living Creatures are subjected to the Empire of the Soul and brought under its government and power Moreover by means of them the corporeal substance coheres with the incorporeal whereby it comes to pass that they are as it were the Bands that tie both Soul and Body together D. What is a Spirit C. A Spirit is an Airy thin transparent Substance the seat of natural Heat the Vehicle of the Faculties and the first Instrument that sets the Functions at work D. How many sorts of Spirits are there C. Two the one innate and the other infus'd D. What is the innate C. That which was ingrafted into the several Similar Parts by the first Beginnings of Generation the foundation of which is the Radical Moisture D. Which is the infus'd C. That which flows in from elsewhere and cherishes and preserves the innate every where conveighing Faculty and Heat to enable the Functions in their several Duties D. Of how many sorts is it C. Threefold Animal Vital and Natural D. What is the Animal Spirit C. A Spirit begat in the Ventricles of the Brain of Vital Spirit and inspir'd Air whence being distributed through the moving and sensitive Nerves it renders all the Parts of the Body capable of Sence and Motion D. What is the Vital Spirit C. That which is bred in the left part of the Heart of the natural Spirit and the Air suckt in by the Lungs whence it is convey'd through the Arteries to every part to cherish the inbred Spirit corroborate the natural Heat and restore strength D. What is the Natural Heat C. That which proceeding from the Liver is diffus'd together with the Bloud through all the Veins the Cause of Generation Nourishment and Growth Of the Faculties D. Thus far we have discours'd of the Parts both Solid and Fluid of Human Bodies let us say something concerning the Faculties and Functions of the Soul Give me then the Definition of a Soul C. A Soul is the form of a Living Body By Aristotle it is defin'd the Entelechy of a Natural Organic Body potentially having Life D. What is meant by Entelechia C. Some interpret the Word to be the gaining of Perfection others the Act of Perfection but the latter Interpretation does not please me for the Soul is not an Act but the Efficient Cause of the Act. And thus Life is the Act of the Soul not the Soul it self D. Seeing then we are come to the consideration of Man I would have thee explain what the Soul of Man is C. It is that which gives him Vegetal Sensual and Intellectual Life By Aristotle it is defin'd to be the Beginning of Living Perceiving and Understanding By others the first Cause of all the Functions of our Body for the performance of which it is endued with a manifold Ability or Faculty D. What is Faculty C. It is the inbred power of the Soul of which she makes use for the producing of Actions By Galen it is defin'd The Efficient Cause of Actions and is therefore a Faculty because whatever it does it is able to do so that under the Word Faculty is comprehended that which has a Power to act D. Why does Galen refer the Cause of Action to Temperament C. Because Temperament is the Cause why the Soul performs her Actions without which she could not Therefore sayes Galen in his Book of Conjecturing by the Pulses The Soul is seated in the commodious Temperament of the several Parts for that then every Part performs with vigor its proper Office when in best Temper On the other side it acts amiss and feebly when it is out of Temper D. Then the Soul it seems flows from Temperament unless you take the Soul to be Temperament it self C. I do not believe the Soul to be Temperament because the Soul is a Substance but Temperament is only an Accident But I believe that Faculty flows from both from the Soul as from the Essential Form which is the first and chief Cause of all those Actions which we daily perform from Temperament as from the accidental form which is the assisting Cause without whose aid Souls cannot produce Actions D. How many sorts of Faculties are there C. The Essence of the Soul is purely uncompounded because there is but one form of one Body but Faculty by the Physicians is said to be threefold Animal Vital and Natural D. Nature the Architectress of the Body when she first begins to raise the Frame bequeaths several Faculties to the single Parts for the preservation of the whole therefore there are as many Faculties of the Soul as Parts of the Body C. The Parts of the Body are endued every one with their proper Faculties on purpose to serve the whole with so many Actions which it cannot want so that the number of Faculties and Organic Parts must be equal But as the Parts so the Faculties are contain'd under three Principal Kinds Animal Vital and Natural D. What is the Animal Faculty C. It is that which is only enjoy'd by Animals from whence it derives its Name D. Of how many sorts is the Animal Faculty C. The Animal Faculty is threefold Principal perceiving and moving D. Which is the Principal Faculty C. That which resides only in the Brain and in no other of the Organs D. Of how many sorts is it C. By Galen it it is said to be threefold Imagination Ratiocination and Memory But the first and last are referred only to the interior Sense by those to whom the Understanding only proper to Man seems worthy the name of Principal D. What is Imagination C. It is that which receives and apprehends the Images and Idea's of things objected to it and accepted by the Senses out of which being for the most part mixt and confus'd it produces and forms many things which before fell not under the power of the senses D. What is Ratiocination C. The Mind is that with which Man endu'd excels all other Creatures by whose assistance it understands and knows things incorporeal and forms abstracted from all Matter drawing universal Notions of things sometimes out of one sometimes out of another D. What is Memory C. It is that which stores and lays up within it self the forms and Images of Things represented by the Phansie and recall'd to the judgment of Reason D. Where are the Principal Faculties of the Soul lodg'd C. The Arabians lodge the Imagination in the foremost Ventricles of the Brain Reason in the middle and Memory in the hindermost but the Grecks deny them to be confin'd to places affirming them to be diffus'd through all the corners and over all the substance of the Brain D. What think you of this Controversie C. I do not like the Opinion of the Arabians though grounded upon probable Arguments Avicen and Averroes endeavour to demonstrate that the Faculties have their distinct Seats from hence because that one of them sometimes is deprav'd without any hurt to the other concluding thence the improbability
the universal Excrements as Urine and Ordure For they certainly foretel whether the Crisis will be sooner or later and what day Judgment will be made of the Disease for if the Urine appear concocted upon the fourth day as if it have a white settlement smooth and equal it shews the Crisis will be upon the seventh D. What more do the signs of Concoction and Crudity declare C. As the signs of Crudity sometimes portend not only diuturnity of the Disease but Death so the signs of Concoction promise not only a short stay of the Disease but also security D. Is that perpetual C. Yes so that the concoction be continual and constant for that is the best Urine saies Hippocrates when both the Urine and the Sediment is white smooth and equal during the whole time until Judgment be given of the Disease But if there be an Intermission that it be sometimes pure and sometimes crude with a white and smooth Settlement now and then it argues longer continuance and less safety for continuance of Concoction argues strength of Nature and predominancy of the Natural Heat But if the Concoction be interrupted and that signs of Concoction appear in the Morning but none in the Evening and that the Water be sometime crude sometime concocted no security of a Crisis can be expected from such a concoction for that the Disease and Nature are upon equal terms and the Victory remains doubtful Nature begins the concoction but cannot perfect it through Imbecility or else the Malignity of the severe Humor that it will not admit of concoction D. Are there no other signs that indicate the Time and Day of the Crisis C. Besides the signs of Coction and Crudity the Motion also of the Disease is to be observed to tell the time and day of the Crisis For such Diseases as move with violence and swiftness are soonest judged of those that are extreamly peracute in the first fourth day peracute the first seventh day simply acute the fourteenth day acute by mutation from species to species may be put off till the fortieth day The motion also of the Disease declares whether the Crisis will happen upon an even or odd day For when a Crisis is only made when Diseases are in their vigor and exasperation never in the beginning nor in the declination if the exasperation of the Disease happen upon an even day the Crisis may be expected upon an even day and so on the contrary D. What are the signs of a Crisis at hand C. The signs that usually next precede a Crisis are a vehement pain in the Head tumbling and tossing anxiety unquenchable thirst an unequal Pulse and the like For as Hippocrates says The Night becomes very tedious to them upon whom the Crisis is made before the Fit D. How many sorts are there of a Crisis C. Two Excretion or Removal For the Translation of every Humor from one part to another is made either by flowing forth or by removal D. Which are the Differences of Excretion C. Bleeding at Nose Sweating Loosness Vomit and Streaming sorth of the Urine D. How many are the signs of a Crisis by Excretion or Removal and Setling C. Two for some are universal others proper to every species D. Whence are the universal gathered C. From the motion of the Disease the part affected and the Age of the Patient D. What is the motion of the Disease C. Acute Diseases are judg'd by evacuation or excretion Diuturnal by removal and settlement for the nature of Acute Diseases consists in quick and vehement that of Diuturnal Diseases in a slow motion D. But Diuturnal Diseases are often judg'd by evacuation so Nicodemus was judg'd the 24th day by Urine Anaxion the 34th by Sweat and Cleonaectides was perfectly judg'd the 80th day C. I answer Chronic Diseases are sometimes cur'd by excretion in respect of the acute exasperations that happen D. What Judgments are to be made from the affected Party C. If the convex parts of the Liver be inflam'd a Crisis may be expected either by bleeding at the right Nostril or by sweat or by stream of Urine but if the hollow parts be affected the Disease will be determin'd either by Looseness or by Vomits Inflammations of the Head are judg'd by the Blood bursting forth at the Nostrils for there the extremities of the Vessels end but Vomiting and Looseness cure the Inflammations of the Mesentery and Stomach D. What Conjectures may be made from the Age of the Patient C. Bleeding at Nose most commonly happens to young men in burning Feavers to old men in the same Distemper Loosenesses Galen gives this reason because the Humors in young men are full of Choler thin and sharp and therefore flowing upward in old men Flegmatic and therefore flowing downward D. These are the universal Signs of a future Crisis now for the Signs proper to every Species And first what are the signs of a critical Bleeding presently expected C. If in an acute Feaver you observe a redness all over the Patients face a vehement pain in the Head and Neck a high Pulse in the Arteries of the Temples a dimness of Sight and dilatation of the Hypochondriums with difficulty of Breath you may expect a flux of Blood at the Nose D. Give me the reason of every sign C. When the Flux of Blood is near at hand the Face grows red the Blood being translated from the lower to the upper parts and preparing to make its way through the Nostrils The pain in the Head and Neck proceeds from the translation of the Morbific Humor which tearing and rending the membranous parts most exquisite in their feeling beget that vehement pain the Arteries beat high by reason of their compression which proceeds from the particular repletion of the veins the Eyes wax dim by reason of the abundance of thick Spirits carry'd to the upper parts that obstruct the passages not admitting entrance to the Animal Spirits The Hypochondrium is distended that is the Liver swells by reason of the motion of the Blood which begins its motion at the fountain and roots of the Veins The difficulty of breathing proceeds from hence for that the Blood coveting to ascend oppresses the Diaphragma which is the principal Organ of Respiration D. Are there any other Signs of instant Bleeding C. Besides those which are numbred up by Hippocrates Galen adds Noises in the Ears Tickling in the Nostrils seeming Apptritions of red things Thus to a certain young man that lay in an acute Feaver and suddenly leapt out of his Bed he foretold an instant Bleeding for that the young man being by him ask'd why he leapt out of his Bed when there was nothing to scare him made answer that he saw a red Serpent creeping in at the Window D. What are the betokening signs of a critical Sweat C. Suppression of Urine and a cold Quivering D. Why suppression of Urine C. Because the Matter of Urine and Sweat is the same the serous parts
of Elements mixt together no more of hot then moist no more of cold then dry This Galen believes to be rather imaginary then real or if at any time it happen to be yet that it lasts but a very short time D. What call ye Temper'd to Justice in several kinds C. That which does not contain an exact evenness of Contraries but such a decent Mediocrity as its Nature requires and best agrees with the Genus or Species So that the equality of the Mixture is not to be measur'd by Arithmetical but Geometrical Proportion For Justice gives to every thing its due according to Dignity D. What are the simple Temperaments without Temper C. Such Temperatures wherein one of the four Qualities exceeds as either Heat Cold Moisture or Drought D. Which are the Compounded C. In which there is an Excess of two Qualities as a Temperature hot and moist in which the Heat exceeds the Cold and Moisture Driness Cold and dry which has more of Cold then Heat and more of dry then moist D. Thou hast in vain distinguish'd the Temperaments into Simple and Compound when there is no simple Temperaments but all are compounded C. That I deny D. I prove it thus A Simple Temperament is that wherein one only Element prevails as Hot in whose Temperament Fire prevails Cold in which Fire overcomes But every Element has two Qualities for Fire is hot and dry Water cold and moist Therefore there is no simple Temperament C. That is call'd a Simple Temperament wherein one Quality prevails not one Element D. Against thy Answer I thus argue Seeing that Quality is an Accident it cannot subsist by it self without a Subject And therefore if any Quality of an Esement prove superior of necessity he Element to which it belongs must tprevail C. Altho every Element have two Qualities there is but one which is predominant from which the Temperament derives its name But therefore is it call'd a Temperament hot or cold because the Heat prevails over the contrary Cold or the Cold over the contrary Heat with an equality of moist and dry And it it call'd a moist and dry Temper because the moist is more powerful then the dry or the dry then the moist with an Equality of hot and cold Of the Parts D. Thus much for the Elements and Temperaments now let us come to the Parts What is a Part C. The Word Part in a large sense signifies whatever makes up the whole frame of Human Body for whatever compleats and perfects the whole is call'd a Part as Galen testifies In this large and extended signification Hippocrates uses the Word when he calls the Humors and Spirits Parts But by Fernelius a Part is properly described to be a Body cohering to the whole conjoyn'd by Life common to both and provided for such a Use or Function By which Definition Humors and Spirits are excluded out of the number of Parts because they never stay or cohere but are carry'd with a swift motion through the Veins and Arteries D. What is the Division of Parts C. The Division of Parts is manifold but the chief Division is into such as contain and such as are contained D. Which are the containing parts C. The solid parts which are upheld by themselves D. How are they divided C. Into Similar and Dissimilar D. What are Similar Parts C. Similar Parts so call'd as being of the same Nature are such as consist of one equal Substance every way like to its self in which as being smallest to the Sence the Dissolution of the Body consists for which reason they are sometimes call'd Simple and Primary and sometimes sensible Elements as appearing most simple to the Senses D. How are Similar Parts divided C. Into Spermatic and Sanguine D. What are the Spermatick Parts C. Such as consist of Seed D. How many are the Similar Spermatic Parts C. Nine Bones Muscles Ligaments Fibres Membranes Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin D. But I say Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin are Dissimilar Parts for Galen Hippoc. and Plat. Of the Vse of the Parts assert that the Nerves are Marrowy within Membrany without that the body of the Veins and Nerves are interwoven with Membranes and several Fibres and that the Skin consists of Nerves Veins and Arteries and therefore they ought not to be numbred among the similar Parts C. I answer There are two sorts of Similar Parts for some are really Similars as Bones Muscles Ligaments Fibres Membranes other only in the judgment of Sence and so Nerves Veins Arteries and Skin shall be Similar Parts because upon the first view their substance seems to be of the same kind D. Which are the Sanguinary Parts C. Which have their Original from the Blood as Flesh and Fat D. Which are the Dissimilar Parts C. The Dissimilar Parts are such as are not compos'd of parts of the same Nature but of several differing in Species They are otherwise call'd Organic as being the Instruments of which the Faculties and Functions of the Mind make use D. How are the Organic Parts divided C. Into Animal Vital and Natural and every one of these into Principal and Assistant D. What d' you call the Animal Vital and Natural Parts C. The Instruments of the Animal Vital and Natural Functions D. What d' ye call the Principal part C. That part which governs the rest D. Which are the Assisting parts C. Those which are subservient to the Principal and derive their Original from it for the most part D. Which is the principal Organ of the Animal Function C. The Brain for it is the common Original of all the Animal Functions as well sensitive as moving the Seat of the Animal Spirit and the beginning of the Nerves D. How many are the Organs assisting the Brain in the exercise of the Animal Function C. Twofold for some conveigh the Animal Faculty to sense and motion others operate of which sort are all the proper Organs of every Sense exterior and voluntary motion D. Which are the Organs that conveigh the Faculty of sense and motion C. The sensitive and moving Nerves D. Which are the proper Organs of every Sense C. The Eyes of seeing the Ears of hearing the Nose of smelling the Tongue of taste and the Skin of feeling D. which are the proper Organs of voluntary motion C. The Muscles D. Which is the principal Organ of the Vital Functions C. The Heart for it is the fountain of Vital Faculty and Spirit the principal Seat of native Heat and the Original of the Arteries D. Which are the Organs subservient to the Heart C. They are twofold the Organs of Respiration and of the Pulses D. Which are the Organs of Respiration C. They are of three sorts some for conveighance others for reception others for motion The Organs that conveigh the Air the Wind-pipe and rough Artery The Lungs receive the Air down in and prepare it for the Heart The moving Organs are sixty five Muscles dilating and contracting the