and nourished with humidity and new always substituted in the place of that which is absumed for I do not see why if radical humidity be wanting that death should follow but answer may be made that the privation or defect of the radical humor depends upon the impotency of heat for whatsoever suffices in the place of its native humour that is necessary to be changed by the help of heat which as Scaliger thinks is altered and grows feeble by use and diuturnity of time therefore what accedes of aliment is more worse and impure then that which decedes therefore heat destitute of idoneous aliment is dissipated And hence it is that man necessarily must dye CHAP. 8. Of Spirits 1. HItherto of humors so called Now we shall handle the doctrine of spirits they are called A spirits because they fly away by their subtil and aereal tenuity which after a certain manner responds to the Nature of Spirits indeed 2. But here the word spirit is taken B for a very small or thin substance aereal and vaporous the first instrument of life as to the performance of action 3. Here its essence is not to be understood ethereal and celestial but in a manner elementary First because such like spirits are what like their matter is but their matter is elementary Secondly they can accend refrigerate increase diminish and extinguish but the celestial on the contrary want these neither can they be changed by natural cause Thirdly because to their preservation the inspiration of the air is necessary Fourthly and lastly the spirits do restore again an elementary body in a swounding fit 4. A spirit is either insited or fixed or influent 5. Insited which is ordinarily C complanatus is an aereal and tender substance lying within several solid members and procreated of the genital seed from the governess faculty of the principal parts the first and proximate seat of native heat and a certain faculty as it were the band of unition of the soul with the body 6. Of this there seems to be so many differences as there are natures and temperaments of parts if it may be accommodated to these and attemperated to the nature of every part 7. The influent is that which is implanted and lest it should dissolve and vanish it remains fixed 8. And here it is threefold natural vital and animal 9. And as in mans body First there are three Vertues Natural Vital and Animal Secondly so also there are three principal bowels if I may so call them the Liver Heart and Brain Thirdly three Organs also administring to these the Veins Arteries and Nerves so there are so many spirits distinct in species and form which are as it were the chariots of strength 10. The natural is D a thin vapour procreated in the liver of the purer part of blood and thence diffused by the veins into the habit of the body to absolve all natural actions 11. Concerning this many great questions are made some do expunge it from the catalogue of spirits First because it takes its natural faculty from the Liver Secondly that it doth renew the same faculty insited from every part Thirdly and by this Spirit or Captain the gross blood is carried to distant parts 12. The vital spirit E is a thin halite vapour or breath begotten of inspirated air and natural spirit carried to the left side of the heart and so runs by the artery over the whole body and so supplies the vivifical strength unto them 13. All the ancient Neotericks do conclude this to be coacted when it is chiefly necessary to life for as Plato doth affirm if the sun should quiesce one moment the whole world would perish because it excites spirit and heat by its motion so here if the spirits be prohibited forthwith the Animal perishes 14. The animal spirit is F a pure halite begotten of a portion of vital spirit carried to the brain and insited in its faculty diffused by the nerves into the body that it may incite it to motion sense and all animal actions 15. This as it pleases some doth not differ from the vital in kinde and nature because they maintain that there is but one universal spirit but as aliment doth take a new form by a new coction and thence a new denomination So that first there are divers Organs Secondly divers faculties Thirdly divers manner of generations so also this spirit is diverse from the rest in species The Commentary A BY spirit here we understand not an incorporeal substance or the intellect of man which is rightly called by the Philosophers a spirit which Scaliger otherwise a man very learned dothseem to dissent from for he speaks Theologically and is to be understood as speaking of an incorporate substance but by spirit we mean a thin and subtil body B Because nature is not wont to copulate one contrary to another unless it be with some medium not unlike a band for mortal and immortal do differ more then in kinde and therefore an incorporate being is not consentaneous to a brittle body and immortality cannot be united to the intellect of man without the concurrence of a medium and this is no other then a spirit which doth bring mortality to the body having a thin and tender substance as it were acceding to the intellect The medium between both is nature and this spirit is not void of a body but begotten of the elements which were in the seed and it is most elaborate nearly acceding to the nature of celestial spirits and most thin that it may fly all sense very apt to pass by an incredible celerity for it passes over the whole body with a great celerity that it may give motion sense and strength to its parts and perform other functions of the soul. D Concerning this spirit many great questions are agitated some do-banish it from the catalogue of spirits moved thereto by these Arguments First because there is no use nor necessity for it We answer Its use is great for first of all it is the chariot of aliment for the humours gotten in the liver can scarce penetrate of themselves through the narrow passages by reason of their crassitude nor can they well be carried to the other parts of the body by reason of the slowness of their motion Furthermore this spirit takes its natural faculty from the liver whose work is to attract retain and concoct familiar aliment to all the parts of the body and by a certain force doth expel the excrements Secondly they will have no place to be given by nature proper for this spirit We answer the liver is its fountain and principle as the heart of life and the brain of the soul. Thirdly they alledge that this spirit doth not lead any thing to any part or carry any thing thereunto But we say that as the animal spirit is carried by the Nerves the Vital by the Arteries so the natural spirit is carried by the veins together with the
aliment blood into the general mass of the body But here another question will arise how can the spirits flow into the inward and most remote parts but by penetration and dimension Answer Some bodies are crass and solid and some thin and tender through those that are hard they cannot penetrate but the spirits because they are thin do fly all manner of sense and are diffused without impediment in a moment this way and that way with a certain kind of celerity and do pervade the members neither by their presence filling them nor by their absence emptying them E And in this spirit all the causes come to be considered the matter is the natural spirit procreated in the liver thence carried by the vena cava with the arterious blood that is the purest of blood upwards going into the right side of the heart where it is attenuated most accurately by the passages not altogether occult but if a dog be dissected it will be found in the left side the efficient cause is the strong heat of the heart attenuating and making thin the vital spirit it 's form its rarefaction not unlike to the tenuity of a little flame its end is to conserve life diffused from the heart by the arteries into the universal body F The matter of this spirit is that vital which is carried by the crevices of the arteries to the basis of the brain and it doth slide thereinto as into a net which is placed there by nature as a labyrinth for when any matter would exactly elaborate it doth devise a longer stay in the instruments of coction and afterwards by another context is intromitted into ventricles of the brain the efficient cause is motion but chiefly the proper force of the solid substance of the brain whereby this spirit doth exactly elaborate and so become animal the form of it is rarefaction made perfect by the degeneration of the vital spirit into the animal its end is to shew a sensitive and moving faculty with great celerity from the middle ventricle of the brain by the nerves into the whole body by which spirit the animal faculty is apprehended in man of reason and memory if its force or motion be not hindred CHAP. 9. Of the similar parts of an Animate body 1. HAving expounded the contained parts the continent do follow which consist of substance by reason of that firmness and solidity they have 2. And they are either homogeneous or heterogeneous similar or dissimilar 3. A similar A part is that which may be divided into similes according to the particles of sense and into the same species 4. Of similar parts some are spermatical others carnous 5. The spermatick parts are those which are generated immediately of the crassament of seed and so coalesced into hard substances 6. Of which sort are Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Nerves Arteries Veins Fibres Fat 's Skin 7. Bones are the hardest parts B of animates dry and cold begotten of the crassament of seed by exustion to the stability of the whole 8. These are endowed with no sense because first no Nerves are disseminated by their substance Secondly if they were sensible they could not endure daily labors without great pain and that sensation would either take away the greatest part of action or render it frustraneous 9. A Cartilage C is a kin to these which is a substance or part a little softer then bones and harder then any other member and flexible after a certain manner made to the keeping of motion in its destinated parts 10. A Ligament D is a simple part of the body hard and begotten of seed yet softer then a Cartilage and yielding to the touch knitting the bones together 11. A certain portion of these is called tendous which is a similar part begotten of Fibres Nerves and Ligaments mixed in a muscle all which are called articles 12. A Membrane is a similar part begotten of seed tender covering several other parts 13. The Nerves are spermatick parts arising from the brain or back-bone the interior part of the marrow the exterior of the membrane carrying the animal spirit to sense and motion 14. They are distinguished into softer or harder 15. They are soft which do arise from the former part of the brain 16. And they are seven conjugations for none of all the Nerves are simple but all conjugated whence they are called paria nervorum 17. The chiefest of these are inserted in the centre of the eye and are called the visive or optick nerves carrying the faculty of seeing unto them 18. The second propagation of moving of the nerves is the eyes 19. The third society is partly scattered into the tunicle of the tongue to propogate to the taste and part dispersed in other parts of the face 20. The fourth conjugation is a certain proportion dispersed in the palate 21. The fifth is carried by the auditory passage to the drum of the ears and they are called the auditory nerves 22. The sixth is a large portion of nerves wandring and running almost through all the bowels 23. The seventh arises from the hinder part of the head and the marrow of the back-bone and inserted into the muscles of the tongue and is said to move the tongue 24. The crasser nerves in which there is a more obtuser faculty and they do come out of the marrow of the back-bone carrying sense and motion to the internal parts 25. And thirty of these are alike and combined seven to the hinder part of the neck twelve to the Thorax five to the Lungs six to the sacred bones all which do disperse themselvs like boughs into the other parts of the body 26. The Arteries F are hollow vessels long having two tunicles and those crass and substantial ordained for the deducing of the vital spirit and for temperating and expurging of the heart and other parts to heat 27. And they do arise out of the heart of which two principal Arteries do spring out of the left side thereof from which two all the other take their original Arteria Aorta et Arteria venosa 28. The great Artery Aorta is the foundation of all other Arteries and doth carry the vital spirit to all the other parts of the body 29. The venous artery is stretched out like a quill from the same side of the heart into the liver from whence it brings air to cool the heart 30. A vein G is a similar part and round and hollow like to a reed arising from the liver consisting of one tunicle contexted of three Fibres carrying blood for nutriment together with the natural spirit to the several parts of the body 31. Veins are distinguished into principal and less principal 32. The Principal are those out of which as out of a trunk or stock others do arise and they are two vena porta and vena cava 33 Vena porta is a great vein coming out of the hollow part of the liver and excepting all the Mesenterian veins
compelling them into one of the ligaments serving the arteries to a voluntary motion the fibres of the tendons growing of the junctures are joyned amongst themselves E They are called spermatick parts because they are generated of seed and not of blood which argues that their colour must be white and cold in substance All nerves do arise from the brain and not from the heart as Aristotle imagined their use is to carry that animal spirit gotten in the brain and the motive and sensitive faculty and to communicate it to the body F The veins and arteries are joyned with a friendly intercourse that the veins may supply them with matter of spirit for the spirit doth cherish the blood with its heat in the arteries and there are mutual orifices that the spirit may take nutriment out of the veins and the veins spirit and heat out of the arteries But the arteries and veins do differ First in their original because they come out of the sinister ventricle of the heart Secondly in their function because they subminister vital spirits to the whole body Thirdâ—…y in their substance for the arâ—…eries so likewise the veins do â—…onsist of a membranous body â—…et more solid harder and conâ—…rmed by more crasser tunicles Now a tunicle is twofold exterior interior that fibre which is knit with many strait and crooked windings hath the like crassitude and firmness with the tunicle of the veins but this hath five times a more harder and grosser substance lest the subtil spirit should exhale and the artery it self be broken with the perpetual motion of the heart Fourthly in motion for the arteries are moved without intermission by dilatation and contraction when dilated they draw the cold air and when contracted cast out hot fumes G This question is moved by Physitians and Philosophers about the veins Whether they have a force or faculty to generate blood Some maintain it that the blood which the veins contain within themselves to elaborate more exquisitely and to be made by an insited force and faculty and therefore in that blood that the chiefest degree of perfection is gotten But the falsity of this opinion is easily known by those who diligently mark the thin tunicle of the veins and its white substance Now it is provided by nature that every part of the body should be converted to the other and transmuted into its colour then how can the veins with their thinness and whiteness change white chyle and gross into red and pure blood Therefore more truer is that opinion that the generation of blood is onely the work of the liver which doth make blood by a certain force and faculty within it self seated all the sanguifick force is given to the veins yet they receive it from the liver as Avicen demonstrates H Aristotle and Hippocrates do prove that fibres do concrete the blood by their frigidity because that blood out of which fibres are taken can never be concreted by any cold for when blood is let out of the veins if it doth not concrete it is a sign of death I Fat is the matter of blood and although it be made of the cream of blood yet notwithstanding it is cold and without blood degenerating into fat by the want of heat and frigidity of the membrane it consists of coldness and dryness because by heat it is melted and by the humidity of other parts coagulated by cold The efficient cause is the want of heat which is thus proved because you shall finde no fat as to any quantity about the liver or the heart or any other hot part by reason of the heat of those parts K Take this as another definition of the cutis the skin is a thin part membranous porous endowed with blood the tegument or cover of all the parts of the body which as it is easily taken away by accident so it doth easily grow again which denotes thus much that the skin is not altogether endowed with a sensitive faculty but onely so far as it hath the nerves and of the faculty of blood in it and whereas it is defined to be membranous that is smooth simple thin and white and that it hath a middle nature between flesh and nerves for neither is it altogether without blood as the nerves are so neither doth it abound with blood as the flesh doth whence it is adjudged to be the rule of temperaments and indeed the skin about the hands in it there is the most exquisite and perfect faculty of sense but not so in other parts of the body and the skin is porous that it may thereby attract the coldness of the air and expulse the excrementitious vapours of the body Now the excrement which comes out of the pores is sweat sweat is an excrementitious humidity of the third coction breaking out by the skin in the species or form of water the matter of sweat is the whole humidity which is gotten in meat and drink which thing is necessary to all animals because it might make way for other aliment and not longer lie in the vessels it is of the same genus with urine onely differing in this that the urine is carried to the bladder this with blood a longer passage through the body its efficient cause is heat but not so vehement as to have a drying faculty but moist so calefying the nature of sweat by the habit of the body that it becomes thin and so softens the skin by relaxation that it may the better pass through those whose skins are hard and thick are very unapt to sweat L Flesh may be taken either properly or improperly when properly taken then absolutely that which is described by us and it is the chiefest part of the muscles for the substance of them doth truly and properly deserve the name of flesh that which is taken improperly is the flesh of the bowels generated of blood poured out as the liver heart and lungs CHAP. 10. Of External dissimilar Parts 1. HItherto we have spoken of similar parts Now of dissimilar or organical which are diversly compounded of the similar 2. And they are either external or internal 3. The external parts are first the head secondly the trunk of the body thirdly the artus under which we comprehend the arms and feet 4. The head is the highest part of the body globular set upon the neck the seat of the animal faculty 5. Its parts that are external are chiefly the skull and the face 6. The skull is a crafs bone of the head round distinguished into twenty bones and certain futures covering the brain environing it on every side 7. Its bones are thus distinguished there are two in the crown one in the front two in the temples one in the form of a wedge another in the form of a sieve twelve in the superior jaw and one in the hinder part of the head 8. There are three sutures The first is transverse the crown going from towards one ear to the
are called rather by similitude then reality 55. The hip-bones are two strong bones placed within the os sacrum and ending in the buttocks 56. But os sacrum H is conflated of many bones to wit five or six sited almost in the middle of the body other bones both superior and inferior resting upon them are moved thereby 57. The Artus are two the hands and feet 58. The whole hand I is that which is portended from the shoulderblade to the end of the fingers 59. It is divided by Hippocrates into three parts into the arm the wrist and the hand it self 60. That is named the arm which extends from the shoulder to the elbow and doth consist of one great bone and many muscles seven whereof do govern the motion of the arm and four govern the motion of the wrists and it doth consist also of three chief veins the humerary axillary and median 61. The wrist is that part from the elbow to the hand and consists of two bones the greater and lesser whereof are both called Ulna which consists also of thirty three muscles prepared for the motion of the arms and hands 62. The hand reaches from the wrist to the end of the fingers the organ of apprehension 63. The parts of this again are brachial postbrachial and the fingers 64. The brachial or wrist is part of the hand it consists of eight bones the ligament being â—…ransverse 65. Postbrachial is that part of the hand placed between the wrist and the fingers whose posterior is articulated with the wrist the anterior with the fingers 66. The fingers are in number five every one consisting of three little bones the first is that which is the greatest in strength and magnitude and is called Pollex the second is called the Index and Demonstrator the third the middle fourthly the Ring-finger fifthly the least 67. The foot K is part of the body which is inserted into the hip the organ of walking and standing 68. Its parts are three the thigh the shank and the foot 69. The thigh doth reach from the hip even to the knee consisting of a bone the greatest of all with muscles and glandulous flesh 70. The knee is a knitting or dearticulation of the thigh and leg whose anterior part is called Patella and Posterior Poples 71. The shank is a part reaching from the knee to the foot the anterior part is called Anticnemion and the posterior Gastrocnemion 72. The shank doth consist of two long bones the interior and greater is called Tibia the exterior or less Fibula 73. The foot doth begin at the end thereof and reach to the extremity of the toe and doth consist of thirty eight bones and two musces whereby the toes are moved bended and extended The Commentary A TEeth are said to have sense by the communication of those soft little nerves proceeding from the third rank of nerves because those teeth that are â—…ormost or extant without the jaws are not capable of sense but those that are covered as it were with flesh in the jaws are very sensitive because the nerves and their vertues are extended to their region But now that part of the tooth which appears naked is insensible This I prove if it be cut filed broken or burned with a hot iron it is not sensible of any of these Therefore in this very thing do teeth differ from other bones because the teeth are perpetually nourished and increased which cannot be except there were instruments to convey this unto them But other bones onely take their determined increment B The substance of the tongue is laxe and therefore fit to be moved in every part and because it ought to judge of sapors therefore it ought to be rare that it may be easily imbued with the humour of sapours and that it may perfectly feel and distinguish of all kind of sapours it hath certain nerves implanted in it from the fourth rank C This Particle alone is proper to man for it avails much to the tuning of the voice and therefore it is called by some Plectron D By ancient writers that part of the body which reaches from the neck to the Genitals is called the Thorax so that according thereunto the belly is contained under the name of Thorax But Later Medicks with Galen do account that part onely the Thorax which is included between the sides or the region of the paps It is called Thorax apo to thoro for the continued motion of the heart its use is to be dilated and compressed to the motion of the vital members which contains in it self the benefit of respiration the substance of the Thorax doth consist of muscles paps and grisles or bones E They are called Cleides because they shut up the coarticulated humour with the shoulderblade lest it should slip into the brest thorax or arm F The ribs are numbred to be twenty four each side containing twelve where observe that this number is not always found for in some are found thirteen and in some but eleven which happens by reason of the matter either abounding or deficient Therefore Aristotle doth erre in asserting that there are but onely eight bones in the side of a man and in some nations onely seven And as many ribs as there are in a man so many there are in a woman and therefore altogether ridiculous is that Comment that there is one less in a man then in a woman or one abounding more in a woman then in a man G The belly is a part of the body which reacheth from the brest where the ribs end even to the privities and it is divided into three regions the first above about and below the navel above the navel from the midriff to the navel Epigastrion and Hypochondrion the middle which is as it were the center of the navel which is formed of two veins and so many arteries which carries blood and spirit for the nutriment of the yong and conveys back again the excrements about this are the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 both viâ—…ine parts to the navel so called because they are empty below the belly is containted the Hypogastrion which is that part of the belly which reaches from the navel even to the genitals H This bone is called Sacred because it is great broad and ample Hieron with the ancient is great this doth consist of many bones coagmented together which notwithstanding in tender age may be separated yet in old age with much coction so much coalesced that it is almost incredible to believe it conâ—…ts of many bones I Galen and Hippâ—…ates do call that the hand which is from the shoulder to the fingers that which Aristotle calls brachium we call manus and the Germans Ein hand K It consists of a superficies and substance tâ—… superficies is distinguished into five regions which are these Calcaneus and that is the posterior part the mouâ—…t of the foot by the Greeks called Tharsos and by the Arabians Rascheta and it
is a certain partition which divides either side the vulgar call it the seventh medium which at the first sight appears crass but after a more curious inspection it is found to have many holes in it that there may be an easie passage from the left side to the right notwithstanding what the Neotericks exclaim against it and urge to the contrary 13. Furthermore there are certain appendixes membranous and full of windings leaping to each side of the ventricle which are called Auriculae not from its use or action but similitude 14. On the right side it lies open to the door of the vena cava the left is placed in the orifice of the venous artery and it is larger because it is the receptacle of gross blood the latter is the less because it contains air 15. The chief use of those Auriculars are First that they be ready receptacles of blood and air that they do not confusedly pass into the heart and so to suffocate the heart by oppression Secondly lest the vena cava and the venous artery be broken in violent motions for they have great force in drawing of blood and air in to the heart 16. The lungs E are of rare parts light and spungious and as it were concreted of spumous blood like the substance of a Snail seated in the thorax filling its whole cavity the instrument of breath and voice 17. And although it is but one in body yet it is divided into two parts by the membrane called Mediastinus the right and left 18. Either part consists of two Globes or Knots the one superior the other inferior often discernable and sometimes obscure 19. The use of these is that its flesh or substance should not be collaberated or tyred but that it may be more actively moved and that the heart be embraced on every side 20. The air is transmitted into the lungs by the asper-artery whose structure is constituted of Veins Cartilages Membranes and Nerves The Commentary A DIaphragma hath divers appellations for it is sometimes derived from the verb Diaphratto that is to fortifie because Diaphrattei that is it separates out the middle and low belly and also it is called the seventh transverse it is called Diaphragma and by ancient Medicks called Phrenas because as some judge by its inflammation the minde is hurt It s use is noble for it separates between the spiritual and vital bowels and the heart and the lungs from the naturals which separation Aristotle thinks to be made by nature lest the vapours which do exhale from meat offend the heart in which the soul he thinks doth reside But this opinion is false because the fumes do pass by the Oesophagum To conclude the Diaphragma hath two holes placed in organs ascending and descending Again it helps exspiration and inspiration for when the thorax is contracted then the inspiration is dilated but when it is laxed then inspiration is made Again it helps the ejection of the excrements by its motion with the muscles of the Abdomen Again it is the rise of the organs whereby it pleasantly affects the heart and causes laughter D The covering which defends the heart and contains it in its seat and hinders it lest it should be oppressed with its vicine members is called Capsula which contains also a certain watrish humour lest it should 〈◊〉 and dry with too much heat the substance of the heart is hard and dense lest it should be broken by its violent motions Its substance saith Aristotle is thick and spiss into which heat is received strongly and therefore its temperament is the hottest of all the members it is endowed with three kinds of fibres strait crooked and transverse that it may both draw contain and expel Now Aristotle thinks these fibres to be nerves and the principle of the nerves to be in the heart but he is deceived its figure is Pyramidal but not absolutely so in brutes but it is more flat then in a man it is placed in the thorax as the safest place and on the left side thereof C This is the shop of the vital faculty and therefore it is rightly called by Aristotle the first thing that lives and â—…he last that dies by its perpetual motion and heat it begets vital spirits for when it is dilated which motion is called Dyastole it allures unto it and draws blood by the benefit of the strait fibres from the vena cava by the venous artery but when it is constringed which is called Systole it sends blood from the right ventricle into the lungs by which they are nourished and that by the venous artery but the vital spirit out of the left by Aorta into the whole body and both ways it converts into vital spirit by attenuating the pure blood into vapour D There are two remarkable ventricles of the heart the right and the left between these there is a partition which distinguishes the one from the other which whereas it is crass and firm it is not rightly called by Aristotle the third side or belly but lest that the passages may seem to be made by this it sends out blood into another ventricle by narrow pores E The lung is called by the Greeks pneumon a pneo which is to breath because it is the organ of breathing therefore the lung ought to consist of such a substance that it may be filled and distended with air like a pair of bellows The primary Cause of which action is its proper substance which helps the motion thereof for when it is dilated it draws air and by the venal artery carries it to the heart by which the heat of the heart is allayed and the vital spirit as with food thereby cherished The figure of the Lung resembles the hoof of an ox which is divided by the Mediastinum into two parts it is the organ of voice which I prove because no animal hath a voice that hath not a lung there are some that say that there are two lungs but truly it is but one divided into two parts the right and the left And again both the parts consist of two Globes the one superior the other inferior sometimes seen open and sometimes shut the use thereof is that it may be moved more nimbly and so amplex the heart more easily CHAP. 13. Of the parts of the Animal faculty 1. VVE have spoken sufficiently of the parts of the middle belly Now we proceed to the organs of the supream region serving the animal faculty and they are such as are â—…ontained in the brain 2. The brain A is a soft part white and medullous fabricated of pure seed and spirit involved as it were in folds compassed about with a thin skin and contained in the cavity of the brain the principle of the animal faculty c. 3. And this is the highest of all the bowels and the next to heaven this is the tower of the senses the highest pinnacle the regiment of the minde 4. For the
censory hidden within the skull and therefore they cannot perceive odours but by the conduct of the ambient air introsumed But Insects do not perceive odours by the attraction of air but by the alone presence of the thing to be smelled at the censory which organ in them is always open and exposed to smelling not unlike to the eyes of those animals that have no lids nor covering but always open M The material cause of Insects is double as the Insects themselves are of two kinds for some are gotten of slimy earth and putrid mud as for example from putrified Pot-herbs the Canker or Palmer-worm from putrid Water the Gnat from decayed Wine the Midge from Slime worms from Mud frogs others arise from a mixed putretude as Beetles from the karcass of an Ass Bees from a Bull Wasps from a Horse And as there are two kinds of Insects so there is also a double efficient cause of them for they which take their rise from putrid Matter their efficient cause is the heat of the Sun diffused in the Ambient air But they which are gotten of a mixed and cadaverous putretude are procreated meerly from the proper heat of the mixed putretude for that heat doth dispose the Matter and produce a substantial form of the same not by its proper force for an accident cannot make a living substance but by the vertue of the Celestial heat But some may say that heat of mixture is broken in putretude if putretude be the corruption of heat natural therefore the heat of a mixed body putrefied cannot be the efficient cause of Insects I answer In the natural decay of mixtures simply all heat doth not vanish so that none may be said to remain but broken as natural and according to that measure which is necessary to retain the humidity with the â—…iccity as in the destruction death or decay of living creatures all heat simply doth not vanish but that onely which was convenient for the existence of the soul in the body and the preservation of life therefore that heat which is yet left in a mixed putretude hath reason to be the efficient cause of Insects But some may further instance that heat in the generation of mixtures ought to domineer passively not actively according to Aristotle who saith that heat and cold do generate when they overcome and rule in passives but in putretude the heat of mixture doth not obtain the name of dominion because its wants strength and vigor and is so unfurnished that it cannot retain the moist with the dry for the preservation of the mixture therefore it cannot be the efficient cause of Insects which Insects are procreated of the unity and consistency of humidity and sicâ—…ity I answer The heat of the body putrefied may be considered two manner of ways either in respect of that mixture which doth putrefie or in respect of the animals which are produced from that mixture if it be considered after the first manner then it is preternatural and not fit to retain the humidity with the siccity because it doth not further rule in these passive qualities but if heat be considered in the second respect then it is natural and hath force and dominion over the moist and dry and it can terminate and couple them and out of that matter produce a substantial form by the concurrence of the celestial heat but now as the matter is various and diverse in which heat doth exercise its action so likewise various and divers animals and insects are produced for if the matter be much terrene and corpulent then it will produce testaceous animals but if tender thin and subtil then heat doth generate slender animals as Flies Gnats c. For as Aristotle says In the sea there is much of an earthly substance and thence it is that from the concretion thereof so many shell-fishes are procreated But again it may be objected by some Every thing that is generated must proceed from a thing that is like to it self for a celestial body and heat are not similar to those which do arise from coenous and putrid Matter therefore from these they cannot rightly be said to be generated I answer Every thing that is generated is said to be generated from its simile either according to an univocal generation or an equivocal generation by analogy I call that an univocal generation when one man begets another or one dog another for here the thing getting and the thing begotten are of one Genus for the bitch generating is an animal and the dog generated is an animal But an equivocal generation is made by similitude as a frog that is produced out of filth by the force of the sun and it is so called because the thing getting and the thing gotten are Heterogeneous But now although the Insects proceeding from such like bodies are not similar according to the univocal Genus yet they are generated a simile according to the equivocal Genus by analogy because they are produced by some existent act as by a celestial body or the like which concur in the way of act to produce a body CHAP. 15. Of Man and his Formation in the Womb. 1. HItherto we have Treated of irrational Creatures Now we shall say something of the rational viz. Man 2. Man is A an animal endowed with reason 3. And as he is the most noblest of all Creatures so he hath the most beautiful and excellent structure of body of all other animals being erect and looking up to heaven 4. But as every thing which is gotten doth proceed of something and from something so there are certain necessary principles to the generation of mans Body 5. The seed B therefore of both Sexes is plentiful and fruitful and pronounced by the ancients to be the Mother-blood of principles 6. The Seed is a humid body spumous and white generated from the flower or cream oâ—… the spirits elaborated by the insited force of the stones for generation sake 7. Hence it consists of two parts of a watrish humidity and spirit 8. The Serous humidity is generated of blood whence he affirms seed to be an excrement of the last sanguineous aliment not in substance but by a profitable abundance Arist. 1 de Gen. Anim. c. 18 29. 9. The Spiritual part C is no other then the vital spirit dilated by the spermatick arteries to the cods where it is exquisitely mixed with blood and of two becomes one perfect body therefore the Seed is compounded of spirit and water 10. Maternal blood D or menstruum another principle of our generation is a sanguineous excrement begotten from the heat of the female for the conservation of her species 11. It is called menstruous because it comes monethly which nevertheless after conception is forthwith stopped 12. It is called a sanguineous excrement not that it is like thereunto or noxious in its quality as the Neotericks do affirm but that it is too luxuriant in quantity and therefore it is
of this noxious humour is gathered into the bottom of the ventricle to excite appetite the rest slides into the intestines and so is thrust out of doors 39. The reins and bladder purge out a wheyish or serose humidity 40. The reins O which are in number two are carnous parts thick and solid purging out blood with a sâ—…rose humor 41. Both the emulgent veins and ureteres serve to evacuate serose humidity 42. The emulgent veins do arise from the vena cava and are inserted into the reins dispersing abroad an aguous humidity with blood and carried to the reins 43. The ureteres are two urinary channels arising from the cavity of the reins white consisting of one simple tunicle deducing the urine by the force of the reins into the bladder 44. The bladder P is a nervous part consisting of two tunicles interwoven with a treble kinde of fibres round and somewhat long placed in the Hypogastria taking the urine brought from the ureteres and conveys it out of the body 45. There are two parts of it the bottom and the neck 46. In the bottom is contained the urine and this passes by degrees thorow the neck a muscle there as a porteÌ„r obstructing its fluor lest it come at unawares upon us 47. And thus much of the members of the nutritive faculty Lastly there are organs of generation which are accommodated to continue and propogate their kinde 48. And these are either common to both sexes or peculiar to one 49. The common are the seminary vessels cods and stoneâ—… 50. The seminary vessels do ascend from the stones upwards inserted in the cods Parastaten adunoeide and the seed is the profitable superfluity of the mass of blood which is the matter of the seed and vital spirit producing heat into the act of the seed and carries it to the stones 51. And they are two the right and left the former arises immediately from the trunk of the cava the latter from a branch of the emulgent veins 52. The testicles Q are soft parts glandulous and white rare and cavernous in which the seed is perfected and cocted 53. In men they hang without the body but in women they grow on the back one on each side 54. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 R are two vessels candid cavernous and glandulous arising from the testicles carrying feed into the testicles In men they are placed at the root of the yard in women at the bottom of the matrix 55. To conclude there are members peculiar to one sex either to man or woman 56. Competent to man S is the yard which hangs on the forepart of a man of a good length fistulous on every side a fit instrument for the conveyance of seed 57. And it doth consist of two hollow neres one passage common both to the seed and urine four muscles and as many veins and nerves and lastly of a nervous membrane and skin 58. The end of it is called glans consisting of a fleshly substance which is covered by a loose skin growing over it which is called Preputium 58. Proper onely to a woman is the matrix or womb and it is the membranous part of a woman consisting of a tunicle coagmented as it were of two things divided round and placed in the bottom of the belly forming the yong of prolifick seed and by a proper faculty cherishing the same and when it comes to maturity it excludes it The Commentary A THe aforesaid natural members are involved in three pannicles the Peritoneum Omentum and Mesenterium The Peritoneum is a thin membrane broad and continued like to a Weavers Loom or Spiders Web involving and containing all the bowels of the inferior belly binding them to the back lest they should fall down it helps also the putting forth of the excrements which when it is too little it is broken The Omentum is a double membrane arising from the Peritoneum interwoven with many nerves and arteries and covers the ventricle and intestines Its use is that it may cherish the ventricle in whose bottom it lies and holds the heat of the intestines which is shut up and so to increase with its own heat it is called with the Greeks Epiploon because of its fatness with which it overspreads the belly This tunicle is the first that appears after the incision of the belly The Mesenterium is a double member consisting of two firm tunicles of the Peritoneum and of many veins arteries and nerves placed in the middle of the intestines as its centre its use is to contain the intestines that they may not lose their proper foldings and that it may contain them more strongly it consists of a hard and double tunicle which arises from the Peritoneum the veins which are in the Mesentery do arise from vena porta and from thence do run between two of their membranes to the intestines that they may 〈◊〉 take chyle and they are called mesaraicae venae B There is onely in man one ventricle but in other animals more sometimes two sometimes three as in sheep goats oxen and harts that those hard meats wherewith they are fed may paâ—…s through divers ventricles for their better preparation and coction The ventricle is called by the Greeks Gastor and Colia its substance ought to be membranous that it may be extended and again corrugated according to the plenty or scarcity of nutriment its figure is spherical or round like the form of a long gourd for the capacity of aliments for if it were square a portion of the food would remain in the angles which if it should happen man would continually be in a feaver it is long also by reason of its situationÌ„ and hath two orifices the one whereof is at the top for the receiving of aliment the other at the bottom to convey it to other parts of the body when it is made and converted into chyle it hath two tunicles constituted of its proper substance one whereof is internal the other external the internal is wholly nervous gross and woven with straight fibres running down the back that it may better contain humid bodies lest they pass as it were through a strainer and also that it may be extended to all positions the External is wholly carnous and soft consisting of many fibres and those transverse that after the meat is cocted it may the better be driven out it hath also a third tunicle arising from the Peritoneum and doth involve the ventricle to the duodenum intestinum of which the temperament of the ventricle doth appear which is cold and dry and therefore convenient to the nature of nerves it hath also a native heat without which it cannot make a perfect concoction which is increased from the liver and spleen and other vicine members its seat is thus the superior part of it doth touch the Diaphragma in the left side and so falls into the the right side of the liver where it rests its bottom reaches from
call cogitativam and aestimativam For Madness Phrensie and Melancholy are Diseases that cannot hurt corporeal affections by themselves to wit simply alone but corporeal faculties also for they disturb the minde by accident because it is contained in that very house or situation where this distemper raigns and where the senses are used But Bruits suffer madness by reason of imagination or their estimative faculty not for their reason or understanding C It is common to all perfect animals to have blood and therefore without it they neither can be accounted perfect or produce any vital action for blood is after a manner another soul. D It is a thing common almost to the Universal Genus of fourfooted Beasts that their generation proceeds from the commixtion of the Masculine with the Feminine and they copulate either at certain times or seasons or promiscuously at any time And whereas they are void of reason especially when they have a sensual appetite thereunto at which time the Male is so furiously inflamed with such an irresistable light that it will furiously assail the Female and prosecute her even till his appetite be satisfied as we see often verified in Stags E All Serpents are referred to fourfooted Beasts because they have Blood Flesh Nerves and other internal Bowels of that Nature with them although not so perfect and also dissimilar from the members of those animals This animal is crafty and wise in the preservation of its life in seeking out a Den to lurk in and Food to live on F Volatiles do consist of all the elements but chiefly of water which we may read and prove by sacred writ where it is said That the waters brought forth both creeping things on the earth and flying things in the air where a question will arise why God produced flying things out of the water rather then the earth Because the greatest part of them do reside upon the earth For upon the earth they feed sleep pull off their feathers and altogether haunt the earth and not the water because according to Aristotle we are nourished by those things of which we consist Birds consist of earth rather then water therefore c. This argues that their substance is hard and dense which must needs differ much from the nature of water but little from earth But for the further solution we must know that there is no animal gotten or procreated in the fire or air but in the water and on the earth all Bodies are procreated and that of the commixtion of siccity with humidity but of the two other Elements they receive light temperaments and vertues therefore because Birds are wandring animals they ought to be framed of an Aery temperament that it may be consentaneous to their nature Now Birds are procreated from the water which comes nearest to the nature of air for it is made air extenuated by heat as we see the density of air to pass into water and therefore Birds are produced out of the water into the air as it were a proper Element for their nature G When in the definition we say Birds to be two-footed and winged this ought to be understood of perfect Birds for there are certain Birds found without feet called Apodes and also without feathers of which see Scaliger and it is called a Bird from Avia because it cuts an uncertain flight in the air For there are three things uncertain and past finding out the way of a Ship in the sea the way of a Bird in the air and the way of a Yongman on earth H Other divisions there are of Birds of which see Scaliger Exer. 227. and of the species of Birds see Freigeus his Physicks I By Fish I generally understand all water-animals that swim in water and all these are produced of the water which their natures doth demonstrate for if they be taken out of the waters they die and perish because they are robbed of their proper Nature or Womb but in water they grow and are nourished by reason of the similitude and cogination of their nature with the place which is cold and moist But how can Fish which seem to be constituted of a 〈◊〉 Matter and a mixed body be produced from water alone one simple Element and fluid I answer first the concretion of water in the producing of 〈◊〉 to be done forthwith by the voice and command of God insomuch that it is so constricted and firmly coagulated that the body of fish is solid and well compacted Again we do not deny but that other Elements concur to this aquatical constitution but water hath the dominion whose nature fish emulates because they are cold and moist where notwithstanding we must observe that this same watry constitution doth participate of heat and moisture in which the vital faculty or life doth consist K It is an old tossed question whether fishes that want a lung breathe Aristotle denies it but Plato and all the ancient Philosophers affirm it and these are their Reasons First what animals soever have not the organs of respiration so called cannot breath but fishes have neither lungs nor arteries which are the organs of respiration in all other animals therefore fish breath not Secondly if fish do breath it must either be by the mouth or fins and then they both receive and let out the spirit together but this cannot be because these motions are contrary in themselves and contraries cannot act together in the same therefore fishes do not breath Thirdly if Fishes that are destitute of attractive arteries and lungs breath then they must breath by the benefit of the belly but this is absurd therefore the consequence false The reason of the Minor is that if the belly of fish doth attract air then it would do so in other animals but it is not so therefore c. Fourthly In all those animals that inspire and exspire some part of their body may be discerned to move as in man when he breaths the brest is lifted up if he exspires it is pressed down but in fish there is no such motion to be seen therefore they breath not Fifthly when any breathing Creatures are suffocated in the water certain bubbles will arise if they be there detained till suffocation but if fish be never so long detained they cause no bubbles therefore they breath not neither do they receive any extrinsecal air Sixthly if fish did breath under the water it would follow then that men and other animals might breath also but the consequence is false therefore the antecedent Seventhly if fishes do breath in the water then it is so that they may attract air which they must do also without the water but they do not breath out of the water nor attract air Ergo c. if all animals do breath then insects also should breath which are animals but they breath not Ergo c. the assumption is confirmed for those animals that breath do breath whilst they live and when
poured into the greater veins from the fleshy parts that are already filled and satiated 13. Therefore this blood is laudable and alimentary whose efficient cause is the weakness of the heat of the woman 14. For the female is always more colder then the male therefore she cannot make all the last alâ—…ment and convert it into the substance of the body and therefore by little and little it is sent into the veins of the womb that it may he excerned 15. The time of excretion is not designed but in many it begins at the fourteenth year of their age and ceases about the fiftieth year because then heat grows weak and doth not longer generate the reliques of laudable blood neither can it expel them if they do abound 16. The use of this menstruous blood is very necessary both that it may cause a conception and afterwards nourish after conception 17. Therefore seed is the principle from which as it were the efficient cause the conformation is made from which as from the matter the spermatick parts are generated but blood hath the name of the matter alone and passive principle 18. For of it are both the carnous parts generated and both the spermatick and carnous nourished 19. But to the seed is alotted the nature both of the efficient and matterial principle because it consists of two parts for the efficient is by reason of the Spirits on which on every side is poured the material by reason of the thickness of the body and crassament of which the spermatick parts are generated 20. And the seed is double the one of the male the other of the female but the seed of the male is of greatest force 21. Neither do the Peripateticks altogether deny women to emit seed as Galen and not a few more have exclaimed against them but as they say they do not emit seed as men neither have they such seed 22. For women do put forth seed but not such as men do that is not so crass white and full of spirit 23. For when mans seed is poured out into the womb it is exquisitely mixed with the womans and is as it were in a fruitful field and immediately upon the permixion of the seeds the womb is gathered up together and doth contract it self so close that no empty space be left within 24. Seed so E taken and strictly comprehended is cherished in the womb by its heat and ingenital property exciting its strength lurking within it and stimulates it to act insomuch that it breaks out into action 25. This action of the womb they call conception which is a promotion of the retained seed to duty 26. The Signs of conception F are these a tickling over the whole body upon the meeting of the seeds a retention of the seed if the inward mouth of the womb doth exquisitely shut and open a small pain wandring about the belly if the Tearms be stopped if the brests swell and grow hard a nauseous stomach and frequent vomitings 27. Therefore the spirit of the seeds is used as an instrument for this divine faculty of generation in going to the bottom or centre whereby the work of conception is carried on and of which the conception it self is constituted 28. This work cannot be made without ordination position secretion concretion densation rarefaction extension contraction Arist. 29. Therefore when the spirit begins to act in the substance of the seed consisting of Heterogeneous parts it first divides its dissimilar parts those that are thin and tender and full of spirit it hides within those that are cold and thick which arise from the seed of the woman it covers without 30. The middle and more nobler parts of the seed are puffed up or blowen up by heat and spirit to the effiguration of the members 31. The number of these membranes are yet undetermined we reckon onely three the first whereof is called Amnios which is next to the yong wrapping it from the neck to the feet containing the excrements also with it in which the yong swims as it were 32. The second is called Alantois it is the middle between the first and the third thin and narrow onely going to the middle of the yong and it is the receptacle of urine 33. The third tunicle is called Chorion and it is the outermost covering the whole body of the yong and adheres to the womb by the interposition of the umbilical veins and arteries 34. These 3 membranes mutually connated to themselves do seem to constitute one tunicle which is called by the Latines secundina 35. The interior and subtil part of the seed being encloistered in these and as it were environed the formative vertue and as it were vital spirit of the same seed which contains in potency all parts both similar and instrumental doth coact together and as it were delineated so that the rude exordium of these parts or at least a resemblance of them may be seen which is wont to be made in seven days 36. For when the vital spirit which is the framer of generation is the same and doth act in one and the same moment disposited into the same matter and altered by heat what hinders but that this agent may decline all parts natural once and again 37. Yet there is an order observed in the formation of members I one member is perfected before another 38. And the more nobler and most necessary the first of all the ignobler and least necessary the last of all 39. Therefore the formatrix faculty doth perfect in the first place the spermatick parts of the male in thirty days of the female in forty or fourty two 40. Nor doth it hinder what some learned men do object that so little seed doth not suffice for the constituting of these parts for the sperme is appointed not onely to suffice the formation but the auction also 41. Again if this sperme which proves Abortive or may be known by the section of the living animal be cast into cold water it will scarce exceed the bigness of a large Emmeâ—… 42. The carnous parts are framed after the spermatical delineation from the other principle of generation to wit blood which flows by the navel vein 43. There are three sorts of flesh which grows in the bowels First the flesh 〈◊〉 Secondly the flesh of the Muscles which is called properly and absolutely Flesh Thirdly the peculiar flesh of every part and it is likely that these three sorts of flesh are not generated together but in order 44. For first of all the flesh Parencyma which is the substance of the Liver Spleen and Biters afterwards the peculiar flesh of every part and lastly the flesh of the Muscles 45. And amongst the fleshes Parencymate that of the Liver is the first made because the umbilical vein doth first pour blood into it which concretes after fusion and becomes flesh then that of the heart and lastly that of the rest of the bowels 46. So that the infant begins