like quantity of Ale and Wine mixed into his Crural vein This he continued by turns until a paler tincture instead of the blood issued out of the vein like water wherein flesh hath been washed or like Claret diluted with much water 4. Observ I shall in the next place lay down the Observation of Dr. Harvey de gen Anim. Exerc. 16. The Bulla or Punctum saliens which saith he maketh the Heart is made before the Brain that elaborateth the Animal Spirits The same also doth Langly Obs gen Anim. affirm and common Experience teacheth it So that although it be questioned Whether or no the Blood be formed before the Heart yet it is certain that the Bulla saliens is formed before the Brain From which Experimental Observations I shall gather these Conclusions First the motion of the Heart in fieri cannot proceed from an influx of Animal spirits 〈…〉 panctum saliens which is the Heart in 〈…〉 its motion before either Brain or 〈…〉 are framed to elaborate and convey 〈…〉 spirits to it according to the 〈…〉 Observation 〈…〉 neither can the Pulse be from the 〈…〉 or Ebullition of blood in the 〈…〉 of the Heart for according to the second and third Observations That which came from the Arteries was far enough from Accension being pale and dilute like broth and as Dr. Lower intimateth was far from the colour and nature of Blood From the two Observations before cited from Dr. Lower Dr. Gibson in the Anat. Hum. Bod. Epitom l. 2. c. 5. concludeth a full confutation of that Opinion viz. Pulsation is from Ebullition and Accension of Blood in the ventricles of the Heart Which may be farther denied by the first Observation for the blood was all poured out of the ventricles of the Puppie's heart so that there was none left to make either Ebullition or Accension Thirdly Neither could the Pulse be from a continued influx of Animal spirits from the Brain For according to the first Observation All influx of Spirits was stoped because the Puppie's and Frog's Hearts were cut off from their Nerves by which the spirits do flow if any at all Fourthly Neither can it be from the Respiration of the Lungs for by the first Observation the Hearts of them Animals cut off from the Lungs much more the pieces did yet continue Beating And in an Embryo there is Pulsation of the Bulla saliens before the Lungs are formed and long before they have any Respiration Fifthly Neither from the impression of Subtile Matter for that concludeth for a general but not a particular motion nor why the Heart should keep a Regular Systole and Diastole Because the subtile Matter being in continual motion would press against all the fibres at all times so that the Heart would remain either in a Systole or a Diastole Besides as Diemerbroeck argueth This subtile Matter would restore the motion of the heart whist warm and so always recover life in creatures that are strangled Sixthly Neither can it be from the vivifick spirit in the blood for by the first Observation The Pulse continued after the blood was poured out of the ventricles and a stop put to all influx of fresh blood And by Observ 2. and 3. it s proved That when the whole mass of blood was almost emptied and the rest watery and dilute the heart retained its Pulse yet the vivifick spirit of the blood must have been for the greatest part evacuated with the blood I shall now proceed to lay down what I guess to be the genuine cause of Sanguification and Motion of the Heart although this may be accounted one of Nature's Secrets and too abstruse for Us peremptorily to determine And first for Sanguification In the begining of Conception the Spirituous part of the Seed by heat is excited and collected into the Punctum or Bulla saliens from this Spirit as from a Fermentative substance by the vis Plastica or Archeus are all the Parts of the body deduced For according to Dr. Harvey's Observation the Bulla saliens is first formed from which are derived Sanguincous fibres and one part after another framed until the whole Compages of the Body is perfected Whether according to the sentiments of Dr. Harvey the blood be first made and the Heart afterwards for the motion of the Blood or according to Diemerbroeck the Heart be made before the first Blood it is not very material For on both sides it is concluded That the vivifick spirit of the Semen is the first Former either of Blood or Heart This Spirit having got some Blood for his Vehicle and being by Heat stirred up and dilated doth enlarge its Domicile the Punctum saliens for being too close pent up doth endeavour for an eruption by particular assaults which is the first cause of Pulsation As the Ferment is increased by the addition of new Matter from the Colliquamentum Seminis at first and other Matter afterwards so the vivifick Spirit doth farther dilate it self in the blood uutil it hath formed the Veins and Arteries for its Channels and as a Workman according to the Divine Impress stamped at first by God Almighty on blind Matter or by the Direction of the Archeus as Helmont calls it but as for the Name of that Directive Power call it as you please hath made every part of the whole Body This vivifick acrimonious Spirit doth not only forme out of convenient Matter but also inhere in the Parts formed more or less and giveth to every Part a peculiar Property or Ferment as That of the Stomach for Chylification That of the Heart for Sanguification c. But suppose that the first blood should be formed before the Punctum Saliens and the Heart contribute nothing thereto Yet it must be granted that Things proceed otherways in Adult Animals then they do at the first formation As for Instance There is Motion before the Brain or Nerves are formed yet none now deny that Office to the Brain of elaborating the Animal Spirits that serve for Motion The Embryo is nourished and encreased before the Stomach and other parts serving for Concoction are made yet after they are made in a perfect Foetus and in adult Persons none except through a Spirit of Contradiction will deny them to serve for Concoction so that the Heart by his Acrimonious Spirit implanted therein may serve for Sanguification which I imagine to be as thus So soon as the Chyle is mixed with the Blood the Vital Spirit and other active Principles do work upon the Chyle to assimilate it to its own nature By the Stomachical Ferment the Salt Sulphur and Spirit of the Chyle are almost set at liberty from the grosser parts of the Aliment so that the Active Principles of the Blood soon add to their Exaltation When the Chyle with the Venal blood is entered the right ventricle of the Heart the Heart addeth a new Ferment thereto and sendeth it into the Lungs where it receiveth a farther Alteration from the Nitrous
saliens efformatur idemque calore vitali praeditus est priusquam per pulsum cietur atque ut in illo ab illo Pulsatio incipit ita tandem in ultimo mortis articulo in eodem deâ—â—nit Which I suppose gave occasion to Dr. Glisson in his Anat. Hep. Cap. 35. to assert That the blood was generated and moved by the heart but the heart and blood were originally by the Vivifick spirit or juice which remaineth in the blood after its first production and is the cause of its future generation seeing that the Womb by its heat doth excite the Vivifick Spirit of the Seed and put it in action which frameth the Seminal Matter into the structure of an Animal So that the Quickening Spirit making the first blood and heart of an Embryo he supposeth it still to perform the same office according to that Axiom Idem quà idem semper facit idem Against this Opinion Diemerbroeck Anat. Lib. 2. Cap. 11 doth oppose several Arguments and endeavoureth a Confutation thereof and concludeth from his Reasons That the Blood is generated after and by the Heart and not by the Vivisick spirit which saith he inhering in all parts of the body quickens and disposeth them to their proper functions So that he concludeth of a Ferment in the Heart The Learned Dr. Willis telleth us Natura posuit in corde fermentum eujus instinctu seu occursu sanguis impetuosè effervescit ac velut in flammam accensus de ferment cap. 5. And in his Exercitation de Accens sang Vitalem sive flammeam animae partem in corde pulmonibus sedem praecipuam quasi imperialem habere putemus So that he avoweth the Ferment of the Heart to be the main Cause and Seat of the Flamma vitalis or the Soul 's vital flame But whether it be in rerum naturâ may be questioned Variety of Opinions there are about the Motion of the Heart the immediate instruments of its Motion are agreed upon to be the Fibres but then what sets these Fibres in motion is the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the main Query or thing sought after Some like Dr. Lower suppose the motion of the heart to depend upon the influx of Animal Spirits into the Nerves and Fibres which make a Contraction as in other Muscles Others suppose it to depend on the Dilatation of the Blood in the Ventricles of the Heart Others like Franciscus de Le Boe Sylvius think to go a middle way and make it depend partly on the Influx of Animal Spirits and partly on the Dilatation of the Blood Others to depend on a Materia Subtilis that subtile Matter supposed to be in continual motion and to move all Bodies more or less according as it hath more free or difficult passage through the Pores of them Others suppose the heart not to move the blood neither the heart to be moved by the Animal Spirits nor by a subtile Matter but by the Vivifick Spirit residing in the blood and is the cause of its Generation But Maurocordatus not approving the above-recited Opinions supposeth the motion of the heart to depend on the respiration of the Lungs and the respiration of the Lungs to depend on the motion of the heart as if the Heart and Lungs did put their help in hand to each others Motion To run through each Opinion apart and to recite the Reasons laid down for confirmation thereof would be too tedious and beyond my proposed Subject I shall therefore lay down some Experimental Observations as Mathematical Data and see what Collateral Conclusions about Sanguification and Motion of the Heart may be thence deduced 1. Observ I took out the Hearts of two young Puppies about a Fortnight old and cut off their Nerves to prevent all influx of Animal Spirits and separated the Coherent Parts I cut open the Ventricles of one of the Hearts and let out all the blood therein contained The Hearts I exposed to the open Air upon a cold Trencher which did continue beating with a regular Systole and Diastole as long as warmth continued When their Motion had almost ceased I breathed upon them and perceived their motion recruted by the warmth of the breath When their motion again began to abate by pouring on warm Water I renewed the same Thus they continued until the Natural Heat was totally expired which was near upon Three Quarters of an Hour after the first exposing out of the Body to the Air. The like Effect I found upon the Hearts of Frogs Tortoises and several young Animals Yea I cut out the Heart of a young Puppy and of a Frog and divided them into several pieces I observed a Motion in a Systole and Diastole for some Minutes to continue in each part thus separated and that the pricking them with a Needle did much excite decaying Motion 2. Observ A Girl about Fifteen years of age by a Pen-knife had an Artery cut asunder in the Wrist of her hand With convenient Applications by a Chyrurgion the Blood was stoped but in his absence the Girl had plucked off the Eschar so that presently followed a great effusion of blood from the Artery At the return of the Chyrurgion with whom I was also called I perceived that she had lost almost the whole mass of Blood of her body In the time of her bleeding which was the greatest part of a Day her Friends about her had given her Sack and Caudle to keep up her decaying strength At our coming we found That which the Artery sent forth did more resemble the Caudle then Blood and so it had been for some hours by the relation of her Attendants for it was so pale and watery that it would notting a Handcherchief red Her Pulse notwithstanding had small remission I administered to her Cordials with Spirits to buoy up declining Nature but before the Chyrurgion stoped the Blood she died which was about One Quarter of an Hour after our arriving thither To this I may adjoyn a like observation related by Dr. Lower de Cord. motu cap. 2. the Sum is thus A Youth about sixteen years old bled for two days without intermission or ceasing The occasion of it is not mentioned His attendants and friends gave him broth to refresh and recruit his Vitals which he eagerly supped down His flux of blood now and then thereby increased but at length the whole Mass was almost evacuated That which run out was pale and watery neither of the Colour nor Nature of blood but was more like the Broth administred which he drank much of The flux so continued for a day or two but the Heart in the mean time retained its Pulsation At last the flux was stoped the Party recovered his health and became a stout strong fellow This he relateth from a Physitian of Credit 3. Observ Dr. Lower in the forecited Chapter giveth us an Experiment of his own He drew out of the jugular vein of a Dog about half of his blood injecting the
receiveth another Ferment by the mixture of the Bilis and Succus Pancreaticus by which the thinner Parts are separated from the thicker and received or rather squeezed by the Peristaltick Motion into the Orifices of the Lacteal Vessels but the thicker and gross ejected by Stool This Precipitation and Separation Sylvius compareth to a Solution of Vitriol in fair Water which by the mixture of Salt of Tartar presently leteth its Sulphureous and dreggy Parts subside I shall not then like some take the perfecting of Chylification in the Intestines to be a second Digestion distinct from the former but rather a Perfection and Depuration of the concocted Aliment or Chyle Neither shall I make that little alteration or rather preparation to Sanguification which the Chyle by mixture of the Lympha receiveth from the Mesenterical Glandules and Ductus Thoracicus before its ingress into the jugular Veins to be a third Digestion and distinct from Chylification and Sanguification but as a Preparative to the Latter with a convenient Vehicle The acrimonious Particles of the Saliva swallowed and the Acid Stomachical Ferment and the Reliques of Aliment of former Digestions sticking to the Coats of the Stomack and brought to Acidity finding no Aliment to prey upon do molest and irritate the Stomack which molestation being imprest upon the Nerves of the Sixt or according to Dr. Willis the Eighth Pair and by these communicated to the Brain doth excite a desire of Eating or Hungering after Meat to imbibe the ferment gnawing on the Stomack As for the Colour of the Chyle or why Mutton Beef Bread Herbs c. eaten together should be turned into a white Creamy Substance Or why the Aliment should not retain its pristine Colour I conceive to be as thus The Saline and Sulphureous Particles with which our usual Aliment doth abound being well dissolved and mixed together do by the Acid Ferment acquire a white Colour Even as in making of Lac Sulphuris the Flos Sulphuris and Salt of Tartar by boyling together turn the Water to a dark Red but by instillation of Vinegar turneth to a white So every Liquid impregnated with a Sulphur and an Alkalizate Salt but more especially when the Salt is volatile or with a Salt well implexed in and dissolved with the Sulphur by addition of an acid Liquor becometh white as may be seen in the making of Resinous Extracts of Vegetables or by mixing spirit of Benjamin spirit of Harts-horn of Soot or such like spirits abounding with volatile Salt with an acid Liquor or fair Water The Chyle having passed the Stomach into the Intestines the purer part is received into the Lacteal vessels and perhaps some of the more Spirituous parts into the Mesenterical veins by reason of the sudden refection after eating and drinking by those that are through labour and travel wearied which convey it to the Mesenterical or Asellius his Pancreas and from thence is conveyed by the Ductus Thoracicus into the Subclavian vein where by the way it is mixed with the Lympha brought by the Lympheducts which is not as an useless Liquor but serveth for a vehicle to the Chyle and by its saline Particles doth prepare it for Sanguification The Chyle having once entered the subclavian vein is mixed with the recurrent venal blood and by the vena cava is conveyed to the Heart where is chiefly made the second Digestion or Sanguification But first entering the right ventricle of the Heart from thence it passeth through the Arteria Pulmonaris called also vena Arteriosa into the Lungs From whence it is reduced to the left ventricle of the Heart by the vena Pulmonaris or Arteria venosa in the Diastole or laxation of the Heart it enters the left Ventricle but by its Contraction or Systole is sent forth into the Aorta and by It is carried to the whole body But the residue after Nutrition is reduced by the veins to the right ventricle of the Heart from whence again it begineth its Circulation This is the Natural course in adult persons but in the foetus or Embryo it is something different An Embryo having not attained to Respiration nor to a perfection of its Lungs the Blood cannot Circulate as in adult Animals Wherefore Nature hath provided two vessels in a foetus that afterward grow obsolete and useless viz. the foramen ovale and canalis Arteriosus The Foramen Ovale is placed under the right Auricle of the Heart and uniteth the vena cava to the vena Pulmonaria The Use of it is to carry the Blood that doth not enter the Right ventricle into the vena Pulmonaria that it may enter the left ventricle of the Heart The Canalis Arteriosus uniteth Arteria Pulmonaris to the great Aorta whose Use is to convey the blood that hath passed through the Right ventricle and is driven by the Systole into the great Artery so that it slideth by the left ventricle By which we may observe That the blood in its Circulation always entereth the Heart but in an Embryo passeth through only one ventricle I said before that Sanguification is chiefly performed in the Heart for it may with good reason be questioned Whether the Effervescence of the blood the Accension or flamma vitalis as Dr. Willis would have it be from the Heart or rather from the Fermentation of its contrary Principles and according to others Sanguis sanguificat Dr. Lower cap. 2. de corde absolutely denieth any Ferment to be placed in the Heart He telleth us The Heart oweth its Heat to the Blood and not the Blood to the Heart yea that the Blood by its heat doth actuate and enliven our bodies and that Nature hath not bestowed more heat upon the heart than upon other Muscles but it hath a more brisk and lively heat than other parts of the body because it is in a continual motion and so much surrounded with adjacent parts Neither doth its Action differ from the Action of other Muscles And cap. 5. he telleth us The Chyle is turned into blood by the vital spirit and other of its active Principles which from the first Mixture with Chyle do work upon it until it be refined until the saline sulphureous and spirituous Particles be set at liberty from the feculent and associated to them of the Blood Dr. Harvey that exquisite Searcher into the Generation of Animals speaking of the Order of Generation of the Parts of the Body saith Ab initio Punctum rubrum saliens vesicula pulsans fibraeque inde deductae sanguinem in se complectentes c. Exercit. 50. That a red beating Spot or Bladder with Fibres thence deduced containing Blood do first of all appear And by exact observation doth conclude In the generation of Animals blood is the first thing that is made And as Pulsation doth begin in it and from it so at the last moment of life doth it end in the Blood Quantum ex accuratâ inspectione discernere licuit â—it Sanguis antequam punctum
Particles of the Air admited by Inspiration and intimately there mixed with its Compages where the blood also receiveth from the Air its florid Colour As may be seen by several Experiments of Dr Lower's and also by exposeing Venal blood to the open Air for the superficial part next the air will be of a florid Red but the under part of a Blackish colour Let the blackish part be turned to the air and its superficies will be of a light red in the left ventricle of the heart it receiveth a more perfect mixture and entereth the Aorta under the form of Blood and is of a Scarlet colour until the air is transpired through the pores of the skin But Chyle is not perfectly and exactly assimilated to the blood until it hath run through many Circulations The most subtile and acrimonious part of the vivifick spirit planted in the heart from its original giveth its Ferment by which the humors receive an Effervescence and Dilatation if capable thereof and more or less as they are inclinable thereto Even as Gunpowder that of it self hath no heat but by fire doth soon dilate and hath a great effervescence So doth the blood by the ferment of the heart and by the dilatation of the blood the sides of the ventricles of the heart are molested and the fibres of the heart are irritated and provoked to expel the oppressing blood After the expulsion the Heart remains in its Diastole until by a supply of fresh blood there is a new Dilatation and then a Systole But to a Systole besides the vivifick Spirit inherent in the Heart the Animal spirits as in other Muscular motion are called in to help supposing a free passage for else what meaneth so many Nerves derived to the Heart The Hearts of Puppies Frogs c. cut from their bodies and the ventricles emptied from blood will keep as long as natural warmth their Pulsation Because the vivifick acrimonious spirit placed in the Heart by heat is set on work to ferment and dilate the blood contained in the Pores and Interstices of the fleshy substance of the Heart and by irritation of the fibres is made a Systole and then a Diastole until the blood contained in the Pores do suffer a new Dilatation to which both vital and Animal spirits as yet unspent that will make a tremulous motion for some time after the death of an Animal do concur The Third principal Fermental Digestion is That of the Brain which is well appointed with blood-vessels that serve as Channels to convey Matter to every part of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum Nature hath so provided for a supply of Matter That as Dr. Willis hath observed Non modò arterias cum venis verùm quod rarius ferè singulare est arterias cum arteriis nempe arterias Carotides unius lateris pluribus in locis uniuntur cum carotidibus alterius insuper vertebrales utriusque lateris inter sese in posteriores carotidum ramos prius unitos inosculantur Anat. Cereb c. 7 From the blood thus conveyed by the Carotidal and Vertebral arteries the purer and more subtile Spirituous part is carried into the Brain by the winding Meanders of the Arteries whilst the Grosser part is absorbed and carried back by the Veins and the Serum imbibed by the Glandules and Lympheducts in order to be restored to a fresh Circulation The manner how the Animal spirits are produced Dr. Willis de ferm c. 5. sheweth by a Similitude As in making highly rectified spirit of Wine with a glass Alembick a Sponge being put into its Pipe only the most subtile part can pass so from the hot rariâ—ied blood only the most Subtile spirit as it were distilled can pass through the Cortical substance of the Brain This Liquor thus distilled doth obtain a higher degree of perfection because the Brain abounding with a volatile Salt doth much exalt these distilled Spirits so that they are as it were endowed with a Ferment and by their volatile Salt penetrate like Spirit of Harts horn more than Spirit of Wine Cartesius seems to refer it to the Glandula Pinealis separating the Spirits from the Plexus Choroides But his Opinion being so wide from Truth as may be soon made appear by a â—â—rutiny into the Nature of Glandules I shall pâ—ss it by Riolanus would ascribe it to the ventricles 〈◊〉 the Brain but for a full confutation thereâ—â—â— I shall refer the Reader to Dr. Wepfer de 〈◊〉 only adding this Observation of my 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was called to a Youth about eight years 〈◊〉 whom I found much complaining of a 〈◊〉 and Dulness of his Head with a 〈◊〉 inclination to sleep His head I observâ—â—◠〈◊〉 exceed in bigness all the other parts in a 〈◊〉 proportion The Distemper I found 〈◊〉 a Hydrocephalus and from the Sympâ—â—â— might easily perceive it a fore-runner of 〈◊〉 that did soon ensue I opened his 〈◊〉 and before sufficient Testimony poured 〈◊〉 the ventricles of the brain near a full 〈◊〉 and half of clear Lympha like Rock 〈◊〉 which would certainly have hindred any 〈◊〉 of Animal spirits there and all 〈◊〉 into the Nerves from thence 〈◊〉 seeing his Senses remained clear and 〈◊〉 for a long time gradually increased 〈◊〉 then it is that the Animal 〈◊〉 elaborated in the Cortical or Ash 〈◊〉 part of the brain by the saline ferment 〈◊〉 â—â—rcolation through the pores of the 〈◊〉 So that the Animal spirits only by 〈◊〉 high exaltation and purification differ 〈◊〉 Vital spirits which latter are the 〈◊〉 of the former Spirits thus elaborated are by others succeeding them impelled into the medullous part of the brain or Corpus callosum where they have a large place to exercise the Phansy in the Plicae of the Brain to lay up Ideas for the Memory and in the Corpora striata to exercise the Sensus communis and according as they are directed along the Nerves to perform Motion or as they receive Impressions undulating backward to perform the External Senses Probable also is the Opinion of Willis and Diemerbroeck That there is a Succus Nervosus or Nervous juice serving as a spirituous ferment to separate the Nutritive parts from the Blood As the Blood supplieth Matter so the Nervous Juice is as an Active Form in Nutrition And good Reason may be given for this Opinion for in a Palsie wherein the Nerves are obstructed although the Parts are imbued with a constant supply of warm blood yet the Parts will fade away for want of Nourishment assimilated to them as a supply to that which was lost because the succus nervousus is wanting which precipitateth the Nutritive Matter from the rest of the blood Next to the three principal Ferments cometh in That of the Spleen As for the opinion of Dr. Glisson lib. de Hep. cap 45. that the Spleen doth prepare an Alimentary juice that is imbibed by the Nerves and by them carried up to the Brain and back again through the Nâ—rves to the parts of the