Body 7. An Artery is a Membranous Channel of the same Nature but somthing 7. Artery harder and thicker ordained for the containing and Distributing of the Arterious blood The original of both which Aristotle thought was from the heart but wiser Physitians hold the beginning of the Veins to be in the liver but of the Arteries in the heart 8. A Nerve is a Channel made to carry animal Spirit and because this spirit is 8. Nerve most subtil therefore the Cavity is so smal that it is not discernable 9. The Flesh is the foundation of organical and dissimilary Parts where bone 9. Flesh is wanting and makes up the chief Part of our bulk The flesh is in substance soft and thick made of blood alone compacted together and wel concocted if it be red but of blood and Seed if it be white A four-fold sort of flesh is observed in the Parts Viscerous and Musculous both of them very red Membranous and Glandulous both of them white For every substance of the bowels is called Flesh or Parenchyma The thicker substance of certain Membranes which are the containers of somthing which by dilating and contracting their bodies they attract retain and expel are also called Flesh or a Flesh-like substance The thick and spongy substance of the Glandulae is called Flesh but especially the substance of the Muscles deserves the Name of Flesh 10. The Fat although it appear not til the whol body be formed and when the 10. Fat Child is big and grows to the Parts yet because in the composition of organical Parts it often concurs to make up the bulk it is Numbered amongst the similar Parts Fat is the thinnest substance of blood Fat and Oyly sweating out through the tender Coats of the Veins and hardning between the Membranes It is two-fold according to Aristotle Soft and external Hard and internal The one is Grease The other Suet. These three similar Parts Bones Cartilages and Ligaments shal be treated of as they are shewed in a Carcass from top to Toe after we have shewed the Muscles because they are so joyned together that one cannot be shewed without another But I desire al such as are studious in Physick first to be wel acquainted in the Osteology or History of the dry bones in the Skeleton of a Man before they come to the inspection of a Carcass for so they wil the better understand the whol anatomical discourse of the dissection and find out the reason of my other Osteology in the bones of Carcasses The Rest of the similar Parts shal be shewed severally in the explication of the dissimilar Parts seeing of the similary Parts aforesaid viz. Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Fibres Veins
his absurd Opinion provided that he be the Bel-weather Let him no more triumph before the Victory nor let him be so secure and undaunted as not to fear Hercules himself That same new Tenent of Hofman disturbs the whol Doctrine of Diseases of the Hofmans Tenent disturbs the â—â—actice of Physick Brain and that I may declare so much I wil chuse out only two Diseases which have their Seat in the Ventricles viz. The Epilepsie and Apoplexy The Apoplexy he makes to be in the whol Substance of the brain not in the Ventricles The Epilepsie he wil have to be caused only by vapors ascending into the Head and diâ—â—â—â—ed through the whol substance of the brain He allows of no Epilepsie from a primary affection of the Head but only by Sympathy from other parts He assigns the Seat of the Apoplexy to be in the whol substance of the brain obstructed and avers that it is caused only by blood shed forth of the Veins and makes the Cause thereof to be the obstruction of the Press introduced by Nymmanus But if the Torcular or Press is obstructed which is the fourth Channel carrying blood into the Plexus Choroides the passage of the blood and Spirits is intercepted But according to Hofman in an Apoplexy only blood is found shed out of the veins within the Ventricles and therefore the Toâ—cular was not obstructed It is a certain and undoubted thing confirmed by many Experiments that in the Apoplexy the Ventricles of the brain are obstructed or there is an obstruction in the Choana or Funnel But especially the hole of the fourth ventricle which is shut with the Apophysis Scolicoides is stopped by thick and clammy Flegm sticking there which if it be not discussed or removed being evacuated through the Funnel it causeâ— death If the Matter be serous and pass into the Spinal Marrow it causes the Palsie instead of the Apoplexy and so a greater Diâ—ease is cured by a lesser the matter being translated from one place to another But if blood happen to be shed into the ventricles present death follows But if â—o be the Apoplexy should be produced by blood alone as Hofman will have it how could blood which was shed into the ventricles pass into the Nerves without putreâ—action and how could it enter into the Cavities of the Nerves In these two Diseases he hath beâ—rayed his own Ignorance although he could find no such difficulty in the falling sickness as Craâ—o acknowledged whose Wish was this Would to God I could see before I die the Essence of this Disease together with the Cure thereof rightly explained The Medicinal Consideration The brain is exercised with many kinds of Diseases with an hot cold moist Distemper Principal disâ—â—ses of the Brain Distemper with divers Humors Flegmatick Cholerick Melanchollick Sanguine and Wheyish which either do moâ—est the Membranes of the brain especially the Crassa Meninx or are diffused into the Channels thereof and being there stopped of their course they cause most acuâ—e pains or they slide into the exterior windings of the â—rain and by little and little they distil into the substance of the brain and the ventricles thereof or into the hinder part of the Head or the Petty-brain or they descend into the lowest parts of the brain If the Humor ascend by the Carotick Arteries unto the brain it may produce the same Diseases now al Diseases that are caused by consent or sympathy withouâ— matter only by evaporation are not so dangerous as if they were bred within the brain so as that the morbiâ—ick Matter should be therein contained The brain besides similar Diseases in Distemper and Laxity suffers also Diseases Obstruction of thâ— Cavities in Conformation when as according to the motion of the Moon its bulk is encreased or diminished in the Disorder of its Passages when the Channels of the Dura Meninx are obstructed especially the fourth which is called Torâ—ular or the Press which being obstructed is thought to cause the Apoplexy the passage of the Spirits to and â—ro being intercepted Which I do not beleeve because the Spirits are shed abroad into the inferior Vessels from that admiâ—able Net of Aâ—â—eâ—â—es called Rete mirabile and that same Cavity being stopped only the Plexus Choroides being defrauded of its blood is hurt The Ventricles are also obstructed especially the fourth which being sâ—opped Of the Ventricles present death follows by reason of the stoppage of that continual influx of Spirits which ought to be into the inferior parts and the Marrow of the back The Choana may likewise be obstructed which intercepts the Efflux of serous Of the Choana â—â—â—uâ—â—â—â— and Flegmaâ—ick Humors whereby flowing back into the brain they may cause the Episepâ—â—e or Apoplexy and induce divers deadly Diseases If the anterior or foremost ventricles are perforated into the Nostrils the obstructions of those passages wil be very â—uâ—â—ful to the brain A fault of evil Conformation cannot be amended exactly by strengthening and drying the brain both the fore-mentioned may be helped The brain is Inflamed not only the Meninges or Coats but somtimes also in the Siriasis proper substance thereof whence comes the Phrenzy and Siriasis or Dog day madness but not any Paraphrenitis Siriasis is termed from the Dog-Star for in the Dog-Daies chiefly it afflicts Frenzy both Boys and elder persons and therfore it comes rather from an exâ—ernal Cause as long abiding in the Sun c. than from any internal Cause as a Phrenzy comes only from an internal Cause whether it be Primary or Secondary by consent of other parts in a burning Feaver The brain may likewise swel by reason of a Commotion thereof from some internal Tumors Cause it is called Ecplexis Stupidity of the Head after a blow is a bad sign according to Hippocrates At length these Diseases bring a Sphacelism in the brain causing putrefaction corruption and mortisication Again it is subject to a waâ—ry Tumor either in its Circumference or within the Ventricles If in its Circumference it is termed Hydrocephalos or the Water-Head and at length the wheyish Humor slipping by little and little within the Ventricles causes the sleepy Disease and after it the Apoplexy And these I take to be Diseases of the brain however Fernelius has written that al the Disorders of the Head which have been observed by Experience are sympâ—omes and not Diseases But he elegantly according to his wonted fashion does divide the Symptomes Symptomes of the braâ—n Or Membranes into three Ranks with reference to the parts affected Some possess the Membranes some the Substance of the Brain and some the hollow Passages In the Pericranium and Meninges Pains are caused In the Substance of the Brain which is the Seat of the Animal chief Faculties are contained the Symptomes of Fancy and Reason depraved such as are Dotage Melancholly Ecstasies Lyncanthropy Madness Also the Symptomes of Memory abolished such as are Forgetfulness Foolishness Doltishness
months it sticks so fast to the Peritoneum before to the bottom of the Bladder to the Guts and in Women to the Womb that it must of necessity putrifie in that place which it wil the sooner do if either you give the patient Emollient Medicines inwardly or apply them outwardly If you would prolong the patients life you must often let blood and beare up the Tumor with a truss or Swathe band What if the Spleen fal from its natural place shal we sear and burn it with a red hot Iron when it slips into the Belly shal we take that Course with it It is a ticklish and dangerous peice of work notwithstanding Old Farriers or Horse Doctors have written that the Spleen has been by that means consumed in Horses and in some poor slaves on whom they durst Experiment so cruel a Remedy Much more dangerous it is by opening the left Hypochondrium to take away the Spleen neither can its thick superfluous Humors be safely disolved by heating the same I should by such a practise sear a contusion after which an incurable suppuration of the whol substance would undoubtedly follow There is none of the Bowels which in Diseases does more change its shape Somtime Figure its long somtime foursquare somtimes round according as it finds room to dilate it self in when it rests upon the Stomach it does much hurt and disturbe the action thereof Communion and if it be fastened to the Midrif is oppresses the same or if it reach thither in its Bulk it hinders the free Motions thereof Upon the Spleen obstructed depend the Black Jaundice Hypochondriacal Melancholy Obstructed what Diseases it Causes the ill Colors of Virgins and other Women The Scurvy or Hippocrates his great Spleens out of which flowes a Malignant Wheyish Humor which being spread into divers Parts of the Body does in the Mouth cause Stomacace or Oscedo a sorenes with loosness of the Teeth c. In the Thighs Scelotyrbe a soreness with spots and wandring pains through the whol body which are either fixed and abiding in certain Parts which we cal Rheumatismes and the Germans refer them to the scurvy as may be seen in such German Authors as have written of the Scurvy especially in the Treatise of Engalenus And therefore after universal Remedies they use other appropriate Scorbuticks which are destined to the Cure of that Disease Chap. 27. Of the Vena Cava and Aorta within the Lower Belly THe Trunk of the a T. 12. f. 1. A B C. â–¡ Vena Cava is commonly reported to arise out of the Liver Liver is not the Original of Vena Cava and to be divided into the superior and inferior Trunk as if they were separated as it is in the stock of the b T. 12. f. 4. A. â–¡ Aorta springing out of the Heart but Ocular Inspection does demonstrate that the Trunk of Vena Cava is separated from the Liver which creepes beneath and that near the top of the Liver by the Midrif it receives a branch which grows out of the c f. 1. r r. â–¡ Substance of the Liver which carries blood into the Trunk of the Cava that it may be carryed unto the Heart with other blood which ascends by Circulation Wherefore that same Trunk of the Vena Cava is extended al along without Interruption from the d f. 1. B. â–¡ Jugulum or Neck even to the e T. 12. f. 1. D. â–¡ Os Sacrum There I make account is the Cistern of Blood because a great part of the Blood is contained therein The Trunk of Vena Cava in regard of the Liver which by a branch supplies iâ— Vena Cava divided into Trunks with Blood may be divided into the f f. 1. B. â–¡ upper and lower g T. 12. f. 1. C D. â–¡ Trunk The inferior produces the Vena h T. 5. f. a. g. â–¡ Adeposa which is dispersed into the fatty Membrane of the Kidney and then the i T. 12. f. 1. x x. â–¡ emulgent which is distributed into the Kidney after that the k f. 1. z. z. â–¡ Spermatick Vein whose right-side branch springs from the Trunk of Cava and it s left from the Emulgent finally it sends three or four branches called l f. 1. a a a. â–¡ Lumbares into the Loins which are spred abroad unto the Marrow of the Back When the Trunk is come to the top of Os Sacrum it is divided into two Channels Distribution of the inferior Trunk or Pipes which from their Scituation are termed m f. 1. D D. â–¡ Canales Iliaci the Illiack Pipes From these on either hand are produced other Veins especially the a Sacra b Hypogastrica Amplissima c Epigastrica and d Pudenda In Women the Hypogastrica is longer than in Men and Nourishes more Parts and holds the Menstrual blood till the time come that itmust be voided Wherefore blood is conteined in greater plenty about the Genitals of Women than of Men. The Epigastrica is observed to be two-fould in Women the one ascends into the Musculus Rectus the other opposite thereunto descends as low as the Womb. In this Trunk of Vena Cava Fernelius after Galen placed the seat of continual Seat of Feavers continual and Iâ—…rmittent Feavers supposing the Blood rested quietly therein but seeing the blood is in perpetual motion I make the seat of continual feavers to be in the Trunk of the Vena Cava and in those great Pipes carryed along through the Limbs as the semâ—…ry â—f intermittent Feavers or Agues is in the Vena Porta or in the Bowells which are nourished thereby Seeing the Veins are the Vessels and Cisterts to contain the blood they have a thin coat saving that the Trunk of Vena Cava has a thicker and stronger coat Why Cava hâ—â— a thick Coat than ordinary to avoid breaking in case the blood should work or boyl therein which by means of the tenderness of the Coat can sweat and breath thorough T is a Question whether the Veins have Fibres or no some say yea and some Whether Veins have Fibres no. But seeing the Blood is thrust forward by the spirits and Hear it has a natural ascent unto the Heart and therefore it needs no Fibres to draw it and if any were necessary the right ones would suffice but the circular ones are interposed for strength and some threds are observed in the Coat of a Vein not to draw but to strengthen the Coat Wherefore the Contentions about the Fibres of Veins are but Vain Janglings neither are we in Blood-letting so carefully and scrupulouâ—ly to observe the rectitude of the Fibres as the Scituation of the Part affected Hippocrates in his Book de Morbo Sacro does Elegantly call the Veins Spiracula Why the Veins are called the Bodies Wind-Doers Corporis the Wind-doers or Breathing places of the Body because when they are opened a Fuliginous or sooty Spirit Issues
In a word the Womb is a furious Live-wight in a Live-wight punnishing Poor women with many Sorrows Although Hippocrates hath written and Fernelius confirmd the same that the womb like a Globe does rowle it self in the Cavity of the Belly yet are they rather the Horns of the womb which are receptacles of Seed Spirituous and hot or putrified which being swelled do move themselves this way that way til they have shed their Seed into the Cavity of the Belly which Seed being dispersed brings very cruel pains and stretches the Belly until the force of the Spirits be Evaporated hence comes that same swelling of the Belly and stifling about the Midrif Somtimes malignant Vapors ascending from the Womb by the Veins a T. 7. f. 2. V V X X. â–¡ and Arteries Suffocation unto the Lungs and Kernels of the Throat may cause choaking and stifling and the malignant vapor of the Seed being so pernicious is violently darted into the Brain and al parts of the Body from the VVomb as from a Beast that spits poyson The VVomb is but little when empty but when it is silled with evil Humors it swels above measure and it has been seen to equal the Head of a new-born Child Cancerous Scirrhus which is an incurable Infirmity because it is a Cancerous Scirrhus which is the worse for being tampered with by Medicines Somtimes the Orifice of the Womb being closed and firmly sealed up Water Dropsie flows out of the Belly into the Cavity thereof and coming to a quantity it brings the Dropsie of the Womb. Somtimes evil Humors are collected there and by the force of Nature do afterwards break forth This often happens to Virgins and others from the suppression of their Courses the internal Orifice being stopped as I said before The Womb is watered with a two-fold Humor Seed and Menstrual Blood the Whether seed suppressed hurteth women suppression of both which does many waies afflict Woman-kind and the evacuation thereof does them much good in many respects Howbeit we do not read in Hippocrates any where that the retention of their Seed is hurtful unto Women he writes indeed that the Womb being dry does ascend to the superior parts to receive moisture which Galen laughs at and that it desires to receive the Mans Seed to moisten it self and that therefore marriagable Virgins that are troubled with fits of the Mother should be married and have the carnal society of Men. And therefore he makes the retention or over-great flux of the Courses the only general cause of Womens Diseases and saies that Women cannot be in Health unless they play the Women that is void their Menstrual Blood In case therefore that a What must be observed in letting blood to move the courses Woman or a Virgin have her Courses stopt whether or no may we hope by blood-letting three or four times repeated from the Arm or Foot to draw the blood unto the Womb I remember the Story of a Woman in a Consumption because of the stoppage of her Courses from whom Galen drew blood in a large quantity That we may know to resolve this Question three things are to be noted The Matter the Place and the Expulsive Faculty The Matter is Blood which remains 1 The sufficiency of matter over and above what was necessary to nourish a woman for a months time which was ordained to conceive Child and to nourish it being born wherefore we must consider whether the woman abound with blood so that she has what to spare and void forth for if she want blood by reason of some fore-going disease or because she eats little we are not to expect that she should have her Courses The place through which it ought to flow is the womb with the Hypogastrick 2 Fitness of the place and Spermatick Veins for these Vessels do contain the superfluous blood until the due time appointed for this Purgation and they send it forth either by the Cavity of the womb or by the Spermatick Vessels into the neck thereof But if so be the Womb shal be dry or hard and the Spermatick Vessels and Veins obstructed we cannot hope to procure the Courses to flow by often blood-letting And the Expulsive Faculty is not seated in the Genital Parts which receive this blood 3 Strength of the faculty but depends upon the general strength of Nature which thrusts this superfluous blood out of doors These three things ought therefore to concur that a woman may have her Courses Matter Place and the Expulsive Faculty and Medicaments ought to have a Medicaments other means to accomplish the Cure respect thereunto A Vein is to be opened in the Foot rather than in the Arm Cupping-glasses must be applied without Scarrification to the inner part of the Thighs above the Vessels Convenient Purges must be given with Apozemes that move Urine attenuate and open the mouths of the Veins Pils of Steel Mirrh and Aloes must somtimes be given and Baths made to sit in or a Vaporary must be used somtimes of blood-warm Water alone and somtimes boyled with Hysterical and opening Herbs the steam whereof the Patient must receive into her Womb. Also Fomentations must be applied to the Os Sacrum and the lower part of the Belly and good Diet appointed not heating but attenuating and opening The Action of the Womb is Conception if it be abolished the Patient is barren Symptoms in the Actions hurt Sterilitie Which barrenness depends either upon the distemper of the womb or upon the il shape thereof or the hardness of the inner Orifice or the distortion thereof or from fault of the Stones and Spermatick Vessels in which somwhat is wanting either in point of structure or of matter and if a woman be sickly she cannot make good Seed fitting to cause a Conception til she recover the soundness of her health and til the faults of her womb if not incurable shal be amended But forasmuch as the Womb is ordained not only for Conception but to evacuate Suppression of blood or seed the Superfluicy of Natural Humors in the Body such as are superfluous Seed and Menstrual blood if they be totally or in part suppressed the woman cannot be in Health nor if they flow too much Hence comes the Gonorrhoea Over-great flux thereof simplex simple running of the Reins or the Feminine Flux either of blood or Humoral when only Humors come away which last if it be malignant and the Humor be sharp exulcerating and of evil color it is dangerous and comes somtimes from an outward venemous and contagious cause and therfore women ought discreetly to be questioned touching that matter that they may be brought to acknowledg their Disease and not deceive the Physitian under a pretence that they have the ordinary whites to their own hurt unless they acknowledg themselves faulty or lay it upon their Husbands whom it is better to accuse if they be
being of its own Nature cold and moist is nourished only with the What Blooâ— the Brain nourishâ— with purer and more spiritous arterial blood which ascends by the Carotides and passes speedily forth And though the Spirits are tempered they loose none of their subtility because they are not mingled with the Air. From the Plexus Mirabilis blood ascends by the Arteries which spring from the said Plexus unto the Crown of the Head where the blood Channels of the brain are Scituate From whence it distils into the lower and side Parts of the brain and also by that same great Vein mentioned by Galen which makes the Plexus Choroides it is distributed into the inferior Parts And therefore in bleedings of the Nose the most pure blood does alwaies come What Blood comes away in the Nose bleeding away whereas that which is taken away by opening the Veins of the Arms or feet seems alwaies most impure Whereby you may know that it is only the Arterial blood which nourishes the brain and which comes away by the bleeding at Nose and it was not without Cause that Fernelius would have it stopped after it had bleed a pound to coole the body and extinguish the Feaver And therefore refrigerating and astringent Medicaments are to be applied not only to the hinder Part of the Neck but also before upon th Carotick or sleepy Arteries You shal observe that the Air drawn in by the Nostrils does not pass under nor Whether the Air goes which is drawa in at the Nostrils Whether it is mingled with the Spirits enter into the foremost Ventricles of the brain because they are void of any Insets but being shed externally round about the Crassa Meninx it cools the Surface of the brain Nor is it mingled with the Spirits because they ought to be most subtile otherwise by permistion or mingling of the Air they would become more thick and would not run so swistly by the Nerves al the body over The same I conceive touching the Air received into the Lungs that it is not mixed with the vital Spirit but only cools the Lungs Now that the brain may be demonstrated after that manner which Varolius describes The Manner of Dissecting the brain and the History of its Parts in a particular Book You shal saw in sunder the Scul of a body newly dead round about near the Eyes and the hollow of the hinder part of the Head and with a pair of Pinsers you shal take of the upper portion of the Socket of the Eyes that you may draw out the Eyes hanging at their Optick Nerves Afterwards having pulled the Dura a T. 16. f. 1. A A. f. 2. D D. c. T. 17. f. 1. A A. â–¡ Meninx from the Scul round about with help of a Spatula leave it at the Basis of the Scul where it sticks exceeding fast to the Bones Then you shal take out the Brain and as much of the Spinal Marrow as you can both at once and let some body hold the Brain turned upside down in both his hands whiles you shal dissect it But you shal first search within the Dura Mater for those four bendings or c T. 16. f. 5. a b c e. â–¡ Hollownesses for the place of the d f. 5. F. â–¡ Press the great Vein described by Galen which makes the Plexus e f. 5. f f. â–¡ Choroides and that division of the brain which resembles a f f. 2. A A. f. 5. E E. â–¡ Sickle Afterwards returning to the Basis of the Brain you shal observe the Tenuis Meninx to be more easily plucked and separated in the lower than in the upper Part because the Petty-Brain in its Basis or Bottom is not so ful of turnings away and windings as on the top And therefore the thick Meninx being first taken we meet with that same Rete Mirabite or Miraculous g T. 18. f. 3. P P P P. â–¡ Net made of Multitudes of smal Arteries springing from the h f. 3. C C. â–¡ Carotick Arteries and two other i f. 3. O O. â–¡ ascending through the holes of the Vertebraes of the Neck but it will be torn which cannot be prevented Now each of the Carotick or Sleepy-Arteries enters within the Scul divided into two to Weave that same wonderful Net and creeping upwards through the windings of the brain it is disseminated up and down every way even as far as the Longitudinal Cavity of the Dura Meninx The Carotis is drawn obliquated and as it were crook backt within that same winding hole at the Basis of the Scul and within its Cavity containes certain very smal Bones like those which are called Sesamoidea Neither has Nature placed these little bones only in these Arteries but she has likewise inserted them into other Arteries where it was requisite that they should be kept open b T. 17. f. 2. I I. â–¡ Then you shal observe that the Processus a T. 18. f 3. a a. â–¡ Mammillares or Teat-like Productions do not run out so far as Varolius has described them Then you shal see the growing together of the b T. 17. f. 1. T. â–¡ Optick c f. 1. S S. V V. â–¡ Nerves near the Choana or Funnel And therefore Masticatories may do good in the Diseases thereof Also you shal observe that the Veins of the Plexus d f. 1. O O R R. â–¡ Choroides descending to the Basis of the e f. 1. P P. â–¡ Brain are interwoven with exceeding smal Kernels In that place the Plexus Choroides is more easily discerned than upon the foremost Ventricles Afterward you shal contemplate four tuberous Eminencies two f T. 16 f. 4. c c. â–¡ before scituate in the middle of the brain and the other two g f. 4. b b. â–¡ behind which constitute the Cerebellum or petty Brain Those Eminencies or Risings do receive four white and hard Roots of the Spinal Marrow whereof the foremost longest and hardest are drawn along between the greater Eminences of the Brain The other two short ones are carried within the petty brain which a thickened Portion of the Marrow of the said petry-brain placed athwart as broad as a mans Thumb does fasten together like a Swath-band and is by Varolius termed h T. 18. f. 4. by C C C. â–¡ Ponticulus or rather it is the pavement of the Channel from the third into the fourth Ventricle And the said Channel lies above those foremost Roots of the Spinal Marrow and is stretched out according to their longitude Between the growing together of the Optick Nerves and the foremost Roots of the Spinal Marrow there appears a foursquate hole which is taken for the i f. 3. E. â–¡ Choana or Funnel serving to discharge the Excrements of the Ventricles of the Brain When you have viewed al these things you shal pass over unto the a T. 16. f. 6. D D. T. 17. f. 2. A A. T.
Epicurus contradicting aristotle maintaines as possible in the 8. Booke of Athenaeus his Deipnosophists Aldrovondus has observed that among Fowles the Estrich has solid bones void of marrow But in case a bone should be deprived of its Gristly Crust and of its periostean Membrane it is moved with difficulty and has no feeling at all If a bone become uneven and prominent so as to have bunches upon it it is termed Exostosis which is an effect and concomitant of the venereous pocks when it is of long standing and confirmed howbeit it may spring from some other cause Finally being depraued and mishapen or disjointed it hinders and mars the Action of the whole body or its parts and being divided in its substance it argues solution of Continuity by some cleft or fracture and although a broken bone by the mediation of a Callus becomes soddered together one the outside Yet does it still remaine divided within Chap. 4. Of the Nourishment Sence and Marrow of the Bones While the Bone did live and was nourished it had a twofold sustenance the one The remote matter that nourishes the Bones remote the other conjunct or immediate according to Aristotle in his Book of the parts of live-wights The remote Sustenance of the Bones is the thicker and more earthy part of the blood The next or immediate is the marrow or marrowy liquor which is contained in the hollownes and porositie of the bones Hippocrates in his The immediate matter Book de Alimento saies that the marrow is the Nutriment of the bones and therefore it is that they are Joined together or soddered up by a callus How can it be Whether the Bones have Veines may some man say that the blood should nourish the bones seeing they have no veines which are the channels to conveigh blood to all parts Hippocrates saies in his book de Ossium Natura that of all the bones the lower Jaw-bone alone has veines Galen indeed in his 8. Booke de Placitis attributes unto every bone a Veine greater or Lesser according to the Proportion of the Bones and in his Comment upon the first Booke of Humors he saies that there is a Vessel distributing blood allowed to every bone But he confesses in the last chapter of his 16. Booke de Vsu Partium that the veines of the Bones are so small and fine that thay are not so much as visible in the larger sort of Animals or Live-wights because nature according to the Necessity and Indigence of the Parts bestowes upon some greater upon other lesser Veines moreover the little holes which are found about the extremities of the bones Whether they have Arteries do manifestly declare that somwhat there is which goes into the said Bones now their is nothing goes into the bones but little Veines If we beleive Platerus the Arteries doe no where enter into the bones seeing the spirits can easily penetrate Or Nerves into any of the bones without the service of the Arteries to carry them Neither do I conceive that there are little nerves diffused through the substance of the Bones to give them the sense of feeling because all the feeling they are capable of is by means of the periostean Membrane which does incompass them Nevertheles Nicolas Massa call's God to witnes that he saw a Man who had an ulcer in his thigh so that the bone was bare in which bone there was a sence of paine so that he could not endure to have it touched with a rough instrument in regard of the paines it caused and it was freed from the periostean Membrane Yea and he bored the bone and found that it had the sense of feeling within the same which he therefore thought good to declare that Anatomists might be moved to consider whether some branches of nerves do not Penetrate into the substance of the bones â— Threefold Marrow of the Bones We canot looke into the Cavities and Marrowes of the Bones unles they be first broken I observe a threefold Cavity of the bones and a threefold marrow In the greater Cavites of the larger Bones the Marrow is reddish in the lesser Cavities of the smaller bones the marrow is white In the spungy bones there is contained a marrowy Liquor In the meane while you shall observe that the marrow within the Cavity of the Whether the Marrow of the Bones be compast with a Membrane Bones is compassed with no membrane neither is it made sensible by any little nerves penetrating the substance of the bone as Paraeus does imagine Hippocrates himselfe in his Booke de Principlis was the first that noted this The Marrow of the Back-bone is not like that marrow which is in other Bones for it alone has membranes which no other marrow has besides it Chap. 5. Of Articulations or Jointings of the Bones LET us proceed to the Joinings-together of the Bones To the Articulation of the Bones there concurs an Head There does concur to the Articulations of the Bones the Head the Cavitie the Gristle the Flegmatic moisture and the Ligament Every Head is in its owne nature and original an Epiphysis but in process of time it degenerates into an apophysis The Head is within of a Light spungie and porous substance being filled with blood or with a marrowy Juyce on the outside it is covered with a very hard shell or bark very thin and compact which is crusted over with a smooth and polished Gristle Now the Head of a Bone is a T. 21. f 1. d d. f 4. a. â–¡ great and long or short and flat which is termed b T 21. f 1. 2. I I. â–¡ Candylos The Cavity of the Bone which receives the Head is also crusted over with a Gristle A cavity which if it be deep it is called in Greek a T 21. f 4. B. â–¡ Cotyle if shallow 't is called b T 21. f 4 F. â–¡ Glene It is somtimes encreased with a Gristlie brim lest the bones should too easily slip A Gristle aside and fal out of their places And in the Cavities themselves there is contained a clammy thick and Oyly A flegmatick Humor Pituitous Humor to procure a more easie and expeditious motion of the Bones so we grease the Axle-trees of Coaches and Carts that the wheels may turn more easily and quickly Through want of the foresaid Humor in such as have the consumption and are extreamly dried while they go and stir their Limbs one may hear as it were their bones knock one against another and rattle in their Skins As is proved by a memorable History recorded by Symphorianus Campegius in the Medicinal Histories of Galen and as I my self have often times seen Now that the bones might be so knit together as to make a Joynt there is need A Ligament of a Ligament or Band whose substance is broad and round its color white or bloody such as is the round Ligament which fastens
of the Back parts thereof the nerves are parted ending in the shape of an Horse-taile by reason of millions of little nerves woven together which being agitated in water and dishevelled do express the shape of an horses taile Now you shal dissect the Vertebre in this manner Haveing taken away all the ribs at their joynts you shal fasten the Back-bone to the table with two iron hooks above and beneath your section as â—oiners are wont to fasten their boards Then with your incision knives you shal forcibly cut on every side about the conjunction of each Vertebra in order cutting off every vertebra with their oblique apophysis which helpe their articulation til you come unto the Os sacrum This is a painful work but he that would eate the kernel must of necessity crack the shell Before the fistula ossea be cut off to discover the spinal marrow a few things are to be premised touching the natural constitution of the spinal marrow and the Origination of the Nerves The Spinal Marrow springs from the Braine and pettie braine and though it The Naturall constitution of the spinal marrow appeare like the marrow of the Braine yet is it in some things unlike because softer and besides its two membranes propagated from the Menings wherewith it is infolded it is incompassed with a third membrane strong and nervous which hinders the spinal marrow from bruiseing or breaking when we stoop or any waies bend our Backs I am not certaine whether or no that same membrane which is propagated from the Crassa Meninx have any pulsation nor whether the spinal marrow be divided into two cavities according to the length of the back-bone as far as the loines Certaine it is that the spinal a T. 18. f. 5. A. â–¡ marrow descending by the b T. 2. f. 2. a. c. â–¡ â—istula ossea grows continually harder and smaller til it come unto the Loines where it spends it self into little c T. 18. f. 2. o. â–¡ cords and springs resembling an horse-taile that in that part where it suffers violent motions it might be out of danger of breaking The Nerves of the spinal Marrow are made up of divers little threds fastened d T. 24. f. 9. c. 10 c. â–¡ one to another and contained in the tenuis Meninx which little filaments or threddy substances do rise so much the higher by how much more the spinal marrow descends And that nature might by all meanes possible provide for the security of the Nerves It s Original when they come forth of the holes of the vertebras she has compassed them aboue with a thick substance which does so closely and firmely knit and bind â—…ogether the sibres of the nerve that they cannot be drawen asunder one from another After which knot and egress they are easily separated But I besech you observe Progress the cunning Industry of Nature in the going forth of a nerve Which that it might be less subject to rupture seeing that it is as yet cloathed only with the tenuis Meninx she has not drawen it through that hole which is nearest its original but through a lower which when the nerve has passed it does not go unto the next rib but descends to a lower which when it has reached it is divided into two and turnes back the lesser branch towards the spina and carries the greater to the fore parts It is a Question amongest Anatomists how the Animal faculty can with the spirit How the animal spirit is carried through the Nerves be carried through the Nerves into the whole Body because in none of the Nerves except the optick there is found any hole or pore or spungy substance but we find them all solid woven together of many smal threds according as the Bulke and magnitude of every one requires Caesalpinus in his 5 Book of Peripatetick Questions supposes that those little threds are a multitude of smal veines and Arteries which make up one body as it were a fagot being continuations of the Branches of the Rete mirable which may be imagined but cannot be demonstrated or at least that between the little membranâ—… Coâ—…ry nerve a very thin animal spirit is diffused which runs swiftly to the utmost 〈◊〉 the limbs But I see â—ot how Caesalpinus can demonstrate such a continuation of the Rete mirabile with the Nerves of the spinal marrow Out of the spinal marrow a T. 18. f. 1. D. I. K. c. 28 pare of nerves do take their Rise seven out of the How many Nerves proceed from the spinal marrow Neck twelve out of the Back five out of the loines foure from the Os sacrum the branches whereof to search out is a wearysome peice of worke and must be done in a dead body provided for that intent alone and with diligent Inspection The medicinal Consideration The dignity of the spinal marrow with reference to the necessity of Life is equal The Dignity of the spinal marrow to that of the Brain and therefore Hyppocrates termed it Aion because he beleeved that the vitality of the animal was placed therein as Erotianus proves in his Onomasticon and after him Foesius in his Oeconomia Hippocratis Plato in his Timeus does acknowledge the spinal marrow to be the foundation of Life Beneath the Head and Hippocrates himselfe teaches that men have most grievous sicknesses and hard to cure aâ—iseing from the marrow of their Back for a fluxion thereinto causes a consumption and its drying up and withering is a greivous disease and a Man dies if the marrow of his Back be wounded In a word Hippocrates in the 2 d of his Predictions saies that if the spinall marrow be diseased either by reason of a fall or upon any other occasion or its owne accord the Patient becomes both â—ame in his Thighs so that he feels not when he is touched and also in his Belly and bladder impotent so that at first he voids neither Urine nor dung save upon meer necessity but when the disease growes older both dung and Urine come away of themselves without any forcing of the Patient and a short while after he dies the death From a flux into the Back-marrow an hidden and undiscernable Consumption arises but when it flows back into the Vertebra's and the flesh a Dropsie is ingendred so saies Hippocrates in his Book de Locis in Homine How the consumption of the Back proceeds from the Marrow the same Hippocrates does accurately teach us in his â— Book De Morbis The natural figure of the Back-bone Before we declare the Diseases of the Ossea â—istula I must shew you the natural figure of the spina or Back bone which is Ithuscolios streight bow'd through the whole length of it but in the Neck and Loyns it is Ithu-lordos streight bowed inward in the back it i Ithu-cuphis streight bowed outward and therefore it is easie â—…asses of the Back-bone to
have streight thigh-bones The Neck of the Thigh-bone is somwhat long-fashioned and oblique that it The Neck of the Thigh-bone why long-fashioned may pass along the tendon of the Rotator Infernus But Galen supposes it was made for that end viz. to leave space for muscles which were to be placed in the lower part and for great Veins Arteries nervs and kernels which are quartered neare the divisions of the Vessels They whose Thigh-bone is shorter-necked than ordinary have their groins narrow and compressed and when they walk are constrained to halt on one side and are termed Vatii so sais Galen in his third Book de Vsu Partium For the Thigh-bone does contribute much to the rectitude and stability of the Body by that same oblique Longitude of its Neck whence the cause may be given why men naturally halt to the one side or the other or to both sides their Feet and Legs being of equal length which no man yet assigned nor observed The lower end of the Thigh-bone Joind to the Leg is termed the Knee which is Ligaments of the Knee fastned by a two-fold ligament One of them is b circular and compasses both the Bones round about The other being c placed between the two bones is somwhat Long-fashioned and bloodyish through neighbourhood of such veins as descend through the Ham into the Leg it arises from the middle-space of the knobs of the Thigh-bone and is inserted into the middle Eminency of the Knobs of the shank Sick people often speak of this Ligament when they talk of a burning heat in their Knees Upon the Knobs of the shank-bone two semicircular Gristles are fastened which hold the same Knobs more stable that they may not swerve in violent motions and contorsions of the thigh See Galen touching the of the shank-bone in its Articulation with the Thigh-bone Lib. 2. de fracturis That Part which is opposite to the knee behind is termed Poples the Ham being The void space in the Ham. empty and void The Uessells which pass that way being removed an empty space is observed interposed between the two knobs which Pliny seems to have understood in the 45. Chapt. of the. 11. Book of his Natural History In the knee it self the conjunction of both as well the right as the left is on the foreside double it should be on the hinder side there is a certain emptiness like cheeks which being perced the spirit flâ—es out as from a Cut Throat Wherefore I have alwaies observed the wounds of the Ham to be deadly not only Why wounds in the Ham are deadly for the dissipation of the spirit but also by reason of cutting assunder such remarkable vessels viz. Veines Atteries and nerves which creepe through that hinder part of the thigh which being cut inevitable death follows The society and sympathy between the knees and Cheeks is wonderful which is Whence proceds that sympathy which is between the knees and the cheeks described by the Author of that Book De Ordine Membrorum which is falâ—ely ascribed to Galen How that the knees being affected and afflicted the eyes condole and weepe by reason of that old acquaintance of the knees and eyes or Eye lids in the womb where the child touches its Eyes and Sustaines them with its knees Chap. 21. Of the Patella Upon the Articulation of the thigh and leg a smal bone is placed which they It s connexion call a T. 21. f. 1. LL. â–¡ Mola or Patella the whirle bone of the Knee It growes unto the knee not fastened by any Ligaments but only being a T. 21. f. 8. d. â–¡ glewed to the tendons of the muscles of the shanke it is so held close upon the knee If you take a diligent view you shal observe a Ligament somewhat bloody which It s use does firmely knit and bâ—nd the Patella to the hard fat which is palced beneath The office of this bone is to defend the joint to guard the bowing and bending of the Part and to render the motion more facil for it hinders the extension of the leg from passing out of a right line and when we sit with our knees bent it keepes the thigh from luxation forward And because the whole Body inclâ—nes forward it hinders us from falling when we go downe a steepe Hil. This Galen found by experience in a certaine young man that was a wrastler in whom as he was wrastling the Patella was disjointed and did aâ—câ—nd towards the thighbone whereupon two inconveniences followed viz. a dangerous bending in his knee and a trouble in going down Hil and therefore he could not go down hil without a staf Paraeus observes in the 22. Chapter of his 14 Book that he never saw anie that had the Patella broken but they halted I have seen such whose Patella was luxated and drawn upwards who could not so easily go up hil and down-hill as formerly Notwithstanding Vesalius in his Surgery denies that the Patella confers any thing Vesalius his opinion touching the use of the Patella to the firmnes of the joint and that a man does halt when it is broken or taken out as he avers he had found by many examples only he saies it is placed upon the knee for to defend and secure the joint And he goes not much from the same opinion in his Anatomy where he saies it performes the same office in the knee which the Sesemoidean bones do in other joints Hippocrates in his book de locis in Homine assignes another use of this Bone namely to prohibit moisture from descending out of the flesh into such a loose joint as the knee is Seeing thereâ—ore the Necessity of the Patella is so graeat I conceive it is but a fable which is reported of the Thebans who that they might be able to run more swiftly took certaine Bones out of their knees Yet there have bin found about Nova Zembla certaine Pigmies or little Men who could bend their knees backward and forward and were so swift of foot that none could overtake them if we give credit to the relations of seafaring Men. Chap. 22. Of the Tibia and Fibula The Tibia has two Bones the one a T. 21. f. 1. M. f. 4. D. â–¡ larger and more inward which â—eaâ—â—s the The rason of these names name of the whole the other is smaller and more external called b T. 21. f. 1. N. f. 4. E. â–¡ Fibula But Perone which is rendred fibula does signifie two things in Hippocrates the whole Fibula and appendix of that bone as Galen expounds it in his Interpretation of the words of Hippocrates It is termed Perone from peiro which signifies to boare or thrust through T is called Fibula in Latine from the Greek word phible which signifies smal and lank howbeit in Latine writers of Architecture certaine beames or joices of wood placed to give strength to other parts of the building are termed Fibule
of this works them for a sceleton You shal observe that there are two things required thereunto first the purifieing and clensing of the bones secondly their apt uniting and fastening together which may be termed Sceleto-paeia The Clenseing of the Bones As for what concerns the clensing of Bones Scaliger in his Exercitations observes that the stone termed Sarcophagus does in a short space eat off and consume the flesh from the Bones And so the bones remaine bare and naked Pausanias in Eliacis relates that the Divel Eurynymus eates off the flesh of dead People so as nothing but the bones remaine The Jewes imagine that there is an internal Divel named Azazel who in Leviticus is named Princeps desertorum and eates and devoures the flesh of the dead leaveing only the bones behind But we are not wont to use the stone sarcophagus because we have it not neither are we acquainted with its operations Neither do we use the assistance of the Divel Eurynomus because we defie and execrate those wicked spirits Wherefore haveing cut the Bones one from another and taken their flesh off you shal cast them into a large Kettle or Caldron except the Brest-bone the Hyoides and Coccyx Then fil the Caldron with scalding water so as to cover all the Bones and set them on the fire and boile them foure or five houres You shal be careful while they are boiling that no bone stick out so as to be fainted by the smoak Also you shal ever and anon take off the scum and fat which swims aloft that the Bones may be the more neat and cleane Which that it may be more effectually performed you shal perce the larger bones that are ful of Marrow in the Head with an Awle that all the superfluous marrow may flow and soake out You may throw away the first water and boile them in a second that all the marrow may be drawn forth Then take them out while the water is hot for if it be cold they wil be greasie and scrape and clense them with a smal knife Some while they are boyling throw in a pound of Lime or Chalke to make them the whiter but this eates off the Epiphysies and the Gristles which do crust the extremities of the Bones which you must take heed you pul not away when you scrape the Bones Then you shal put the Bones againe into most pure water boiling hot and boile them for an houre that all the marrow and fat may be separate and exhausted After that cast them into cold water and take them out and wipe and rub them wel with course linnen cloaths When the Bones are thus prepared many lay them two or three moneths in the open aire to bleach and grow white Others put them into a wooden case bored ful of holes and hang them in a running brooke or in the streames of a swift River that the rubbing of the streame may whiten them I had rather lay them under the falling of a Mil-stream for the space of ten or twelve daies Bellonius in his Book de Admirandis relates that he saw in the shoare of Bononia in Picardy an inumerable company of exceeding white bones of Bodies which had been drownd and cast out upon the shore haveing been buried in the Sea sand He saw the like by the Red-sea so that the bones so prepared and sticking and growing together by their nerves and Ligaments are exceeding neate and cleane and whiter then Snow Such as were those two Sceletons which Galen had to serve him in Anatomy Bellonius observes in the same place that dead bodies are preserved from corruption if they be anointed with the Balme that drops out of Cedar trees also that bones moistened with the same juice remaine uncorrupted The Bones accurately clensed and dried you shal preserve in a Chest or you may fasten them together with brass-wire and so keep them standing in a Case It is needful that you have bones both waies viz. single and united And the truth is as Vesalius has rightly observed the Bones united serve more for ostentation than Instruction Moreover by long boileing first in water and then in oile al the Bones of the The manner of fastening the Bones to make a Skeleton Head and of the upper jawbone are easily separated as I have often observed and by this meanes you may have them severed one from another that you may view and measure the size and dimentions of every one The manner of fastening the bones together depends either upon the Industry of the Artist or it is done by imitation of another Sceleton neatly composed You may read more of this subject in Vesalius and Columbus Also Carolus Stephanus has noted some things upon those Authors worthy of Consideration FINIS An Alphabetical Table A ABdomen It s Medicinal consideration the swelling thereof and its constitution what it should be Page 33 Abdomen The diseases thereof Page 34 Its Muscles Page 248 Absurd Longings whence they proceed Page 55 Accelerator What Muscle so termed Page 250 Amaurosis What we are to understand thereby Page 142 Anastomosis Of the Veins and Arteries what it is Page 255 Anatomy The consideration thereof twofold towit Phylosophical and Physical both which necessary Page 1 Anatomy How far forth useful and profitable in Physick Page 2 The Authors intent and method in treating thereof ibid c. The Method of teaching it twofold Page 3 Anatomist General Precepts for him to be first acquainted with Page 26 Anchylosis What to be understood thereby Page 266 Aneurisma What it is Page 259 Angina or Squinsy What kind of tumor Page 201 Ankle The wounds thereof Page 214 Annular Ligament of the Toes what it is Page 238 Animal Spirits The place where they are made according to our Author Page 128 Hofmans arguments to the contrary answered Page 129 130 How they are carried through the Nerves Page 277 Anxiety Whence it proceeds Page 55 Aorta Vein Descending its distribution its great Artery called Lienalis its Vse Thickness of its Membrane and its Vessels Page 67 Aphthae or Ulcers of the Gums their malignancy Page 204 Appetite Want thereof whence it proceeds and likewise Dog-appetite Page 55 Apophysis What it is Page 279 Apophysis Coracoides Its Vse ibid Apoplexy What and whence it proceeds Page 133 Apoplexy And such like diseases their cure ibid Arm The nine Muscles thereof Page 225 Arteria aspera Or Wind-pipe its Vse c. And whether the wounds thereof are curable Page 208 209 Artery Its definition Page 27 Arteries What they are whence they have their original a large discourse hereof by the Author Page 115 116 Arteries Whether they may and which of them may be opened Page 217 Arteries Of the Head before they be opened a profitable experiment of Alxander Benedictus to be put in practise Page 218 How the motion of their Pulse can be stopped while the Heart moves Page 259 Ateries Crural The Pulse is last felt in them Page 259