and insensible and byndeth the bones together The cause why he is flexible and insencible is this If it had bene sensible he mighte not haue suffred the labour and mouing of the ioynts and if it had not ben flexible of his bowing one lymme should not haue moued without another The seconde profite is that he be ioyned with sinews for to make Cordes Brawnes The thirde helpe is that he be a resting place to some sinewes The fourth profite is that by him the members that be within the body be sustayned as the matrix and kidneys and diuers other c. The Sinew is a consimiler member simple and spermatike meane betweene harde and softe and in complexion colde and drye and he is both flexible and sensible strong and tough hauing his bes ginning from the braine or frō Mynuca whiche is the marow of the backe And from the brayne commeth vij payre of Nerues sensatiues and from Mynuca commeth xxx payre of Nerues motius and one that is by him selfe that springeth of the last spondel All these senews haue both féeling and mouing in some more and in some lesse c. A Corde or Tendon is a consimple or official member compounde and spermatike synowy strong and tough meanly betweene hardenes and softnes and meanely sensible and flexible and in cōplexion colde and dry And the Corde or Tendon is thus made The synewes that come from the brayne from Mynuca and go to moue the members is intermingled with the Lygamentes and when the Synewes and Lygamentes are intermingled together then is made a Corde And three causes I perceyue why the Cordes were made The fyrst is that the Synewe alone is so sensible that he may not suffer the great labour and trauel of mouing without the felowship and strength of the Lygament that is insencible and that letteth his great féeling and bringeth him to a perfect temperaunce and so the Cordes moue the limmes to the wil of the soule And this Corde is associated with a simple flesh and so therof is made a brawne or a muskel on whom he might rest after his trauel And this Brawne is called a Muskle Then when this Corde is entred into this brawne he is departed into many smal threeds the whiche be called wylle And this wyl hath three properties The fyrst is in length by whose vertue that draweth it hath might The soconde in breadth by whome the vertue that casteth out hath might The third in thwartnes in whom the vertue that holdeth hath might and at the ende of the Brawne those threedes be gathered together to make another muskel c Nowe I wyl begynne at the Artere This Artere is a member consimyle simple and spermatike hollowe and synowy hauing his springing from the hart bringing from the harte to euery member blood and spirite of lyfe It is of complexion colde and drye And al these Arteres haue two cotes except one that goth to the Lunges and he hath but one cote that spreadeth abrode in the Lungs and bringeth with him to the Lunges blood with the spirite of lyfe to nourishe the Lungs withal and also that Artere bringeth with him from the lunges ayre to temper the fumous heate that is in the harte And this Artere is he that is called Arteria venalis because he hath but one cote as a vayne and is more obedient to be delated abrode through al the lunges because that the blood might the sooner sweate through him wheras al other Arters haue two cotes because one cote may not withstande the might and power of the spirit of life Diuers other causes there be which shal be declared in the Anathomie of the brest c. The Ueyne is a symple member in complexion colde and drye and spermatike like to the Artere hauing his beginning from the Lyuer and bringing from the Lyuer nutritiue blood to nourishe euery member of the body with And it is so to be vnderstanded that there is no more difference betweene these two vessels of blood but that the Artere is a vessel of blood spiritual or vytal And the Ueyne is a vessel of blood nutrimental of the which Ueynes there is noted two most principal of the which one is called vena porta the other is called venacelis of whom it is too much to treate of now vntyll we come to the anathomie of the wombe c. The flesh is a consimiler member sim ple not spermatike and is ingendred of blood congeled by heate and is in complexion hote and moyst Of the which is noted three kindes of fleshes that is to say one is soft pure fleshe the seconde is muskulus or hard brawny flesh the thirde is glandulus knotty or kurnelly fleshe Also the commodities of the fleshe be indifferent for some be common to euery kinde of fleshe and some be proper to one maner of fleshe alone The profytes of the fleshe be many for some defende the bodye from colde as dothe clothes also it defendeth the body from harde thinges comming agaynst it also through his moysture he rectifieth the body in sommer in time of great heate Wherefore it is to be considered what profitablenes is in euery kinde of fleshe by him selfe And fyrst of simple and pure fleshe whiche fulfylleth the concauities of voyde places and causeth good forme and shape and this fleshe is founde betweene the teeth and on the ende of the yarde The profite of the Brawny fleshe or muskulus fleshe shal be spoken of in the Anathomie of the armes The profites of the Glandulus fleshe are these First that it turneth the blood into a cullour like to him selfe as doth the fleshe of a womans paps turne the menstrual blood into mylke secondly the Glandulus fleshe of the Testikles turneth the blood into sparme thirdly the Glandulus flesh of the cheekes that ingendreth the spittle c. The next is of Fatnes of the whiche I finde thrée kindes The firste is Pinguedo and it is a consimilar member not spermatike and it is made of a subtyl portion of blood congeled by colde and it is of complexion colde and moyst insencible and is intermedled amongest the partes of the fleshe The seconde is Adeppes and is of the same kinde as is Pinguedo but it is departed from the fleshe besydes the skinne and it is as an oyle heating and moysting the skinne The thirde is Auxingia and it is of kinde as the others be but he is departed from the fleshe withinforth about the kidneys and in the intrayles and it helpeth both the kidneys and the intrayles from drying by his vnctiositie c. Then come we to the Skinne The Skinne is a consimile member or officiall partely spermatike strong and tough flexible and sencible thinne and temperate Wherof there be two kindes One is the Skinne that couereth the outwarde members and the other the inner members whiche is called a Pannicle the profitablenesse of whome was spoken of in the laste
in the Anatomie they be the first paire of senewes that appeare of al seuen And it is shewed by Galen that these senews be hollowe as a reede for two causes The fyrst is that the visible spirit might passe freely to the Eyes The second is that the forme of visible thinges mighte freely be presented to the common wits Nowe marke the gooing foorth of these senewes When these senewes goo out from the substaunce of the Brayne he cōmeth through the Piamater of whose substaunce he taketh a Pannicle or a Cote and the cause why he taketh that Pannicle is to keepe him from noying and before they enter into the skul they meete and are vnited into one senewe the length of halfe an inche and then they depart agayne into two and eche goeth into one eye entring through the brayne panne and these senews be called Nerui optici And three causes I finde why these Nerues are ioyned in one before they passe into the Eye First if it happen any diseases in one eye the other should receyue all the visible spirite that before came to bothe The seconde is that all thinges that we see shoulde not seeme two for if they had not beene ioyned together euery thing shoulde haue seemed two as it doth to a worme and to other beastes The thirde is that the Senewe might stay and helpe the other But heerevpon Lamfranke accordeth muche saying that these two Senewes come together to the Eyes and take a Panikle both of Piamater and of Duramater and when they enter into the Orbyt of the Eye there the extremities are spread abroade the which are made of three substances that is to say of Du ramater of Piamater and of Nerui optici There be ingendred thrée Tunikles or Cotes as thus Of the substāce that is taken from Duramater is ingendred the fyrst cote that is called Secondina and of Nerui optici is ingendred the third cote that is called Retina and eche of them is more subtiller then other goeth about the humours without meane And it is to be vnderstoode that eche of these three Tunicles be deuided and so they make sire That is to say iij. of the partes of the brayne and three of the parts outwardes and one of Pericranium that couereth the bones of the head whiche is called Coniunctiua And thus you maye perceyue the springing of them as thus Of Duramater springeth Sclirotica and Cornua of Piamater springeth Secondina Unia and of Nerui optici springeth Coniunctiua No we to speake of the humors whiche be three and their places are the middle of the Eyes Of the whiche the fyrst is Humor Uitrus because he is lyke glasse in colour very cleare redde liquit or thinne and he is in the inward side next vnto the brayne and it is thin because the nutritiue blood of the Crystalline might passe as water through a sponge should be clensed and made pure and also that the visible spirite mighte the lightlyer passe through him from the Brayne And he goeth about the Cristaline humour vntil he méete with Albuginus humour which is set in the vttermost parte of the Eye And in the myddest of these humours Uitrus and Albuginus is set the Crystalline humour in whiche is set principally the syght of the Eye And these humours be separated and inuolued with the Pannicles aforesayde betweene euery Humour a Panicle And thus is the Eye compound and made But to speake of euery Humour and euery Pannicle in his due order and course it would aske a long processe and a long Chapter and this is sufficient for a Chirurgion Nowe to begin at the Nose You shall vnderstande that from the Brayne there commeth ij Senews to the holes of the brayne pan where beginneth the concauitie of the Nose and these two be not properly senewes but organes or instrumentes of smelling and haue heades lyke teates or pappes in whiche is receyued the vertue of smelling and representing it to the common wittes Ouer these two is set Colatorium that we cal the Nose thrils and it is set betweene the Eyes vnder the vpper parte of the Nose And it is to be noted that this concauitie or ditche was made for two causes The fyrst is that the ayre that bringeth foorth the spirite of smelling might reste in it tyll it were taken of the organ or instrument of smelling The seconde cause is that the superfluities of the Brayne might be hydden vnder it vntill it were clensed And from his cōcauitie there goeth two holes down into the mouth of which there is to be noted three profites The fyrste is that when a mans mouth is close or when he eateth or sleepeth that then the ayre might come through them to the Lunges or els a mans mouth should alwayes be open The seconde cause is that they helpe to the relation of the forme of the Nose for it is sayd a man speaketh in his Nose when any of these holes be stopped The thirde cause is that the concauitie might be clensed by them when a man snuffeth the Nose or draweth into his mouth inwardly The Nose is a member consimple or official appearing without the face somewhat plicable because it shoulde the better be clensed And it is to be perceyued that it is compounde and made of shinne and Lazartus fleshe and of two bones standing in maner trianglewise whose extremities be ioyned in one part of the Nose with the Coronal bone and the nether extremities are ioyned with two grystles and another that diuideth the Nose thrilles within and holdeth vp the nose Also there be two concauities or holes that if one were stopped the other should serue Also there is in the Nose two Muskles to helpe the working of hys office And Galen sayth that the Nose shapeth the Face moste for where the Nose lacketh sayth he al the rest of the face is the more vnseemely The Nose should be of a meane bignes and not to exceede in length or breadth nor in highnesse For Aristotle sayth yf the Nose thrills be too thinne or to wyde by great drawing in of ayre it betokeneth great straightnes of hart and indignation of thought And therefore it is to be noted that the shape of the members of the body betokneth and iudgeth the affections and wyll of the Soule of man as the Philosopher sayth The temples be called the members of the head and they haue that name because of continuall mouing And as the science of the Anatomie meaneth the spirite vital is sente from the hart to the brayne by Arteirs and by veynes and nutrimental blood where the vessels pulsatiues in the temples be lightly hurt Also the temples haue dentes or holes inwardely wherin he taketh the humour that cōmeth from the brayne and bringeth the eyes asléepe and if the sayde holes or dentes be pressed and wroung then by trapping of the humour that continueth he maketh the teares to fal from the Eye The Chéeks are the sideling
Arteir and where as is a little Ueine there is a little Arteir For whersoeuer there goeth a veine to geue nutriment there goeth an Arteir to bring the spirite of lyfe Wherfore it is to be noted that the Arteires lye more deeper in the flesh then the Ueines doo for they cary and kepe in them more precious blood then doth the Ueine and therefore he hath neede to be further from daungers outwardly and therefore God and nature haue ordeyned for him to be closed in two cotes where the Ueine hath but one c. The Brest or Thorax is the Arke or Chest of the spiritual members of man as sayth the Philosopher where it is to be noted that there be soure thinges conteyning and eyght conteyned as thus The foure conteyning are the Skinne Musculus fleshe the Pappes and the Bones The partes conteyned are the Hart the Lunges Panikles Ligamentes Nerues Ueines Arteirs Mire or Isofagus Nowe the skinne and the fleshe are knowen in their Anatomie It is to be noted that the fleshe of the Pappes differeth from the other fleshe of the body for it is white glandulus spongeous and there is in thē both Nerues Ueines and Arteirs and by them they haue Coliganes with the hart the lyuer the brayne and the generatiue members Also there is in the brest as old Authors make mention lxxx or xc Muskles for some of them be common to the necke some to the shoulders and to the spades some to Diafragma or the Mydriffe some to the Ribbes some to the Backe some to the brest it selfe But I fynde certayne profitablenes in the creation of the Paps aswel in man as in woman for in man it defendeth the spirituals from annoyannce outwardly and another by their thicknes they comfort the natural heate in defience of the spirites And in women there is the generation of milke for in women there commeth from the Matrix into their Brestes manye Ueines which bring into them menstrual blood the whiche is turned through the digestiue vertue from red colour into white like the colour of the Pappes euen as Chylley comming from the stomocke to the Lyuer is turned into the colour of the Lyuer Nowe to speake of the bones of the Brest They be sayde to be triple or threefolde and they be numbred to be seuen in the Brest before and their length is according to the breadth of the brest and their extremities or endes be grystlie as the ribbes be And in the vpper ende of Thorax is an hole or a concauitie in which is set the foote of the Furklebone or Canel bone and in the nether ende of Thorax agaynst the mouth of the stomache hangeth a gristle called Ensiforme and this grystle was ordeyned for two causes One is that it shuld defende the stomacke from hurte outwardly The seconde is that in time of fulnes it should geue place to the stomacke in time of neede when it desireth c. Now to speake of the parts of the backe behindefoorth There be xij Spondels through whom passeth Mynuca of whō springeth xij payre of Nerues brnging both feeling and mouing to the Muscles of the Brest aforesayde And here it is to be noted that in euery syde there be xij Rybbes that is to say vij true and. v. false because these v. be not so long as the other vij be and therefore be called false Rybbes as it may be perceiued by the sighte of the Eye Likewise of the partes that be inwardly and fyrst of the Hart because he is the principal of al other members and the beginning of life he is set in the middest of the brest seuerally by him selfe as Lord and King of al members And as a Lorde or King ought to be serued of his subiectes that haue their liuing of him So are al other members of the body subiectes to the Hart for they receyue their liuing of him and they doo seruice many wayes vnto him agayne The substaunce of the Hart is as it were Lazartus fleshe but it is spermatike and an official member and the beginning of life and he geueth to euery member of the body both blood of life and spirite of breath and heate for if the Hart were of Lazartus fleshe his mouing and steering should be voluntarie and not natural but the contrarie is true for it were impossible that the Hart should be ruled by Wyl onely and not by nature The Harte hath the shape and forme of a Pyneapple and the brode ende thereof is vpwardes and the sharpe ende is downewardes depending a little towardes the left side And here it is to be noted that the Hart hath blood in his substaunce whereas al other mēbers haue it but in their Ueines Arteirs also the hart is bounde with certayne Ligamentes to the backepart of the brest but these Lygamentes touche not the substaunce of the Hart but in the ouerpart they spring foorth of him and is fastened as is aforesayde Furthermore the Hart hath two Uentrikles or concauities and the left is hyer then the right and the cause of this holownesse is this for to keepe the bloud for his nourishing and the ayre to abate and temper the great heate that he is in the which is kept in his concauities Nowe here it is to be noted that to the right Uentrikle of the harte commeth a veyne from the great veyne called Venakelis that receyueth al the substaunce of the blood from the Lyuer And this veine that commeth frō venakelis entreth into the hart at the right Uentrikle as I sayde before and in him is brought a great portion of the thickest blood to nourishe the Hart with the residue that is left of this is made subtil through the vertue of the hart and then this blood is sent into a concauitie or pytte in the myddest of the Harte betweene the two Uentrikles and therein it is made hote and pured and then it passeth into the left Uentrikle and there is ingendred in it a spirit that is clearer brighter and subtiller then any corporal or bodely thing that is ingendred of the foure Elementes For it is a thing that is a meane betweene the body and the soule Wherfore it is likened of the Philosophers to be more liker heauēly thinges then earthly thinges Also it is to be noted that from the left Uentrikle of the Hart springeth two Arteirs The one hauing but one cote and therefore it is called Arterea venalis and this Arteir carieth blood frō the Hart to the Lungs the which blood is vaporous that is tried and left of the Harte and is brought by this Artery to the Lunges to geue hym nutriment and there he receyueth of the Lunges ayre and bringeth it to the hart to refreshe him with Wherefore Galen sayth that he fyndeth that mans harte is natural and frendly to the Lungs for he geueth him of his owne nutrimental to nourishe him with and the Lunges rewarde him with ayre to refreshe him with
agayne c. The other Arterye that hath two cotes is called vena Arterialis or the great Artery that ascendeth and dissendeth and of him springeth al the other Arteirs that spreade to euery member of the body for by him is vnified and quickneth al the members of the body For the spirite that is reteyned in them is the instrument or treasure of al the vertue of the soule And thus it passeth vntil it come to the Brayne there he is turned into a further digestion and there he taketh another spirite and so is made animal and at the Lyuer nutrimental and at the Testikles generatiue and thus it is made a spirite of euery kinde so that he beeing meane of all maner of operations and workinges taketh effect Two causes I fynde why these Arteirs haue two cotes One is that one cote is not sufficient nor able to with stande the violent mouing and steering of the spirite of lyfe that is caryed in thē The seconde cause is that the thing that is caried about from place to place is of so precious a treasure that it had the more neede of good keeping And of some Doctors this Arteir is called the Pulsatiue veyne or the beating veyne for by him is perceyued the power might of the Hart. c. Wherfore God and Nature haue ordeyned that the Arteirs should haue two cotes Also there is in the Harte three Pelikels opening and closing the gooing in of the Harte blood and spirite in conuenient time Also the Hart hath two little Eares by whome commeth in and passeth out the ayre that is prepared for the Lunges Also there is founde in the Hart a Cartilaginus auditament to helpe and strength the selfe Harte Also the Harte is couered with a strong Pannikle which is called of some Capsula cordes or Pericordium the which is a strong case vnto whome commeth Nerues as to other inwarde members And this Panicle Pericordiū springeth of the vpper Pannicle of the Midriffe And of him springeth another Panikle called Mediastinum the which departeth the Brest in the middest and kéepeth that the Lunges fal not ouer the Hart. Also there is an other Pannikle that couereth the Ribbes inwardly that is called Plura of whom the Midriffe taketh his beginning And it is sayde of many Doctors that Duramater is the originall of all the Pannicles within the body and thus one taketh of another c. ¶ The Anatomie of the Lunges THE Lunges is a member spermatike of his fyrst creation and his natural complexion is colde and dry and in his accidental complexion he is colde and moyste lapped in a Nerueous Pannikle bicause it should gather togeather the softer substaunce of the Lunges and that the Lunges might féele by the meanes of the Pannicle that whiche he mighte not feele in him selfe Nowe to proue the Lunges to be colde and drye of kinde it appeareth by hys swift steering for he lyeth euer wauing ouer the hart and about the harte And that he is colde and moyst in rewarde it appeareth wel that he receyueth of the brayne many cold matters as Cataries and Rumes whose substance is thinne Also I fynde in the Lunges three kinds of substaunce One is a Ueyne comming from the Liuer bringing with him the Crude or rawe parte of the Chylle to féede the Lunges Another is Arterea venalis comming from the hart bringing with him the spirite of lyfe to nourishe him with The third is Trachia arteria that bringeth in ayre to the Lunges and it passeth through al the left part of them to doo his office The Lunges is deuided into fiue Lobbes or Pellikels or fiue portions that is to say three in the right side and two in the left side And it was done for this cause that if there fel any hurt in the one part the others shoulde serue and doo their office And three causes I finde why the Lunges were principally ordeyned First that they should drawe colde winde and refreshe the hart The seconde that they shoulde chaunge and alter and purifie the ayre before it come to the hart least the hart were hurte and noyed with the quantitie of the ayre The thirde cause is that they shoulde receyue from the harte the fumous superfluities that he putteth foorth with hys breathing c. Behinde the Lunges towarde the Spondels passeth Mire or Isofagus of whom it is spoken of in the Anatomie of the necke And also there passeth both Ueynes and Arteirs and al these with Trachia arteria doo make a Stoke replete vnto the Gullet with Pannikles and strong Lygaments and Glandulus fleshe to fulfil the voyde places And last of al is the Midriffe and it is an official member made of two Pannikles and Lazartus flesh and his place is in the middest of the body ouerth wart or in bredth vnder the region of the spirituall members departing them from the matrix And thrée causes I finde why the Midriffe was ordeyned First that it should diuide the spirituals from the nutrates The seconde that it should kéepe the vital colour or heate to dissende downe to the nutrates The last is that the malicious fumes reared vp from the nutrates should not noye the spirituals or vytals c. The wombe is the region or the citie of al the Intrils the whiche reacheth from the Midriffe downe vnto the share inwardly and outwardly from the Reynes or Kydnes downe to the bone Pecten about the priuie partes And thys wombe is compounde and made of two thinges that is to say of Syfac Myrac Syfac is a Paunicle and a member spermatike official sensible senowy compoūd of subtil Wyl and in complexion colde and drye hauing his beginning at the inner Pannicle of the Midriffe And it was ordeyned because it shoulde conteyne and bind together al the Intrals and that he defende the Musculus so that he oppresse not the natural members And that he is strong and tough it is because he should not be lightly broken and that those thinges that are conteyned goo not foorth as it happeneth to them that are broken c. Myrac is cōpound and made of foure things that is of skin outwardly of fatnes of a carnous pannicle and of Musculus fleshe And that it is to be vnderstanded that all the whole from Sifac outwarde is called Myrac it appeareth wel by the wordes of Galen where he commaundeth that in al woundes of the wombe to fewe the Sifac with the Myrac and by that it proueth that there is nothing without the Sifac but Myrac And in this Myrac or vtter parte of the wombe there is noted eyght Muscles two Longitudinals proceeding from the sheelde of the Stomacke vnto Os Pecten two Latitudinales comming from the backe wardes to the wombe and foure Tranuerse of the which two of them spring from the Ribbes on the right side and go to the left side to the bones of the Haunches or of Pecten and the other two spring from the Ribbes on the
And it is official as is the stomacke and it is of spermatike matter and senowy of the which is ingendred his Ueynes And because it was little in quantitie nature hath added to it cruded blood to the accomplishment of sufficient quantity and is lapped in a senowy pannicle And why the Lyuer is cruded is because that Chile which commeth from the stomacke to the Lyuer should be turned into the colour of blood And why the Lyuer was ordeined was because that al the nutrimental blood shoulde be ingendred in him The proper place of the Lyuer is vnder the false Ribbes in the righte side The forme of the lyuer is gibbous or bunchy on the backside it is somwhat hollow like the insyde of an hande And why it is so shapen is that it should be plycable to the stomacke like as a hande dothe to an apple to comforte her digestion for his heate is to the stomacke as the heate of the fyre is to the Potte or Cauldron that hangeth ouer it Also the Lyuer is bounde with his pellikles to the Diafragma and with strong Lygamentes And also he hath Colyganes with the Stomack and the Intrals and with the Hart and the Raines the Testicles and other members And there are in hym fiue Pellikles like fiue fingers Galen calleth the Liuer Massasanguinaria conteyning in it selfe foure substances Natural and Nutrimental The naturals is sent with the blood to all partes of the body to be ingendred and nourished And the nutrimentals be sequestrate and sent to places ordeyned for some helpinges These are the places of the humors the blood in the Lyuer Choler in the chest of gal Melancolie to the Splen Flegme to the Lunges and the Iunctures the watery superfluities to the Reynes and the Uesike And they goo with the blood and sometime they putrifie and make Feuers and some be put out to the skin and be resolued by sweat or by skab by Pushes or by Impostumes And these foure natural humours that is to say Sanguin Choler Melancoly Fleme be ingendred and distributed in this maner First ye shal vnderstande that from the Spermatike matter of the Liuer inwardly there is ingendred two greate veynes of the whiche the first and the greatest is called Porta and commeth from the concauitie of the Lyuer of whō springeth al the smal veynes Miseraices and these Miseraices be to Vena porta as the braunches of a tree be to the stocke or tree For some of them be conteyned with the botome of the stomacke some wyth Duodenum some with Ieiunium some with Yleon some with Monoculus or Saccus And from al these guttes they bring to Vena porta the succozitie of Chiley gooing from the stomacke distribute it into the substaunce of the Lyuer And these veynes Miseraices be innumerable And in these vaynes is begon the seconde digestion and ended in the Lyuer like as is in the Stomacke the fyrst digestion So it proueth that Vena porta and vena Miseraices serue to bring al the succozitie of the meate and drinke that passeth the Stomacke to the Liuer and they spreade them selues thorough the substaunce of the Liuer inwardly and al they stretche towards the gibbos or bowing part of the Liuer and there they méete and goe al into one vnitie make the second great veine called Venakelis or Concaua or Vena ramosa al is one and he with his rootes draweth out al the blood ingendred from the Lyuer and with his braunches ramefying vpwardes and downewardes carieth and conueyeth it to al other members of the body to be nourished with where is made perfect the thirde digestion And also there goeth from the Lyuer veines bearing the superfluities of the thirde digestion to their proper places as it shal be declared hereafter Nowe to speake of the Gal or the chest of the Gal it is an official member and it is spermatike and senowy and hath in it a subtil wyl and it is as a purse or a pannicular vesike in the holownesse of the Lyuer about the middle pericle or lobe ordeyned to receyue the Cholerike superfluities which are ingendred in the Lyuer The which purse or bagge hath three holes or neckes by the fyrste he draweth to him from the Lyuer the choler that the blood be not hurt by the choler by the seconde necke he sendeth to the bottome of the stomacke Choler to further the digestion of the stomacke And by the third neck he sendeth the choler regularly from one gutte to another to clense them of their superfluities and drosse and the quantitie of the purse may conteyne in it halfe a pinte c. And next is the Splen or the Milte the whiche is a spermatike member as are other members and official and is the receptory of the melancolious superfluities that are ingendred in the Liuer And his place is on the lefte side transuerslye lincked to the stomacke and his substaunce is thinne And two causes I finde why he was ordeyned there The first is that by the melancolious superfluities that are ingendred of the Lyuer which he draweth to him he is nourished with The seconde cause is that the nutritiue blood should by him be made the more purer and cleane from the drosse and thicking of melancolie c. And next of the Reynes and Kidnes It is to be vnderstoode that within the region of the Nutrites backwardes are ordeyned the Kidnes to clense the blood from the waterie superfluities And they haue ech of them two passages or holes or neckes by the one is drawen the water from Uenakelis by two veynes whiche ar called vena emulgentes the length of a fynger of a man and issueth from the Liuer and by the other is sente the same water to the Bladder and is called Poros vrithides The substaunce of the Kidnes is Lazartus fleshe hauing Longitudinal wyl And their place is behinde on eache side of the Spondles and they are two in number and the righte Kidney lyeth some what hyer then the lefte and is bounde fast to the backe with Lygamentes The Philosopher sayth that mans kidneys are like to the kidnes of a Cowe ful of harde knottes hauing in him many harde concauities and therefore the sores of them be harde to cure Also they are more harder in substaunce then any other fleshy member and that for two causes one is that he bee not muche hurt of the sharpnesse of the vrin The other is that the same vrin that passeth from him might the better be altered and clensed throughe the same Also there commeth from the harte to eche of the kydnes an Arteir that bringeth with him blood heate spirite and lyfe And in the same maner there commeth a veyne from the Lyuer that bringeth blood to nourishe the kydnes called blood nutrimental The grease of these kydnes or fatnes is as of other inwarde members but it is an official member made of thinne blood congeled cruded through colde and there is ordeyned
and the syxth bones be called Petrosa or Mendosa and these two bones lye ouer the bones called Parietales on euery side of the head one lyke skales in whom be that holes of the eares The seuenth and last of the head is called Paxillarie or Bazillarie the whiche bone is as it were a wedge vnto all the other seuen bones of the head and doth fasten them togeather And thus be all numbred the first is the Coronal bone the seconde is the Occipissial the thirde and the fourth is Parietales the fyfth and the sixth is Petrosa or Mendosa and the seuenth is Paxillari or Bazillari And this suffiseth for the fyue thinges conteyning ¶ In this Chapter is declared the fiue thinges conteyned within the head NExt vnder the bones of the head withinfoorth the first thing that appeareth is Duramater then is Piamater then the substaunce of the Brayne and then Uermy formes and Retemirabile But first to speake of Duramater whereof and howe it is sprong and made First it is to be noted of the Ueine and Arteire that was spoken of in the laste Chapter before howe priuyly they entred through the commissoris or seames of the head and there by their vnion together they doo not onely bring and geue the spirite of lyfe and nutriment but also doo weaue them selues so togeather that they make this pannicle Duramater It is holden vp by certayne threedes of him selfe comming through the sayd commissories running into Pericranium or pannicle that couereth the bones of the head And with the foresayde Ueyne and Arteire and these threedes comming from Duramater is wouen and made this Pericranium Also why this panicle Duramater is set from the skul I note two causes the first is that if the Duramater shoulde haue touched the skul it shoulde lightly haue bene hurt with the hardnes of the bone The seconde cause is that the matter that commeth of woundes made in the head pearsing the skul shoulde by it the better be defended and kepte from Piamater and hurting of the brayne And next vnto this panicle there is another pannicle called Pia mater or méeke mother because it is so softe and tender vnto the brayne Of whose creation it is to be noted as of Duramater for the original of their fyrst creatiō is of one kind both from the Hart and the Lyuer and is mother of the very substaunce of the brayne Why it is called Piamater is for because it is so softe and tender ouer the brayne that it nourisheth the brayne and feedeth it as doth a louing mother vnto her tender childe or babe for it is not so tough and harde as is Duramater In this panicle Pia mater is much to be noted of the great number of Ueynes and Arteirs that are planted ramefying throughout al his substaunce geuing to the brayne both spirite and lyfe And this Pannicle doth circumuolue or lappe al the substaunce of the brayne and in some places of the brayne the Ueynes and the Arteirs goo foorth of him and enter into the diuisions of the brayne and there drinketh of the brayne substaunce into them asking of the hart to them the spirite of lyfe or breath and of the Lyuer nutriment And the aforesayde spirite or breath taketh a further digestion and there it is made animal by the eleboration of the spirite vital is turned and made animall Furthermore why there bee moo pannicles ouer the brayne then one is this If there had beene but one pannicle onely eyther it must haue beene harde or soft or meane betweene both If it had beene harde it should haue hurt the braine by his hardnes if it had beene soft it shoulde haue beene hurt of the harde bone and yf it had beene but meanely neyther hard not soft it should haue hurt the braine by his roughnes and also haue beene hurte of the harde bone Therefore God and nature haue ordeyned two Pannicles the one harde and the other softe the harder to be a meane betweene the softe and the bone and the softer to be a meane betweene the harder and the braine it selfe Also these Pannicles be colde and dry of complexion and spermatike Next is the Brayne of which it is marueylous to be considered and noted how this Piamater deuideth the substaunce of the Brayne and lappeth it into certen selles or diuisions as thus The substaunce of the braine is diuided into thrée partes or ventrikles of which the foremost part is the moste the seconde or middlemost is lesse the third or hindermost is the least And from eche one to other be issues or passages that are called Meates through whom passeth the spirit of life too and fro But here ye shal note that euery Uentrikle is diuided into two partes and in euery parte God hath ordeyned and set singular and seueral vertues as thus First in the foremost Uentrikle God hath founded and set the common Wittes otherwise called the fyue Wittes as Hearing Séeing Féeling Smelling and tasting And also there is in one part of this Uentrikle the vertue that is called Fantasie and he taketh al the formes or ordinaunces that be disposed of the fiue wittes after the meaning of sensible thinges In the other parte of the same Uentrikle is ordeyned and founded the Imaginatiue vertue the whiche receyueth of the common Wittes the fourme or shape of sensitiue thinges as they were receyued of the common wittes withoutfoorth representing their owne shape and ordinaunces vnto the memoratiue vertue In the middest sel or ventrikle there is founded and ordeyned the Cogitatiue or estimatiue vertue for he rehearseth she weth declareth and déemeth those things that be offered vnto him by the other that were spoken of before In the thirde Uentricle and last there is founded and ordeyned the vertue Memoratiue in this place is registred and kept those things that are done and spoken with the senses and keepeth them in his treasurie vnto the putting foorth of the fyue or common wittes or orgaynes or instrumentes of animal workes out of whose extremities or sowar partes springeth Mynuca or marowe of the spondels of whom it shall be spoken of in the Anatomie of the necke and backe Furthermore it is to be noted that from the foremost Uentrikle of the brayne springeth seuen payre of sensatiue or féeling senews the which be produced to the Eyes the Eares the Nose the Toung and to the Stomack and to diuers other partes of the body as it shal be declared in their anatomies Also it is to bee noted that aboute the middest ventrikle is the place of Uermi formis with curnelly fleshe that filleth and Retemirabile or wonderful caule vnder the Pannicles is sette or bounded with Arteirs onely whiche come from the harte in the whyche the vitayle spirite by his great labour is turned and made animal And ye shal vnderstande that these two be the best kept partes of al the body for a man shal rather dye then any of these should suffer any manner of