the Heart A fourth cause of the inordinate motion of the Heart may be deduced from the Nerves A fourth cause of Convulsive motions in the Heart animating the Carnous Fibres of the Arteries which do interrupt the equal and natural course of the Blood by reason the Cavities of the Arteries are very much narrowed by the Convulsion of the Nerves inserted into the Carnous Fibres whereupon the impulse of Blood is stopped as in the disorder of the Nerves in great passions of Anger Fear Sorrow and the like which cause great consternation and confusion So that it is probable that the Trunk of the Aorta being very much lessened by the Convulsion of the Nervous Fibril drawing the Carnous seated in the Coat of the great Artery adjoyning to the left Chamber of the Heart much hinder the motion of the Blood out of the Heart into the Aorta whereupon the Ventricle of the Heart being highly distended by overmuch Blood will cause many violent Pulsations or Convulsive Contractions to discharge the exuberant quantity of Blood into the Orifice of the great Artery Persons subject to immoderate passion of Anger Grief Joy and those that are much afflicted with Hypocondriacal and Scorbutical Diseases are very obnoxious upon every light occasion and sometimes without any provocation to passions and convulsive motions of the Heart called vulgarly the Palpitations of it as having the Cardiack Nerves affected with a gross Succus Nutricius proceeding from ill humors in a Cachectick body oppressed with Acide Ferments of the Blood acted also with gross saline Particles Palpitations of the Heart also proceed from a great quantity of Blood ready to suffocate the Heart and put the Fibres of the Heart into inordinate Motions as well as the Nerves highly irritated by an exuberance of Blood compressing of the Heart and thereby hindring the passage of the Nervous Liquor in the Interstices of the Filaments often productive of Convulsive motions afflicting the Heart These irregular motions are also generated in the origen of the Nerves when they are disordered with some Acrimonious Matter vellicating the Fibres seated in the ambient parts of the Brain As to the Cure of these Convulsive Motions producing a great exuberance of Stagnant Vital Liquor in the Heart it denoteth frequent opening of a Vein to sollicite the motion of Stagnant Blood to abase its quantity And in reference to the cause of Convulsions seated in the Nerves producing the palpitation of the Heart Cephalick Apozemes Electuaries Spirit of Hearts Horn Spirit of Amber Succinated c. may be of great use CHAP. XX. Of the Motion of the Blood HAving given my Sentiments of the Structure and Motion of the Heart I will now Treat of the Motion of the Blood as the End and Complement of the other by reason the Heart is designed by Nature to be a rare Engine of Motion to make good the circulation of the Vital Liquor The All Wise and Omnipotent Agent created Man as the Soveraign of this lower Orb after his own Image and inspired him with the Spirit of life conserved by Motion of the Blood and to this end the Grand Architect hath framed a fit Apparatus of Organs the Heart as a noble Blood-work furnished with numerous appendages of Channels as so many Sanguiducts the Veins and Arteries to import and export streams of Blood to and from the Heart as a choice Engine to promote the Motion of the Blood the great preservative of Life In order to the better understanding of the Motion of the Blood these Considerables may seem to offer themselves to our notice First The manner how this Motion is accomplished Secondly What quantity of Blood passeth through the chambers of the Heart in a short space of time Thirdly The Cisterns and Ducts through which this noble Liquor floweth out of the Heart first into the Lungs and after runs into all parts of the Body And Lastly the end to which the Motion of the Blood is consigned The manner of the motion of the vital Liquor The Motion of the vital Liquor is performed by the Diastole and Systole of the Heart the First is rather a Laxament than a Motion wherein its Fibres are relaxed by streams of Blood expanding the cavities of the Heart which being received through numerous Pores into the inward Compage of the fleshy fibres do enlarge their Dimensions and put them upon greater and greater Contractions as they more and more approach the center whereby the Concave surface of the Ventricles grow less and less as they approach nearer and nearer to each other In the Diastole of the distended fibres The Ventricles of the Heart are distended with Blood in the Diastole and emptied by a Systole the Ventricles are dilated with a quantity of Blood filling up their Cavities and in the Systole their concave Perimeter is taken up with fleshy fibres having imbibed innumerable drops of Blood whereupon the inward swelled walls of the Heart being drawn close to each other do squeeze the drops contained in the pores of the Fibres and the greater streams of Blood lately received into the empty spaces of the Ventricles into the neighbouring Arteries to make good the Motion of the Blood As to the manner how the motion of the vital Juyce is managed out of the Cistern of the Heart into the adjacent Sanguiducts The manner how the Motion of the Blood is made in the Blood-Vessels some conceive it to be acted mechanically by a spiral wreathing of the Fibres after the same manner as water is squeezed out of wet Cloaths by a greater and greater winding them round whereby the drops of liquor lodged in the many interstices of the Filaments do quit their Allodgments but it may be proved by Reason and ocular Demonstration that there can be no such straining the Blood by the constriction of the Ventricles of the Heart by the same Organs and the same mechanical action by reason the filaments of the Cloth were laxe before their Contorsion as having many interstices obtaining a repletion by many drops of Water but afterward when the Cloth was variously modelled into divers wreaths the filaments were forced to make many Circumvolutions about the body of the Cloth whereupon the threads were not only lengthened into oblong Gyres but were also lessened in bulk and rendred more tense but the repletion of the Cavities of the Heart with Blood was made in a different manner from that of the Interstices of the Filaments of the Cloth filled with Water in which the Threads require greater Dimensions in length but the Fibres of the Heart are rather contracted according to the nature of all Muscular Fibres and the Cavities of the Heart grow greater in breadth as being expanded by the repletion of Blood and above all the Pores of the Fibres and Cavities of the Ventricles are not emptied by any Contortion as it is made inward in the Filaments of Cloth when the Water is squeezed out of their Interstices
of the capillary internal Jugulars are not capable to receive it whence arise greater or less tumors of the Membranes by the undue detention of more or less Blood stagnant in the Interstices of the Vessels And furthermore the several Sinus of the Brain are then overcharged with so great quantities of Vital Liquor when the more minute Chanels of the Jugulars below are not sufficient to admit the great plenty of Blood transmitted to them Of which be pleased to take this instance A Gentleman of Quality of a Plethorick constitution in the flower of his age An instance of an Inflammation of the Coats of the Brain taking too great a freedom in the larger draughts of ill Wine fell into a dangerous continued Fever accompanied with a fierce Erysipelas signified in prodigious Tumors full of Blisters and Pimples in the Neck and Face and the Eye-lids so tumified that he was wholly blind and in this extremity he sent for a Chymist as I conceive a better Operator then Physician more skilled in the preparing then due administration of Medicines who giveth him a Purgative in the hight of his Disease A strong Purgative not good in an Inflammation of the Head which worked freely with him and strangly discomposing him brought him a great Stupor upon which he was deprived of Sense and Speech a small time after the working of the Purgative Nature labouring under a double violence of a Medicine and a Disease whereupon his Friends sent to me to visit the Patient desperately sick and finding by their observation that the swelling of his Face and Neck suddenly fell with the loss of his Sense and Speech upon the plentiful operation of the Medicine I had reason to believe that the Blood before stagnant in the Face and Neck moving from the Circumference to the Center had a speedy recourse from the ambient parts by the external Jugulars into the descendent Trunk of the Cava and was thence transmitted through the right Ventricle and Lungs into the left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence imported by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and internal Carotide Arteries into the Membranes and substance of the Brain in so great a quantity that it intercepted by compressing the Fibres of the Brain the influx of the Animal Spirits into the Nerves the instruments of Sense Motion and Language proceeding from the stagnation of Blood whence also arose a great redness and tumor of the Membranes of the Brain whereupon I immediately ordered the Neck being swelled a Vein to be opened in the Arm a large Orifice to be made for the freer emission of gross Blood to quicken its motion from the Head towards the Heart and some hours after I repeated the Blood-letting and ordered Cupping-Glasses to be applied with deep scarifyings but all in vain as being not able relieve the Patient with Bleeding and the best Cephalick Medicines both inwardly taken and outwardly applied the Patient being a worthy Person I hope through God's mercy he most happily exchanged his lower station for a better above And in a decent time after his departure I ordered an expert Chyrurgeon to take off his Scalpe and Skull where I found underneath all things answer our expectation and out of the third Sinus immediately gushed out a Rivulet of Blood and all the Capillary Arteries which are so small naturally that they can be hardly discerned were here very large and conspicuous in the Dura and Pia Mater which were most prodigiously swelled and inflamed to the admiration of the Beholders the Blood being setled in the Spaces between the Vessels in so great a plenty that the Veins were not able to discharge it And the Sinus were surcharged with so much Blood that the Jugulars below were not in a capacity to employ them Whence is derived an Inflammation of the Coats of the Brain above the course of the Blood being intercepted in the Veins below they being not sufficient to reconvey it out of the substance of the Membranes whence the Blood stagnating doth lose its Tone and its Compage growing loose the Cristalline part doth separate from the Red Crassament and turning corrupt doth degenerate into a Purulent Matter the immediate subject of an Abscess which being affected with a kind of Caustick quality corrodeth sometimes the Dura and other times the Pia Mater which being Perforated determineth in Ulcers affecting the Cortex and substance of the Brain accompanied with a Stupor and Sopor the fore-runners of a fatal Apoplex And farther It may be conceived and not altogether without reason that the Coats of the Brain are the subject of the Epilepsy as they are the Organs of Sense and Motion and as they are endued with a great number of Nervous Fibres with which the most part of the substance of the Membranes of the Brain is composed and are dispersed all over it And these Coats do not only invest the Brain but insinuate themselves into the inward Recesses and Fissures of it and the Cerebellum whereupon the Animal Liquor being infected with Nitro-Sulphureous and other malignant Particles passing into the numerous Fibres of the Membranes of the Brain do highly irritate those tender Sensitive Filaments putting themselves upon various inordinate and convulsive motions in order to discharge the noisome Epileptick Matter that so greatly offendeth them and the Membranes not only investing the Cortex but also the Medullary Processes being highly contracted do compress the Brain and hinder the entercourse of the Animal Liquor and Spirits disturbing the sensitive and nobler Intellectual Operations and do also being hurried with violent concussions draw the appendant Nerves into consent affecting them and the Muscular parts with most fierce and Convulsive Motions most terrible to behold The Cephalalgia or Pain of the Head is seated principally The description of the Pain of the Head if not wholly in the Dura and Pia Menynx and may be as I conceive defined a troublesome sensation of the numerous minute Fibres integrating the Membranes of the Brain flowing from the solution of the Continuity And according to the greater or less extent is called Universal or Particular Universal when all parts of the Membranes are affected and Particular called Hemicrania when one side of the Head or the Sinciput or Occiput are molested And in the Cephalalgia I shall give you a short History of the parts affected the Essence Causes and Differences As to the subject of it it is chiefly found in the Nervous Fibres of the Membranes of the Brain which being endued with acute sense do easily suffer pain proceeding from some disproportioned object wherein the Fibres are over-much extended with Matter is so highly contracted and as it were convulsed with acid Saline Particles causing a violation of the continuity of the Nervous Filaments composing the Coats of the Brain So that wheresoever pain doth arise in the Nervous parts the Ratio formalis of it consisteth in this That the Animal Spirits being
Womb. which is very improper seeing the Atrabilian Humor is not first generated in the Womb which is only occasional in point of an ill mass of Blood produced by the suppressed purgation of the Menses whereupon the vital Liquor groweth degenerate as being depressed with gross saline and sulphureous Particles which being associated with the Blood imparted by the carotide Artery into the substance of the cortical Glands doth make an ill nervous Liquor the vehicle and ground of the Animal Spirits And as to the Spleen it is vulgarly apprehended to be the subject of the Atrabilarian Humors The Spleen by divers is apprehended to be the subject of Atrabilarian Humors commonly called Hypocondriacal Melancholy by reason of the Blood being filled with many Faeces is not depurated in the Glands of the Spleen whereupon the Ferments of the Blood are spoiled and being carried with it into the substance of the Brain doth produce an impure Animal Liquor vitiating its more volatil Particles commonly styled Spirits causing a melancholick distemper Sometimes this sad Disease is conceived to be propagated from all the apartiments of the Body as in a Scorbutick habit wherein the mass of Blood hath lost its tone and bounty as being tainted with gross saline and sulphureous parts which are not severed from the vital Liquor in the various colatories of Blood the Spleen Liver Kidneys consisting of numerous Glands the systems of innumerable and various vessels the secretories of the vital Liquor from several kinds of Recrements especially as being saline and sulphureous which being not separated from the mass of Blood have a recourse to the Brain and defeat the production of good nervous Liquor and Spirits the ground of this Atrabilarian Malady This Disease sometimes proceeds from a sanious Matter in the Left Ventricle of the Heart An observation according to the said Case This Disease sometimes ariseth from a sanious and mucous Matter in the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from the Gangreen of the Liver and Spleen and from the jugular Veins full of adust black Blood A Servant of a Merchant labouring under a melancholick affection was so afflicted with a deep sadness that she perpetually wished for death always treating her self with Sighs and Tears After death the Head being opened and the Coats taken off the veins of the Brain appeared full of black Blood and the Right Ventricle of the Brain was discovered to be stuffed with Blood made up of many concreted Filaments and in the Left Ventricle was lodged a quantity of sanious mucous Matter And afterward the Thorax being opened and the Heart Dissected a quantity of black Blood gushed out and the Lobes of the Lungs were livide and being opened a sanious corrupt Matter distilled out of their substance And the lower Apartiment being laid open the convex part of the Liver was discoloured with a livide hue and the middle of the Spleen was defaced with a blewish colour about the surface and its more Interior Recesses being inspected were found to be of a laudable colour and substance This dreadful Malady sometimes proceedeth from black corrupt Humors Melancholy sometimes cometh from corrupt Humors in the Stomach lodged in the bosom of the Stomach attended with a Scirrhus of the Pylorus and a Scirrhus of the Mesentery of which some part is concreted into a hard strong substance A person of Honour being endued with a cholerick Constitution An Instance of this Case and of a thin habit of Body found a great weight in the bottom of his Stomach attended with faetide Belchings and much Flatus making a noise in its passage found the Intestines and distensions of the Hypocondres accompanied with great Fear and Sadness and deep Thoughts and a weakness of the Animal Faculty and after a proper course of Physick had been administred to satisfy all Indications according to Art nothing proved successful in this desperate Disease And after he had yielded to Fate his Body being Dissected and the distended Stomach being opened in the bottom of it was seen a black corrupt Matter resembling Ink and the Pylorus was found to be Scirrhous shutting up the passage out of the Ventricle into the Guts And the Mesentery was discerned to be also Scirrhus and some part of it was concreted by a lapidescente Juyce into a hard Matter somewhat like Stone And a melancholick distemper of the Brain may take its rise from menstruous Blood debased by gross saline and sulphureous Particles when the natural Channels are stopped in the Uterus Melancholy flowing from the obstruction of the Vterus so that it cannot be discharged monthly by the Cavity of the Body and Vagina of the Womb so that the terminations of the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries carrying Blood into the substance of the Uterus and the secret Meatus leading into the bosom of the Womb being obstructed the vital Liquor is received into the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Veins and transmitted through the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the Right Ventricle of the Heart and from thence through the Blood-vessels of the Lungs into the Left Chamber of the Heart and conveyed afterward through the common and ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the substance of the Cortical Glands wherin the Blood tainted with a fermentative and Atrabilarian Disposition and not discharged by the Uterus doth take off the purity of the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits and deprave the upper and lower Animal Functions often attended with deep sad and despairing imaginations highly torturing the unquiet minds of Patients as fancying themselves Eternally unhappy An Instance may be given of this case in a Gentlewoman committed to my care of a Sanguine Constitution who walking in the Fields presently after a free evacuation by Sweat was surprized with cold blasts of Wind shutting up the cutaneous Pores and stopping her Menstrua which were then in motion whereupon the ill-affected Blood had a recourse to the Heart producing great Fears and despairing Thoughts and quick pulsations and afterward the Atrabilarian Blood being impelled by the Carotide Arteries into the substance of the Brain did infect the Liquor and Spirits with saline and sulphureous Atomes and pervert the operations of her imagination Memory and Reason accompanied with dreadful passions rendring her most unquiet in the sad apprehensions of infernal fire and pains which all cease upon repeated Bleeding in the Foot and by application of Leeches to the Haemorrhoidal Veins and a course of cordial and cephalick Medicines perfectly restoring her by Gods assistance and blessing to the former use of all the Faculties of her reason and inward and outward Senses to the great joy and satisfaction of her Friends and Relations and the Glory of the All-Wise and Sovereign Physician of Body and Soul As to the cure of Melancholy in a general notion The cure of Melancholy is in a great part effected by the defaecation of the Blood in reference to its
sulphureous and acide corrosive nature may be conceived to destroy the finer parts of the Animal Spirits the Ministers of the Faculties of Reason and Sense and beget a Maniack disposition of the Brain perverting the Oeconomy of the Brain in reference to its different operations attended with raging passions screeches and out-cries and unseemly gestures and motions of the Limbs This Disease taketh its rise The rise of Madness either immediately from the Animal Liquor and Spirits the chief instruments of the Soul in producing its nobler and meaner acts of Reason and Sense or more remotely from the Blood as the Materia substrata of the Succus nervosus A Madness arising out of the Animal Spirits either proceedeth from an evident cause Evident causes of Madness as some extravagant passion or from an ill affection of the Brain caused by a Phrensy or Melancholy whereupon a Madness often succeedeth A violent passion doth highly influence the Brain Violent passions may be the cause of Madness and enrage the nervous Juyce and Animal Spirits as it s more refined and spirituous particles by rendring the nervous Liquor and its Spirits highly fermentative restless and disorderly in wandring motions confounding the regular operations of the Brain accompanied with a Raging a Delirium and other horrid Symptomes occasioned by immoderate Anger great Disgrace or Shame or high passion of Love breach of Vows or scruples of Conscience which highly discomposing the peace of the Soul do generate a Maniack distemper of the Brain wherein the Spirituous parts of the nervous Liquor being debased the saline parts are exalted and brought to a Fluor and being espoused to sulphureous Particles derived from the Blood do weaken the Compage of the Brain and render the Animal Spirits fierce and unquiet making new Meatus and passages by over-much expanding the Interstices of the nervous Filaments and causing inordinate motions do produce delirous Phantasmes which being offered to the understanding do form unreasonable conceptions Sometimes the Animal Spirits are too much exalted Pride the cause of Madness by great apprehensions of our own perfections and the too low esteems of others or when Men unreasonably court Honours or when they are Masters of them are highly puffed up to the great unquiet and disturbance of their Minds whereupon the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits are put into a great agitation and ferment and at last acted with a Maniack affection Othertimes this Disease succeedeth Melancholy and the Phrensy A Madness succeeding Melancholy or Phrensy which have before indisposed the Brain and rendred it liable to Madness in the First being very high the Succus nervosus and its most spirituous Particles degenerate into an acide disposition which entring into fellowship with sulphureous Recrements coming from the Blood do produce so fierce a temper in the Animal Spirits that they generate a Mania A Phrensy is more akin to this Disease then Melancholy as it is accompanied with boldness and fury so that a Phrenitis is easily turned into a Mania The manner how Madness is generated as the Brain is clogged with a fiery temper arising out of nitrous and sulphureous Particles affecting the Succus nervosus and its more active Particles which being hurried in the fibrous Compage of the Brain do expand the Intetstices of the nervous Filaments and make new and wandring passages in them whereupon the Animal Spirits ranting in various progresses through the territories of the Brain make a Maniack Delirium and confound the acts of Reason and Imagination commonly called Madness This Disease most commonly borroweth its first rise from an ill mass of Blood in a great part vitiated with gross sulphureous Recrements Madness floweth chiefly from an ill mass of Blood sometimes caused by the ill tone of the Hepatick Glands not secerning the bilious from the more laudable parts of Blood produced sometimes by its grossness and by the straightness of the excretory Ducts of the Liver and othertimes by the obstruction or narrowness of the Meatus Cysticus and Choledochus whereby the Bile cannot be discharged into the Intestines so that it is forced to regurgitate into the Extremities of the Vena Cava and is thence carried with the Blood through the Right Ventricle of the Heart Lungs and Left Chamber of the Heart and afterward through the common ascendent Trunk and Carotide Arteries into the Cortex of the Brain wherein the Albuminous parts of the Blood being infected with sulphureous and nitrous Particles do spoil the nervous Liquor and Spirits producing a furious mad temper in the Brain And the acide Particles discomposing the Succus nervosus Madness coming from an ill-affected Pancreas and its more active parts in the production of Madness may claim in some part their Origen from an ill affected Pancreas whose numerous minute Glands having lost their due constitution cannot make a separation of the Recrements of the Blood from its pure substance or when the Origens of the excretory Vessels of the Glands or the common Pancreatick Duct are obstructed by the grossness or quantity of the pancreatick Juyce whereupon it being not transmitted into the Intestines is lodged sometimes in the Interstices of the Vessels where it being composed of Heterogenous Particles doth ferment and acquire greater degrees of acidity as being sometimes brought to a Fluor and afterward a stay being made in the spaces of the Vessels relating to the Glands the pancreatick Juyce is mixed with the Blood and carried by lesser Veins into the greater channel of the Cava and by other Veins and Arteries into the ambient parts of the Brain wherein the Christalline parts of the Blood as the Materia substrata of nervous Liquor being debased by acide saline and sulphureous Particles doth spoil the goodness and aeconomy of the Animal Spirits by giving them a high agitation and tumultuary motion in the fibrous frame of the Brain causing a furious disposition attended with great fierceness boldness clamor c. The Disease is hereditary in diverse Families Madness is sometimes hereditary who enjoy a regular use of their Reason and Imagination for many years and afterward are afflicted with the dreadful Malady of Madness which proceedeth at such a time from the due crasis of the Blood perverted and degenerating into a nitro-sulphureous disposition enraging the Animal Spirits and putting them into a high disorder in reference to a violent and unnatural motion And the reason of this hereditary Madness propagated from Parents to Children by way of Generation taketh its rise from the seminal Principle The cause of an hereditary Madness tainted with a Maniack affection which oftentimes exerteth it self after many years when the seeds of this Disease bear Fruit and come to maturity as fomented by ill Diet violent Passion Envy Pride Ambition or by some other severe accidents or disappointments in a troublesome course of life This hereditary Madness is not always continued but hath many lucid intervals and
is sollicited toward the Circumference of the Body as rendred warm and fluid with the saline and hot Particles of the Liniments Learned Doctor Willis hath given an Account of the Cure of a Leucophlegmatia oppressing all the Ambient parts in a Child Oyl of Scorpions very proper as outwardly applied in an Anasarca who was frequently anointed by his indulgent Mother with Oil of Scorpions chafed with a warm hand into the Pores of the Body which being done effectually the space of three days the Child made a prodigious quantity of Urine and so continued for some time whereupon the Universal Tumour of his Body disappearing he was afterward perfectly restored to his Health Vesicatories applied do raise Blisters Blistering Plaisters unsafe in an Anasarca and by taking away a great quantity of the serous Liquor of the Blood do make an expense of Vital Spirits in the running of many Ulcers which sometimes cannot be healed affecting the External parts of the Body with a Gangreen ending often in Mortifications which have such an influence on the inward parts by infecting the Mass of Blood having recourse by the Veins to the Noble parts that these Gangreens and Mortifications produced by Visicatories applied to Hydropick Persons do speak an untimely period to Life A sad Instance may be given in a worthy Person lately an Officer of the Navy who was affected with an Universal Anasarca caused by Grief a Sedentary Life and a Scorbutick habit of Body whereupon in order to a Cure the Muscular parts of the Body being Tumefied a confident Chyrurgeon contrary to my advice did apply Vesicatories to his Thighs which raised great Blisters whereupon I made a Prognostick that the blistered parts would Gangreen and Mortifie which followed in a short space and was attended with a fatal stroak of Death to the great grief of his Friends The deceased being a Gentleman of great Virtue and Civility for whom I had most affectionate esteemes Escharoticks may be more safely applied to Hydropick Swellings Escharoticks are more safe then Vesicatories and have not so ill Consequents as Gangreens and Mortifications to which blistered Limbs are liable Because Escharoticks do not produce so great a flux of Humours in the outward parts and serous Recrements having recourse to the Ambient parts little by little Nature can better endure it as being accustomed to it by degrees Ingenious Doctor Willis maketh mention of Escharoticks applied with good success to Swelled Limbs in an Anasarca which were first bathed Morning and Evening with Decoction of Dwarf Elder Chamomel and other warm discutient Herbs boiled in Ale or Lees of Wine and between the Fomentations were applied Cataplasmes made of the reliques of the Ingredients embodied with Bear and afterward these Applications having been made for three days both Legs were covered with Burgundy Pix except where two holes were made in the Plaisters about the bigness of a Walnut wherein were put Escharoticks made of Ashes relating to Bark of Ash and applied to the Skin for Twelve Hours and then taken off there appeared two thin Escharas out of which first gently and then more freely distilled watry Humours as out of two Fountains when the Escharas fell off until the serous Recrements were wholly discharged and the Legs restored to their natural Dimensions CHAP. XXV Of Tumours Incident to the Muscular parts THe Muscular parts of the Body are not only subject to an Anasarca The Muscles are liable to several sorts of Diseases but many other Tumours Abscesses Ulcers Fistula's Steatomes Atheromes Melicerids Inflammations Oedemas Schirrhus which proceed from many indisposed Humours stagnant in the habit of the Body So that the ill Liquors the antecedent and continent causes of the Swellings lodged in the empty spaces of the Vessels as Chyle Blood which consist of divers Juices Nervous Liquor and Lympha Steatomes The causes of Steatomes Atheromes and Melicerids Atheroms and Melicerids do all arise from gross Pituitous Humours which indeed are divers kinds of indigested Chyle modelled in a less or greater Consistence in which respect they may be called different sorts of Oedematous Tumours and are discriminated from them by reason these are Swellings at large seated in the substance of the Body But Steatomes Atheromes and Melicerids are confined within proper Tunicles as within Boundaries by which they are severed from other parts of the Body Steatomes are Swellings lodged partly immediately under the Skin and partly in the Muscular parts proceeding from a thick Flegmatick Matter or Unassimilated Chyle contained in a particular Membrane encircling it seated in the substance of the Body so that the Tunicle enclosing this thick Matter The matter of a Steatome resembleth Fat in Consistence being opened a Pituitous Humour may be discovered not unlike Lard in colour and consistence but not in nature because commonly it is not Inflammable as being exposed to the Fire wherefore it is very rare to find a Steatome to have Fat for its Matter Of which Learned Bonnetus Lib. 4. Anatom Sect. 2. Obser 4 giveth an account of a Boy affected with a Tumour in his Neck and Arm derived from abundance of Fat and serous Humours inclosed in a peculiar Membrane which taketh its origen from a Mass of Blood which being despoiled of its natural Elements is not able to elaborate Chyle associated with Blood and turn it into its own nature Whence some oily Particles of the Vital Liquor being severed from it do degenerate into an unnatural Fat and serous Humours enwrapped in a proper Membrane whence followed an Atrophy of the whole Body accompanied with a Dropsie expressed by the said most excellent Author Vbi sanguis Sulphuris sui salis legitima proportione orbatur facilis est putredo aut vermibus apta Corruptio succorum benignorum degeneratio quae saepe in generationem copiosae pinguedinis sive Cascum sive Lardum sive aliud quid mentiatur facessere potest Conspectissimum id erat 1670. In Nosodochio Argentinensi ubi exinteravimus puerum Cujus collo supra anillam sinistram ingens Tumor accreverat cujus separato bino involucro Cutaneo proprio substantia Steatoma verum erat pondus librarum quinque civilium brachium ejusdem lateris admodum cum manu totum aequalitur intumuit dissectum copiosissimam intra cutim exhibuit pinguedinem effluente Copiosissima aqua ex Musculorum Interstitiis omne reliquum Corpus macies exederat Ascitis Abdomen A Steatome sometimes is of a prodigious bigness A Steatome proceeding a Pituita Gypsea deduced from thick tough Phlegm confined in a proper Tunicle à pituita gypsea from a gross Matter resembling Plaister Of which an Instance may be given of a Servant Maid who was for a long time highly troubled with a great Swelling of her Thigh which she concealed lest she should seem to betray her Modesty in shewing her Thigh to an Artist but at last the Tumour grew to so strange a greatness that
Ascitis to advise such Diureticks as will repair the Depauperated Particles of the Blood by exalting the crude Sulphureous Atomes and by rendring its fixed parts more Volatil whereupon the Compage of the Blood being opened that the Serous parts may be separated from the Purple Liquor it is not convenient to give Diureticks consisting of Acids and Lixivial but rather of Volatil Salts And I humbly conceive that Salts of Tartar and Broom are not always so beneficial as the Juices of Scurvy-Grass Watercresses Brooklime and Millepedes Alive infused in White-wine which being highly impraegnated with Volatil Salts and Spirit of Wine and Salt dulcified do speak great Cures of this Disease And as to the Vital Indication by reason this Dropsie doth take its rise A laesa Sanguificatione Chalybeats very proper in Dropsies by reason they refine and sweeten the Blood from an ill Constitution of Blood Chalybeats may be advised to rectifie its Elements and to exalt its Saline and Sulphureous Particles and to make good the Ferments of the Stomach in reference to Concoction and to advance the Succus Nutricius in order to Assimilation with the solid parts of the Body Diaphoreticks speak a greater advantage in an Anasarca Diaphoreticks are improper in an Ascitis seated in the Muscular parts then in an Ascitis lodged in the Spaces of the Belly so that the Humours Extravasated having no communion with the Vessels of Muscles and Cutaneous Glands cannot be discharged by Sweat and insensible Transpiration but produce a great Ebullition of the Serous Humours settled in the Belly and rather make precipitation of the watry Recrements and force them as being rendred more thin and fluid by warm Medicines through the terminations of the Arteries into their wonted Receptacles of the Belly And Fomentations also are of an ill consequence in this Disease Fomentations are hurtful in an Ascitis by reason their great heat putteth the Blood into a Fermentation and thereby raiseth a kind of Feverish Distemper accompanied with the pain of the Head Vertigo and sometimes fainting Fits produced by great expense of Spirits in an over-free Transpiration causing a Relaxation of the Compage of the Blood whereupon the watry Particles do quit the fellowship of the Purple Liquor and have recourse by troden Paths into the repositories of Serous Liquor Clysters may be applied in this Disease with a better effect by reason their sharp Particles sollicite the Mesentery and Intestines whose Vessels are full of watry Faeces to discharge the Recrements of the Blood by the Mesenterick Arteries into the Guts and from thence into the wide World Plaisters are also of great use in an Ascitis as having some Astringency in them to Comfort and Corroborate the Bowels and do keep them by shutting up the Extreamities of the Vessels from throwing their watry Contents into the Capacity of the Abdomen upon which account Paracelsus his Plaister and De Minio and Diasapomi are applied and approved by Dr. Willis as very good in this case A Waterman having frequently treated himself with free Cups of strong Drink and having often exposed himself to the cold Air in violent Sweats An Ascitis in a Waterman proceeding from high Drinking and from Cold on a suddain shutting up the pores of the Body occasioned by hard Rowing with which his great negligence of himself and his high Intemperance so far depraved his Mass of Blood that he fell into a great Swelling of his Belly the result of watry Humours upon his Debauchery settled in the Cavity of the Abdomen having a recourse by the Processes of the Peritonoeum into the Scrotum which was highly Tumefied growing Black and tending to a Gangreen had it not been prevented by warm Fomentations And afterward when the Patient was in a deplorable condition I advised a Method of Physick consisting of gentle Purgatives Antiscorbuticks Diureticks and a proper Plaister to be applied to his whole Belly whereupon to the Glory of the Almighty Physician he was restored to his Health Many Artists do advise a Paracentesis A Paracontesis only relieveth where the Viscera are found an opening of the Navil in an Ascitis which is to be done with great Caution and to be prescribed when the Tumour riseth to a great hight in a small space of time and when other Medicines have been used and when the Patients is of a Vivid Colour and no way Exhausted by a long Sickness and hath no Ulcer of the Lungs no long Diarrhaea no Scirrhus of the Liver or Spleen else the Life and Serous Liquor will be let out at once which most frequently happeneth in an Apertion of the Navil in this fatal Disease CHAP. XXIX Of a Tympanitis TYmpanitis one kind of a Dropsie in a common acception seemeth by reason of order to claim our notice in the next place whose outward face is obvious to Sense if considered as a hard Tumour of the Belly highly resisting the pressure of our Fingers upon a stroke and giving a noise somewhat resembling a Drum but it s more inward recesses deduced from its Morbifick Causes and manner of Production will entertain us with a deeper Inspection and greater Consideration how in a short space the Belly should obtain so great an Increment in its Dimensions and it is a matter of as great difficulty as moment to discover how a Flatus the matter of the Disease should be produced in so large a proportion And by what ways it may be transmitted into the Cavity of the Belly as to generate so hard and so great a Swelling in so little a time as hath been often seen in a multitude of Patients Many Physicians of great Name and worthy of our Esteem A Bastard Tympanitis when the Belly is distended upon a Flatus lodged in the Stomach and Guts do assert in their Works that they have Dissected many Bodies that have been conceived to die of a Tympanitis wherein no Flatus hath hissed out of the Belly upon its Apertion and the Intestines only were discovered to be highly distended with great store of Flatulent Matter The great Current of Physicians runneth this way That a Tympanitis doth proceed from a gross quantity of Wind not lodged in the Stomach and Intestines only but between them the Caul and the Rim of the Belly arising out of a distention of them upon a Flatus which being of a thin fluid nature is apt to move especially when forced by the contraction of the Fibrous parts of the Intestines finding themselves aggrieved upon over much Tension Purgations also and Fomentations would discharge the Flatus if it were contained within the Stomach and Intestines out of which there are large Ducts fit for Evacuation But it is found by sad Experience that notwithstanding all proper Medicines have been Administred yet the Flatus is not discharged and the Disease remaineth fixed and sometimes past Cure Another difficulty seemeth to perplex this Opinion that the Membranes of the Abdomen
the numerous Nervous Fibres every way besetting the whole Compage of the Splene And the Blood being imported below on both sides by the Emulgent Arteries into the bodies of the Kidneys The Nervouâ— Liquor exalteth the Blood in the Splene The Kidneys are the Colatory of thâ— Blood from its watry Faeces is there secerned from its watry Faeces and transmitted by the Urinary Vessels and papillary caruncles into the Pelvis and thence distilleth down the Ureters as by Aquaeducts into the Bladder the common Cistern of these watry Recrements Thus having touched upon part after part of the lower Story let us ascend up to the Middle and more noble Apartiment which is encircled without with the four common Vestments and more inwardly in its Anterior Region with the Musculus Pectoralis and Serratus Anticus Major and behind with the Latissimus Dorsi and the upper region of the Sacrolumbaris and Longissimi Dorsi and with the Serrati Superiores and Inferiores and Semispinati all of them except the Serrati being Tensors of the Back The middle Story being more excellent then the lowest is more strongly guarded with many long crooked Bones seated in a manner of Twelve Arches on each side encircling for the most part the Chambers of this Apartiment and interlined with the Intercostal and Triangular Muscles which in their various Motions enlarge and contract the Cavity of the Thorax This Story is well fortified in its fore parts with various Bones composing the Sternon and behind with a Column made up of Twelve Vertebres finely wrought in variety of Processes from and into which the Muscles of the Back have their Origen and Insertions This middle Apartiment is adorned within with fine Hangings of the Pleura and parted in the middle with the Mediatinum dividing it into two equal Camera's which are beautified with the noble Furniture of the Heart and Lungs this being a Machine of the Air and the other of Motion which containeth within it two running Lakes the one discharging it self into the Lungs and the other into the common Trunk of the great Artery Thus I have given you a glimpse of the Wall and Furniture of two Apartiments by climbing up from part to part as step by step from the lower and middle Stories as Antecamera's leading to the highest Apartiment which is as eminent in Dignity as Place and is composed of an Ivory Cabbinet Embelished with many fine Coverings and rarely indented with divers Sutures This Cabinet is a Repository of many excellent Jewels the admirable processes of the Brain But before I Treat of these I will take the freedom with your leave to give a brief Account of the Animal Liquor as well a Product of as Ambulatory to the highest Apartiment and is the great end and perfection to which all the various Coats Processes and Nerves of the Brain are consigned giving you 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a short History of the Production and Progress of the Animal Liquor and what improvement it maketh in the several Local and Intestine Motions of the Chyle in the Stomach Intestines Mesentery and Thoracic Ducts and how it enobleth the Blood in the Kidneys Splene Liver and Chambers of the Heart and in its passage through the Lungs and the Ascendent Trunk of the Aorta leading to the Carotide Arteries which import Blood impraegnated with Nervous Liquor and attenuated with Lympha into the Membranes and substance of the Brain The Animâ—l Liquor The Nervous Liquor made in the Brain is thence carried by Nerves into all parts of the Body the seat of the most refined Spirits the Ministers of the Sensitive and Intellectual Operations oweth its origen to the upper region of the Brain and is thence propagated by innumerable Fibres through its various Processes through its lower Confines and then is transmitted through the numerous Filaments of Nerves as so many fine Outlets and Channels The salival Liquor is improved by Juice flowing out of the third fourth and seventh pair of Nerves into the Mouth producing the first rudiment of Concoction which is after perfected in the Stomach by an access of Nervous Liquor distilling out of the Stomacic Nerves leading to the middle and lowest Apartiment of the Body So that Liquor destilling out of the Third Fourth and Seventh pair of Nerves maketh the noblet part of the Juice squeesed in mastication out of the Tonsillary and Maxillary Glands as well as those of the Palate and Tongue all beset with Minute Conglomerated Glands whereupon the Masticatory Liquor being highly improved with Nervous Juice is mingled with the Alimentary Liquor exstracted out of the Meat chewed in the Mouth which embodying with the fluid and Elastick Particles of Air doth open the Compage of the Meat rendring it fit for Intestine Motion and as a Ferment giveth the first rudiment of Concoction of Meat in the Mouth in order to the generation of Chyle afterward elaborated in the Stomach assisted with new access of Liquor flowing out of the numerous Nerves derived from the Intercostal and Par Vagum and divers Mesenteric Plexes seated in the Belly and emitting fruitful Branches into all parts and at last do terminate into the inward Coats of the Stomach out of which the Nervous Juice is crushed by the gentle Contractions of the Carnous Fibres enclosing the Aliment into the Crust investing the Nervous Coat all beset with minute Annular Glands in which the Nervous Liquor is Percolated and thence destilleth into the Cavity of the Stomach And being impraegnated with volatil saline Particles insinuateth it self into the body of the Aliment and openeth its Compage severing by a kind of Precipitation or Colliquation at least the Alimentary Liquor from the more gross Faeces whereupon the Nervous Liquor exalted with Spirituous parts The serous part of the Blood is also ferment of the Stomach in Concoction embodieth with the serous parts of the Blood and flowing out of the Extreamities of the Arteries into the Cavity of the Stomach doth fitly qualifie a Menstruum to dissolve the Compage and Colliquate the Meat out of which the Chyle is exstracted by way of Tincture Ad lenem balnei calorem by the Ambient heat of the Stomach which is afterward more matured by its farther progress through the Intestines The Chyle is more attenuated in the Guts by Liquor coming out of the Mesenteric Plex of Nerves by Liquor dropping out of the Terminations of the Nerves derived from the Mesenteric Plexes and implanted into the inward Coats of the Intestines surrounded with Minute Glands In order to which the Milky Humour is thence transmitted into the Pores of the first Lacteae suitable in shape and size to the Atomes of the Chyle which is afterward dispersed into the body of the Glands where it incorporateth with the Nervous Liquor The Chyle is attenuated by Lympha into the common Receptacle is thence carried by the Stomacie Ducts into the Subclavian Veins issuing out of the Mesenteric Nerves
into the Spleen and doth accommodate it with fruitful Branches and Fibres of Nerves propagated in numerous plexes through the whole frame of the Spleen whose Extreamities are inserted into the substance of the Glands and do dispense Nervous Liquor into the Interstices of their Vessels where it confederates with the Blood impelled out of the termination of the Arteries much exalted with this select Liquor Whereupon it is evident that the Spleen is a Compage for the most part made up of Nerves and Fibres exceeding other Vessels in number carrying Liquor into the Parenchyma of the Glands The use of the Spieen may be to prepare a Ferment for the Liver in order to the secretion of the Bilious Humors from the Blood where it meeteth with the Blood which afterward acquireth an acidity in the Spleen whose taste is sourish upon Boiling so that it may be conjectured that one use of the Spleen may be to prepare a Ferment for the Liver to assist it in order to a Secretion of the Bilious from the more delicate and mild parts of the Blood And to this end the Nervous Liquor inspired with Animal Spirits and impraegnated with Volatil Saline Particles is embodied in the substance of the Glands with the Sub-acid and other Heterogeneous parts of the Blood which is transmitted first into the Extreamities of the Splenick Veins and thence by the Porta into the Glands of the Liver wherein the Splenick Blood mixed with that brought in by the other Branches of the Porta doth open the Compage of the Vital Liquor and dispose it for a secretion of the Bilious parts from the more sweet that they may be received into the Extreamities of the Vasa Fellea and Choledoch Ducts implanted into the substance of the Hepatick Glands CHAP. IV. The Spleen of Beasts THe Spleen of great Beasts as Oxen Deer Sheep Horses c. are adorned with an Oblong Figure somewhat resembling the Tongue of a Bullock and is seated in length downward in the Left Side but in a Lion it is lodged crossways from the Left toward the Right Hypoconder The Spleen of a Lion and hath its †T 17 F. 2. Origen confining on the Left Side which is larger in Dimensions then the other Extreamity and groweth less and less †b. toward its Termination and passeth almost in a straight course †d d d. The Spleen of a Lion hath two Surfaces the upper is convex †T. 17. F. 2. a a a. and is furnished in one part with an eminent Prominence †A. The concave and lower region of the Spleen is crooked as endued with a Semicircular Figure †f f f. It hath its connexion with the Stomach by reason of its Protuberance †g. and is joyned to the But-end of the Pancreas †h h. in its lower Region which is Semicircular The Spleen of a Castor is very small three Inches in length The Spleen of a Cassor not half a one in breadth and a quarter of one in thickness and is endued with a pale Red Colour and a soft substance and resembleth a Fillet or Hairlace fastned to the Stomach The Spleen of an African Goat is beautified with an Oval Figure The Spleen of of African Goat and is seated in the Left Hypocondre and affixed by Membranous interpositions in a great part to the lower region of the Stomach As to the shape of the Spleen of a Dog it is different from that of Mans The Spleen of a Dog and doth not resemble the Tongue of a Bullock as being sharp pointed where it faceth the Midriff The Spleen of an Ape is adorned with a kind of Triangular Figure The Spleen of an Ape of unequal Sides and somewhat resembleth a Scalenum but in truth according to my apprehension it seemeth to resemble the Heart of a Bird and its Base †T. 18. F. 1. F. is adjoyning to the greatest part of the Pancreas and its Cone is turned upward †T. 18. F. 1. k. In a subtle Beast called by the Latines Hyaena The Spleen of an Hyaena it is hued in some part with a Red Colour and in another with a Livid and is harder in substance then the Liver and less in bulk and in reference to situation it is lodged from the Left Hypocondre toward the fore part of the lowest Venter and resembleth in shape the compressed Legs of an Infant The Spleen of an Indian Bore The Spleen of an Indian Bore is not seated under the Ribs of the Left Side as in Man and in most perfect Animals but cross the lower Venter as in a Lion and is fastned by Ligaments to the fat Membranes of the Kidneys and is almost two handfuls in length and but a Finger in thickness The Spleen of a Tygre is less in Dimensions then that of a Lion The Spleen of a Tygre and is biggest above in its Origen and groweth less and less toward its Termination and is hued with a bright florid red Colour The Spleen of a Porcupine doth encircle in its embraces The Spleen of a Porcupine a great part of the Stomach to which it is not at all affixed by any Ligament or Membranous interposition The Spleen of a Hare is very small in Dimensions The Spleen of a Hare which are somewhat greater in its beginning and very Minute in its Termination which endeth in a kind of Point it is fastned to the Stomach by the mediation of Vessels In a Hedg-Hog The Spleen of a Hedg-Hog it is endued with a longish round Figure or rather with an obtuse Cone in one part and with a more acute in the other and is fastned to the Stomach by the help of a Membrane The Spleen of a Land Tortoise The Spleen of a Land Tortoise is seated about the Duodenum inclining toward the hinder region of the lower Apartiment it is very small and of a blackish Colour and fastned to the Duodenum by the interposition of many Blood Vessels CHAP. V. The Spleen of Birds THe Spleen of a Goose The Spleen of a Goose is graced with a Triangular Figure whose Base is tied to the Right Side of the Gulet near its Termination and the lower Extreamity of the Gizard and its Cone to the Guts It is tinged with a darker Colour then the Liver and is seated in the Lest Side somewhat under the lower region of the Gizard near its Origen to which it is conjoyned by a thin Membranous interposition The Spleen of a Duck The Spleen of a Duck. is endued with a brighter Red then the Liver and is adorned with a Triangular Figure and its Base is joyned to the Guts and its third Angle is affixed to the lower Region of the Gizard near its Origination and another part of the Spleen is fastned to the Termination of the Gulet The Spleen of a Partridg The Spleen of a Partridg is adorned
have as many little excretory Vessels as Glands The excretory Vessels relating to these Glands taking their rise from many white Globules and are so many small Channels discharging themselves into one common Cistern The manner of production of Civet I conceive is made after this manner The manner of producing of Civet The Vital Liquor is transmitted by the Hypogastrick Arteries into the substance of the numerous Globules belonging to these Glandulous Bodies endued with a proper Ferment wherein the Milky parts of the Blood the Materia substrata of it are secerned from the red Crassament and mixed with some Liquor destilling out of the extremities of Nerves whereupon the Body of the Blood being opened and the Bond of Mixtion loosened it is rendred fit for the Secretion of the more soft and Chymous from the red and sharp parts so that the white Particles being commensurate in shape and size to the extremities of the excretory Vessels are received into them and carried into the common Receptacle of this Milky humour commonly graced with the Appellative of Civet endowed with a bitter Taste a fragrant Smell a whitish Colour afterwards growing yellowish Between these Glandulous Prominencies of Civet is seated the Penis Osseus within and covered with a Membrane enclosing two Nervous Bodies as well as the Bony parts and hath its Termination and Body invested with a Prepuce as in a Dog which are wholly unsheathed in the Act of Coition Learned Blasius hath well described the Testicles The Genitals of a Dormouse Parastats deferent Vessels and Seminal Vesicles and Penis of a Dormouse Ait ille Partes hic variae quibus Semen Semini Analoga materia elaboratur aut saltem delinetur Prima earum Vasis Spermaticis unita Testis est ex variè Conglometratis Fibrillis quas cavas Graefius aliique dicunt imprimis constans Arteria singulariter per exteriora substantiae ejus gyroso Ductu antequam ad interiora transeat distributa facile separabili Gaudens Secunda Epididymis tortuosam ibidem Faciem exhibens longitudinis insignis admodum habetur haec Fibrarum dictarum testem constituentium continuatio Tertia Epididymidis extremo illi quod est a teste remotius continuatum Vas deferens vocari solitum ad Ventris interiora procedens ubi ad Latus meatus Urinarii occurrit Quarta Vesica ampla Cornu quasi exasperatum varieque contortum referens Haec iterum Ductus subtilioris faciem assumens Gyroso quodam Ductu Urethram accedit eo loco quo Vas deferens altero extremo exceperat Quinta Capsula exigua pyriformibus Musculis Penis incumbens in Urethram patens Materiam haec continet tenuiorem minus albam similiter ac Pars sexta Glandula sat magna foramine manifesto circa Praeputii externi Extremitatem interius praedita Penis non tantum Nervoso Corpore duplici constat Urinarioque Ductu sed Ossiculo singulari similiter ac in Cane notamus anterius leviter incurvato tegitur hoc Praeputio quodam membranaceo quod internum nominare placet cum externum ad hoc cutaneum omnino CHAP. VIII Of the Parts of Generation in the Cocks of Birds BIrds have a Cavity lodged between the Rump and Intestinum Rectum The Genitals of Birds somewhat resembling a Prepuce out of which a Penis discovereth it self of a membranous nature in time of Coition the Corpora Nervosa if any being very thin in Birds in some of which it cometh out of the Body a great length after the manner of a small Gut in point of substance only it is destitute of so great a Cavity as is found in a little Intestine In great Birds the Penis is more fleshy and big as having the Nervous Bodies more thick and large giving greater Dimensions to the substance of the Penis This is very remarkable in an Estridge The Genitals of an Estridge in which may be discerned within the Orifice of the Pudendum a large Glans in which it is Lodged as within a Socket somewhat like the Prepuce of a Horse The Body of the Penis is hued with red proceeding from numerous Blood-Vessels disseminated through the substance of the Nervous Bodies which are much greater in this large Fowl than in small Birds in which it is difficult to discover any fleshy Substance so that the Frame of the Penis in most Birds seemeth to be membranous In this Fowl the Penis resembleth a Hart's Tongue in figure and bigness The Penis of an Estridge as learned Dr. Harvey hath observed who saw this Animal often first shake its Penis and afterwards immit it into the Vagina Uteri relating to the Female without any motion as if they were nailed together for some time in coition accompanied with many little sportings of the Head and Neck as so many expressions of Pleasure The Testicles of a Turkey as in other Birds are oblong white Glandulous Bodies seated immediately under the Renes Succenturiati The Testicles of a Turkey between the Originations of the Kidneys resting upon the Trunk of the great Artery and Vein out of which do arise minute Branches of Spermatick Vessels which are distributed into the substance of the Testicles where the Seminal Liquor is generated and afterwards carried down by two Spermatick Ducts by the Spine and are inserted into the long Membranous Substance vulgarly called the Penis The Testicles in this Bird are connected to the upper Region of the Kidneys and in some part to the Spine and to the Trunk of Blood-Vessels The connexion of the Testicles in a Turkey to which they are fastened by the Interposition of the preparing Artery and Vein arising out of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava and are endued with a different size by reason the right is larger and longer than the left The Testicles of a Swan Goose Duck and other Birds The Testicles of Birds have many Vessels are Lodged near the beginning of the Kidneys and are conjoined to the great Blood-Vessels passing down the Spine and have preparing Vessels sprouting out of them and are divaricated in numerous Branches through the Body of the Testicles wherein the Serous and Chymous part of the Blood are embodied with a choice Liquor dropping out of the Extremities of the Nerves and transmitted into the Origens of the Seminal Tubes and conveyed through the deferent Vessels into the Penis which is a soft membranous Compage The Penis of Birds mixed with a thin loose spongy Substance and is distended by Blood brought into it by the Hypogastrick Arteries and by Animal Spirits carried with the Liquor between the Filaments of the Nerves inserted into the Body of the Penis whereupon it is thrust first out of a Cavity running between the Rump and Intestinum Rectum The Ovaries of Birds are made praegnant by the spirituous parts of the Seed and afterwards immitted into the Vulva of the Hen and bedeweth it with a thin Seminal
contract and dilate it self that it might conform to the different sizes of the Penis found in great Variety in several Men. There are other Carnous Bodies which appear when the Expansions are removed and assist the constriction of the Orifice of the Vagina Carnous expansions helping the contracting of the Orifice relating to the Vagina as in conjunction with the Processes of the Sphincter and are seated in the lower part of the Vagina on each side near the Labia Pudendi and do ascend to the Membranous Substance by which the Clitoris is fastened to the neighbouring parts and do terminate into it The right and left side of these Bodies hold no entercourse with each other which Learned Dr. De Graaf hath made evident by an Experiment so that one side is blown up and the other is no ways Tumefied The outward Substance of these Bodies helping the Sphincter in contracting the entrance of the Vagina is cloathed with a thin Membranous contexture and their more inward Racesses are hued with a deep red or blackish colour flowing from a quantity of Blood lodged in the inward substance framed of many Ramulets of Vessels and Fibres which often meeting and parting again after a little space make a kind of Net-work which may be is ordained by Nature to straighten the Orifice of the Vagina to give the more grateful Reception to the Penis when every way encircled with the more close Embraces of the Orifice of the Vagina by reason it being swelled with a quantity of Blood in Coition cannot expand it self upward as compressed by the Processes or Wings of the Sphincter Muscles and the two other adjacent Bodies so that the Orifice of the Vagina must necessarily bend inward and inwrap the Convex Surface of the Penis within its soft and pleasant Concave Enclosure The outward Region of the Vagina is composed of a soft loose flesh The outward part of the Vagina as beset with divers carnous Fibres and minute Glands as I humbly conceive which transmit a quantity of Serous Liquor through the Pores of the inward Coat of the Vagina into its Cavity to gratifie the Penis in time of Coition with a Pleasant Moisture The Vagina Vteri being an oblong concave Body The descriptiou of the Vagina consisting of an outward and inward Membrane lined within with carnous Fibres and many small Glands is so closely united to the Neighbouring parts the Intestinum rectum and neck of the Bladder of Urine by the interposition of many thin Membranes that it cannot easily be parted from them without the help of an expert hand assisted by a Knife This entry of the Womb is furnished within and Enameled without with many Blood-Vessels of several sorts Arteries and Veins as also with many Nervous Fibrils which constitute its outward and inward Coat as a curious contexture of them The Arteries make many reticular Divarications through the outward and inward parts of the Vagina The Arteries of the Vagina and are derived from the Hypogastrick and Haemorrhoidal Branches the last do make their Progress through the lower Region of the Vagina and the Hypogastrick Arteries do sport themselves in numerous Ramulets about the sides and other parts of the Vagina which are so many inlets of Blood to render it warm and turgid in the Act of Coition The Veins of the Vagina Uteri being associates of the Arteries The Veins of the Vagina do observe their Progress in various Divarications and do take their Rise also from the Haemorrhoidal and Hypogastrick Veins the first do impart fruitful Ramulets to the inferior part of the Vagina and the Hypogastrick do descend and furnish the sides of it with numerous small Branches which encircle all parts of the Vagina and do make many Inosculations with the Veins of the Uterus in the upper Region of the Bearing-place The Nerves of the Vagina are Propagated from the Par Vagum and from divers Branches derived from the Os Sacrum The Nâ—rves of the Vagina and do transmit store of Fibres into the substance and Coats of the Vagina which are the great Ingredients integrating their curious contexture giving them an exquisite sense most evident in Coition The action of this part is tension The action of the Vagina derived from a great Source of Blood huing it with redness carried into it by the Haemorroidal and Hypogastrick Arteries in the time of Fruition when the Vagina is full of great sense by reason a quantity of Nervous Juice impregnated with Animal Spirits is dispensed into it The tenseness of this part much contributeth to the emission of Seminal Liquor into its Cavity wherein it is conveyed into the inward Orifice Neck and thence into the Bosom of the Vterus The use of the Vagina as a round tense membranous Substance is to give reception to the Penis and to convey the emitted Semen into the Cavity of the Uterus and to be a Channel through which the Menstrua are thrown out of the Body and to be a Passage to bring the Foetus into the world when it arriveth to a due Perfection CHAP. XV. Of the Uterus THe Uterus is called Matrix quod Matrem Referat as entertaining the Foetus in the tender Embraces of its bosome wherein it is secured from outward accidents and cherished by Vital Heat flowing from Blood contained in the Vessels of the Uterus It is seated in the lowest Region of the third Apartiment The situation of the Vterus in a peculiar place called the Pelvis between the Intestinum rectum and Bladder of Urine that the mean situation of the place of our Production between two Receptacles the one of grosser the other of thinner Excrements might be a remembrancer of the mean condition of our first Propagation and make us reflect upon our selves in low Apprehensions of our Primitive estate Nature Parts confiâ—ing on the Vterus out of great discretion hath lodged the Uterus in a most safe Repository guarded before with the Sharebones and behind with the Os Sacrum and on each side with the Bones of the Ilium as encircled with strong walls for its greater safety and preservation And the Cavity in Women hemmed in with variety of large Bones hath greater Dimensions than in Men as making provision for the distention of the Uterus in case of a Foetus The Uterus is not lodged exactly in the middle of the Pelvis but sometimes inclineth to one sometimes to the other side of the Hypogastrium as learned De Graaf hath observed The Vterus The connexion of the Vterus that it might be kept in its proper Seat is fastened in relation to its neck which is very short to the Vagina Intestinum rectum and Bladder of Urine by the interposition of many Membranes and hath its bottom free from all Connexion with other parts to have the advantage of divers degrees of distention as the Foetus obtaineth greater and greater dimensions and as not being connected in
young Man being tortured with a pain of his Side and a great Palpitation of his Heart proceeding from a superabundant quantity of Water lodged in the bosom of the Capsula which generated a Hectick Fever destructive of the Patient who being opened in his middle Apartiment the Pericardium was found highly distended as being Hydropical and full of Serous Liquor drenching the Heart and rendring it very soft and flabby On the other side the Capsula Cordis is sometimes found wholly destitute of any Water lodged in it The adherency of the Pericardium to the Heart for want of Liquor to be contained in the Pericardium and the Pericardium closely affixed to the Perimeter or Convex Surface of the Heart by the interposition of many Membranes which are hardly broken and the Capsula not easily severed from the circumference of the Heart which I saw some years since in an Executed Felon privately Dissected by dextrous Chyrurgeons of London at the Hall where Learned Dr. Needham and many other Gentlemen were present This Disease is attended with many dismal Symptoms The symptoms of the Diseases belonging to the Pericardium difficulty of Breathing Synope Lypothymy Palpitation of the Heart and a languid intermittent Pulse which proceed from a small proportion of Blood received into the Ventricles of the Heart and Lungs by reason they cannot be expanded for the free admission of Blood as enclosed within the narrow confinement of the Pericardium compressing the Heart CHAP. XIII Of the Pericardium of other Animals THe Pericardium in greater and smaller Beasts The Pericardium of greater and smaller Animals hath great affinity with that of Man holdeth great similitude in Situation Connexion Figure and Substance with that of Man The Capsula Cordis in more perfect Animals is made up of three Tunicles The outward being fastned to the middle Coat by many fine Ligaments is beset with many Cells the allodgments of Fat. The middle Tunicle being somewhat thinner than the outward is integrated of a great number of Fibres finely spun and curiously interwoven which is interlined with a whitish Parenchyma The third Pellicle making the inside of the Pericardium in Beasts is the thinnest of all the Coats this I discovered in a Bullock to be furnished with many minute Glands which I humbly conceive may be the Colatories of the Blood transmitting its Serous parts into the Cavity interceding the Pericardium and Heart The Capsula Cordis in other greater Animals as well as Man hath a quantity of thin transparent Liquor seated in the empty space between the Pericardium and Heart as in a Cystern flowing out of the adjacent Glands The Pericardium of a Land Tortoise is thick The Pericardium of a Land Tortoise as composed of many Membranes and is sometimes distended with Wind and most of all with a large proportion of thin transparent Liquor A Lyon is furnished with a dense Pericardium The Pericardium of a Lion as made up also of many Coats closely conjoyned to each other by the interposition of many thin Ligaments and is most eminent for abundance of Fat shading the outside of this useful Integument The Capsula Cordis in Birds is very thin The Pericardium of the Heart in Birds as being one Membrane which is three in Beasts made up and curiously wrought with divers Fibrils closely united without any seam or visible commissure This fine Integument of the Heart in Birds hath but a small space running between it and the Heart So that it cannot contain any great quantity of Serous Liquor The Figure relating to the Capsula Cordis in Fish The Pericardium of the Heart in Fish is different from that of Man and other Animals which is Pyramidal but in Fish it is Triangular as holding conformity to the shape of the Heart which is Tricuspidal and endued with divers Angles The Pericardium of Fish hath great affinity with that of Birds in reference to its fineness and it is more close in Conjunction than is found between the Integument and body of the Heart in greater Animals in most Fish it is Membranous but in a Lamprey Cartilaginous Insects also as well as other Animals have a Pericardium though in some it is scarce discernible by reason of its great thinness and close union to the Heart whereupon it seemeth to be a proper Coat of the Heart The Hearts of greater and small Beasts as perfect Animals have their Pericardium free as not conjoyned to the Diaphragm as it may be seen in the Pericardium of Man to help the Diastole of the Midriff and in its Laxament to reduce it from a Plain to an Arch which is more different in Man by reason of his erect posture of Body CHAP. XIV Of the Heart THe Heart being the most noble Machine motion belonging to the excellent Fabrick of Man's Body may be truly entitled the Sun of its Microcosm from which the rays of Life seated in the Blood are displayed by Arteries into all parts of this little World and in some sort may receive the appellative of the fountain of Life and Heat The Heart is the fountain of Life and Heat as by its frequent repeated motions the innate heat vigor and spirit of the Blood are conserved and the gentle flame of Vestal Fire the preservative of Life is maintained And my intention is to treat first of its Structure as the ground and foundation of its motion afterward of its motion as the use and accomplishment of this choice Machine consisting of variety of parts disposed by the hand of the All-wise Architect in most Elegant order The first part that accosteth our fight The upper Integument of the Heart after the Pericardium is stripped off is its proper Integument which is a thin strong and dense Tunicle as made up of many Membranous close-struck Fibres very curiously interwoven in divers postures whose Interstices are filled up with a Succus Nutricius or Seminal Liquor adhering to the sides of their Coats in their first formation whereupon they are rendred plain and smooth and easie to this choice Compage as giving no discomposure to its outward parts in a constant and necessary motion This Tunicle I humbly conceive to be the same with the thin outward Coat of the Arteries which derive their origen from the Heart and doth invest the Ventricles of this noble part as well as its ambient parts As to its use it may be to give a great firmness to the Heart The use of the Coat investing the Heart as confining its spiral Fibres in their due seat and to preserve the tender branches of the Coronary Blood-vessels which sport themselves in numerous divarications through the substance of this fine Tunicle overshadowing and encircling the Perimeter of the Heart The situation of the Heart is generally conceived to be in the middle of the Thorax The situation of the Heart which must be understood of its Basis and not of its Cone which somewhat inclineth in Man toward
Body through the Veins of the lower Limbs and Muscles and Viscera of the lowest Venter and through the ascendent Trunk of the Cava into the larger Cistern of the Right Ventricle of the Heart Perhaps some may object against this Hypothesis by reason the Valves are seated in the inside of the Veins to aid the progress of the Blood tending to the Heart lest it should make a retrograde Motion toward the Origens of the Veins To which I take the freedom to make this Reply that the Valves are not sufficient to make good the Ascent of the Blood The Valves of the Veins are not sufficient to make good the Ascent of the Blood toward the Heart through the ascending Branches and Trunk of the Cava and through the Branches of the Jugulars and descendent Trunk of the Cava when the impulse of the Blood caused by the Systole of the Heart and Arteries groweth faint in the Termination of the Carotide Arteries and Interstices of the Vessels of the Membranes and substance of the Brain so that when the Blood is received into the Veins at a great distance from the Heart it is necessary that that the slow Motion of the Blood toward the Heart should be hightened by the Cantractions of the circular Fibres encompassing the Veins seeing the Valves of the Veins do only hinder the Motion of the Blood toward the extremities of the Veins and are not able to promote it all along their less and greater Cavities ending in the Right Ventricle of the Heart In fine I cannot but admire and adore the infinite Wisdom of the Omnipotent Agent who hath mechanically contrived the Motion of the Blood by the great Apparatus of Organs in giving a constrictive power to the great Blood-work of the Heart and in several appendant Tubes of Arteries and Veins acted by various fleshy Fibres as so many Machines lessening the greater and smaller Cavities of the Heart and different Sanguiducts whereby the resistance of the Blood is countermanded by a strong Compression and its Flux and Reflux are maintained to and from the Heart to impart Life Heat and Nourishment to all parts of the Body The Motion of the Blood being a great instrument of the preservation of Humane Nature is consigned to many ends The production of Blood the generation of nervous Liquor and animal Spirits the depuration of the Blood in various parts of the Body and the formation of seminal Liquor in the Testicles The First and main end of the Motion of the Blood The main end of the Motion of Blood is Sanguification The manner of production of Blood is Sanguification which is produced by Chyle assimilated into Blood as more and more mixed with it in the Heart Lungs Arteries and Veins The manner how the Blood may be produced is this The Chyle being associated with Lympha in the common Receptacle is carried through the Thoracick Ducts into the subclavian Veins where it confederates with the Blood and is transmitted with it through the Cava into the Right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart wherein it is dashed impetuously against its Walls by the strong Contractions of fleshy Fibres highly compressing the Chyle confused with the Blood and breaking it into small Particles and then the Chyle somewhat mingled with the Blood is carried through the greater Trunk and smaller and smaller Branches and capillary Arteries where the Chyle receiveth a greater Comminution which is made by a great Compression by reason in inspiration free draughts of Air are received into the Bronchia and Appendant Vesicles whereby they being much dilated do Compress the Sanguiducts and break the Chyle confederated with the Blood into smaller Particles then in the Right Chamber of the Heart and in expiration the Diaphragme being brought from a Plain to an Arch and the Ribs from Rigâ—t to more obtuse Angles do press down the Lungs whereby the cavities of the greater and smaller pulmonary Vessels are narrowed and the Chyle being in conjunction with the Blood is squeezed into small Particles as protruded first through the small Terminations of the capillary Arteries and straight Interstices of the Vessels and through the more minute Origens of the pulmonary capillary Veins Branches and greater Trunk into the Left Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart wherein the Chyle being more embodied with the Blood is farther beaten as by a Pestle into many minute Atomes against the sides of the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence the Chyle mingled with the Blood is carried through the numerous Divarications and minute extremities of Arteries and Veins wherein by their innumerable circular Fibres the Chyle receiveth greater and greater comminution till it is perfectly assimilated into Blood as making many circuits in an hour through the Heart Lungs Arteries Veins in which the Chyle in its progress with the Blood is more and more exalted by the elastick Atomes of Air in the Lungs and with spirituous and volatil saline Particles in its Converse with the vital Liquor till the Chyme receiveth its ultimate Disposition and Form The Second end of the Motion of the Blood The second end of the Motion of the Blood is in order to the generation of nervous Liquor and animal Spirits in the Cortex of the Brain The nobler part of the vital Liquor is impelled out of the common Trunk of the Aorta into its ascendent Trunk and from thence carried through the internal greater and less Carotide Arteries passing through the Membranes and inserted into the Cortical Glands of the Brain wherein the more delicate the albuminous part of the Blood is separated from the Red crassament and turned into animal Liquor inspired with exalted Spirits as it s more choice and refined Particles The Third end of the Motion of the Blood is its refinement from its Recrements in its passage through the Interstices of the Vessels or Glands The Third end of the Motion of the Blood lodged in the Muscles Viscera and Cutis The mass of Blood consisteth of two Essential parts the Red Crassament The constituent parts of Blood and albuminous Juyce associated with Lymphatick Bilious and potulent Liquor which are secerned from it by its motion through many different Glands as so many Colatories seated in different parts of the Body The Blood being impelled by many branches of Arteries into the substance of the Lungs and the minute Glands of the Muscles Spleen Liver wherein the Blood and Motion hath its Lympha secerned from its nobler Liquor and conveyed into the Lymhaeducts of the parts seated below the Diaphragma into the common Receptacle and into the Lymphaeducts of those above into the subclavian Veins The vital Liquor is transmitted out of the Left Ventricles of the Heart through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thence through the Caeliack Artery into the Stomack and Spleen and through the upper and lower Mesenterick Arteries into the Intestines afterward the Blood is re-conveyed from the Stomack Spleen
and Waters made of Scorby-Grass Water-cresses of the tops of Pine and Firr Millepedes Nutmegs infused in Mumme and after Distilled in it and new Milk which are often crowned with good success as being very efficacious to attenuate and sweeten a foul mass of Blood disaffected with gross Tartar and many thick Filamentous Particles and Filmes which are much rectisied by Antiscorbutick and Chalybeat methods of Physick CHAP. XXXIV Of the Veins relating to the Heart VEins of the Heart are oblong round concave Vessels importing Blood into the Right and Left Ventricles and the venal Tubes are different from those of Arteries because the first begin in Capillaries and go on in Ramulers and at last end in Trunks and are inserted into the Right and Left Cistern of the Heart and whereas the Arteries export Blood out of the Heart and begin in the Heart in large Orifices and great Trunks and make their progress in less and less Channels and do at last terminate into small Capillaries The Ventricles of the Heart are accommodated with the terminations of the Cava and pulmonary Vein the one being seated in the Right The Ventricles of the Heart are furnished with the Orifices of the Cava and pulmonary Vein and the other in the Left Side and the Body and surface of the Heart is furnished with numerous divarications of the coronary Vein The small Capillar origens of Radication and the lesser and greater Branches of Veins The Veins implanted into the Cava relating to all the inward and outward parts of the whole Body except those of the Porta and pulmonary Veins are implanted into the Ascendent or Descendent Trunk of the Cava which are conjoyned in one common Trunk terminating into the Right Ventricle into which as a common Cistern all the parts of the Body except the Lungs do discharge the numerous Rivulets of vital Liquor on the confines of the Right Auricle where the Ascendent espouseth a union with the Descendent Trunk of the Cava A Prominence arising in the Right Auricle of the Heart being ready to discharge its vital streams into the Right Auricle a Bunch or Prominence ariseth which is worthy our remark in the nature of a Damm giving a check to the stream of Blood passing in the descendent Trunk of the Cava and turneth it into the Right Auricle else the descendent leaning upon the ascendent Trunk would hinder the current of Blood passing upward toward the Heart And by reason there is greater danger in a humane Body placed in an erect posture therefore Nature hath made this bunch or prominence greater in Man then other Animals as Learned Dr. Lower my worthy Collegue hath most ingen iously discovered And farthermore The annular fleshy Fibres of the Cava lest the torrent of Blood being stopped in the adjoyning Cava by the contraction of the Right Auricle therefore the Vena Cava about its termination in greater Animals as Man and Bruits is encircled with annular fleshy Fibres to give the Vena Cava strength to prevent a Laceration when highly distended with a large torrent of Blood whose Current is much hastened when the circumference of the Cava is lessened by the contraction of these strong Fleshy Fibres So that the vital stream is injected as by a Syringe into the Right Auricle of the Heart and in the Vena Cava of Horses and other Beasts these muscular Fibres are very large and being strongly moved inward in a circular posture do narrow the compass of the Cava and squeeze the Blood with great force into the Cavity of the Right Auricle The small capillary extremities and greater fruitful divarications of the pulmonary Vein dispersed through the substance of the Lungs are all implanted into one Trunk which emptieth the torrent of Blood by a large Orifice into the Left Ventricle of the Heart The coronary Veins do shade the Heart with great variety of Branches encircling the Base and ascend toward the Cone these Veins begin in most numerous minute Capillaries and afterward are enlarged into greater and greater Branches The First production of Veins which are all implanted into one Trunk of the Cava The Veins The First production of Veins as I conceive have their principle of Generation after this manner the vital Liquor after it hath received its first Rudiment in the ambient parts of colliquated seminal Liquor doth separate it self from the other more gross viscid parts which are concreted on every side of the vital Liquor into a round membranous Tube in which the Blood is conveyed to the beating point and afterward maketh its retrograde Motion from a rough draught of the Heart not confusedly transmitted through the inward seminal Recesses but is transmitted by other Tubes formed on each side of the Blood of the more gross genital juyce coagulated by Heat into membranous Cylinders conveying the gentle stream of Blood from the circumference of the melted Seminal Liquor And it being granted that the parts of Blood being near akin do espouse a confederacy in their first formation and affecting Motion as their great preservation and complement do by their heat and spirit separate the more faeculent adjacent parts of the seminal Liquor which is coagulated on each side of the Blood into round oblong Tunicles through which as so many Channels the Blood is first conveyed by Veins from the circumference of the seminal Liquor to the Center and then from the beating point the origen of the Heart it is carried in by a retrograde Motion by other Tubes as Rudiments of Arteries into the ambient parts of Crystalline Liquor in which the Plastick power doth reside which is an efficient cause of the first production of all parts of the Body The Veins of the Heart are endued with a substance common to all veins of the whole Body The substance of the Veins which is for the most part Membranous as capable of Distention without any Laceration which else would happen were they not accommodated with variety of membranous Fibrils The substance of the Veins is thinner then that of Arteries The Coats of the Veins The outward Coat and is made up of two Coats only the outward may receive the appellative of Common as taking its rise from the neighbouring parts in the middle apartiment from the Pleura and in the lowest from the rimm of the Belly and are not invested with this Coat when they make their Ingress and are branched through the substance of the Viscera The frame of the outward Coat of the Veius This Tunicle is framed of many small Fibrils running in variety of positions whereupon this outward Coat is receptive of Distention without prejudice to its Compage The Second Coat of the Veins may be stiled proper The inward Coat of the Veins made up of various Fibrils which is its inward Tunicle composed of threefold Fibres rarely interwoven of which some are right others oblique and a Third Transverse and though
this variety of Membranes can hardly be demonstrated by the evidence of Sense as being so fine and close struck that they elude the most quick Eye yet they being considered by Reason may be rendred manifest as being wisely instituted by Nature to conserve the due tone of the Veins when much distended by an exuberant quantity of Blood of which they being freed have a power to reduce their Coats to their former Primitive more easy posture 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tenuis rare est haec venarum tunica teste Galeno lib. 6. cap. 10. De usu partium Hanc ut reliquarum partium similarium Idem lib. 10. Methodi medendi cap. 21. Seu ultimo Vbi hane venarum tunicam Membranosam Fibrosam Carnosam Constituit The inward Coats according to Galen is Membranous Fibrous and Carnous 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In singulis simplicium ac primarum quas vocant partium ut 〈◊〉 dissectionibus es contemplatus alia portio substantiae est veluti Fibrosa alâ—â— Membranosa alia Carnosa sicut exempli causa cum vena unicam tunicam habeat eam tenuem licet Fibras in ea inâ—eniet multas quae sunt araneosis quibusdam intersitis contextae quibus utrisque propria venae substantia adnascitur This Hypothesis of Great Galen may be plainly proved by Autopsy in the Vena Cava of large Animals adjoyning to the Right Side of the Heart The fleshy Fibres of the Cava and I humbly conceive that other parts of the Trunk and branches of the Cava are beset with fleshy Fibres too which are much smaller in those places then about the termination of the Vena Cava whereupon they are not so easily seen And I humbly conceive the annular fleshy Fibres The use of the fleshy Fibres of the Veins encircling the Tunicles of the Veins are of a very important if not necessary use to further the circulation of Blood which else would be very slow in the Veins were they not assisted with circular fleshy Fibres which contracting themselves do very much promote the motion of the Blood in all Veins and more particularly its ascent in the ascendent Trunk of the Cava toward the Right Ventricle of the Heart And this Hypothesis may be farther confirmed that the fleshy Fibres are of great importance to give vigor and strength to the coats of the Veins which being highly dilated by great torrents of Blood or by a quantity of gross vital Liquor have their inward coat broken with its annular Fibres so that it groweth so relaxed that it cannot contract it self by reason the Fibres are lacerated which is very conspicuous in varicibus venarum a Fibris circularibus disruptis provenientibus The Veins have many Valves affixed to their inward Concave Surface The Valves of the Veins and are framed of a thin compacted membranous substance derived as I apprehend from the interior Tunicle of the Veins They are adorned with a semilunary Figure The Figure of the Valves and are for the most part single and sometimes double and sometimes treble as some conceive seated against each other which are found only in the great Veins of large Animals Some Anatomists have discovered Three Valves seated opposite to each other in a triangular Figure The set number of the Valves feated in the inside of the Veins The number of the Valves cannot be counted cannot be recounted by reason the eminent Valves placed in the great Veins can only be discerned and the infinite number of minute Valves besetting the small Veins can no ways be discovered but it is very clear to Reason that there be such Valves which are consigned to a great use to give a check to the retrograde motion of the Blood toward their Origens which else would destroy its circuit toward the Heart which is absolutely necessary to preserve the choice vital Flame And seeing the Veins and Arteries are both Channels The motion of the Blood is first made in the Veins importing and exporting rivulets of Blood to and from the Heart it may be worth our consideration to assign the Vessels in which the motion of the Blood is commenced and carried to the Heart as the great machine of Motion which I humbly conceive is first performed in the Veins by reason they have their first rudiment in the seminal Liquor before the Arteries were formed because the Veins first received the Blood formed originally in the ambient parts of the colliquated Seed and so conveyed it to the beating point and afterward the Arteries were framed to make good the retrograde Motion of the Blood began in the Heart and carried on to the circumference of the genital matter And as many small Rivulets of Water begin in little Ducts and afterward meet in the large channel of a River conveying a great torrent of Water so in like manner the minute streams of Blood begin their Motion in numerous capillary Veins and are afterward transmitted through greater and greater Branches and Trunks till they arrive to the greater Cistern seated in the Right Ventricle of the Heart CHAP. XXXV The Pathology of the Veins and its Cures THE Veins being the associates of the Arteries are near akin to them as they are both Channels transmitting Blood from part to part and both much alike in Figure as they are both Cylinders endued with oblong round concave Bodies whereupon these different Ducts are much related to each in affinity of Diseases and the Veins as well as Arteries are disaffected with Obstruction Compression Laceration and Varices too which is a Disease peculiar to the Veins and as being a swelling arising from stagnant Blood hath some little Analogy with that of an Aneurisme An obstruction of the Veins The obstruction of the Veins arising from Blood making a more general unnatural distention then that of the Varices which make particular swellings especially in the smaller Branches doth arise from the grossness or quantity of Blood dilating the Veins which happeneth mostly in the ascendent Branches of the Cava wherein the weight of the Blood much hindreth its ascent toward the Right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart whereupon its pulse groweth faint and languid upon the defect of a due proportion of Blood to give spirits to and fill the Pores of the fleshy Fibres with its warm juyce The Cure of this Disease in reference to a quantity of Blood Bleeding is proper in the obstruction of the Veins and Purgatives are proper in a grossness of Blood obstructing the Cavity of the Veins doth indicate the opening of a Vein with a large Orifice and a free mission of Purple Juyce In relation to this Dilatation of the Veins caused by grossness of a Faeculent Blood Purging Medicines accompanied with antiscorbutick Apozemes and Chalybeat Tinctures Syrups Powders given in a fit Menstruum are very proper to attenuate and refine the thick dispirited mass of Blood disaffected with a melancholick Constitution An obstruction
the Vine or Tree holdeth an Analogy with this structure and there is a like implication of nervous Fibrils both in the Cortex and Brain it self to transmit the Alimentary Liquor to the Medulla Oblongata Medulla Spinalis and thence to the Nerves Learned Dr. Willis relateth this ingenious Opinion of Malpighius asserting the sanguineous Vessels overspreading themselves over the Pia Mater and the Veins climbing up from the opposite Coats of the Brain do acost each other and espousing themselves with mutual Inosculations do not immediately discharge the vital Liquor as in other parts of the Body but being variously complicated make diverse admirable Plexes to which are appended many small Glands The Glands are appendant to numerous Blood-vessels endued with various Plexes which may be seen in those Plexes which are styled Choroeidal seated both in the Ventricles of the Brain and behind the Cerebellum But Dr. Willis farther affirmeth in his Anatomy of the Brain in these words Verum ejusmodi vasorum plexus cum Glandulis intersectis per totum cerebri cerebelli ambitum interius recessus ac praecipue inter anfractuum interstitionum hiatus ubique sparsi conspiciuntur And this may be more plainly discovered in a moist Hydropick Brain where the minute Glands otherwise obscuring themselves being puffed up with serous Liquor are easily made obvious to our sight Moreover these Plexes being every way beset with small Vessels are propagated from them into the Cortical and Medullary Substance of the Brain and its appendage whence we may plainly perceive that these two great Authors do agree that the Cortex is furnished with an innumerable company of Glands but differ in the assignment of their use Dr. Willis assigneth them this Office The use of the Cortical Glands that when the Albuminous Liquor is separated from the Blood in the Cortex and passeth through the substance of the Brain the superfluous moisture is conveyed to the Glands and so transmitted into the Veins But Malpighius is of this opinion That the Animal Liquor elaborated in the Glands is conveyed through many nervous Fibres every Gland claiming its proper Fiber and thence dispensed through the several Processes of the Brain to the greater nervous Ducts seated in the Medulla oblongata and Spinalis CHAP. XXXVII Of the Animal Liquor HAving Treated of the Cortex as a Systeme of numerous Glands the refiners of the Blood I will now take the freedom to speak of the Animal Liquor and the product of it and the great end and perfection to which all the Coats various Processes and Nerves of the Brain are consigned and will give you 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a brief History of its production progress and what improvement it maketh by several local and Intestine motions in the Chyle and serous Liquor of the Blood in the Stomach Intestines Mesentery and how the nervous Juyce enobleth the Blood in the Spleen Liver Kidneys and the chambers of the Heart and in its passage through the Lungs and ascendent Trunk of the Aorta leading to the carotide Arteries which import Blood impregnated with nervous Liquor and diluted with Lympha into the Membranes and substance of the Brain The Animal Liquor the seat of most refined Spirits the ministers of Intellectual and Sensitive Operations oweth its Origen to the ambient parts of the Brain and is thence propagated by innumerable Fibrils through various Processes to the lower parts of it and is thence transmitted through numerous Nerves as so many Out-lets and Chanels leading to the middle and lower apartiments of the Body So that this Liquor distilling out of the Third Fourth and Seventh pair of Nerves maketh the nobler parts of the Juyce squeezed out of the Tonfillary and Maxillary Glands as well as those of the Palate and Tongue Whereupon the Salival Juyce being highly improved by nervous Liquor is mingled with Alimentary Juyce extracted out of Meat chewed in the Mouth where it is embodied with the fluid and elastick Particles of Air opening the body of the Aliment and rendring it fit for motion and as a Ferment giveth the first rudiment to the concoction of Meat in order to the preparation of the milky extract afterward elaborated in the Stomach assisted with an access of new Liquor flowing from many Nerves derived from the intercostal Branches and the Par vagum and divers mesenterick Plexes emitting fruitful juyce into diverse neighbouring parts and do at last terminate into the glandulous Coat of the Stomach out of which the Nervous Juyce is crushed by the gentle contractions of the carnous Fibres into the Crust investing the inward Coat all beset with minute Glands in which the nervous Liquor is percolated thence distilling into the Cavity of the Stomach and insinuates it self as impregnated with volatil saline Particles into the substance of the Aliment and openeth its Compage severing by a kind of precipitation or colliquation at least the Alimentary Liquor from its more gross Faeces so that the nervous Liquor enobled with Spirituous parts doth embody with the serous parts of the Blood distilling out of the extremities of the Arteries into the substance of the Glands and thence into the Cavity of the Stomach and make a fit Menstruum to dissolve the Compage and colliquate the Meat out of which the Chyle is extracted somewhat after the manner of a Tincture Ad Balnei Calorem by the ambient heat of the Stomach which is afterward more exalted by its farther progress through the Intestines by Liquor distilling out of the Nerves implanted into the Glands of the Guts and thence transmitted by many minute Ducts into their Cavities wherein the Chyle being meliorated and atenuated by the access of this nervous Juyce is carried by the first Lacteae into the Glands of the Mesentery where it encountreth a Juyce dropping out of the terminations of the Nerves and is farther matured and afterward imported by a Second kind of lacteal Vessels taking their rise in the Mesenterick Glands into the common receptacle in which the Lympha impregnated with some part of the nervous Liquor as being a Recrement of it doth both dilute and attenuate the Chyme and render it more fit to be transmitted through the thoracick Ducts into the subclavian Veins wherein it meeteth with more Lympha acted with some part of nervous Juyce conveyed by the Lymphaeducts of the upper Region and its adjacent parts into the Vessels seated under the Clavicles in which the Chyme doth first of all associate with the Blood and is adopted into the vital Family and is afterward carried down by the descendent Trunk of the Cava into the Right Cistern of the Heart wherein it groweth more refined by a mixture of Liquor squeezed by frequent Contractions of the Heart out of the terminations of the numerous Fibres derived from the recurrent intercostal Nerves and the branches of the Par vagum inserted into the inward Walls of the Right Chamber of the Heart out of which the
of their due tenseness thereby producing unnatural Sleep And I humbly conceive that these torpid disaffections have their birth not only from corrupt Elementary dispositions Torpid Diseases coming from Mineral Particles but from a kind of mineral Nitro-sulphureous Particles first infecting the Blood and afterward the Nervous Juice taking away its Volatil parts of the Animal Liquor rendring them fixed and unfit for motion whereupon the Nervous Cortical Fibrils grow flaccid whence floweth a stupid and unkindly Sleep As to the Apoplexy the most fatal of all soporiferous Diseases as accompanied with most dreadful symptoms of snorting and great difficulty of Breathing and sometimes Convulsive motions proceeding from sharp acid humors vellicating the Nerves And the continent cause of this terrible stroke incident to this Distemper The continent cause of stupefying diseases may be fetched from a Serous Liquor concreted in the Cortex of the Brain whence the production of Nervous Liquor is hindred in the Cortex or at least the motion of the Animal Spirits intercepted into the extremities of the Fibrils Madam Mayser a Person of Quality being recommended to my care The Instance of an Apoplectick Fit frequently vomited in her Sickness a quantity of acid Matter and aeruginous Choler with which her stools were often tinged making them of a dark greenish colour and for a Fortnight or more she was tortured with many severe Convulsive motions with which she was so much weakned that she was constrained to lift up the Glass with both hands when she drank and for many days before she died was not able to cut her Meat her hands were so afflicted with trembling motions the Fore-runners of a sad Apoplectick Fit which happened upon a most discontented Person recounting some unpleasant events and was attended with great belching and a loud Shreech and the Convulsive motions of her Lips Face and Eyes ending in a fall from her Chair where she sate and afterward being thrown upon a Bed was violently hurried with great Convulsions of the Muscles of her Limbs and Trunk of her Body determining in a difficulty of breathing and great Stertor in which she expired in a Fit of Twenty four hours Her Skull being taken off and the Brain stripped of the Dura Mater a great company of Vesicles full of Serous Liquor discovered themselves and the Cortex of the Brain being wounded a large quantity of gross coagulated Serum was squeezed out with which the Cortex did every where superabound but the Medullary parts the Corpus Callosum Fornix Medulla oblongata Corpora striata Nates Testes and the Cerebellum were free from this concreted Serum or from any luxuriant Blood or purulent Matter whereupon I humbly conceive the conjunct cause of this Apoplectick Fit to proceed from this gross Serum stagnant between the Striae of the Cortex which were so compressed that the Nervous Liquor prepared in the Cortex could not be received into its minute Fibrils the first origen as I conceive of the Nerves of the Brain whence the course of the Animal Spirits being stopped a privation of all the Animal functions ensued the horrid Concomitants of the tragick Apoplectick Fit This is a Disease The seat of an Apoplexy as acute as dangerous seated often in the Corpus Callosum and Medulla of the Brain where the more noble Operations are exerted and is produced by eclipsing the bright influx of the Animal Spirits hindring their motion into the Fibres and Nerves springing out of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis which is caused either by obstruction or compression as Learned Webfer will have it arising from the stopped current of Blood as it is impelled by the Carotide Arteries into the substance of the Brain which is rather a consequent then a cause of an Apoplex when it proveth fatal near the approach of death The course of the Animal Spirits is intercepted near death Whereupon the course of the Animal Spirits is intercepted that they cannot pass into the inward Recesses of the Brain and flow into the branches of the Par Vagum and Intercostal Nerves implanted into the Heart Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles when the Heart and Lungs quitting their motions The Blood groweth stagnant near death the Blood groweth stagnant and is not impelled through the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the ambient and more inward parts of the Brain which rarely happen as a cause preceding an Apoplex because the motion of the Blood into the Brain cannot easily be so universally suppressed as to produce an Apoplex which to prevent the Carotide and Vertebral Arteries The current of Blood is made good by Inosculation of Blood-vessels have so many communications with each other by frequent Inosculations that if any of those numerous Arterial Branches be left free they will supply the defect of the rest and the Blood may be conveyed by various Anastomoses from one Arterial Branch to another into the outward and inward Coasts of the Brain But I conceive with permission to this great Author An Apoplexy is produced by an Inundation of Extravasated Blood in the substance of the Brain that an Apoplex is more commonly generated by a great source of extravasated Blood making an inundation in the substance of the Brain into which so great a quantity of gross Blood is impelled that the minute Orifices of the Capillary Jugulars are not able to receive and return it in the circulation but is lodged in the empty spaces running between the Fibres which being enlarged beyond their due dimensions do crush the Filaments and check the motion of the Animal Liquor into the substance of the Brain and Nerves Another cause of an Apoplexy as I conceive may proceed from an Ulcer of the Membranes of the Brain Another cause of an Apoplexy in whose substance so great a quantity of Blood being setled that it cannot be discharged by the Jugulars whence the Purple Liquor being destitute of motion it soon loseth its tone and the bond of mixtion being loosened and the Nutricious part being separated and corrupted degenerateth into a Pus which first corrodeth the Membranes and afterward the Medullary parts and secret passages of the Brain and doth at once obscure both the brightness of the Animal Spirits and intercept their passage into the Nerves determining at last in a sad Apoplectick Paroxism And further An Apoplexy derived from Blood extravasated in the Interstices of the Vessels lodged in the substance of the Brain I conceive that the cause of an Apoplexy doth not only arise from an abscess of the Membranes and Medulla of the Brain and from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not caused by a large effusion of Blood issuing out of the extremities of the capillary Arteries and stagnant in the empty spaces interceding the Vessels but from too great proportions of Blood thrown out of the greater into the smaller Branches so highly distending them till they are lacerated and their impetuous torrents make great Cavities
afterward transmitted by the lateral Sinus down to the Base of the Brain where I discerned a great inundation of Blood so incrassated by the Opium that the extremities of the Jugulars were not receptive of it So that upon the whole it is most evident that this poor Love-sick Gentlewoman was her own executioner in the immoderate Dose of Opium Opium rendred the Blood stagnated in the substance of the Cortex which caused a quantity of Blood to stagnate in the Cortex in which it compressed the roots of the Fibrils denying the access of nervous Liquor into them and so fixed the Animal Spirits that they were rendred useless as being uncapable to invigorate the fibrous parts of the Brain and Body An Apoplexy also may proceed not from concreted serous Liquor only An Apoplexy may proceed from coagulated Blood upon a Blast by Thunder but from Blood too coagulated in blasted persons upon Thunder or the like in the Cortex and Medullary part of the Brain which hindreth the generation of nervous Liquor in the Cortex and distribution of it through the Fibrils of the Brain This Disease also may be derived from the prohibited circulation of Blood An Apoplexy may also be derived from the motion of Blood intercepted in the Ventricles of the Heart in a Syncope This disaffection may proceed from the Convulsive motions of the Cardiack Nerves And a Narcosis of the Animal Spirits may come from malignant steams of the Air. caused by a suppressed motion of the Heart in a Syncope or Hysterick passion whereupon the Blood cannot be impelled out of the Heart into the common and ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and carotide Arteries into the Cortex of the Brain in order to the production of Animal Liquor and Spirits This disaffection of the Heart and Brain as being destitute of a due proportion of Blood is often produced by the convulsive motions of the Cardiack Nerves and a suddain Narcosis of the Animal Spirits not only disaffected in the Processes of the Brain but Cerebellum too which take their rise from some malignant steams flowing from the ill influxes of the Stars poisoning the Air which is received by the Nostrils and conveyd by secret Pores into the Medullary Processes and cineritious part of the Brain wherein the Animal Liquor and Spirits are often vitiated and dispirited and the functions of the Brain wholly abolished as in an Apoplexy If it be inquired what is the nature of the matter of this Disease it may be replied it is of an abstruse disposition hard to be understood and is not The nature of Sleepy Diseases consist in Spirituous Saline Matter as in Convulsive diseases of a nitrous sulphureous temper but of a Spirituous-saline in which the Animal Spirits are fixed as losing their agile spirituous elastick Particles whence are propagated the Sleepy diseases of an Apoplexy Coma Carus c. The differences of an Apoplexy in short may be these The one is habitual which proceedeth from a gross Cachochymical Blood caused by an ill concoction of the Stomach and Intestines transmitted to the Brain or by an ill constitution of the nervous Liquor The Second kind of Apoplexy An Apoplexy is seated sometime in the Brain and other times in the Cerebellum is immediately derived from a more strong cause productive of it without procatarctick causes This Disease is seated in the Brain sometimes and other times in the Cerebellum frequent vertiginous Dispositions do denote it to be in the Brain and an intermittent Pulse Syncope and fainting Fits shew the Disease to be in the Cerebellum as Dr. Willis hath observed in the Eighth Chapter de Apoplexia Pag. 271. Cerebrum huic morbo magis obnoxium denotant praeviae frequentes scolomiae vertiginis affectus Cerebellum male affectum arguunt creber incubus The difference of an Apoplexy according to several degrees The greatest difficulty of breathing is a great sign of a most high Apoplexy pulsus intermittens Syncope Lipothymia frequens This Disease admitteth another difference according to its diverse degrees as it is more or less strong which is discovered by the disaffection of the intellectual or sensitive operations of the Brain or of all of them and the greatness of their malady is shewn very much in the eminent difficulty of Breathing and a general abolition of all animal Functions As to the Prognosticks of this fatal Disease it is always attended with eminent danger and very commonly with Death which is accompanied with an universal taking away the functions of The symptome of an Apoplexy attendant of Death and with an ill intermittent Pulse a froth of the Mouth and cold colliquative Sweat the fore-runner of Death And Blasted persons are frequently exposed to a deadly Fit of an Apoplexy appearing in a total privation of Pulse and Breathing associated with cold Sweats the doleful Heralds of approaching Death A sleepy Disaffection called by the Latines Carus is near akin to an Apoplexy differing from it only in a less degree and often degenerates into it as having the Animal faculties less violated in reference to the inward and ou ward Senses as it is a deep Sleep with a privation or imminution at least of the intellectual and sensitive Functions accompanied with a free Respiration which is always deficient in an Apoplexy In a Carus the Sleep is less deep A Carus is a lower Sleepy Disease then an Apoplexy from which the Patient may be awaked by a loud voice or by pulling or pinching him whereupon he will open his Eyes and will have only a very confused apprehension of any thing said to him which is wholly taken away in an Apoplexy The seat of this Disease is conceived to be not only in the Cortex but in the ambient part of the Corpus callosum too in which the Animal Liquor and Spirits are very much confined as not having a free motion into the more inward Recesses of the Corpus callosum and other Processes of the Brain The continent cause of a Carus is the same in substance The Continent cause of a Carus but different in degree from that of a Coma and Apoplexy it being lower then the first and higher then the later disease and the stupifying Maladâ—es have different denominations as the Morbifick Matter groweth more or less strong and successively arise out of each other as the later is an increase of the former Sometimes the Matter of the Disease is at once so highly exalted that without degrees Gross Humors do intercept the motion of the Blood caused sometimes by obstruction and other times by compression made by the tumor of the adjacent parts The Prognosticks of a Carus it is the cause of a Carus or Apoplexy so that gross Humors do vitiate the Nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits and intercept their motion sometimes by Compression by the tumor of the adjacent parts as well as by the obstruction of the Origen of the
White Amber Castor roots of Paeony and Millepedes powdered made up with Syrup of Lime-Flowers or Lilly drinking after every Dose a good draught of a Cephalick Apozeme to which may be added Ten or Twelve drops of Spirit of Castor Pearl Julapes Julapes made of the Distilled waters of Cephalicks and compound Paeony to which may be added the Spirit of Lavender and sweetned with refined Sugar Powders also may be advised prepared with White Amber roots of Paeony Tincture of Steel or Powder of it prepared and given in proper Apozemes Purgations must be now and then advised in a Steel course Coral prepared Pearl c. and may be given in a Decoction of Cephalick Flowers of Rosemary Betony Sage Tey c. A Tincture or Syrup of Steel or its Powder prepared with Sulphur may be advised to be taken with Cephalick Apozemes made with the Flowers of Rosemary Lavender Paeony c. Every Fourth or Fifth day a gentle purgative draught may be prescribed mixed with Cephalick Medicines during the course of Steel CHAP. LXVI Of the Delirium and Phrenitis BEfore I Treat of a Phrenitis The description of a Delirium I will discourse briefly of a Delirium as preliminary to it which doth not truly apprehend the Images of things First presented to the outward Senses and afterward imparted to the common Sense and Phancy by reason the Animal Spirits are much clouded by an ill nervous Liquor and as its due temper and motion is more or less perverted it is productive of greater or less disaffections of the Brain wherein the species presented from the outward to the inward Senses are ill perceived or unduely compounded or divided whereupon the Understanding being presented with distracted and confused Phantasmes exerteth irregular operations and giveth an ill conduct to the Will in various misguided and unreasonable acts Phrenitis is a kind of Delirium which are all styled under a common Name of Delirium which being in a less degree and shorter in time is vulgarly called a Delirium and when it continueth longer and more severe as accompanied with a Fever and other more troublesome accidents is named Phrenitis attended sometimes with Raving and other times degenerates into a Mania Melancholia Stupiditas of which I will discourse in order and First of a Delirium and Phrenitis A Delirium is rather a Symptome then a Disease as being a shadow A Delirium is rather a Symptome then Disease following other Disaffections My Province at this time is to make an inspection into the nature and causes of the Malady called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Greeks and Delirium by the Latines and is a perverted operation of the Brain flowing from malignant Fevers Hysterick Paroxysmes the eruption of the Small Pox c. This Symptome seemeth to be seated in the more inward Recesses of the Brain where the common Sense Phansy The seat of a Delirium and Memory do perform their operations which are acted by the Animal Spirits the Ministers of the Mind which being hurried in irregular motions do confound the representations of outward sensible Objects when their Appulses are conveyed by nervous Fibrils to the more inward sensitive Faculties which being disturbed in their due apprehensions do make disorderly Phantasmes recommended to the Understanding whereupon this more noble Function cannot make a right judgment of the Objects presented to it from the inward Senses so that the Will following the irregular Dictates of the Understanding doth make ill Elections as mis-governed by an erroneous guide In a Brain well-disposed The regular motion of the Animal Spirits the Animal Spirits make regular motions from the Origen of the Nerves through the Interstices of their Filaments making their progress through the several Processes of the Brain in due manner and order as instituted by nature whence the outward and inward Senses and the more intellectual Faculties do exercise regular Operations in the true perception of outward and inward Objects But if the nervous Liquor and its more agile and more refined Particles The irregular motion of the Animal Spirits do make violent and tumultuary excursions through the various Filaments relating to the fibrous Compage of the Brain the thoughts of the Mind are rendred disturbed and the outward and inward perceptions of Sense and Reason confused and irregular as not able to make right apprehensions of things If any one shall make an inquiry into the causes of these depraved operations of Sense and Reason it may seem to proceed upon a double account First The First cause of a Delirium is in the Blood by reason of a fierce mass of Blood having access to the Brain by the inward Carotide Arteries whereupon the Animal Spirits grow discomposed The Second reason of a Delirium is from a depraved nervous Liquor producing unquiet Animal Spirits The Blood is in fault by reason of an undue effervescence The Second antecedent cause of a Delirium caused by heterogeneous fermentative Particles having an influence upon the Brain or when the boiling Blood in the Paroxysmes of intermittent or acute Fevers is carried in a great quantity into the Membranes of the Brain distending them and compressing its fibrous Compage Whereupon the Animal Spirits are acted with violent motions between the spaces of the nervous Filaments And the enraged Particles the Red Crassament of Blood do highly discompose the serous parts of it The Third cause of a Delirium may be in the serous part of the Blood out of which the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits are generated so that they grow very restless and impetuous in their motions hither and thither disquieting the Oeconomy of the Brain and the Animal Functions of the common Sense Phancy Memory Understanding producing a Delirium which is a depraved exercise of the operations of the said Faculties The Blood is also poisoned with malignant qualities as in the Plague Fevers Small Pox which act the Animal Spirits with enormous operations disordering the rational and sensitive Faculties This distemper being of a short continuance doth not denote any particular cure as being a Symptome of acute Diseases which being determined a Delirium immediately disappears and by reason the Animal Spirits are receptive of a great trouble and confusion in this disaffection The Cure and Medicines in order to cure a Delirium Cephalick Medicines may be advised in the form of Apozemes Powders Pills Electuaries to appease the fierce Particles of the Animal Liquor apt to be hurried with violent and irregular motions as also to strengthen the laxe Compage of the Fibrils of the Brain distended with the over-much elastick Particles of the Animal Liquor As to a Delirium Another course of Physick must be prescribed in order to cure a Delirium the consequent of a malignant Fever the consequent of an acute and malignant Fever another method of Physick may be advised as opening a Vein in a Plethorick Constitution As
scatens repertus fuit erat hic humor colore ex citrino ad pallidum vergens pallida nimirum bilis Ipsa cerebelli substantia flaccida omnino molliorque multo quam cerebri substantia A Phrensy also may come from an inflammatory disposition of the Brain A Phrenitis coming from an inflammation of the substance of the Brain flowing from a quantity of bilious Blood stagnant in the Interstices of the Vessels whereupon the Animal Spirits are rendred obnoxious to a very hot affection making them tumultuary in their motion in their confused progress between the Filaments of the nervous Fibrils constituting the compage of the Brain hence ariseth a Phrenitis from the Animal Spirits enraged with hot steams of the extravasated Blood which often degenerates into an Abscess and Ulcer of the Brain As Nicholaus Fontanus hath observed Analectorum cap. 1. and mentioned by Learned Bonnetus Anatom Pract. lib. 1. Sect. 7. De Phrenit c. Obs 7. Pa. 163. Ad invisendum ait ille puerum duodecennem accersitus arteriam in carpo contemplor duram cum pulsu frequenti exiguo aegrum imaginatione laborare deprehendo Continuo delirantem floccos carpentem inâ—omnem immorigerum Cui lingua exusta fuliginosa nigra excrementa sicca dura pilularum instar Hunc Phrenitide confirmata laborare eaque exitiali mihi persuasi Nam triduo post nullis auxiliis aptis proficientibus migravit e vivis Secto capite contemplatoque cerebro in ejus Medullari substantia repertus est tumor nucis juglandis magnitudine rubidus venis turgentibus sanguine repletus quae hujus noxae fuit causa certissima rupto abscessu emanavit faetidus ichor coclearis quantitate venae jam ante tumidae subsederunt A Phrensy may also take its rise from a quantity of watry Recrements A Phrensy may be derived from an inflamed Plexus Choroides mixed with the mass of Blood in the Plexus Choroides and Ventricles and also from thick Filaments of gross Blood concreted in the Sinus of the Dura mater somewhat resembling Worms A Woman oppressed with great sadness An instance of this case upon an account of some great loss fell into a burning Fever accompanied with a great pain of the Head which degenerated into a Phrensy expressed in extravagant Singing Laughing and odd postures of the Body After death her Skull being taken off a thin pale Blood flowed out of the Pia mater and the Ventricles of the Brain being opened the Blood-vessels of the Plexus Choroides and Chambers in which they are lodged appeared full of a watry Blood and in the Sinus of the Dura mater many gross Filaments were discovered mad up of a gross Blood mixed with crude unassimilated Chyle of a Polypose nature A Phrensy doth not only come from extravasated Blood A Phrensy proceeding from serous Recrements vitiating the nervous Liquor but from serous Recrements too secerned from the vital Liquor in the Cortical Glands which pass through the Cortex into the more inward Processes of the Brain These serous Recrements being hot and sharp as compared with saline and hot steams of the Blood do highly discompose the nervous Liquor and its refined Particles which being aggrieved with an over-elastick temper do make turbulent and confused motions very much puffing up the Filaments of the nervous Fibrils productive of a Phrensy Of this Learned Webster giveth an example Exercitat De Apoplex Historia 4 ta J. An observation relating to the said Case Reutinger aliquot septimanis ante obitum crudelissime cephalalgia afflictus fuit prae dolore quandoque amens erat ut quicquid vel diceret vel faceret non raro nesciret Mortui cranio aperto saucia dura meninge profluxit serum cum impetu maxima ex parte collectum in spacio quod inter duram piam matrem est Imo ipsa substantia cerebri cerebelli plurimum serum imbiberat nam summopere utrumque erat flaccidum molle Having spoke after my manner of the Essence and various conjunct causes of a Phrensy illustrated with the History of diverse Diseases of the Brain I will give you very short evident causes of this raging distemper The evident causes of a Phrensy which raise a Feverish distemper giving a fiery disposition to the Animal Spirits caused by more freely indulging our selves in the large and frequent draughts of great bodied Wines and other strong Liquors as also immoderate passions of the Mind and violent motion of the Body and a suppression of the wonted evacuations of Blood by the Menses or Haemorrhoids bleeding through the Nostrils c. which render the mass of Blood very hot especially in cholerick Constitutions which having a recourse by the internal Carotide Arteries to the Membranes and substance of the Brain do make fiery impressions upon the Animal Liquor and Spirits rendring them over-active and impetuous in motion and over expansive whereby the Filaments of the numurous Fibrils besetting the Compage of the Brain are disordred so that the Organs of Reason and Sense being highly disaffected the Superior and Inferior Faculties cannot perform their duty in regular apprehensions of things and due elections of proper means in order to the preservation of Life and Happiness The Diagnosticks of this Disease are troublesome watchings The Diagnosticks accompanied sometimes with interrupted Sleep and terrible Dreams after which Phrenetick persons make lamentable out-cries biting their Tongues and Lips and tearing their Cloaths and breaking Glass-windows and also do make frequent attempts to destroy themselves by cutting their Throats Drowning Hanging and casting themselves down Precipices and in their fit of Raging their Eyes and Faces are overspread with Redness proceeding from a great quantity of enraged Blood setled in the ambient parts of the Body The Prognosticks of a Phrensy as being an inflammation of the Membranes The Prognosticks or substance of the Brain enraging the Animal Spirits coming from the fiery parts of the Blood or from an Abscess or Ulcer of the Brain doth threaten great danger often ending in death If this Disease afflict a good constitution of Body abounding with a great quantity of Blood or if it have often and long intervals in a young person the hopes of recovery are much greater then in old age But if after moderate sleep the raging Fits do more and more increase it is an argument the Disease groweth more strong and more dangerous in reference to a new access of Morbifick Matter oppressing the Brain and vitiating the nervous Liquor and Spirits If a Fever have a laudable Crisis by a free evacuation of Sweat oftentimes the Phrensy is fairly determined A Phrenitis following an ill Crisis of a Fever but if the Fever have an ill Crisis the Matter of the Disease is transmitted from the lower apartiment of the Body by the Carotide Artery into the Coats and fibrous Compage of the Brain making a Phrenitis which often appears in a pale water
also melancholick persons have objects represented to their fancy under deformed and uncouth large Images which strike greater fear and terror into the Minds of this kind of delirous persons These ill configured Phantasmes being offered to the Understanding confound its operations and render the discourses of melancholick persons insignificant and not agreeable to sound Reason And now it may be worth our inquiry how the natural disposition of the Animal Spirits is perverted which Learned Dr. Willis conceiveth to proceed from the fault of their peculiar Ingeny as he hath it in the Eleventh Chapter De Melancholia Pa. 323. Hic autem primo inquirendum occurrit de Spirituum Animalium diathesi seu constitutione praeternaturali Nam in quantum isti irregulari modo habentes in anomaliis suis aliquandiu aut semper persistunt cumque huic illorum affectioni non Paralysis Apoplexia vertigo aut convulsio adjunguntur quae Cerebri obstructiones arguunt inferre licebit quod Spiritus Animales neque ab alieno impetum faciente in tales inordinationes adiguntur neque potissimum ob Cerebri poros meatus obstructos 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 suas concipiunt sed potius in hoc casu propriae indolis vitio praedicta symptomata aegrotis accersunt The Opinion of the Antients concerning the disaffection of the Animal Spirits The Antients have conceived this disaffection of Animal Spirits to proceed from a Melancholick Humor derived from adust Blood or Choler rendring the refined and lucid Particles of the nervous Liquor cloudy whereupon the Images of things have a dark representation as if they were vailed with shades and the Animal Spirits taking their rise from inflamed Blood do somewhat resemble the Rays of Light coming from a Flame as Dr. Willis hath illustrated the different affections of Animal Spirits According to Dr. Willis the different affections of Animal Spirits may be illustrated by the various disposition of Light by the various disposition of Light in the Chapter De Melancholia Pa. 324. At qui satis constat lucem se diversimode se habere illustrare juxta quod ab incendio corporum vario ritu efflagrantium scilicet spiritus vini olei sevi sulphuris mineralis nitri aliorumque procedit pariter Spiritus Animales in quantum a sanguine crasim modo hanc modo illam aliamve nacto aut subtiles aut clari aut hebetes crassi quasi fuliginosi extillantur functionum animalium organa varie trajiciunt irradiant earumque proinde actus diversimode pervertunt And the Animal Spirits are not so free and loose in their Compage as the Rays of Light which are an innumerable company of lucid Atomes moving with great quickness and agility but the Animal Spirits are more confined as engaged in the nervous Juyce their proper vehicle and may be compared to some chymical Liquors drawn out of natural Bodies by distillation which may illustrate delirous disaffections Delirous dispositions may be illustrated by Chymical Liquor extracted by Distillation as holding great Analogy with them Liquors Spagyrically extracted are active Elements which after various manners in them are endued with a diverse Ingeny and the most excellent Liquor as it is agreed by a common consent is a Spirit espoused to Salt which is volatised by it and the Spirit again is fixed by Salt which opposite principles speak a mutual advantage Liquors impregnated with volatil Salt as being ministerial to each others improvements and the Spirits of Hartshorn Soot and Blood are impregnated with volatil Salts which are very subtile volatil and penetrating and yet are not inflammable and the Animal Spirits being regular in motion as endued with a laudable constitution somewhat resemble a Spirituous Liquor exalted with volatil Salt extracted out of Blood by distillation except the great Acrimony and Empyreuma of Spirituous distilled Liquor coming from the Fire The Animal Spirits have a different mild disposition as extracted out of the albuminous parts of the Blood by a more mild heat But other chymical Liquors Liquors endued with oily and spirituous Particles being endued with a sulphureous nature as Spirit of Wine and Turpentine consisting of oily and spirituous parts united are easily inflammable they are parted from each other by Fire of this disposition as Dr. Willis conceiveth are the Animal Spirits producing a Phrensy But other different Liquors Chymically extracted in which fixed Salt brought to a fluor is predominant and distilled by a gentle Fire out of Vinegar heavy Wood and some kind of Minerals have very restless Spirits whose Effluvia cannot extend themselves far And if they be distilled in B. M. nothing but Phlegme can be extracted The continent cause of a melancholick affection The antecedent cause of this Disease cometh from the serous parts of the Blood turning Acide And the Animal Spirits being tainted with an acide Affection proceeding from fixed Salt brought to a Fluor hath a great share in the production of Melancholick affections so that I humbly conceive that the antecedent and causes of this Disease do come from the serous parts of the Blood carried by the Carotide Arteries of the Cortical Glands and other Processes of the Brain degenerating from a mild into an acide and corroding disposition somewhat akin to Vinegar Alome Vitriol c. which doth vitiate the nervous Liquor and its more exalted Particles vulgarly called the Animal Spirits and disturb their regular motion rendring them restless and confused Whereupon followeth a depravation of the Superior and Inferior faculties of the Brain causing a Delirium attending Melancholy And it may be farther observed that steams flowing from acide Liquor are always in motion by reason the Spirit of Vinegar Vitriol Sea-Salt do perpetually evaporate as the Particles of fluid Salt have no coherence with heterogeneous Particles and are always restless in their nature and in perpetual motion Whereupon we may suppose with great probability The Acide Spirits of Vegetables do resemble the Acide serous parts of the Blood debasing the Animal Liquor and Spirits that the acide Spirits of Vegetables and Minerals put into a Glass Hermetically sealed have their steams carried about the sides of the Glass in a circular motion and do very much resemble the serous parts of the Blood depressed with fixed Salt and Vitriolick Atomes debasing the nervous Liquor the Vehicle and subject of Animal Spirits which are rendred unquiet in their passage by the sides of the Filaments constituting the Fibrils of the Brain Hence flow constant and troublesome Thoughts that discompose the Fancy and the rational and sensitive Faculties as the Animal Spirits are composed of acide unquiet Particles which do not duly actuate and irradiate the nervous Compage of the Brain Out of the acide Spirit Chymically prepared the Effluvia do not highly ascend beyond the surface of the Liquors and only accoast the adjacent Bodies and make no approach to those that are seated at a distance so
that the Spirit of Vitriol Salt or Vinegar cannot ascend out of the Still to the top of the Alembick unless it be forced up by an intense heat After this manner the phantasmes of Melancholick persons afflicted with adust Choler proceeding from Animal Spirits The cause and manner how Melancholy operates degenerating into an acide disposition do influence the whole Compage of the Brain and act in the Meditullium and are carried into the spaces of the neighbouring Filaments where the Animal Spirits exert their motions in a confused manner whence Thoughts perpetually arise which are much versed about one or but a few objects And when a great number of Spirits are confined within a narrow compass of the fibrous Compage of the Brain the phantasmes are very much enlarged beyond the true dimensions and small things rendred great and after the like manner when the visible images of things are represented by a Microscope they appeart much greater then they are in their own nature as the many Rays are united and concentred in a Convexe Glass so also the intentional species are configured in the Fibrous Compage of the Brain by the conflux of many Animal Spirits confined within a small circumference Of this we may have an Experiment in our Selves when we are fed with gross melancholly Diet or being clouded with the passion of sadness we become Thoughtful by reason the Animal Spirits do want a free Emanation we are made sollicitous of every small concern as if our whole happiness depended upon it Whereupon we are discomposed with great Fear and Anxiety conceiving our selves utterly lost in our vain apprehension when we are overcome with Melancholy And this melancholick Affection doth not only take its rise from an acide disposition spoiling the Crasis of the Animal Spirits Melancholy coming from an atrabilarian Humor but from an atrabilarian Humor carried with the Blood by the internal carotide Arteries into the substance of the Cortical Glands whereupon their nature is much debased and as losing their sweet temper and volatil saline disposition their Compage is rendred more gross and opaque so that it cannot be duly enlightened by the lucid Particles of the Animal Spirits And Melancholy is not only contracted by the fault of the Brain Melancholy flowing from the Praecordia and Blood and Animal Spirits but from the Praecordia and from the Blood endued with heterogeneous Particles highly fermenting in the noble parts of the middle Apartiment and thence transmitted by arterial Channels into the Brain where it maketh a great alteration in the nervous Compage as it is affected with gross atrabilarian Particles perverting the Crasis of the Brain and clouding the bright Ingeny of the Animal Spirits The Humors proceeding from adust Choler do much lessen the purity of the flame of Life in taking off much of its Activity and Spirit whereupon it moveth more slowly in its various Channels and contracteth gross Recrements associated with the Blood out of whose more mild parts debased by atrabilarian Humors producing grief and fear ill companions the purity of the Animal Liquor and Spirits is very much sullied often generating a sad Delirium The ill temper of the vital Liquor causing this timerous Disease The temper of the Blood producing a timerous disposition doth partly proceed from undue fermentation of the Blood in the Heart whereupon it groweth less oily and bountiful in its spirituous parts proceeding from too much exalted saline Atomes rendring the Blood gross and unactive whereupon the Blood transmitted out of the right Chamber of the Heart into the pulmonary Artery and substance of the Lungs as being too much burdened with fixed Salt cannot be duly attenuated and inspired with the elastick particles of Air so that we grow faint and sorrowful as our Blood wanteth a due intestine motion in the Heart and Lungs whereupon it groweth depressed in this Malady as overcharged with gross saline and sulphureous Particles whereupon arise variety of passions in the Heart as Fear Sorrow Faintness and panting in the most noble machine of motion which doth not only suffer by the ill crasis of the Blood clogged with ill effaete adust Choler and saline parts but the vital Liquor also is very much retarded as growing degenerate for want of a due circulation through all the apartiments of the body which is produced in this Disease by a slow and weak motion of the Heart coming from its disabled contractions of muscular Fibres caused by the defect of Animal Spirits not sufficiently acting the Nerves so that the Blood and Animal Spirits do disaffect and prejudice each other the atrabilarian Blood as affected with saline parts produceth gross Animal Liquor and Spirits and again the Animal Spirits being endued with an ill disposition do not duly influence the Cardiack Nerves whereupon the Blood and Animal Spirits do pervert each others Crasis in reference to purity vigor and activity The inordinate passions of the Mind as vehement love sadness Vehement Love discomposeth the fine temper of the Brain panick fear envy malice do very much disturb the oeconomy of the Brain and spoil the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits in forcing them to run excentrick in reference to their common Sphaeres of the Interstices of nervous Filaments by making them depart into the Pores and Meatus of the substance of the Brain whence proceedeth the depravation of the various Faculties Trust and Reason residing in it Again The indisposition of the Blood proceeding from crude Chyme not well assimilated the Blood acquiring an undue Crasis as being mixed with a Chyme not broken into small Particles by the faint motion of the Heart as in Fear Sadness c. doth render the vital Liquor crude and full of fixed saline Particles as not well attenuated by the motion of Blood coming from the weak contractions of the fleshy Fibres of the Heart whereupon the ill-affected Blood doth make or spoil the production of laudable Animal Liquor and Spirits in the cortical Glands of the Brain The Blood also contracteth an ill temper by immoderate Exercise The Blood is distempered by violent exercise gross Diet of Salt Meats especially if they be dried in Smoke and the suppression of accustomed evacuations of Blood by the Haemorrhoids and Menstrua bleeding at Nose and of purging the serous Recrements by Vomiting and Stool all which do infect the Blood and render it Atrabilarian which afterward indisposeth the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits The Antients did conceive the first rise of Melancholy to be seated in the Brain and other times in the Uterus and Spleen as to the Brain it may be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when the Brain hath its substance habitually vitiated by an ill nervous Liquor primarily flowing from the ill serous Liquor of the Blood out of which it is formed Others do imagine the seat of Melancholy to be in the Womb Some conceive the seat of Melancholy to be in the
antecedâ—nt cause it indicates the depuration of the Blood by making it good clear and volatil by taking away its gross sulphureous and saline Particles whis is effected by opening the obstructions of the Liver Spleen Kidneys and Uterus whose various substance are different Systemes of numerous Glands the several Colatories of the Blood And as to the discomposure of the Mind having great influence upon the Vital and Animal Liquor and Spirits we are to divert the passions of Sorrow and Fear attended with Cares and deep Thoughts with pleasant company and ingenious and merry Discourses and Thoughts by rendring them free and easy and by telling the Patient the causes of his dreadful apprehensions are removed wherupon the Melancholy immediately disappears Trallianus giveth an account of a Physician who fancied his Head to be cut off whereupon a Leaden Cap being ordered to be put upon his Head he felt the weight of the Lead which gave him the Sense of his Head and cured his vain fancy Another Patient imagined he had Frogs croking in his Belly which was the noise of Wind passing up and down his Bowels and was cured by Purgatives making great evacuations of Excrements into a Close stool wherein the Physician advised Frogs to be cast and desired the Patient to view the Frogs swimming in the Excrements which took away his melancholy apprehension of Frogs in his Belly I could add many more such instances of this Disease and their Cures but I will omit the trouble And the cause of this Disease being an ill mass of Blood clogged with gross A good Diet is proper for the cure of this Disease adust and saline Recrements a good Diet may be advised to render it laudable as Meats of good nourishment of a moist temper of a thin substance and easy digestion and not flatulent as the flesh of Chickens Pullets Capons Partridges Lamb Mutton Veal c. Of Fish Whitings Perch Flounders Gudgeons and of new laid Eggs boiled or roasted rear Of Herbs Borage Bugloss Lettuce Endive Spinach Of Fruits Figs Almonds Pineae Pistachia Corants As also in this Disease Suppings are beneficial as endued with a cooling and moist temper which do contemperate and moisten and dissolve sulphureous and saline Recrements such as Water-gruel Barley-gruel Barley-cream thin Broths made with Oatmeal Barley and cooling and moistning Herbs And on the other side All salt and smoked Meats is bad in melancholy distempers all gross Salt and smoaked Flesh must be forborn as Beef Pork Goat Hare And of Fowls chiefly Geese Ducks Of Fish Salmon Skaite Thornback Sturgeon and all other gross Fish hard of digestion And of Herbs Cabbage Coleworts Colly-Flowers and the like And above all a thin and temperate Air is to be chosen which attenuates cooleth and moisteneth the Blood and taketh off its dry saline and hot and gross sulphureous Particles and restoreth it to its bounty and purity The cure of Melancholy is of as great difficulty as importance The cure of Melancholy is very difficult in reference to its many evident procatartick and continent causes attended with many and dreadful symptomes whereupon the remedies and method of Physick do admit great variation The evident causes consisting in the passions of the Mind The way to cure the passions of the Mind are to be allayed by all means imaginable as sorrow by a pleasant converse and indignation and anger by excellent precepts of meekness and humility which sometimes do appease the immoderate passions of the Mind And a good Counsel of a Spiritual guide and intimate Friends do often take off vain scruples in Spiritual Matters and calm the great storms of afflicted wounded and despairing Souls that the bones which God hath broken may rejoyce The Therapeutick method in this Disease doth offer us Three Indications the Curatory relates to the Disease and its continent cause the Preservatory consisting in the Procatarctick and evident causes and the Vital which is founded Viribus conservandis As to the Disease which is chiefly caused by an ill Succus nervosus The acide disposition of the nervous Liquor is much corrected by Antescorbuticks and clouded Animal Spirits proceeding from acide and fixed saline Particles of the Blood spoiling the purity of the Spirits of the Brain it doth indicate proper Antiscorbutick Medicines prepared with Garden and Sea Scorby-grass Brooklime Water-cresces Pine Firr mixed with Millepedes in the distillation of Milk Mum c. or prepared by way of the said Juyces of Plants mired with that of Oranges which refineth and giveth them a pleasant Taste As also Antescorbutick Syrupes or Conserves Chaly beate are proper in this Disease made up with Powder of Steel prepared with Sulphure are beneficial in this Disease as they depurate the serous parts of the Blood the Materia substrata of Animal Liquor and Spirits And in reference to the preservatory Indication A Vein may be freely opened in a melancholly disposition labouring of much Blood Leeches may be also applied to the Anus A proper course of Physick must be used in the obstruction of the Vterus by taking away the antecedent cause founded in the quantity of ill Blood a Clyster may be premised and a Vein freely opened as also Leeches may be applyed to the Haemorrhoids to divert the Blood and to produce a natural evacuation by those vessels from the Head and the Saphaena is proper to be opened in Women labouring with the suppression of the Menstrua As also a proper method of Physick may be given before propounded in the diseases of the Uterus in order to purge the Blood of its grossness and to open the obstructed Blood-vessels of the Womb. Vomitories also prove very advantageous in melancholy affecting the Brain as emptying a foul Stomach of gross Phlegme which is viscous indigested Chyle adhering to the inward coat of the Ventricle and other acide Recrements which spoil or weaken at least the concoctive faculty of the Stomach making an ill Chyle Vomitories also very much refine the Blood by opening the Cystick and Choledock Ducts and that of the Pancreas whereupon various kinds of Recrements are discharged into the Guts In strong Bodies Oxymel of Squills Wine of Squills mixed with some few grains of White Hellebore Vomitories are good to refine the Blood Purgatives are proper in this Disease may be given in Carduus Posset-drink and frequent draughts of it during the time of Vomiting As also an infusion of Crocus metallorum or Emetick Tartar of Mynsichte or Salt of Vitriol or Sulphure of Antimony Purgatives are celebrated with good success in this Disease as discharging gross acide and saline Recrements of the Blood except they be strong which give great annoyance to the Body as increasing the fermentation of ill Humors and weakening the Tone of the Blood and vitiating the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits often accompanied with Convulsive motions Whereupon I most humbly conceive it most agreeable to Reason in this
are easily thrown into irregular Motions upon an immoderate affluxe of nervous Liquor The Second Reason may be because Children have an ill mass of Blood as wanting Respiration in the Uterus whereupon the Blood having but a slow motion for want of Air is not well depurated from Recrements in the Colatories of the Liver Kidneys c. so that it groweth gross and faeculent as often oppressed with saline and sulphureous Particles which vitiate the Animal Liquor and Spirits and highly discompose the tender systeme of Nerves seated in the Brain Viscera Muscular and Membranous parts of the whole Body The impurity of the Blood vitiating the Succus Nervosus which is contracted in the Uterus plainly appears because in the Month many Red spots commonly called the Red Gum do beset the Cutis and are the Efflorence or foul parts of the Blood secerned from the more refined in the outaneous Glands transmitted through the excretory Ducts into the Cuticula And if the coming out of these Recrements somewhat resembling the Measles be stopped these foul Humors have recourse to the Glands of the Palate and Tongue wherein they produce the Apthae which are small Ulcers of the Oral Glands discharging the foulness of the Blood which being cured by astringent Medicines repel the serous and saline parts of the Blood whereupon they having a recourse to the Brain do spoil the Nervous Liquor and make the Animal Spirits very unquiet productive of Convulsive motions beginning in the upper Apartiment which are afterward imparted to the other parts of the Body The Blood of Embryos being vitiated in the Womb is sometimes thin and serous and other times more gross and viscide The Blood of Embryos is depraved in the Vterus which do both participate of divers kinds of preternatural Salts and Sulphurs which being of a Fermentative nature as consisting of Heterogeneous Elements endeavouring to subdue each other are very much exalted in Children presently after the Birth by the nitrous Particles of Air whereupon Nature being highly aggrieved by the disputes of contrary Principles of the Blood endeavoureth when they cannot be mutually reconciled by a happy harmony to throw them from the Center to the Circumference by greater and smaller Arteries terminating into the cutaneous Glands wherein the offensive Recrements being severed from the more benigne and vital parts of the Blood are discharged by excretory Ducts into the Cutis and Cuticula which giveth a great ease and repose to Nature and often prevents Convulsive motions The Blood is debased as a secretion is not duly made in the various Glands both of the Cutis and Viscera and the Blood is often oppressed with so great a quantity or so ill a quality of ill Humors that Nature is not able to make a secretion of faeculent from its more profitable parts in the cutaneous Glands or those of the Kidney Liver and other Colatories of the Blood whereupon the Blood is transmitted from the Heart by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and internal Carotide Arteries into the Cortical Glands of the Brain wherein it tainteth the nervous Liquor which is first carried into the Extremities of the nervous Fibrils lodged in the Cortex and afterward into the fibrous Compage of the Corpus Callosum Fornix Corpora Striata Medulla oblongata Spinalis and thence by many pairs and plexes of Nerves into all the Viscera and Muscular parts of the Body wherein the Succus Nervosus and Animal Spirits being acted with flatulent heterogeneous elastick Particles do unnaturally puff up the Filaments of Nerves and render them unquiet till they have quitted their load by many violent concussive motions which I humbly conceive are performed after this manner The manner of Convulsive motions by various expansions and contractions of Nerves wherein the restless Animal Spirits residing in the Nervous Liquor infested with turbulent elastick parts do insinuate into the narrow Interstices of the Filaments constituting the Nerves and enlarge their spaces and puff up the body of the Nerves whereupon their Filaments being sensible of their burden do highly contract their enlarged Interstices to expel the unquiet Animal Liquor and Spirits and to reduce themselves to their former posture and repose as most agreeable to nature The causes productive of Convulsive motions The First head of Convulsive motions may be chiefly reduced to Two Heads the First may be whatsoever doth raise the immoderate Fermentation of the Blood which may proceed in sucking Children from the Heterogeneous parts of the Nurses Milk endued with nitro-saline or sulphureous Elements or from too large a quantity of Milk received from the Breast into the Ventricle of the Child endued with acide saline Particles vitiating the concoction of the Aliment which being conveyed through several kinds of Milky vessels into the mass of Blood which is rendred highly fermentative by contrary principles proceeding from the ill concocted Chyle which being associated with the vital Liquor is transmitted by the carotide Arteries into the Glands of the Cortex wherein it infecteth the Succus Nervosus and its more refined parts the Animal Spirits with elastick flatulent Particles highly discomposing the fibrous Compage of the Brain and other parts of the Body with violent agitations As to the Second Head The effervescence of the Blood is very much increased by ill Air. or cause of Convulsive Motions the effervescence of the Blood is also much intended by the heat and ill qualities of the Air and by the changes of the new and full of the Moon which do promote the undue Fermentation of the Blood chiefly founded in Heterogeneous Particles and different Elements producing great Contests and undue intestine Motions in the Blood which being transmitted to the Brain confound the Animal Liquor and Spirits and give a high disturbance to its fine contexture of numerous Fibrils putting the First into various irregular motions which are afterward transmitted into the systeme of Nerves sometime seated in one place and othertimes in another Convulsive motions may also proceed from Worms and sharp Humors Convulsive motions proceeding from Worms vellicating the tender Fibrils of the Intestines which draw into consent the Plexes of Nerves lodged in the Mesentery and other parts of the Body But the Concusions of the Muscular parts of the Face Limbs Convulsive motions are originally derived from the Brain and Trunk of the Body have their Origen chiefly from the great agitations of the fibrous contexture of the Brain and seldom from the disaffections obstructions and ill coctions of the viscera by reason when the lowest and middle Apartiments of many young Children have been opened and a great inspection made into the Viscera they have found them very sound and afterward the Skull having been taken off and the Processes of the Brain viewed they have been discovered to be immersed in serous Liquor full of saline and acide Particles taking away the bounty of the Succus Nervosus and Animal Spirits and rendring
wherein ariseth a Fermentation of the Blood as consisting of Heterogeneous Elements founded in different Liquors made up of Acids and Alkalies of several Salts and Sulphurs some Volatil and others more fixed which being of disagreeing dispositions make great contests to perfect each other according to the good contrivance of Nature wisely ordering that the gross parts should confine the more restless and active which else would breath themselves by the Pores of the Body into the Air as akin to them and the more Volatil Saline and Sulphureous do exalt the more gross and fixed in their converse with them Whereupon the different principles of the Blood like disagreeing Lovers The different Principles are the chief ground of Fermentation do tune each other by amicable Disputes ending in a happy Reconcilement whereby they espouse each others Interest and Perfection So that the Homogeneous parts of the Blood do by a near union Assimilate each other and the Heterogeneous Atomes that cannot be reconciled in Assimilation are turned out of Doors as unprofitable for Nutrition by the Excretory Vessels of the Liver Pancreas and Kidneys The Chyle being transmitted by the Thoracic Vessels into the Subclavian Veins associateth with the Blood and is conveyed with it by the descendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart wherein the Chyle is mixed with the Blood and broken into Minute Particles as dashed against the Walls of the right Chamber The Chyle is mixed with the Blood in the Heart caused by a brisk contraction of the Heart whereupon the Chyle being more embodied with the Purple Liquor in the Heart is conveyed from the right Ventricle by the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it meeteth the inspired Air impraegnated with Elastick and Nitrous Particles The Blood is refined by Air in the Lungs which do much refine the Blood and render it fit for the entertainment of the Vital Flame the preservative of the noble operations of the Body by a due and kindly Fermentation wherein the Blood being exalted the Similar parts being of one nature do intimately associate to preserve themselves and being embodied with the Nervous Liquor distilling out of the Extreamities of the Nerves as a proper instrument of Fermentation to assist the assimilation of Chyle into Blood and a fit Nutriment for the more solid parts and to constitute due Ferments for the Viscera while the Recrements in being troublesome and disserviceable to the Body are secerned from the Blood in the Glandulous parts of the Viscera and Membranes and thrown out of the Body by various Excretory Ducts Thus having given an account how the Fermentation of the Blood is performed by various Liquors consisting of Heterogeneous Elements and by the Comminution of it into small Particles in the Chambers of the Heart and how it is refined as inspired with Air in the body of the Lungs and afterward defaecated in the Glands of the Viscera and Membranes whence it obtaineth a laudable disposition My aim at this time is to give my Sentiments how it degenerates many ways from its due Qualifications thereby producing Hydropick Diseases when any of the requisite conditions constituting a good Mass of Blood is deficient perverting the excellent aeconomy of Nature The first Cause producing an ill Mass of Blood A pituitous Matter is the first cause of an ill Mass of Blood as hindring its due Fermentation is a pituitous Matter which I apprehend is a crude Chyle conveyed to the Mass of Purple Liquor which being of a viscous nature acquired by the faint Heat and ill Ferment of the Stomach not duly opening the compage of the Meat and not Secerning and elaborating the Alimentary Liquor which being transmitted into the Mass of Blood doth vitiate and clog it in being unfit to repair its decays as thick and clammy so that it cannot be perfectly Assimilated Whereupon when the pituitous Humour is extravasated in great exuberance in the Spaces interceding the Vessels caused by a quantity or thickness of an unassimilated Liquor not received into the Extreamities of the Veins whereupon the Muscular parts are swelled called a Leucophlegmatia by reason the pituitous Recrements of the Blood insinuating themselves into the substance of the fleshy parts do sever the numerous Vessels from each other and lift up the Surface of the Body and extend its habit beyond its natural Shape and Size The second Cause of a depraved Mass of Blood The second cause of a vitiated Blood is fixed Salt and Sulphur producing an Anasarca may be taken from its Elements of fixed Salt and Sulphur not exalted by reason of a dispirited Mass of Blood overcharged with great store of Recrements watry mixed with earthy Particles whence the Vital and Animal Functions grow faint loosing the quickness and agility of their Operations because watry Humours mixed with fixed Saline and Sulphureous Atomes do depress the fine and volatil parts of the Blood keeping it low and unapt for a due Fermentation Serous Humours do vitiate the Mass of Blood so that the serous Humours depressing the Purple Juice with which they associate are impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices seated between the fruitful Vessels wherein it being despoiled of its Motion doth settle in the body of the Muscles because the unprofitable Recrements do abound as extravasated in the empty Spaces by reason the small Orifices of the Veins cannot give them a due reception and make good the Circulation of Liquors in the Muscular parts The third Cause of the ill disposition of the Blood Gross Air depresseth the Vital Liquor proceedeth from the depression of the Vital Flame derived from the thick and gross Air and moist Vapours exhaled by the heat of the Sun out of the Marshes or Fenny Grounds much depressing the Nitrous and Elastick parts of Air the vital heat and spirit grow languid and serous Recrements superabound which are transmitted into the substance of Muscular parts growing soft and tumid as overmuch extended by watry Humours which are so excessive in quantity that they cannot be admitted into the Veins whence ariseth a Leucophlegmatia a swelled habit of Body A fourth Cause is derived from the abscesses of the Viscera Purulent matter flowing out of the abscesses of the Viscera do spoil the Blood vitiating the Mass of Blood which happen sometime in the Heart labouring with a purulent Matter impelled out of the left Chamber into the common Trunk and thence into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thenby smaller and smaller Branches into the habit of Body which groweth Tumified as depraved with corrupt Matter producing a Leucophlegmatia primarily flowing from an abscess of the Heart An instance may be given of a Woman long troubled with an Anasarca who being opened after Death many Abscesses were found in the Heart and a purulent matter in the great Artery derived from thence and by the assistance of many great
farther Discourse I will divide the parts of the Body into Fluid and Solid as they may give an illustration to our ensuing Sentiments Liquors acted with Vital and Animal Spirits are the immediate organs of the Soul and solid parts and Muscles are Systemes of various Vessels The first are the more noble parts which being Liquors impraegnated with Vital and Animal Spirits are the immediate ministers of the Soul and give Life Sense and Nourishment to the whole Body And all Solid parts are dedicated to their service and the Muscular Glandulous and Membranous Substance are several Systemes of Arteries Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts as so many various Channels conveying different fluid bodies from part to part that by keeping them in perpetual motion they may be rendred Active and Spirituous and free from Putrefaction the ill consequent of Stagnation The more solid parts of Bones Bones are endued with Arteries Veins and Nerves are endued also with the Terminations of Arteries Veins and Nerves inserted into their substance imparting to it Life and Nourishment and are subservient to the fluid parts of the Body as they support the Muscular Glandulous and Membranous parts of it which are composed of great variety of Tubes as so many Conduit Pipes of several Liquors So that the generous Juices the remote Matter Fluid parts are the more essential and the solid the organical parts of the Body or the more immediate subject of Life and Sense are the essential parts of the Body and the more solid substances of it are Organical as paying a duty and service to them and are parts belonging to the Mouth in which the Chyle is prepared as receiving its first rudiment by Mastication and Impraegnation with Salival Liquor and is farther Elaborated in the Stomach and Intestines and afterward is assimilated into Blood in the Sanguiducts and Ventricles of the Heart from whence it is carried down by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliack Artery and Vena Porta into the Liver the Colatory of Bilious Humours received into the Choledock Duct and Bladder of Gall as the Receptacles of them and afterward the Blood is impelled by the Emulgent Arteries into the Kidneys the secretories of watry Recrements transmitted into the Uriters and Bladder of Urine Whereupon very much of the Body if not the whole are either parts preparing or perfecting Chyle or transmitting it from part to part or Channels Exporting and Importing Blood or Colatories of it or Receptacles of gross and thinner Recrements or preparatories of Seminal Liquor the Testicles or of Animal the Cortical Glands of the Brain from whence Nerves are propagated conveying Liquor to all parts of the Body The Chyle the materia substrata of Blood The Aliment is first prepared in the Mouth is prepared in the Chamber of the Mouth consisting of various parts of a Cavity surrounded with strong Bones and enclosed on its sides with the Cheeks and fringed in its entrance with the Lips and the greater part of its Circumference is guarded with two Semicircles placed in the upper and lower Mandible The Mouth and its adjacent parts beset with a double row of Teeth This fine Apartiment is adorned above with a bony concave Roof curiously arched and suited with the more soft Glandulous substance of the Palate and is founded below with the arched Bones of the lower Mandible enclosing the moving floor of the Tongue sporting it self by the help of Muscles in various Postures ordered for the Articulation of Letters and Words the product of conjoined Elements of Speech So that the Mouth may be stiled a fine Room of Entertainment The Mouth may be called a Dining Room in which we are treated with variety of Meat and Drink appointed for Meat and Drink Discourse and the best of Musick being that of the Voice and as to the first part of the Entertainment the Mouth may be called a Banquet-House furnished with several sorts of Meat and Drink to which we are invited by Hunger and Thirst as by Natures pair of Officers and afterward Treated with variety of pleasant Tastes seated in the Tongue to court us to our Advantage to the use of proper Aliments to support our selves with Pleasure and Delight My aim in this Chapter is to Treat only of some parts relating to this small Apartiment the Lips Cheeks Gooms and Teeth Which I will God willing Treat of in order The Lips are composed of a delicate †Ta. 2. Fig. b b. The Lips are a spungy Flesh invested with a thin Skin soft thin Flesh with which the Cutis is so curiously blended that it may be stiled a Muscular Skin or a Skinny Muscle These Fringes of the Mouth are invested without with a thin Skin and more inwardly with a thicker Membrane common to the Gulet and Stomach whose Fibres being contracted in Vomiting the motion is thence communicated by the mediation of a Common Membrane to the upper Lip causing a Tremulous Motion the forerunner of Vomiting And the Lips are not only composed of a Skin and Membrane The Lips have minute glands mingled with its flesh but also of most tender Flesh interspersed with numerous Minute Glands of several shapes and sizes which being obstructed by gross Recrements lodged in their substance do produce Scrophylous Tumors which I have frequently seen in the Evil. The Lips are furnished with a company of Capillary Arteries which being dispersed through the Carnous Membranes do give them that lovely Red Colour which render them very acceptable to the Eyes of the Spectators These beautiful Confines of the Mouth have many Nervous Fibres to give them Sense and Motion and are seated between the Arteries and Veins the last of which are ordered by Nature to give reception to the Purple Liquor and reconvey it to the Cava and impart it to the right Ventricle of the Heart The Lips have divers Organs of Motion some common and others proper The first pair of Muscles of the Lips the last are five pair beside the Orbicular Muscle The first pair according to Bartholine Diemerbroeck take their boad origination from the upper Mandible which Learned Fallopius assigneth to the Angles of the Eyes and passing down a little obliquely are inserted into the upper Lip near and into the Alae of the Nose and this Muscle by many Fibres doth make various Contractions whereby it doth move the upper Lip and Nostrils upward The second pair of Muscles appertaining to the upper Lip The second pair of Muscles borroweth its small and fleshy origen from the upper Mandible where the Cavities of the Cheeks are seated and being overspread with store of Fat do terminate on both sides into the upper Lip almost in the middle and in an equal distance from the first and third pair of Muscles and do elevate the upper Lip The third pair of Muscles The third pair of Muscles stiled by Riolan Par Zygomaticum being round and fleshy taketh its beginning
Recesses whereupon if the influx of Nervous Liquor be intercepted the Muscular and Membranous parts are dispoiled of their due Dimensions which doth not proceed from the suppressed Motion of the Blood keeping its Current into Paralytick Members which appeareth in the Pulsation of the Artery playing in the Emaciated parts and therefore there must be found out some Vessels which being obstructed do stop the course of the Nervous Liquor and defraud the Systeme of Vessels of which the decayed parts are integrated of their Alimentary Liquor whereupon the Nerves being destitute of their Juice Animal Spirits and Elastick Particles of Air loose their due Tenseness and Tone whence followeth the resolution of parts in Paralytick Distempers Another argument may be borrowed from Ocular Demonstration In Wounds of Tendons a gleete issueth out which is a Nervous Liquor which is a high Evidence and not to be Disputed an Instance may be given in the Wounds of Nerves and Tendons out of which a Limpide Liquor commonly called a Gleete freely extilleth which cannot probably flow from Veins and Arteries whose Liquors are tinged with a different Colour Again It may be further confirmed by the swelling of the Nerves The Nervous Liquor may be asserted by reason the Nerves swell in young Animals upon a Ligature made by a Ligature in young Animals above which an Intumescence groweth derived from Nervous Liquor tending toward the Ligature which being intercepted causeth the Swelling But how happeneth it that Ligatures of Nerves produce no Swellings in Animals of greater age My Conjecture is That the Nervous Juice is more free in Motion in Puppies then in more Mature Animals derived from the greater abundance and thinness of the Nervous Liquor A fourth argument to prove the Existence of the Nervous Juice Another argument to evince the existence of Nervous Liquor is the number of Nerves implanted into parts who do not need much Motion or Sensation as being a Member related to the family of Liquors the great Instruments to support the oeconomy of Nature in Animals is drawn from the uses assigned to the Nerves which are Sensation Motion and Nutrition and some parts which are not subject to Motion nor extraordinary Sensation as the Mesentery and Spleen are furnished with great plexes of Nerves and parts which have far greater Dimensions as the Liver and Caul have far less proportion of Nerves which argueth they are instituted for Nutrition only whereupon the Mesenterick and Splenick Plexes are consigned to some other use beside that of Sense Motion and Nutrition Which I humbly conceive is this That the numerous Nerves are ordained too by Nature to transmit Liquor into the Glands of the Mesentery and Spleen to refine the Chyle in the one and the Vital Juice in the other And I have great reason to believe that the fruitful Branches of Nerves inserted into the inward Tunicle of the Stomach are to convey Animal Liquor into the Cavity of the Stomach to impart a Fermentative Power to the Aliment in order to the production of Chyle so that the Nervous Liquor is a fluid Body endued with many Minute Particles big with active and subtle Principles which upon that account have the advantage of a more ready entrance into the pores of the Aliment And again The Nervous Liquor impraegnated with volatil saline parts doth insinuate it self into the compage of Meat and Drink The Animal Juice as inspired with fine Spirits and impraegnated with volatil saline Particles is more readily received by secret passages into the inward penetrals of the Meat and Drink lodged in the bosome of the Ventricle and doth impart Intestine Motion to it by stirring up the different Elements of the Nourishment Thirdly The Nervous Liquor is composed of many Minute parts adorned with various Figures and Magnitudes The Animal Juice as consisting of different parts in shape and siz flowing from Aliment doth reduce it into motion different from the fluid and solid atomes of the Aliment which being contrary agents do enter into a Conflict with each other and by opposite Manners and processes of Operation do bring their disagreeing Tempers by a middle allay to an amicable Reconciliation consistent with each others subdued Nature Ingenious Doctor Willis is pleased to say That the Nervous Liquor is a Masculine kind of Seminal Juice And this opinion as I conceive is grounded upon its Spirituous and Volatil Particles in which it hath some likeness with Genital Liquor in Quality as well as Colour And this Animal Juice being incorporated with the Serous Liquor exuding the Extreamities of the Caeliack Artery into the capacity of the Stomach with which it is advanced as with some active Ferment The Fermentative disposition of the Nervous Liquor may be farther confirmed out of the first principle of its Production wherein its Nature doth very much consist which is of Vital Juice The Nervous Liquor hath Fermentative dispositions in reference to the Blood from which it is propagated as having contrary Elements the Chrystalline and finer part The Nervous Liquor is extracted after this manner as I apprehend The Blood being impelled by the Carotide Arteries into the Cortical Glands of the Brain is there separated as in so many Colatories wherein the more soft and fine Juice of the Blood is secerned from the hot and gross red Crassament which is returned by the Jugular Veins while the more delicate Liquor is elaborated and impraegnated with Volatil Saline parts in the body of the Cortical Glands and afterward transmitted into the Extreamities of the Nerves whereupon we may be easily induced to believe that the Animal Liquor being generated out of the Blood a subject of many Fermentative Principles as composed of different Elements and as chiefly embodied with Air in the substance of the Lungs full of Elastick Particles which contribute much to the Fermentation of the Animal Liquor extracted out of Blood Furthermore The Nervous Liquor as embodied with Air in Cortical Glands obtaineth Elastick Particâ—s and is active in Fermentation The Animal Liquor is associated with Air when it is first produced in the Cortical Glands which ascending through the Cavities of the Nostrils in time of Inspiration some part of it as complying with its nature to move upward passeth through the Os Ethmoides into the Ventricles of the Brain whence it is elevated through the numerous Pores of the various Medullary Processes into the Cortical Glands wherein it enters into alliance and confederacy with the embrionate Nervous Liquor and exalteth it with subtle saline Particles and with an active Expansive Quality one main Ingredient constituting the Fermentative Disposition of the Animal Liquor Another argument may be brought to place the Nervous Juice in the Mass of Ferments is from its great activity and most subtle nature by which it produceth such wonderful Effects in Muscular Motion Nervous Liquor is of a subtle and active Nature in being the cause of Muscular Motion made upward and
hightned by these choice Dispositions it is transmitted from the Mouth through the Gulet into the Stomach where it is improved by various Ferments flowing out of the Terminations of the Nerves and Arteries into the Cavity of the Stomach which raise a Fermentation in the Meat and Drink by exciting their contrary Elements to Intestine Motion The Liquor dropping out of the Extreamities of the Nerves into the bosome of the Stomach is inspired with fine Animal Spirits and exalted with Volatil Saline Particles which being of a subtle Constitution enobled with Spirituous parts are easily received by secret passages into the body of the Aliment lodged in the Kitchin of the Stomach affected with Intestine Motion by stirring up the contrary principles of the Nourishment And the Nervous Juice is also made up of many Minute parts adorned with various Figures and Magnitudes different from the solid and fluid atomes of Meat and Drink which being endued with contrary Elements do enter into fight with each other and by opposite Manners and processes of Operation do bring their disagreeing Tempers by a middle allay to an amicable Reconciliation consistent with each others subdued Nature And the Nervous Liquor doth also associate with the Serous Juice flowing gently out of the Extreamities of the Arteries separated from the Red Crassament of the Blood in the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach and this Serous Liquor The Alimentary Liquor is extracted by Ferments and afterward the Faeces are separated by a kind of precipitation being acted with various saline and oily Principles received from the Blood is conveyed into the Ventricle wherein divers Ferments compounded of different Minute Heterogeneous parts of various shapes and sizes do reduce into act the several Elements of Meat and Drink whose parts are opened by Volatil Saline and elastick Atomes of divers Ferments whereupon the gross and fixed Saline and sulphureous parts of the Aliment are put into Fusion and being further attenuated and exalted are brought to maturity as being rendred more subtle and spirituous and the more solid Atomes of the Meat being diluted with the watry parts of a potulent Matter are prepared and colliquated by a moist Heat derived from warm Blood extracting a White creamy Liquor which is severed by a kind of precipitation from the more faeculent parts as disserviceable to the Body in order to give a due Repair to the decayed mass of Blood exhausted by a free and constant transpiration through the finest passages of the Skin CHAP. XXXII The Pathology of the Concoctive Faculty of the Stomach HAving Treated of the appetitive Faculty consisting of Hunger and Thirst and of the retentive Faculty and of their Objects Dispositions Causes parts Affected and Pathology as Handmaids to the Concoctive Faculty and of its different Ferments Matter and Manner of the production of Chyle my intendment at this time is to entertain the Courreous Reader with the Pathology of the Concoctive Faculty Pathology concerneth the disaffections as the misdemeanors of Nature and therefore I conceive it not unreasonable to shew her state of Health in integrity as a Rule before I Treat of her failings as deflections from that Rule relating to the digestive power of the alimentary Liquor which I conceive is produced after this mode and accomplished by divers steps and periods The Aliment being broken into small parts by mastication The method of Nature in the production of Chyle impraegnated with salival Liquor and nitrous particles of Air exalted with the more athereal influxes of the Planets receiveth its first rudiment of Concoction in the Mouth and is thence transmitted down the Gulet into the Stomach where it is farther advanced with serous Particles distilling out of the terminations of the Arteries and with a more choice Liquor dropping out of the extreamities of the Nerves implanted into the inward Coat of the Ventricle wherein it is inspired with Air filling the empty Cavity of it before it is accommodated with Meat and Drink Whereupon the Ventricle being endued with Heat and many different Ferments opening the body of Aliment doth extract a Milky Tincture out of it by colliquation and afterward by a kind of precipitation doth defaecate the alimentary Liquor from the grosser Faeces The great Health and preservation of our excellent frame of Body Health is maintained by the good Constitution of Ferment or order to the production of Chyle Blood and Animal Liquor is chiefly supported by the laudable Constitution of different Ferments as each of them contribute to the production of Chyle the Materia substrata of Blood Animal Liquor and Spirits which do give Life Sense Motion and Nourishment to the whole Body These Fermentative Ingredients are the main efficients of the production of the alimentary Juyce in the Ventricle which hath its first conception in the Mouth as actuated with salival Liquor derived from the parotides maxillary and oral Glands exalted with Air enobled with Caelestial influxes and afterward the Aliment being protruded down the Aesophagus into the Ventricle is brought to greater maturity by the new access of Air Confaederated with Nervous and Serous Liquors so that these various Ferments as endued with a good Disposition are instituted by Nature to conserve our Health by propagating a laudable Chyle extracted out of wholsom Meat and Drink If these fermenting Elements The salival Liquor is disaffected with fixed saline or over-acide parts and vitiated with ill Air. the Grounds and Causes of intestine Motion in Diet the support of vital Liquor do recede from their native Principles and Constitution the wheels of nature grow in disorder being hurried with irregular Motion The salival Liquor is vitiated with fixed Saline or over-Acid Particles sometimes associated with Air debased with noisome Exhalations streaming out of the Earth or thickned with gross and putride Vapors ascending out of stagnant waters which do act the first parts in this Tragick Scene of Concoction and give the prime ill Tincture to the Aliment broken into small pieces And afterward the Meat and Drink being conveyed from the Mouth The Ferments of the Stomach are vitiated with saline and acide Recrements of the Blood and animal Juyce making a crude Chyle the Caused of many diseases through the Gulet into the Stomach are there assaulted with more troublesome saline and acide Recrements of Serous and Nervous Liquor lodged in the small Vessels obstructed in the Viscera and Glands wherein they being stagnant do lose their good Qualities and Spirits and grow first Saline and then by a longer abode do degenerate into an acide Ferment and at last give so great a trouble to the Noble parts that they force these indisposed Humors to quit their Confinement by squeezing them out of the greater Branches into the extremities of the Caeliack Capillary Arteries and Stomacick Fibrils into the Cavity of the Ventricle where they first accost and then enter into Converse with the broken Aliment whereby the purity of the alimentary Liquor is
Arteries and Veins from the Emulgents or rather from the Trunks of the Aorta and Cava and Nerves in each side from the Par Vagum whose Branches derived from each side are conjoyned and make a Plex to which these Glands are fastned and do borrow many Fibrils from it Bartholine Bartholines's use of the Glands hath assigned these Glands to be Receptacles of Atribilarian Humours which being accidental and unnatural cannot be entertained by Nature into Cavities which are found in these Glands appertaining to Healthy Persons who have no use of them as not being affected with these gross Humours found only in ill habits of Body A Learned Physician is of an opinion That the Plex of Nerves The second use of the Succus Nutricius is carried into the body of these Glands doth import a large proportion of Succus Nutricius into the substance of these Glands wherein a Secretion is made of the more refined parts from the less pure which are in some kind serviceable to Nature whereupon they are discharged through many Pores into the Sinus and thence transmitted into the Emulgent or hollow Vein to give a Ferment to the Blood as I conceive to make a Secretion of its Recrements from the more vital parts A farther use as I suppose of these Glands confining on the Kidneys may be to impart a Fermentative Liquor flowing out of the Termination of the Nerves by some secret passages not yet discovered into the body of the Glands belonging to the Kidney to dispose the Blood in order to the the Secretion of the serous and saline parts from the Vital Liquor whose Compage may be opened and watry Particles conveyed into the Roots of the Urinary Ducts and from thence through the Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and Ureters CHAP. XXII Of the Kidneys HAving shewed you the Compage of the Liver as a Systeme composed principally of various Vessels and Glands the Colatories of the Blood in reference to Bilious Particles secerned and transmitted into the Excretory Ducts relating to the Bladder of Gall and Choledoch Duct My design at this time is to give a History of the Kidneys as Streiners too of the Blood which being depurated from its salt and watry parts is conveyed through the Excretories and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and Ureters The Kidneys have their situation under the Liver in the right The situation of the Kidneys and Spleen in the left side and lean in their hinder region near the Spine on the sides of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Ascendent of the Vena Cava and upon the originations of the Musculi called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Hippocrates under which are lodged eminent Nerves which being compressed by a Stone of the Kidney a Stupor ariseth in the same side by reason the cause of the Nervous Liquor inspired with Animal Spirits is intercepted They are connected to the Loins and Diaphragme The connexion of the Kidneys by a common Integument springing out of the Rim of the Belly by the Branches of the Emulgent Arteries and Veins to the Trunk of the Aorta and Vena Cava and by the Ureters to the Bladder The right Kidney is tied to the blind Gut and now and then to the Liver the left Kidney is fastned to the Spleen and Colon from whence Nephritick pains receive an aggravation from store of Excrements lodged in the Colon and this Gut sympathizeth with the Kidney when oppressed with violent pain proceeding from the Stone grating its Vessels The Figure belonging to the Kidneys of Man The shape of the Kidneys have much affinity with that of other Animals Araeteus judgeth them to be like the Testicles from which as I conceive they differ in breadth and crookedness Ruffus conceiveth them to be round which is very imperfect and do more truly resemble in shape the Seeds of Mandrakes or Kidney-Beans though not exactly by reason the Beans are more short in length and round in point of Circumference The surface of the Kidneys The surface of the Kidneys is outwardly Convex and Crooked and more inwardly somewhat Concave near the ingress and egress of Arteries and Veins Their surface also is even in Persons of mature Age wherein all the Interstices of the Globules are filled up but in Embryo the Kidneys are rendred unequal in their Surface as they are composed of various Protuberancies different in Shape and Magnitude which seem to be so many Kidneys integrating the body of the Kidneys which much resemble the Kidneys of other Animals as Calves c. The Kidneys are clothed with a double Membrane The Membranes of the Kidneys the outward coat of the Kidneys the Exterior is loose as not affixed to the substance of these Bowels and may be stripped off without any great trouble and is therefore called Fascia Renum and taketh its origen from the Rim of the Belly about the lower region of the Midriff out of this Membrane many Fibres do sprout which tie both Kidneys to the Loins and Diaphragme and fasten the right Kidney to the Caecum and sometimes to the Liver and the left to the Spleen and Colon. The proper Membrane of these Bowels The proper Membrane of the Kidneys doth immediately encircle their substance and is very thin and is thought by a Learned Physician to be made of the Terminations of Vessels The texture of them uniting and expanding themselves into a Membrane but in truth is principally framed as I apprehend of numerous fine Fibres running several ways and Decussating each other till they form a curious Texture into which many Nerves do insert themselves which are propagated from the Mesenterick Plex originally derived from the Par Vagum and Intercostal Trunk These Nerves are carried further and implanted into the Ureters giving them acute Sense whereupon the Nerves of the Par Vagum being also inserted into the Coats of the Stomach are one main cause why the Stomach is drawn into consent clearly evidenced in Vomiting when the Ureters are Tortured in violent Nephritick Pains The Kidneys are seldom endued with equal Dimensions The Kidneys are unequal in Dimensions by reason the left Kidney doth somewhat exceed the right in greatness they are extended about three Vertebres of the Spine in length and three Transverse Fingers in breadth and a Thumb in thickness and are sometimes monstrous in bigness which hath been discovered in Lascivious Persons One had Kidneys half as big as a Mans Head So that Nature sporteth her self to admiration both in Magnitude Number and Figure of these parts of which divers Learned Physicians give most remarkable Instances The Kidneys are endued with a middle Colour The colour of the Kidneys between that of the Liver and Spleen as having not so bright a Red as the former and not so deep as the latter The Colour of this Bowel and all others as hued with Red proceedeth from a quantity of Blood impelled by the fruitful
altogether destitute of a common passage called the Urethra in the Penis Two Muscles are commonly assigned by Anatomists to the Clitoris Two Muscles assigned by Anatomists to the Clitoris which are propagated out of the bones of the Coxendix and making their progress over the Crura of the Clitoris are inserted into them and do by their Contraction compress the Thighs of the Clitoris and do by compression give a check to the motion of the Blood and make thereby a distention of the body of the Clitoris Another pair of Muscles is attributed to the Clitoris coming from a passage between the Labia Pudendi within the Clitoris and its Retiform Plexe and is so fastned that it rather contracteth the entrance of the Vagina then causeth an erection of the Clitoris as Learned de Graaf hath observed The Clitoris is furnished with Vessels Arteries Veins and Nerves and hath the terminations of the round Ligaments proceeding from the sides belonging to the bottom of the Vterus and ascending between the duplicature of the Peritonaeum and afterward creeping out of the Cavity of the Belly do pass upon the Share-bones toward the Fat enclosing them and afterward being divided into many parts do terminate near or into the Clitoris The Arteries and Veins are propagated from the Haemorrhoidal branches The Blood-vessels of the Clitoris and the Nerves from the par Vagum The Blood Vessels †t. 14. z. z. do take their rise from the Pudenda where the Ligaments or Thighs of the Clitoris do Coalesce into one and seem to constitute a third Body upon whose upper Region they take their progress and afterward descend to its sides and enter into the parts of the Pudenda and emit only small Branches into the inward recesses of the Clitoris The Nerves climbing over the upper part of the Clitoris The Nerves of the Clitoris have large dimensions and do communicate Fibres into all parts of the Pudendum The Veins make many Inosculations before they descend to the sides of the Clitoris and the Retiform Plexe The Inosculations of the Veins of the Clitoris and afterward are dispensed into all parts of the Pudendum where they hold mutual entercourse by numerous Anastomâ—ses which are more rarely found in the Arteries relating to the Clitoris The use of the Blood-vessels is to import Vital Liquor into the substance of the Clitoris The use of the Blood-vessels of the Clitoris and of the Nerves to impregnate it with a choice Juyce inspired with Animal Spirits full of Elastick Particles making it Vigorous and Tense which impart a quick Sensation principally placed in the Glans whereupon it may be called the Seat of Love Veneris Oestrum c. and unless these meaner parts of the Pudendum were affected with an exquisite sense of Pleasure to Court the Sex into Venereal Embraces Women would not undergo the great trouble and discomposure of Child-bearing and the unspeakable pains of Travail which would speak a period to their Lives were they not supported by a Divine Hand which giveth a power to Conceive and bring forth Learned Diemerbroeck assigneth another use to the Clitoris Anatom lib. 1. Diemerbroecks use of the Clitoris Cap. 25. pag. 249. the emission of Seminal Liquor in Coition Itaque certo statuendum Mulieris in Coitu semen etiam per Clitoridem excernere atque hinc Clitoridi necessario inesse urethram semen eo deferentem which seemeth very strange seeing curious de Graaf and other most industrious Anatomists could not discover any Perforation or Channel in the Clitoris which if in the nature of things might be discovered by a strict search and it is most probable if there be any passage it might be found out by Injection or Inflation by a Syringe or Blow-Pipe put into a little hole made by Nature in the termination of the Glans and if this Hypothesis should be granted it could be no use in point of Propagation by reason the Semen emitted would flow into the external parts of the Pudendum and run away and not be conveyed into the Vagina Uteri in order to Generation Below the Termination of the Urethra in Maids The Membrane of the Vagina commonly called Hymen is found sometimes a thin Membrane fastened circularly to the sides of the Vagina Uteri near its Origen interwoven with fine Carnous and Nervous Fibres and Enameled with numerous small branches of Arteries and Veins and is perforated in the Center ordered by Nature for the transmission of the Menstrua This Membrane was called by the Antients Hymen hence they Feined a God called Hymenaeus who governed the Marrying Virgins others styled this Membrane the Cloister of Virginity and Girdle of Chastity and flower of Virginity and Vulgarly Maidenhead As to the situation of it in Infants new born Learned de Graaf hath discovered it to be lodged between the Nymphae and the Urinary Trunck and Perinaeum in his Fifth Chapter of his Book de Organis Mulierum c. Pag. 37. In Junioribus recens natis puellulis inter Nymphas meatum Vrinarium Perinaeum locum medium tam exiguo foramine pervium invenimus ut pisam quamvis minusculam difficulter admitteret In most Maids when the Labia the Enclosures of the Pudendum being opened wide on each side some Membranous folds may be seen encircling the orifice of the Vagina Uteri which are sometimes so much expanded that there only remains a Membranous Circle so narrow in compass that it cannot give admission to the Penis without Laceration And it is no infallible argument of lost Virginity when this Membrane cannot be discovered which is often broken by a Violent Flux of the Menstrua and the immission of a Finger into the Vagina and sometimes is so tender as some will have it that it may be lacerated by the attrition of Cloths fretting it The surest sign of Virginity in all Maids is not always a Hymen or thin Membrane adhering to the walls of the Vagina but a straitness seated in the Orifice of it and in greater maturity of Years there is less of Coarctation in the entrance into the Vagina so that Coition in them may be made without any pain or effusion of Blood Some excellent Anatomists have enumerated Four Caruncles which they call Carunculas Myrtiformes because they resemble the Berries of Myrtle and have placed them as leaning upon the Hymen in this order that each of them take up one Angle one of them saith a Learned Anatomist is larger than the rest and seemeth in some part to be double and is seated near the hole of the Urinary Duct to close it after the Excretion of Urine the second as this Author saith is placed as its opposite and the other two Caruncles are placed Collaterally and are Conjoyned by the interposition of thin Membranes whose union some have taken for the Hymen or Membrane closing the entrance of the Vagina Uteri These Myrtiform Caruncles so much Treated
rather a relaxation of its motion when the Fibres formerly made tense by Contraction are relaxed and the cavity of the Thorax rendred narrow when the Diaphragm in its state of restitution is brought unto an Arch having its upper surface looking toward the Heart Convex and Concave toward the Stomach and Intestines whereby the Lungs are compressed and the Stomach and Guts are set at liberty as ascending upward into the cavity of the Thorax toward the concave surface of the Midriff In the Systole which is the true motion of the Diaphragm The Systole is the true motion of the Diaphragm wherein it is brought to a Plain it is pressed downward and quitteth its arched position and is brought very much toward a Plain and the Viscera of the lowest Apartiment lodged within its Cancave walls are beaten downward and outward whereupon the Cavity of the Thorax becometh much enlarged as acquiring greater dimensions of length to entertain the dilated Compage of the Lungs when rendred big with Air. The most proper and principal Organ of Respiration are the Lungs as a Machine in which the Air sporteth it self in and out in various motions productive of Inspiration and Expiration In the first the stream of Air is received either through the Nostrils or immediately through the Mouth into the greater Channel of the Wind-pipe and afterward into the Branches of the Bronchia as so many smaller Pipes and from thence into the numerous Membranous Sinus as so many Out-lets of the Bronchia interspersing the Lobules with white Interstices whereupon this fine spungy Compage made up of different Cylinders and membranous Orbs groweth highly expanded with thin spirituous and Elastick Particles of Air. In Expiration the Air maketh its retrograde motion out of the Lungs as the receptacles of Air are compressed by the Ribs Diaphragm and weight of the Lungs whereupon the numerous small Tubes of Air and their appendant Sinus grow lank as being lessened also by straight and circular Fibres contracting the Cavities of the fruitful Cylinders and Orbs of Air so that in Expiration it is squeesed out of the smaller Pipes into a greater Tube and so into the larger Portal of the Mouth and afterward confederates with the outward Air as coming from it and being near akin to it in its fluid temper And let us admire and adore with Joy and Eucharist the wondrous contrivance of the Great Architect who hath framed in infinite Power and unspeakable Wisdom the excellent Oeconomy of Nature as made up of variety of Noble parts disposed in excellent order The Body of Man the rule and standard from which all the Bodies of other Animals take their measures may be called an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a kind of Watch or Clock consisting of numerous Wheels moved by variety of Springs as those Wheels of the Gulet Stomach Intestines Arteries and Muscles the greater and stronger engines of Motion are all contracted by Fleshy Fibers acted by the Elastick Particles of Animal Spirits the more refined Atomes of Nervous Liquor And the Oeconomy of the Vital parts the Heart and Lungs seated in the middle Story of Mans Body hath a kind of peculiar Oeconomy somewhat different from that of the other parts of the Body as the Lungs a great machine of Motion are chiefly managed by an external principle by the spring of Air distending its curious Frame consisting of many Cylinders and Orbicular Tunicles as so many Channels and Cisterns of Air. And having taken the little Clock composed of many Respiring Organs in pieces and treated singly of every Wheel of the Intercostal Muscles and Semicircles of Ribs how they are affixed to the column of the Spine and Sternon and of the Circular Diaphragm and of the Lungs as the great Wheel of Life to whose motion all other lesser Wheels are assistant I will now set all these Wheels together and endeavour to shew you the reason and manner of Respiration which is a thing of as great Difficulty as Importance In the order of Nature the motion of the Lungs is first designed as its chief Machine The several parts concerned in the motion of the Lungs made up of various Receptacles of Air but in point of Time this great and other lesser Wheels do celebrate their motions together At the same instant the Intercostal Muscles The Intercostal Muscles Arched Ribs Sternon Diaphragm are engaged in various motions contributing to the main motion of the Lungs The two ranks of Semi-Elliptick Arches of the Ribs seated in both sides have two Extremities the hinder are obliquely fastned in a double movable Articulation with strong Ligaments to the Spine curiously Carved with variety of acute oblique and transvers Processes as to a firm immovable Column The anterior grisly Terminations of many of the Bony Arches are conjoyned in oblique lax Positions to the Sternon as to a Breast-plate So that these extremities of the Ribs may be dilated with the Sternon annexed to them These are called Parallel Bony Semicircles because they observe an equal distance from each other as interspersed with the Intercostal Muscles being thin oblong quadrangular Bodies consisting of a kind of Parallelogramms in Figure The Intercostal Muscles seated between and affixed to the Ribs in oblique Positions consist of two Ranks the one External the other Internal which are furnished with numerous equidistant Fibres intersecting each other The double row of Fibres besetting the Intercostal Muscles The double row of Fibres besetting the Intercostal Muscles was wisely instituted by Nature upon this account to assist each other at sometime in a concurrent motion by reason two ranks of oblique Fibres would else distort the Ribs in the motion of the Breast For instance Suppose the Ribs being parallel with each other in point of Concave Surface it may seem evident when the oblique Fibres are shortned it will disorder the equidistant posture of the Ribs if the different oblique Fibres of several Muscles should move the Ribs in various inward and outward Positions at the same time Therefore it is prudently contrived by Nature that all the Fibres decussating each other and affixed to the Margents of the Ribs should jointly produce the same operation of moving them upward and outward at the same time To give a more clear sight of the manner of Breathing The manner of Respiration I will improve my utmost endeavours to shew you all the Instruments of Respiration moving together as serving each other in a great order and decorum sometimes enlarging the Perimeter of the Thorax â—o give the distended Lungs a free play upon the reception of Air and another time to contract the circumference of the Breast to exclude its effaete reliques in Expiration When the free streams of Air run through the larger Channel of the Aspera Arteria The enlarged dimensions of the Thorax in Inspiration into the lesser Pipes of the Bronchia and its appendant round Tunicles the spungy substanc of the Lungs groweth
them CHAP. XXXII Of the Pia Mater THE Pia Mater is seated immediately under the Crassa Meninx The situation of the Pia Mater facing it with its Convex-Surface and the Brain with its Concave representing it in its orbicular Figure and being every where contiguous to it encircleth it with its tender embraces The Blood-vessels of this Coat and it being a most thin Membrane is adorned with various divarications of Blood-vessels †T. 46. F. 1. g g. insinuating it self into the deep Interstices of the Brain to conserve its soft fluid substance as with Swaths is extended to the Ventricles and is beautified with numerous plexes of Vessels descending from the Crassa Meninx lest the small capillary Veins and Arteries should be broken in their long progress into the inward recesses of the Brain they do lodge themselves within the several Fissures of it clothed with this delicate Membrane as in so many safe Repositories This curious covering is garnished with several bubbles †T. 46. F. 1. l l l. The serous vessels of the Pia Mater filled with serous Liquor impregnated with Air in Man a Calfe Lamb and the like and are lodged in the Vessels running in the Furrows of the Maeanders and the Airy spirituous parts of the Blood exalting it self toward the surface of the Pia Mater And this fine coat doth not only line the deep Interstices of the Brain but so fitly uniteth the tops of its wreathed Partitions that it rendreth its otherwise plain Figure orbicular And this thin Membrane is so closely affixed to the Brain by minute Fibres that it cannot be parted from it to discover the rare divarications of Vessels enameling the surface of the Brain unless a relaxation be made of the Fibrils in a Hydrocephalus Ut tenues Membranae per nescio quos Intestinales cerebri anfractus insinuatio tum exiles venarum arteriarum ramuli per intima cerebri penetralia serpentes clarius innotescant Calvariam pueri Hydrocephalo nuper laborantis serra Coronae instar aperui ad latebras cerebri inspiciendas Fibrillis quarum ope tenui Membrana cerebro arctissime annectitur serosa illuvie relaxatis inde Membrana haec numerosa vasorum sobole stipata a cerebri conjugio divortium patitur flexuosa ejus interstitia tenuiori velo librata jam nuda conspiciantur aliter convalescenti cerebro Membrana haec tenera licet validioribus retinaculis alligata non sine lacerationis metu avellatur Thus I have given a rough draught of the Veins and Arteries whose tender Branches like those of the Ivy about the Barky Tree twine themselves about the Pia Mater to support their weaker Fabrick and how the Pia Meninx is interwoven by them mutually supporting each other and in what manner the various Sanguiducts do overspread the surface of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum in their Intersections Sinus and Cavities with their numerous off-spring which are rarely propagated into the medullary Substance The Uses of the Pia Mater I conceive it now my Duty to give you in some manner a short view of the Uses and Offices of the Pia Mater which Great Galen most elegantly describeth in his Eighth Book and Eighth Chapter De usu Partium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tenuis Meninx cerebrum stabilitur tegit tanquam Connexus vasorum omnium ipsi innitentium and at once covereth and supporteth the great variety of Sanguiducts lodged in it And this Great Author assigneth a further use of this choice Membrane 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Quum nuda sit Figura ejus rotunda Sphaerica plana efficitur partibus nimirum ipsius superioribus procedentibus The Figure of the Pia Mater ad latera circumfluentibus The Brain being of a fluid disposition when left to its own freedom and being void of Conduct loseth its former Model is depressed above and swelleth in the middle and outward parts and quitteth its orbicular Figure in which it emulated a kind of Infinity and then the noble Functions of the intellectual and sensitive Faculties are at a stand being amazed at this strange confusion Wherefore the supream Architect hath well provided for this delicate structure of the Brain by enwrapping it within the thick and thinner Vests of the Dura and Pia Mater and above all immured it within the strong Wall of the Skull Another use may be given of the Pia Menynx The Second use of the Pia Mater that it investeth all the deep involutions of the Brain and having though a fine yet solid consistence confineth the volatil Animal Spirits owing their Birth to the exterior parts of the Brain within their proper Cells and Stations The last and not the meanest use of this Membrane is that it serveth as a Fond at once to convey and sustain their Veins and Arteries and nervous Fibres with their fruitful propagations to impart vital Liquor and animal Juyce to give Life Sense and Nourishment to it and to export superfluous Blood thence reconveyed by the Jugulars to the descendent Trunk of the Cava And in the Veins and Arteries lodged in the Membranes of the Brain somewhat is worthy of our remark as well as admiration The Blood-vessels have not their rise and progress as in other parts of the Body that they do not take their rise and progress in the Brain as in other regions of the Body the Veins and Arteries associate themselves in the muscular parts both in the Trunk and Limbs but the vessels of the Brain begin their course from the opposite side and do accost the other Vessels The carotide Arteries climb from the Base of the Skull and creeping through the Membranes send upward a multiplicity of Branches with which the venous Sanguiducts derived from the Sinus and gliding downward do meet with the rising Arteries and upon this account the Arteries and Veins do wonderfully answer one another in their different Divarications while the greater Branches of the Arteries encounter the smaller Veins and the greater Trunks of Veins the smaller Arteries The Arteries of one side of the Brain do inâ—sculate with those of the other Learned Dr. Willis hath made a curious observation of the vessels of the Brain that the carotide Arteries of one side are inosculated with the Arteries of the other and the vertebral Arteries on each side both unite and espouse each other and are inosculated into the hinder carotide Branches and First receive a confederacy with each other before they admit a near union with the vertebral and the frequent inosculations of the carotide Arteries in most Animals are transacted about the lower region of the Skull under the Dura Menynx And this Anastomosis is celebrated in a diverse manner in some it is in the various plexes of Arteries in the Rete mirabili transmitted from one side to the other and in others as it is very remarkable in a Horse between the great Trunks of the soporal Arteries a
Blood being impelled through the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where as I humbly conceive it receiveth the Tincture of a Liquor distilling out of the nervous Fibres implanted into the Bronchia Vesicles and Coats of the Arteries of the Lungs and afterward the Blood being meliotated with nervous Liquor is received into the extremities of the pulmonary Veins and transmitted into the Left Ventricle of the Heart wherein it is farther hightened by a Juyce coming out of the Fibres ending into the inward Coat of the Left Sinus from whence it is thrown first into the common and then into the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta whose outward Coat is encircled with many divarications of Nerves inserted into the inward Recesses of this great Artery so that the Blood passing through it and the carotide Arteries is embodied with a choice Liquor dropping out of the terminations of nervous Fibrils and afterward imported into the Cortex of the Brain as a Systeme of many small Glands in which is made a percolation of the vital Liquor by severing the more mild part from the Red Crassament This gentle Liquor is exalted by the volatil Salt of the Brain and is mixed with nitrous elastick Particles of Air First imparted to the Blood in the Lungs and afterward conveyed with it through the Heart and the ascendent Trunk and carotide Arteries into the Cortex into which also the Air received by the Nostrils is carried through the Os spongiosum into the Ventricles of the Brain and through the porous parts of various Processes into the ambient parts of the Brain where the Air embodieth with the serous parts of the Blood secerned from the Purple Liquor in the substance of the Cortical Glands and highly improveth it with its active nitrous elastick Particles very much enobled with aethereal minute Bodies derived from the Caelestial Influxes of the Sun and other Planets so that this exalted spirituous Liquor is first generated in the Cortex of the Brain from whence it is transmitted into the Origens of numerous Fibrils taking their rise in the Cortical Glands and afterward propagated by many minute Fibres through the various Processes of the Brain to the Trunks of the Nerves First appearing about the Medulla oblongata and then the Animal Liquor is carried between the Filaments of greater and less branches of Nerves into all parts of the Body to give them Sense Motion and Nourishment of which I intend now to give a brief account The Parenâ—hyma of the Viscera and Muscular Parts chiefly made up of greater and smaller Vessels consisting of Trunks and many Branches Ramulets and Capillaries of Blood-vessels and Plexes and Fibres of Nerves Lymphaeducts and also Membranes which are fine Contextures composed for the most part of numerous Fibrils curiously interwoven interspersed with many Branches of various Sanguiducts The Blood is impelled out of the terminations of the Arteries The manner how Nutrition is performed into the spaces running between the Vessels wherein its more mild and cristalline part embodies with a fine Liquor distilling out of the extremities of the Nerves so that the greatest part of the Blood being mixed with the nervous Juyce in the Interstices of the Vessels insinuates it self through the minute Pores of the Coats relating to the Vessels and Fibres of Membranes so that the Atomes of the Succus nutricius agreeing in shape and size with the Pores of the Coats of the Vessels and other Membranes is carried into their most inward Recesses where it groweth more solid and by a kind of accretion uniteth it self to the body of the Vessels and Membranes and becometh one entire substance with them which is called Assimilation chiefly acted by nervous Liquor inspiring the serous parts of the Blood with Animal Spirits giving a power to the Succus nutricius fitly to accresce and configure it self to the unequal inward surfaces of the lank solid parts by replenishing their spaces rendred empty by the heat of the Blood opening the Pores of the Body and breathing out constant Effluvia CHAP. XXXVIII Of the Animal Spirits HAving Treated of the Animal Liquor I deem it methodical to give you an account of the Animal Spirits the more refined Particles of the nervous Juyce generated in the Cortex And indeed nothing I think conduceth more to the knowledge of the admirable Fabrick and use of the Cortex and all other Processes of the Brain then in some sort to be master of the subtle notion of the Animal Spirits These great Ministers of State by which the Souls Glorious Empress of this Microcosme giveth her Commands to the rational Function as the more noble and to the Sensitive as her meaner Subjects That we may more methodically proceed in the curious scrutiny of the intricate Nature of the Animal Spirits The parts of this Discourse relating to the Animal Spirits I make bold to propound these Five Remarkables to you The place of the Brain wherein they are conceived The Matter of which they are generated The manner how they are propagated The Subject in which they reside and act and the uses of them As to the place in which they have their first Conception The seat of the Animal Spirits there is a great controversy among the Masters of our Art some placing it in the Plexus Choroeides others in the Ventricles a Third in the Glandula Pinealis A Fourth in the external Arteries And a Fifth in the substance of the Brain Galenus sanguinem e corde prolatum The seat of the production of Animal Spirits is the Rete Mirabile according to Galen in reti mirabili fieri animalem asserit e quo effundatur in Ventriculos This minute Plexe of the Rete mirabile cannot furnish Blood enough it being composed of small Carotides to supply the Brain with so large a proportion of Animal Spirits as are requisite to irradiate the great Orb of the Brain and the numerous Nerves springing out of it Other eminent Physitians place it in the Plexus Choroeides Others place it in the Plexus Choroiedes conceiving the Animal Spirits to be elaborated in it which if true doth suppose a separation of the serous parts of the Blood producing the Animal Spirits from the Red Crassament but the contrary is very evident to Sense and Incision being made into the Plexus Choroeides Blood immediately gusheth out tinged with a perfect Red no way inclining to an Albuminous Colour the true hue of the nervous Liquor plainly discernible in the substance of the Brain of Fishes and Birds whose Brains upon Incision are bedewed freely with Animal Juyces distilling out of the wounded Fibrils of the Brain Regius Others place their Generation in the Ventricles of the Brain Mercatus Laurentius Riolanus and many Arabian Physitians place the generation of the Animal Spirits in the Ventricles those meaner chambers of the Brain Laurentius speaking of the Animal Spirits Fit itaque in plexibus tantum praeparatio in ventriculis
Twelfth pair of Muscles The twelfth pair of Nerves of the Back belonging to the Back which some conceive to be the first of the Loins ariseth between the last Verteber of the Back and the first of the Loins and is implanted into the Appendices of the Midriff and the descendent Muscles of the Belly and Loins And this pair of Nerves being compressed by a Stone lodged in the Kidney causeth a numness in the Thigh of the same side whereupon the Nerves of the neighbouring Muscles of the Psoas being disaffected do draw the Iliacus Internus into consent which is a Coadjutor as in Conjunction with the Psoas in the Elevation of the Thigh and both these Muscles are endued with the same Nerves arising out of Medulla Spinalis of the Back whereupon they sympathize with each other when disaffected Out of the Medulla Spinalis of the Loins Five pair of Nerves do take their rise and creep through Perforations of the Loins seated one below another The first pair of Nerves do impart many Fibres to the Muscles of the Thigh and Legg The first pair of Nerves of the Loins and to the Testicles as also into Muscles of the Abdomen and Loins The Second pair of Nerves doth by its anterior Branch distribute Ramulets into the Knee and Cutis The second pair and into some Muscles of the Thigh and Legg The Third pair is the strongest and largest of all the Nerves of the Back The third pair and sendeth a number of Fibres into the Muscles of the Thigh and Legg as also to the Groin Scrotum and Cutis of the Penis The Fourth pair of Nerves belonging to the Loins The fourth pair have their Egress through a hole between the Os Coxendicis Pubis and Ilii and enter into the Muscles of the Thigh and Penis as also the Neck of the Uterus and Bladder of Urine and Cutis too The Fifth pair of Nerves which some attribute to the Os Sacrum by reason they make their Egress between the last Vertebre of the Loins The Fifth pair and the first of the Os Sacrum and emit many Fibres which confederate with the Nerves of the Legg and distribute many Ramulets into some Muscles of the Thigh and Belly and into the Cutis encircling the Musculi Glutaei Out of the Medulla lodged in the Cavity of the Os Sacrum as a safe repository Five pair of Nerves do borrow their Origen Five pair of Nerves arise out of the Os Sacrum and every one of them is divided into an anterior and posterior Branch The anterior upper Nerves are dispensed into the Legg and the two inferior into the Muscles of the Bladder and Anus and into the neck of the Uterus Scrotum and Perinaeum And the hinder Nerves are implanted into the Muscles of the Nates as also into some extensors of the Thigh The termination of the Medulla Spinalis The last of the Vertebral Nerves is single and so called Sine Pari. doth send out a single which is therefore called Nervus sine pari which is first divided into Two Nerves and afterward into more Branches imparted to the Nates Anus and some Muscles of the Thigh CHAP. LX. Of the Nervous Liquor HAving given you a Narrative of the several Processes of the Brain Cerebellum Medulla Spinalis and the Nerves springing out of them The Nervous Liquor now seemeth to offer it self of which I have discoursed already and will give now a farther account as the perfection of all the parts of the Brain Cerebellum Medulla Spinalis giving them Vigor Motion and Life productive of the sensitive motive and intellectual acts the consummation of the rest The prime Liquors of the Body are the Lactescent The various choice liquors of the Body Vital and Animal which subalternately and mutually propagate each other the Chyle being the Materia substrata of the Blood as the Blood is of the Animal Liquor and the Animal subservient to both it being so wisely disposed by the Maker of all things that they should be dependant upon and assisting each other and mutually act various scenes of Life Motion and Nutrition as they intimately espouse a mutual interest and by various steps accomplish each other In the Animal Liquor three things may especially seem worthy our remark its first production and propagation or motion from part to part and the uses to which it is designed As to its production it is derived from Blood as it s Materia substrata which is made up in a large notion of two parts The Materia Substrata of Animal Liquor of the red Crassament as more fierce and Sulphureous and of an Albuminous Liquor consisting in more mild serous Particles The Vital Liquor is forced by strong contractions of the fleshy Fibres of the Heart The manner how the Nervous Liquor is made out of its left Chamber into the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta running in a hasty current as out of a great Cistern into a smaller Channel through which the most spirituous Particles mounting up through the Carotide Arteries are carried through the Skull and Coats as into the Cortical Glands of the Brain as ingenious Malpighius will have it and as others no less Learned into the substance of the Spirits of the Brain fraught with many minute Pores entertaining the Cristalline Liquor the more soft part of the Blood is impelled out of the Extremities of the Capillary Carotides into the empty spaces of the Cortex The Liquors are received into the Extremities of the Vessels as they hold analogy with them in size and shape where it being extravasated the subtle Particles of the Cristalline Liquor holding a due proportion with the extremities of the Cortical Fibrils are severed from the more gross albuminous Matter and red Crassament of the Blood which being of unequal Figure and Magnitude with the minute passages of the Fibrils of the Brain are returned into the Capillary Jugulars streaming downward toward the right Cistern of the Heart The Animal Liquor being first generated in the Cortex The Animal Liquor is improved by Motion and impregnated by Volatil Salt in the Brain is afterward propagated by motion through the different Processes of the Brain receiving greater and greater refinement by Motion because this choice Liquor passing through the smaller Meatus of the Cortex in which it is streined as through a fine Colatory and then destilleth out of several Plexes of minute Cortical Vessels as through so many Serpentine Ducts into the small Particles of the Medulla variously intermingled with the Cortex where it is impregnated with volatil Salt and thence transmitted through the Corpus Callosum into the Corpora striata and Crura and Trunk of the Medulla oblongata which are rarely Enamelled with an innumerable company of streaky Lines being so many Fibrils of small Vessels the Rudiments of Nerves and between the Interstices of these most thin Filaments the Animal Liquor continued to
of the rational Appetite which as they grow more remiss and easie The Figure of the Fibres is more straight and restored to their natural Figure and neighbouring drops of the Animal Liquor crowding with less force upon one another return to their more gentle natural motion and even current Having Treated of the Production and Propagation of the Animal Liquor and its motion through the several Processes of the Brain and its continuation the Medulla Spinalis into the appendant Nerves I conceive it will not be amiss to give you a short account of the Ends of it how the Animal Liquor officiateth with the Rational and Sensitive Operations how it is also ministerial to Muscular motion and Nutrition The Soul of Man the Divine Image and Empress of the lesser The Soul keepeth its Court in the Head the Epitome of the greater World keepeth its Court and Tribunal in the supream Orb of the Head where by the assistance of spirituous subtle Particles the more refined parts of the Animal Liquor actuating the inward Recesses of the Brain the more Divine Essence of Man celebrateth its Elicite and Imperate acts The more noble operations of the Soul The first consisting in the knowledge of its own nature and perfection in reflex acts as also of the causes of other Beings without it self artificially acquired in many different Sciences specified by several Objects and deeper abstractions made by subtle Conceptions of the Understanding and also the imperate acts are performed by exalting the Medulla of the Brain with the more pure part of the Animal Liquor by whose vertue the rational Appetite giveth its commands and controll to the Sensitive to the Irascible and Concupiscible faculties moderating and governing their different operations the various Passions of the inferior Appetite which ought to submit to the more exact rule and conduct of the rational Power The Fancy being seated in the middle of the Brain The seat of the Fancy is fraught with Animal Liquor impregnated with Volatil Salt and Spirituous Particles which render it in a fit capacity to exert the operations of the Fancy The operations of it to perceive and judge the nature and distinction of numerous Ideas which making different Appulses upon the various Nerves of the Organs of outward Senses are thence derived to the Origen of the Nerves to which the Fibres every where adorning the Medulla oblongata are continued and reach to the Corpus Callosum the seat of the Fancy as I humbly conceive Learned Dr. Dr. Willis his opinion about Sensation Willis placeth the manner and reason of Sensation in the retraction of the Animal Spirits acted with the impressions of sensible Objects The words of this Excellent Author are these Sensuum ratio formalis consistit in Spirituum retractione seu versus fontes suos refluxu Ubicunque enim objecti sensibilis impressio radiosae huic contexturae infertur statim aut tota compages aut illius portio quaedam quae speciem admittat nutare ac retroacta veluti resilire in se recedere cogitur But with the leave of this most ingenious Author I cannot well apprehend how a Signature of a Sensible Object imprinted upon the Animal Spirits seated in the outward Organs of Sense can make them recoil towards their Origen the Brain The Author's opinion that there can be no Reslux of Animal Spirits whereas the Spirits as the more pure and exalted Particles lodged in the Animal Liquor have the same motion with it out of the Cortex through the Medulla of the Brain into the Trunks of the Nerves afterward inserted into the Instruments of the outward Senses from which I humbly conceive there can be no Reflux toward the Brain because the Animal Liquor espousing the Spirits as its purer and inseparable parts streaming from the Cortex of the Brain through the inward Processes is still carried forward by an Impulse because one part protrudeth another forward into the Interstices of the Filaments of the Nerves whose more minute Pores are not capable of receiving at the same instant a contrary motion a Flux and Reflux of Liquor while the reflux of Liquor at the same time must encounter an adverse stream always flowing in the Spaces between the Fibres forced downward by its own weight and the gentle constriction of the Brain which is caused by the pulsation of small Arteries implanted in the substance of the Brain whereupon it being difficult to make out as I apprehend the retrograde motion of the Animal Spirits which supposeth a contrary motion of the Animal at the same time in the same Vessels So that outward Sensation as according to the Learned Author's Opinion cannot be probably founded in the recoiling of the Animal Spirits from the Organs of outward Sense toward the Origen of the Nerves and Medulla of the Brain But I most humbly conceive that it is more agreeable to the oeconomy of Nature to constitute Sensation in the motion of various outward sensible Objects making different strokes upon the Fibres of Nerves implanted in the Organs of Sense and thence continued to the original of the Nerves and Medullary Processes of the Brain where the inward Sense being lodged perceiveth and judgeth the different Appulses made upon the Fibres of the outward Organs and thence conveyed by the mediation of the same Filaments of Nerves to the Seat of the inward Sense which holdeth an intimate correspondence with the outward by the interposition of Nerves continued from one to the other And Sensation cannot be accomplished without the mutual concurrence and cooperation of the Fancy with the outward Senses and Sense being used not strictly but in a Complex notion doth in some kind comprehend the outward and inward Sense whose conceptions and operations are not so separate but they do involve and presuppose each other But to speak more fully to the nature of Sensation The nature of Sensation I conceive its ratio formalis consisteth in Action and Passion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which are not really distinguished but are different Modes affecting various Subjects The one being the causality of the Agent is styled Action which being transient passeth from term to term and is called Motion and as it is received into the term to which 't is propagated is denominated Passion The outward sensible Objects consist not only in the representation of Colours but in Sounds Odors Sapors which are compounded of minute Bodies as active effluvia endued with certain Magnitudes Figures Postures and Motions making impressions upon the various Contextures of the Sensories of Sight Hearing Smelling and Tasting and those minute Bodies flowing from sensible Objects being restless in activity are transmitted from Subject to Subject from Agent to Patient and are received into the Pores of numerous Fibres as they are commensurate in magnitude and figure to those Bodies streaming from the outward Objects of Sense and upon this account the Effluvia as different in Magnitudes Figures
frequently returneth again at the change of the Moon which is vulgarly called a Lunacy Sometimes Madness proceeds from an ill Diet Madness may come from an ill Diet. or from the suppression of accustomed evacuations by the Haemorrhoides Nostrils or Uterus in Women whereupon the Blood depressed by saline and sulphureous Particles being transmitted to the fibrous frame of the Brain doth enrage the Animal Liquor and Spirits and produce a Mania The Blood also being infected with a Venenate disposition This Disease may be propagated from the Venenate nature of Blood as in a Licanthropia Hydrophobia upon the biting of a Mad Dog doth cause Madness as the poisonous Miasmes are conveyed to the Blood and raise a high Fermentation in it and afterward in the nervous Liquor and its choice Spirits which giveth them a turbulent motion through the Interstices of the nervous Filaments confounding the true use of Reason and Imagination This Venenate affection lieth long in the Blood before it exerteth it self This Disease liâ—th long in a poisoned mass of Blood Before it exerteth it self as I have seen in one Dyer a Barber of Willington in Sussex who being bit by a Mad-Dog was well Three Months and then fell sick of a violent Fever attended with a raging Delirium and a foaming Mouth endeavouring to bite all that came near him and afterward died about the Fourteenth day of his sickness This venome infecting the Blood caused by the biting of a Mad Dog is mixed with the salival Liquor The manner how the poison flowing from the biting of a Mad Dog is conveyed to the Heart and first carried into the Veins of the ambient parts of the Body and then by greater and greater Channels is communicated to the Heart and Lungs and afterward by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the Cortical Glands of the Brain where it infected the nervous Liquor and Spirits lodged in the fibrous parts of the Brain whereupon the Animal Faculties lost their due Oeconomy and a raging Delirium ensued destructive of Reason Sense and Life Having given an account of the Essence and continent cause of this Disease it may not seem altogether amiss to speak somewhat of its symptomes following it as so many attendants So that this Disease is not accompanied with the sneaking guards of Fear and Sorrow as in Melancholy but with Boldness and Courage The symptomes of Madness The aetiology of the symptomes of this Disease attempting any assault though never so desperate which proceedeth from the enraged Vital and Animal Spirits acted with nitro-sulphureous Particles which render the Blood highly fermentative and spirited and put the Animal Spirits into irregular motion whereupon the Soul is so highly disordered as if it would violently leap out of the confines of the Body in which it seemeth to be imprisoned The active and fierce particles of the Blood put it into an extraordinary motion and great effervescence which highly acting the carnous Fibres of the Muscles do render them vigorous and strong able to encounter the great opposition of others that endeavour to master Mad men and bring them to obedience when they are guilty of extravagant actions offering violent hands to themselves and others and give great disturbance to the Families where they live and converse It is also very remarkable that Mad Men endure Labour and Travail Mad Men are highly patient of Labour and great conflicts without any manifest weariness which is occasioned as I humbly conceive from the nature of Vital and Animal Spirits which though they are impregnated with many volatil Particles yet they are also debased too with nitro-saline fixed Atomes which do confine the more subtle and spirituous parts of the Vital and Animal Liquor not suffering them to evaporate and quit those noble Juyces whereupon Mad Men when exposed to long and laborious action which is frequent with them are not easily tired but will fight and struggle in high fury to the wonder of the beholders This Disease often followeth Melancholy The cause of rage in Madness from bilious Particles of Blood An Instance of this case and is produced by a great ebullition of Blood rendring the Cortex of the Brain very dry whence ariseth a great fierceness of the Vital Spirits causing high boldness and fury A Citizen being first addicted to Melancholy afterward fell into a violent Distraction and Madness attended with Rage which could not be appeased by the power of Art and proper Medicines And after death the Skull being taken off the Cortex of the Brain appeared very dry and of friable nature an Inch deep where it was hued with Yellow as tinged with bilious or sulphureous Particles of the Blood In this Malady the Brain is often tumefied The Brain is often swelled in Madness taking its rise from a great quantity of Black torrefied blood sometimes extravasated and other times lodged in the Vessels making them varicose and knotty A Child complaining first of a great pain of his Head An example of a tumefied Brain in a Mania afterward fell into a high distraction howling like a Dog and so continued till he died And his Skull being removed the Brain was very much swelled and the Dura and Pia mater had their Vessels very turgid with Black Blood which was also very much lodged in the Sinus and torcular of the Brain and in the more inward parts of it were discovered a great many Red specks coming from Particles of extravasated Blood and afterward the lower Region of the Brain being opened a quantity of serous Recrements gushed out Other times Madness issueth from putrefaction of the Coats and substance of the Brain out of which arise sharp and fierce Humors Madness coming from the putrefaction of the Coats and substance of the Brain The difference of Madness infesting the Animal Liquor and Spirits which hath been observed in Dissections This Disease admitteth many descriminations as being sometimes of a small continuance othertimes lasting and habitual sometimes continued and other times hath lucid intervals and is very various in reference to its several symptomes and distractions As to the Prognosticks of this Disease it is seldom mortal but very difficult to be cured by reason the Blood and nervous Liquor are highly disordered with nitro-sulphureous Particles which are hardly removed and the Patients affected with this Malady can scarcely be perswaded to take Medicines as being Enemies to themselves as well as Physicians The Cure of Madness importeth as great a difficulty as advantage oftentimes successive to Melancholy and Phrensy in which Three The Indications First is the Curative the primary Indications do offer themselves The First is Curative relating to the Disease and consisteth in the reducing the exorbitancies of the Animal Spirits to a due and regular motion The Second Indication is preservatory The Second is Preservatory and is referred to the causes of the Disease to correct
the nitro-sulphureous Particles of the Blood enraging the Animal Liquor and Spirits The Third Indication is Vital The Third is Vital as it supporteth Strength and Life and denoteth restorative and corroborating Medicines and wholsome Diet easy of digestion as not being of too high a nourishment which ever feedeth the Disease rather then the Patient The Curatory Indication The means advised in the Curatory Indication is much assisted by the prudent conduct of Friends and Servants giving good Council sometimes and othertimes threats blows and bonds which often awe the servile refractory temper of Mad Men who else will not be governed in the taking of Aliment and Medicines and will not submit themselves unless they be over-powred by force to which they are as passive as Brutes with whom they hold some Analogy as destitute of Reason And nothing more reduceth this kind of Patients to a perfect understanding Severity is very powerful in the cure of Madness and perfect enjoyment of themselves then by the severe Treatment of their Bodies whereupon a high restraint rendreth them humble and submissive whereby the arrogance and fierceness of Mad People being subdued they return to themselves in the regular exercise of their rational and sensitive Faculties As to a course in Physick Free Bleeding is very proper in Madness nothing is more beneficial then free Bleeding which giveth an allay to the fierceness of it by taking away its quantity and height and abateth the tumultuary motion of the Blood and Animal Spirits through the fibrous Compage of the Brain to this end an apertion of Veins may be frequently celebrated if it be consistent with strength in the Arm The opening of the Temporal Artery is very good in this Disease Neck Veins of the Forehead and above all I conceive the opening of the temporal Artery may speak an advantage to the Patient in this Malady as it letteth out some of the enraged mass of Blood whose motion and fury is most eminent in the Artery and by this operation I have seen very good success in this Malady as it evacuates some part of the hot furious Blood that the rest may be the more easily contemperated by the application of cooling Medicines Vomitories are very beneficial in this Disease Vomitortes are very advantageous in Madness as it dependeth upon Blood tainted with nitro-sulphureous Particles often proceeding from the obstruction of the Liver Pancreas and other Viscera which are opened in reference to their excretory Ducts by the violent motion of the Stomach drawing the Guts into consent whereupon they violently contracting themselves upward in an inverted peristaltick motion do throw up Bile and acide Recrements out of the Intestines into the Stomach whereby the Blood being depurated giveth less annoyance to the Head Take of an infusion of Crocus or Sulphure of Antimony prepared with some grains of Tartar or some grains of White Hellibore or Mercurius vitae given in some proper vehicle Mercurial Medicines Mercurial Medicines often prove successful in Madness given with Purgatives or without as of Calamelanos of it self or quickned with some few grains of Turpeth Minerale move a salivation and often discharge an habitual Madness by reason sometimes a great evacuation of salival Liquor coming of it self without the help of Art doth cure a Maniack disposition Strong Purgatives do also speak a great advantage in order to the cure of this stubborn Malady as they depress the height of the fierce Humors Strong Purgatives are good in this Disease and lessen the quantity of the saline serous and sulphureous parts of the Blood and nervous Liquor conjunct causes of this Disease as the infusion of Black Hellebore in White-wine and Water prepared with Tartar and Seeds of Caraway or Coriander as the Decoctum Sen. Gereonis prepared with Epithymum Mechoacan Turpeth c. As also a Bolus of Extract of Helebore with Calamelanos c. As also Pilulae Coch. Min. Faetid Major hightened with some grains of the Trochichs of Ashandal or Resin of Scammony or Jalap The preservatory Indication hath relation to the cause of this Disease The preservatory Indication consisteth much in sweetning the mass of Blood and doth much take off the nitrous and sulphureous parts of the Blood and correct the Acrimony of the nervous Liquor and irregular motion of the Animal Spirits A Mineral of Cristal or Nitre well prepared as also Spirit of Sulphure The Blood may be allayed by Minerals or Vitriol incrassating the thin and hot mass of Blood and attemperating the raging quality are very beneficial in appeasing the violent motion of the Blood and the nervous Liquor and Spirits Chalybeat Syrupes Tinctures Electuaries mixed with cooling Medicines Chalybeatâ— are very proper in a Maniack disposition Diet-drink do speak a great allay to the furious Blood and extravagant motion of the Animal Liquor and its more refined Particles by drinking now and then a draught of Diet-drink made with Sarza or China in which the Flowers of Water-Lilies Cowslips or Lily of the Valley may be boiled and it being strained may be sweetned with Syrupe of Water-Lilies or Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley Whey Clarified prepared with the Flowers of Water-Lilies Betony Clarified Whey prepared with Water-Lilies Cowslips c. may be given for an ordinary drink in this case As also Emulsions prepared with the cooling Seeds White Poppy blanched Almonds c. may be of great use Decoctions of the tops of Borage Bugloss fragrant Apples Decoctions of Borage c. the shavings of Ivory the Flowers of Borage Violets Cowslips Water-Lilies c. are very profitable As also Apozemes of Pimpernel having a Blew Flower St. Johns-wort c. Electuaries also prepared with Conserves of Flowers of Water-Lilies Electuaries Lily of the Valley Cowslips cooling Seeds powdered as Powder of Haley c. made up with Syrupe of Water-Lillies drinking immediately after it a draught of cooling or specifique Apozeme The vital Indication hath a regard to the preservation of Strength Cordiaâ—â— as the said Electuary As also an Electuary made with Sage Flowers Rosemary Paeony Cowslips Water-Lilies which contemperate the hot disposition of the Brain and corroborate it After which a draught may be taken immediately prepared with Flowers of Betony Rorismary Sage or Tey and the like sweetned with Syrupe of Cowslips or Water-Lilies In point of Diet all strong and full nourishment is to be avoided as keeping the Blood high and enraged wherefore it is more reasonable to advise a thin Diet of Water-gruel Barley-Cream thin broth of a Chicken Mutton Veal c. Hypnoticks may be proper in this Disease And by reason Sleep is very requisite to compose the unquiet Animal Spirits gentle Hypnoticks may be advised of Cowslips or Red Poppy-water or that of Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley with some Cinnamon-water distilled with Barley and Syrupe of Poppy In reference to Madness proceeding from the biting of
Mopishness may be derived from other Diseases as they proceed from diverse Causes some being accidental as Mopishness flowing from other diseases of Madness Hypocondriacal distempers Hysterick Epileptick and Apoplectick Fits c. Whereupon the Succus Nervosus is often thickened and effaete as having lost its more volatil saline Particles whereupon the Animal Spirits are rendred few and pawled as having lost their more fine Particles whereby they become disabled to exert the Animal Faculties And I humbly conceive Mopishness may proceed from a natural defect of Sense and Reason that Stultitia or Stupidity ariseth out of a natural defect of Sense and Reason proceeding from the ill Figure and Conformation of the Brain and when the Succus Nervosus and its more select Particles are naturally indisposed as being hereditary imparted from vitiated seminal Liquor of Parents which is much more difficult to be cured A hereditary Mopishness then the acquisite diaffection of Mopishness which in time by due methods of Physick may be cured in some degree As to the Prognosticks of Stupidity The Prognosticks of Mopishness if it be in a high degree wholly or for the most part cancelling the acts of right Reason and Imagination especially if it be Connate and Hereditary doth shew it incurable yet Children that are somewhat stupid and dull in the acts of Wit and Judgment in riper years get their parts more elevated and obtain a better use of Reason and Sense as having the temper of the Succus Nervosus and Animal Sprits endred more refined and volatil If this Disease be accidental and acquisite as proceeding from some gentle Cephalick Diseases it may be cured and the Animal Faculties return to their regular operations But if Stupidity or rather Mopishness be derived from an inveterate Epilepsy or a Lethargy Coma Carus or Apoplexy the Malady proveth incurable as having the Crasis of the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits wholly perverted If a Lethargy be not of any long continuance as also a Comatose indisposition it may admit a Cure and the Animal Powers and their acts may be reduced in some degree if not fully to their Original temper as having the Brain and its peculiar Juyce and Spirits repaired by a proper course of Physick which I have seen in many of my Patients Sometimes this Disease is it be not too deeply radicated having not long perverted the Oeconomy a supervening Fever in some sort may produce a Cure as refining the Blood and nervous Liquor and Spirits by Fermentation whereupon their impure Recrements are thrown off by Urine and a free transpiration through the excretory Ducts of the Skin so that the Vital and Animal Liquor being depurated the Spirits recover much of their former Crasis As to the Cure of this Disease This Disease in some case may admit a Cure if it do not arrive to a great degree of Stupidity but rather an extraordinary dulness in the exercise of the acts of Reason and Sense it may in some sort admit a recovery by the assistance of a good Tutor as well as a Physician which may contribute much by good Rules and Precepts of Art to the advancement of heavy parts affected with a mean apprehension and Judgment The advice of a Physitian may be proficuous as giving good prescriptions of proper Medicines to depurate the Vital and Animal Liquor and Spirits by rendring them active and volatil and by dispelling the dark Clouds and Vapours of the Brain to make way for the reception of lucid Particles perfective of the Animal Spirits the immediate instruments of the Animal Powers In plethorick Bodies labouring of Stupidity and Mopishness Bleeding may be used with good success in this Disease a Vein may be opened in the Neck Forehead Arm as also Leeches may be applied to the Haemorrhoidal Veins Fontanels may be made in the Arm Neck between the Shoulders Footanels proper in Mopishness or in the inside of the Thigh or Leg to divert gross Recrements from the Brain and relieve the Blood and nervous Liquor and its more spirituous Particles whereupon they become more fit instruments to celebrate the operations of the Brain Purging Medicines prepared with Cephalicks Purging Medicines prepared with Cephalicks may be very proper in these Diseases to refine the Blood and Succus Nervosus so that the Animal Spirits may be exalted and the Crasis of the Brain rendred laudable duely to exert the acts of Imagination Memory and Reason Apozemes are very advantageous made of Lime-Flowers Cephalick Apozemes Lily of the Valley Betony Sage Rorismary to which may be added Compound Paeony-water Syrupe of Paeony Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley Spirit of Hartshorn and Salt of Ammoniack succinated Spirits may be given in a draught of Black-Cherry Water Lime Water or Lily of the Valley Paeony and the like Morning and Evening A Magistral distilled Water may be good A Magistral distillâ—d Water prepared with the Flowers of Betony Sage Majoram the Flowers of Rorismary Sage Lime Lily of the Valley Paeony Nutmegs and besprinkle them with Canary for Twelve hours and afterward distill them in a large quantity of Milk in a Rose Still to this distilled Water may be added a small quantity of Compound Paeony or Compound Briony Water or a small proportion of Spirit of Lavender Or in a draught of this distilled Water may be given some drops of the tincture of Castor Amber or Elixir Proprietatis c. An Electuary prepared with the Conserves of the Flowers of Sage Cephalick Electuarie Rorismary Betony Lime Lily of the Valley mixed with Condite Eringo Roots or Citron-Pill or that of Auranges Limons Powder of Castor Amber Paeony-Roots made up with Syrupe of Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley drinking after it a good draught of the distilled Water above advised Ale Ale medicated with Cephalicks medicated with Flowers of Sage Betony Lime Lily of the Valley Rorismary Cubebs Nutmegs Mace c. may be very beneficial in these Diseases Balsamick Ointments Topicks may be safely administred and Emplaisters made of Cephalicks as also Fomentations of the same kind may be applied to the Head shaved as also Caps quilted with the Flowers of Lime Lily of the Valley Sage Betony Lavender Rorismary Spices of Mace Nutmegs Cloves Galangal c. Linements of Balsame of Tolu natural Balsame Capivium Oil of Nutmegs and Mace by expression may be administred to the Head when shaved with good success CHAP. LXX Of Convulsions and Convulsive Motions IN the Pathology of the Brain my intention is to Treat of a Convulsion The difference of Convulsions and Convulsive motions and how it differeth from Convulsive Motions as the one disagreeth from the other in several positions of the Muscles and duration of their involuntary motions In a Convulsion the Limbs and other parts of the Body have a constant rigid posture rendring them so stiff that they cannot at all bend or else without great difficulty be
the tone of the fibrous Compage to be very laxe and unable to resist the ill affections of the nervous Liquor whence ensue diverse unnatural motions of the Fibrils of the Brain and nervous Plexes of the Viscera and muscular parts of the Body And farthermore another reason may be offered The reason why Convulsive motions do flow from the Brain that the Blood and serous Liquor infecting the Brain are a great cause of Convulsive motions by reason Fontanels in the neck and blistering plaisters applied to it and Leeches set under the Ears do take away much of the serous Humors oppressing the Brain and divert the motion of Blood which are experimentally found very conducive to the alleviation and Cure of Convulsive motions in Children Thus pro modulo meo I have given a History of Convulsive motions that torture Children chiefly in the Two or Three first Months arising out of an ill mass of Blood contracted in the Womb consisting in Heterogeneous and contrary Elements raising a high fermentation in the vital Liquor which afterward infecteth the Succus Nervosus and Animal Spirits with nitro-sulphureous flatulent and elastick Particles causing expansive and contractive motions in the nervous Filaments of the fibrous Compage of the Brain and other Plexes of Nerves seated in the Viscera Muscular and Membranous parts of the Body which often prove fatal And though nature be so strong as to conquer these terrible motions in the first Months yet she is obnoxious afterward to great danger in reference to violent Convulsive motions associates of a Fever and proceeding from the breeding of Teeth Convulsive motions proceeding from Fevers produced by pains in the breeding of Teeth All Children having Fevers in breeding of Teeth are not always afflicted with concussions of muscular parts as having oftentimes good Constitutions and a laudable mass of Blood and a well-disposed Animal Liquor and Spirits and a firm tone of the Systeme of Nerves whereupon they are not obnoxious to Convulsive motions But the great pains of Dentition in an ill habit of Body and laxe Compage of Nerves I humbly conceive are the immediate cause of a Fever and Convulsive motions proceeding from an Inflammation of the Gums produced by Blood stagnated in the Interstices of the Vessels tumefying the said parts and compressing the branches of the Fifth pair of Nerves seated about the roots of the Teeth offended also with saline and acide parts of serous Humors vellicating the nervous Fibrils endued with a most acute Sense And the Teeth themselves enlarging their dimensions in Dentition The reason why Children are very much disturbed in Dentition do squeeze the Nerves and highly discompose their tender frame by their hard substance which growing more and more in hight do compress and cut the Membrane encircling the Gums which is a contexture of nervous Fibrils and is derived as some will have it from the Dura Menynx of the Brain so that this fine integument of the Gums is a composition of nervous Fibrils which being squeezed and cut by the rise of the Teeth growing upward must necessarily produce great pain and often Convulsive motions drawing the fibrous Compage of the Brain and muscular parts of the Eyes Face Lips Limbs and Viscera into consent attended with violent Vomitings Diarrhaeas Lypothymys Syncopes c. which are very terrible to behold in young Children not able to express themselves The Fever attending the breeding of Teeth is produced by great pain the associate of an Inflammation proceeding from Blood setled in the Gums which maketh a great effervescence in it of which some part endued with heterogeneous fermentative Elements being returned by the Veins to the Heart causeth a Fever partly taking its rise from the over-hasty motion of the Blood made by the Convulsive motions of the Muscles violently compressing the Arteries And Children are not only subject to Convulsive motions in the Two or Three first Months after their Birth and in the time of breeding of Teeth but also in other years of their Minority which is chiefly derived from an ill disposition of Blood consisting in heterogeneous fermentative Elements which having recourse to the Cortex of the Brain doth fill the Succus Nervosus and the Animal Spirits with flatulent elastick Particles producing various agitations of the Nerves caused by the repeated dilatations and contractions of their Filaments acted with many grand efforts to discharge offensive Matter giving a high disturbance to nature The Blood The Blood is the cause of Convulsive motions as spoiled by ill Diet. The Blood is corrupted by the ulcered Glands of the Viscera producing Convulsive motions the chief antecedent cause of Convulsive motions is debased by ill Diet by Aliment hard of digestion or by Milk degenerating into a Curd by the acide Ferment of the Stomach whereupon it rendreth the Milk Acide and sometime the Chyle is corrupted by bilious Recrements and an ulcerous Matter derived from the Ventricles or putrefied Glands of the Mesentery The Blood also is corrupted in its passage through the ulcered Glands of the Spleen Liver Pancreas Kidneys or the putrefied substance of the Bladder Uterus Diaphragme Pleura Mediastine Lungs c. whereby the vital Liquor being vitiated by a purulent Matter is carried up through the Carotide Arteries into the Cortical Glands wherein the nervous Liquor and the Animal Spirits become infected and produce great disorderly motions in the fibrous Compage of the Brain and the plexes of Nerves belonging to the Viscera Muscles and Membranes The ill mass of Blood is rendred more fermentative by ill Air in Fenny ground by the heat of the Sun and by changes of the Moon and by the malignant influences of the Planets which do debase the Succus Nervosus and its Spirits and render them turbulent and unquiet so that they discompose the tender Filaments of Nerves and put them upon violent and unnatural agitations highly afflicting the whole Body Having given an account of the unpleasant â—cenes of this Disease consisting in various storms of concussive motions of several parts of the Body my Taske at this time is to propound a means how these Tempests may be allayed that a pleasant calm may ensue The Cure of this Disease requireth a good method of Physick and the care of a Learned Physician prescribing proper Medicines and by reason Blood hath a great share in the cause of Convulsive motions Applications of Leeches to the Jugulars are very proper Cephalick Powders may be given in Cephalick Waters Three or Four Ounces may be taken away by the application of Leeches to the Jugular Veins and afterward Cephalick Powder may be advised made of Paeony roots Misletowe of the Oak Coral Pearl and the like given in a spoonful of a Cephalick Julape prepared with Black-Cherry Water or Water of Lime-Flowers Lily of the Valley Paeony Rue-water to which may be added a small quantity of Compound Paeony or the Antiepileptick water of Langius near akin to the