these are empaired Thirdly they receive the superfluous humidity of the seed by reason of their glandulous substance CAP. XXIII Of the vessels that carry the seed and those that keepe it VAsa deferentia the vessels which cary the seed in colour they are white in substance sinewy having an obscure hollownesse from hence they are called meatus seminales They spring from the lower end of the parastatae These mount up by the sides of the Vasa praeparantia When they are come within the cavity of the belly they turne back againe and passe to the backside of the bladder betweene which and the intestinum recta they passe untill about the neck of the bladder being somewhat severed and at last being joyned together but not united are inserted on each side in the glandulous bodies called prostatae Before they come thither they are joyned to the Vesiculae seminales These in figure represent the cels of a pomegranat or hony combe These containe an oyly and yellow substance for they draw unto themselves that which is fatty in the seed They are more in number that the oleous substance should not forcibly and plentifully be powred into the vrethra but should gently and slowly passe from one unto another by windings and at last be powred into the conduit of the yard by a hole which is shut up with a fleshy substance partly to stay the involuntary effusion of it partly to hinder the regurgitation of it It being powred into the urethra chiefly in the time of carnall copulation doth moysten it that it shrink not and suffereth not it to be offended by the acrimony of the seed or urine The Vasa deferentia passing by these go to the glandules called prostatae by the which they are compassed When they are come to the urethra a caruncule as a value is set before the orifice of each of them partly to hinder the comming of the urine into them partly to hinder the involuntary effusion of the seed Under and by this caruncule on each side there are three holes thorow which the seed passeth into the urethra These holes are discerned easily in a gonorrhea inveterat although not so easily in a found person The seed doth passe thorow these inconspicuous passages as quick silver thorow lether by drops The seed having beene made subtill and spirituous by sublimation thorow the vasa deferentia ascending is able to passe thorow in conspicuous passages Prostatae or glandulae seminales are glandulous bodies placed between the necke of the bladder and the intestinum rectum Although there is no conspicuous passage by the which the seed passeth into the urethra yet the thick membrane which wrappeth in the prostat where it leaneth upon the urethra is thinner and hath many pores which are dilated by heat in the act of generation and may bee seene in an inveterate gonorrhea A continuall dilatation of these procure an uncurable gonorrhaae The sphincter of the bladder cōpasseth these glandules In drawing of a stone if these parts bee torne the party becommeth barren The distance between the root of the cod and the podex is called perinaeum because it is still moist with sweat The Pubes scrotum perinaeum in men are furnished with hayre because glandules are placed there which receive plenty of superfluous moysture a part whereof they send to the skin for the generation of hayre If the seed chance to be corrupted in man it causeth not so fearefull symptomes as in a woman because the seminary vessels are without the hypogastrium in man but in woman within CAP. XXIV Of the Yard IT is called in Latine Penis à pendendo because it hangeth without the belly and it is an organicall part long and round yet somwhat flat in the upper part seated about the lower part of os pubis appointed for making of water and conveighing the seed into the matrix It is framed of such a substance as might admit distention and relaxation The parts of it are either common or proper The common are three the scarfe skin the skin and the membrana carnosa It hath no fat for it would have hindered the stifnesse of it The cuticula is of a reasonable thicknesse The skin is somewhat thick flaggy when there is no erection but stiffe when there is The membrana carnosa is somewhat sinewy The proper or internall parts are these The two nervous bodies the septum the vrethra the glans foure muscles and the vessels The two bodies are long hard and nervous These within are spongious and full of black blood The spongious substance seemeth to be a net like texture framed of innumerable twigs of veins and arteries This black bloud contained in these laterall ligaments being full of spirits waxen hot by the sting of Venus doth distend the parts These two laterall ligaments where they are thick and round spring from the lower part of the share bone In their beginnings they are separate one from another and represent the two hornes of Pithagoras his Y that the urethra may passe betweene them But as soone as they come to the joyning of the share bone they are by the Septum lucidum everted It is nervous and white It ariseth from the upper part of the commissure of the os pubis and upholdeth the two laterall ligaments and the urethra as a stay The like is found in women to uphold the cunnus Under these lyeth the urethra It is of a substance nervous thick loose and soft like to that of the laterall ligaments It beginneth at the necke of the bladder yet it doth not spring from it but is joyned to it onely and so passeth to the glans If you boyle the bladder and it it will separate it selfe from the bladder It is framed of two membranes the one is internall with the which the glans is covered it is bred of the thin membrane which covereth the nerves of the prick It is of an exquisit feeling that it might feele the acrimony of the seed and cause pleasure chiefly in that part of it which lyeth betweene the prostates The externall is fleshy and hath many fleshy transverse fibres The middle substance is fungous and full of blacke bloud that it might suffer distension and relaxation with the laterall ligaments At the beginning of it there are three holes one in the middle largest and two lesser in each side one from the passage which is sent from the vesicula seminales to the vrethra The muscles are two in each side and so foure in all Of these collaterall muscles the one is shorter and thicker and springeth from the appendix or knob of the coxendix under the beginning of the laterall ligament and ascending obliquely is inserted into the same a little below the beginning of it this serveth for erection The second is longer and smaller
proceeding from the sphincter of the anus fleshy This passeth straight under the urethra and is inserted about the middle of it in the side of the prick These two muscles dilate the lower part of the urethra for miction and ejaculation of the seed As the first muscle is termed erector so this is called accelerator or hastener This hath a substance agreeable with that of the penis for this in erection is drawne towards its beginning and the erection ceasing it becommeth lanke Glans is the extreme part it is somewhat round compassed with a circle as with a garland It is soft and of an exquisit feeling by reason or the thin skin with the which it is covered About the root of it where it is joyned with the nervous bodies there is a little pit In the which if any sharp humour be lodged as in gonorrhaea virulenta great paine is caused The Glans is covered with praeputium the fore skin it is framed of the reduplication of the skin The ligament by the which it is tyed to the glans in the lower part of it is called fraenum the bridle Of the vessels some are cutaneous some passe to the inner parts of penis The Cutaneus veins and arteries spring from the pudendae these entering at the root of the prick they passe by the sides towards the back of it and are conspicuous enough The vessels which bestowed upon the inner parts of Penis come from the Venae and arteriae hypogastricae about the roots of the laterall ligaments Here the arteries are remarkable which are wonderfully despersed thorow the body of the penis for the right artery is bestowed upon the left side and the left upon the right side It hath two sinewes from the os sacrum The lesser is bestowed upon the skin The largest mounting up under the share bones to the root of the yard betweene the laterall ligaments it is bestowed upon the muscles the rest of the body of the Penis and the glans Of the Genitals in Woman CAP. XXV Of the Cunnus THe Genitals in a Woman have foure distinct parts to wit the Cunnus the matrix the stones and the spermatick vessels Cunnus is that part which offereth it selfe to the sight before section In it eleven particles are remarkable 1. Pubes that particle where the haire doth first bud out which ordinarily falleth out the fourteenth yeare of a womans age the upper part of this which buncheth out and is most hairy is called Veneris mons 2. Is Rima magna the great chink it beginneth at the os pubes and is but an inch distant from the anus Wherefore it is larger than the cavity of the neck 3. The Labia or lips by these the internall parts are covered as the tongue and teeth by the lips These are framed of the common integuments of the body these have prety store of spongious fat 4. Are the Alae or Nymphae the wings these appeare when the lips are severed These are two productions framed of a soft and spongious flesh and the reduplication of the Cutis placed at the sides of the neck Being joyned above they compasse the Clitoris In figure and colour they resemble the comb of a Cock. 5. Is Clytoris this is a nervous and hard body within full of a black and spongious matter as the laterall ligaments of the yard It is framed of three bodies The two laterall are ligaments and spring from the internall knob of the Ischium The third is betweene these this ariseth from the joyning of os pubis at the end of it is the glans which hath a superficiall hollownesse and is covered with a very thin skin as a Praeputium which springeth from the joyning of the Nymphae And as it doth represent the prick of a man so it suffereth erection and falling It may be called a womans prick In some women it hath beene as big as a mans 6. Under the Clytoris above the neck a hole is to be seene by the which a woman maketh water 7. After the Nymphae foure caruncules resembling the leafe of the mirtle shrub are to bee seene Whereof that which is uppermost is largest and forked that it might receive the end of the neck of the bladder the other is below The other are on the sides All foure keep back the ayre and all other things from entring into the cavity of the neck and by tickling the genital of man cause the greater delight In women which have not borne children they are most conspicuous These caruncules are framed of the reduplication of the fleshy necke of the genitall 8. Behind the caruncules appeareth a cavity in the lower part of the neck of a reasonable largenesse framed by nature to stay the seede powred into the necke from too quick slipping out 9. In Virgins these caruncules are joyned together by a thin and sinewy membrane interlaced with small veins cleaving orbicularly to the sides of the neck having a small hollownesse in the middle which will receive a pease by the which the menstruall bloud passeth Sometimes it is hollow like a sive it is called hymen 10. Behind these caruncules and the hymen appeareth a chink under the orifice of the bladder betweene the two wings which is the entrance into the neck 11. Now the neck is nothing else but that distance which is between the Cunnus and the mouth of the matrix In women of an ordinary stature it is eight inches in length The substance of this part is hard without fleshy within membranous and wrinckled like to the inner skin of the upper jaw of a cowes mouth First to cause greater pleasure in the act of generation Secondly the better to retaine the seed Thirdly to admit the greater dilatation in travell The neck is seated in that cavity of hypogastrium which is called pelvis betweene the bladder and intestinum rectum It hath two membranes if you cut them transversly you shall perceive between them a spongious flesh such as is found in the laterall ligaments of the Penis This causeth it to swell in the act of generation innumerable sprigs of veins and arteries affording plenty of spirits The hypogastricall veins are inserted into the neck of the matrix from thence passing to the mouth of the matrix As soone as they come to be implanted into the substance of the uterus they lose their owne coats which are bestowed upon the first membrane of it From thence by small pipes such as are found in sponges but wreathed blood is caried to the matrix by these veins the termes issue into the neck of the genitall A large branch passeth from arteria hypogastrica to the neck A sprig of it but wreathed is communicate to the resticle passing thither between the two membranes of the body of the matrix This sprig is winded to hinder it from ruption when
downe So that as this muscle doth embrace the which is to be swallowed and beareth it downe so the fourth seconding this doth receive it and send it further towards the stomack that it returneth not About the top of the brest there is a glandulous body spongious white and soft called thymus and lactes In a calfe a dainty morsell It holdeth up the branches of the vena cava and aorta ascending Which passe to the armes and saveth them from touching the bones CAP. XII Of the neck THe neck cellum joyneth the brest and head together It is long to helpe the voyce so those living creatures which make no noyse have no neck as fishes but those who have a long necke make a huge noyse as geeses and cranes The inner parts are the vessels which passe to the head the wind-pipe and the gullet with others The outer are the parts common of the body and the muscles of these I will speake in the discourse of muscles The parts remarkable in section are these 1. The soporall arteries 2. Internall jugulars 3. The recurrent nerves betweene these 4. The larynx or wind-pipe-head framed of five cartilages 5. Glottis the chinke of it 6. Epiglottis the cover of the chinke 7. Vvula which is a red fleshy and fungous substance It is covered with the reduplication of the skin of the roofe of the mouth 8. Gula or favus the mouth of the stomack 9. Tonsillae the almonds these moisten the mouth for chewing and tongue for tasting The description of the recurrent nerves you shall find where the sixt conjugation of nerves proceeding from the braine is set downe cap. 3. of the head THE THIRD Book of the uppermost cavity of the body the Head Caput in Latine CAP. I. Of the Braine Fig. III. The Scalp hath foure parts 1. Sinciput the forepart beginning at the forehead and reaching to the coronall suture 2. Occiput the hinder part possessing the diâ—â—â—â—ce betweene the future Lambdoides and the first vertebra of the neck 3. Vertex the crown that which is betweene the former two somewhat arched 4. Tempora the temples which are the laterall parts betweene the eyes and the eares The parts whereof the scalpe is framed are either containing or contained The parts containing are either common or proper The common are the scarfe skin the skin the fat and membrana carnosa The proper are either soft or hard The soft are two the muscles and pericranium Of the muscles we will speake in their proper place Pericranium is a membrane thin and soft proceeding from the dura mater passing thorow the futures of the head covering the scull The hard containing part is the scull Looke for it in the Treatise of Bones The parts under the skull contained are the meninges the membranes which wrap the braine and the braine it selfe The membranes are two The first is called dura meninx or dura mater the hard membrane it doth loosely lap in the whole braine and there is some distance betweene it and the skull to give way to the motion of the braine It hath two membranes That next to the skull is harder rougher and of lesse sense because it was to touch the skull The inner is smooth whiter and bedewed with a waterish humidity It seemeth to spring from the lower part of the skull because it cleaveth fast to it It is tyed to with the pia mater and the braine by the vessels but to the skull by small fibres arising of it selfe passing thorow the sutures and framing the pericranium It is fourefold where it parteth the cerebrum from the cerebellum In the crowne of the head where it parteth the braine into the right and left part it is doubled and because this reduplication in the hinder part is broader and forwards becomming narrower representeth a sicle it is called falx By these foldings the Sinus or ventricles are framed which are receptacles of plentiful bloud and spirits They are in number foure The first and second begin about the bâ—â—sis of the occiput at the sides of lamb doides where the veins and arteries discharge themselves The third is long and passeth to the nose and is framed of the former two joyned together The fourth is short and betweene the cerebrum and cerebellum goeth to the penis This ariseth where the former three meet This beginning is of some called Tâ—râ—ular From hence veins do passe for the nourishing of the braine for from the sinus veins creepe upward to the cranium and by the futures to the pericranium and downeward to the pia mater cerebrum and cerebellum These veins cleave by a thin tunicle to the sides of the sinus seeing these cavities have pulsation these veins supply the office both of veins and arteries These containe great plenty of bloud seeing the braine being large and in continuall lacketh much nourishment The great bleeding at the nose happens by reason of the third sinus opened Pia mater or dura meninx immediatly wrappeth and keepeth in the braine Whereofore it is thin soft and of exquisite sense Cerebrum or the brain is of a substance moyst and soft to receive the impression of similitudes for it is the place of imagination and memory The life is not in the whole body of colour it is white It hath the figure of the skull In the forepart it hath bunchings out called precessus mammillares In the upper part it is full of foldings as the guts have to carry safely the vessels In weight it containeth 4. or 5. lib. and is as big again as an Oxes braine The parts of the brain are these the outer and the inner The outer of a grayish colour or betweene white and yellow is of a softer substance and compasseth the inner The inner is more solide and whiter called Corpus callosum This hath two parts the one is somewhat round which hath the figure of the skull the other is that which proceedeth from it In the large round part the three ventricles are contained The other proceedeth of the round and containeth the fourth ventricle called calamus scriptorius In this ventricle the animall spirit seemeth to be made for it is pure and cleane but the other ventricle full of impurities having under them the glandula pituitaria for evacuation of them The braine is the towre of the sensitive soule In contraction it sendeth the animall spirits into the nerves dispersed thorow the whole body by the which it communicateth the faculty of feeling and moving In dilatation it draweth the vitall spirits from the soporall arteries and the aire by the nostrils so that the matter of the animall spirit is arteriall bloud furnished with the vitall spirit and aire It may â—e thought that the animal spirit for sense is contained in the outer are softest part of the braine but for moving in the inner more solide and white part The braine hath five branches of veins from the internall jugulars whereof some
The other marching by the ulna is with its fellow spread thorow the hand CAP. III. Of the sinewes of the Arme. OUt of the perforations of the foure lower vertebrae of the neck and of the first two of the back six sinew spring which by the muscle called scalenus are carried under the cannell bone to the arme-pit where they are twisted together from these the foure uppermost accompanying the basilica and the artery under the deltoides muscle are scattered thorow the inner side of the arme The fift and sixt turning up under the rotundus major are inserted into the hinder muscles of the shoulder blade Foure remaine which passing along the arme are spred into the elbow and hand 1. Being carried under the inner side of the biceps doth joyne it selfe with the cephalica 2. Being undivided and thicker goeth down to the bending of the elbow being covered with fat and there is under the artery and the basilica but about the wrest it is above the veine About the wrest it is divided into ten branches imparting to every finger two sprigs which passe along the sides 3. Being entire also is carryed all along the elbow by the wrest to the little finger where divided into foure twigs it is bestowed upon the outside of the hand 4. Being thickest of all is carried from the artery and veins by the backe side of the arme to the radius where being joyned with the Cephalica it endeth at the wrest CAP. IV. Of the veins of the Foot THe crurall veine sendeth a branch to musculus triceps called Tschia and is divided into foure branches of the which two are in the inside of the thigh and so many in the outside The one of the externall is sent to the fat of the thigh the other passing according to the length of musculus suterius to the ham and from thence to the inner anckle maketh the saphena Of the inner branches the one lying high is joyned with the crurall artery and passing thorow the outside of the ham is carried to the outer anckle the other lying deeper as it passeth bestoweth twigs to the adjacent parts and about the ham maketh the poplitea from thence being carried between the focils by the chinke of the inner anckle is bestowed upon the soale of the foot as the saphena was upon the outward parts The veins have values within like to a halfe moone without they are like knots they are most commonly two together one on each leaving some distance between partly to strengthen the coats of the veins partly to rule the motion of the bloud The arteries have no values in their progression that the vitall spirit may speedily as the beames of the Sunne passe to the furthermost parts CAP. V. Of the arteries of the Foot ARteria cruralis or the crurall artery a little below the groyne doth send two branches thorow the muscle triceps to the gloutii or muscles of the buttocks Afterward it sendeth two to the forepart of the thigh then undivided it passeth to the ham where it is divided into two branches whereof the one passeth by the side of the outward part of tibia above the muscle peroneus and is bestowed upon the upper part of the foot The other entring into the solaeus and passing to the pterna is dispersed thorow the soale of the foot The saphena is not accompanied with an artery and the nerve is not very neere unto it so that it may be safely opened CAP. VI. Of the Nerves of the Foot FRom the three lowermost vertebrae of the loynes two sinews spring in the forepart of the thigh severed first and then being united passe to the groyne There it is divided into five branches compassed with a membran which dispersing themselves on every side into the muscles of the forepart of the thigh even to the rotula there being cannot be discerned unlesse the muscle psoa bee rent within the which they lye hid Then besides these you shall see another small nerve passing the ovall cavity of os pubis to bee spent upon the triceps Thorow the back part of the thigh a great and thick nerve passeth framed of three which spring out of the three upper holes of os sacrum and being carryed by the sinus of os isthium thorow the inner and backe muscles of the thigh to the ham there it is parted into two branches The one goeth down by the belly of the tibia unto the pterna bestowing twigs as it goeth passing by the chinke of the inner ankle to the soale of the foot it is severed into as many branches as there are toes The other branch marching upon the perone is carryed to the instep of the foot by the outer ankle By reason of this great nerve they who are troubled with the sciarica find paine not onely about the joynt of the thigh but in the leg also and foot About the beginning of this nerve another issueth out of the third hole of the os sacrum and being carried above the ridge of the os sacrum it brancheth it selfe into the muscles of the buttocks and those which bend the tibia CAP. VII Of the nerves of the spinalis medulla IF you invert the braine you shall perceive 4. roots of the spinalis medulla 2. from cerebrum so many from cerebellum these joyned together make it up It is of the like substance with the braine but besides the two membranes wherewith the cerebrum is compassed this hath a third strong and nervous proceeding either from os occipitis where it is joyned with the spondils or from the ligaments of the vertebrae this strengthneth the spinalis medulla and keepeth it from tearing in violent motions From the beginning to the end it groweth narrower and harder so that when it is come to the end of dorsum it endeth in small threeds like a horse taile that no danger should bee in that part where the whole spina is bended The nerves of the spinalis medulla are framed of sundry filaments twisted together and covered with a thin membrane and as they come out of the holes of the back-bone nature doth compasse them with a thick and firme substance which so firmely clip the fibres of the sinews that they cannot be severed Beside the sinew commeth not out of that hole directly opposit to its beginning but out of the lower And when it hath passed thorow this hole it doth not enter presently into the rib which is next but into the lower Which when it hath touched being divided it turneth the lesser twig towards the spina and the greater towards the forepart Out of this spinalis medulla twenty eight paires of sinews spring seven from the neck twelve from the back five from the loins and foure from the os sacrum The first Conjugation of the neck doth not spring from the sides of the spina as the rest but from the fore and hinder part and commeth out betweene the
fat doth sufficiently guard the distribution of the vessels and preserveth the heat of the vessels The arteries bring spirit but the veins doe bring both the chylus to the liver and nourishment to the inner parts but not at the same time As wee take breath by and let it out by the same instruments but not at the same time see Galen 3. facult nat 13. 4. de us part 14. So at one time the liver draweth from the belly and at another time the belly from the liver When the guts are full the chylus is sent to the liver but when they are empty they draw nourishment It hath two parts Mesaraeum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quas 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The first tyeth the small guts together the second the thick The Mesaraeum is in the circumference 3. yards but a span in bredth It springeth from the ligaments of the vertebrae of the loynes by two roots the largest about the first vertebra the other lesser about the third It was fit that it should be tyed strongly to these ligaments lest it might have beene torne by violent motions or bee pulled from thence by the weight of the guts being full And as plants draw their nourishment by their roots from the earth so living creatures which have bloud draw their nutriment from the guts by the mesaraick veins Wherefore lest they should suffer ruption Nature would have them to passe safely betweene membranes The use of it then is to cary safely the vessels which passe to the guts It is tyed before to the small guts but behind to the first and third vertebra of the loynes from whence it springeth It is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is that by the which the thick guts are tyed together Hippoc. 6. Epid. Galen 4. Aphor 6. make mention of this It is tyed in the right side to the right part of the Ileum but in the left side to the left part of Ileum and the muscle Psoas before it is tyed to the colon rectum intestinum CAP. X. Of the venae lacteae THis is the opinion of all the ancient and moderne Writers concerning the mesenterie and the mesaraicall if you except Caspar Asellius who by his diligence found these veins which hee calleth lacteas because they contain a white juice which is nothing else but the chylus elaborate which they carry from the smal guts to the liver Their beginning seemeth to bee in the Pancreas for there they all meet and are strangely implicate and twisted together from thence they passe upward to the liver and downeward to the small guts so that the Pancreas is a more excellent part than it hath beene hitherto taken by other Anatomists and as the mothers blood before it be sent by the vasa umbilicalia to nourish the Infant is first committed to the placenta uteri to draw from it all impuritie so then these venae lacteae discharge their impurities before they carry the chylus to the liver in the Pancreas They are inserted into the small guts and have nothing to doe with the stomack They passe into the capacity of the guts and end in the wrinkled crust with the which the internall membrane of the guts is lined with their spongious heads like to Leeches by the which they draw to themselves the chylus From the small guts they march between the two membranes of the mesenterium sometimes severed from the other vessels sometimes joyned with them sometimes directly sometimes over-riding them making a Saint Andrewes crosse thorow the glandules untill they come to the Pancreas where they are inexplicably twisted one with another from thence having greater branches they passe by the sides of vena porta to the cavitie of the liver where they are spent by ending there by small twists and so it is most likely that sanguification is performed by the substance of the liver and not by the veins the grosser part of it being sent to the branches of vena porta and the subtillest to the branches of vena cava They differ from the ordinary masaraicall veins First in bignesse for these are bigger but those are more in number for they are twice as many for more chylus must bee sent to the liver to make blood of for the nourishment of the whole body than blood for the nourishing of the inward parts onely Secondly the values which are seene about the endings of these are placed from without inwards but of those from within outwards The reason of this diversitie is this the venae lacteae suck the chylus from the guts which ought not to returne but the ordinary mesaraicall send blood and sometimes excrementitious humours which ought not to come back againe If you would finde out these veins you must feed a dogge with milke and five or six houres afterward dissect his belly then by stretching the mesenterie you shall perceive them That the ancients did not find out these veins the cause is either because they dissected beasts after they were dead or after that the chylus was distributed or they did presently take a view of the mesentery but made some stay about the inspection of some other part They have no trunck because they were to end in the liver and to go no further From this part many diseases spring first because it is composed of two membranes having innumerable veins and arteries and so it may containe many impurities secondly because it hath many glandules which as a sponge imbibe superfluities CAP. XI Of the Pancreas IT is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It is the biggest glandule of the whole body and very red like unto soft flesh from whence it hath its name In figure it is ovall three or foure inches in length It is placed in the left side towards the spleen above the stomack resteth upon it below the membranes of the peritonaeum lie unto which it is firmly tied It doth keep within it selfe ramus splenicus the left branch of arteria coeliaca the nerves which passe from the sixt paire to the stomack and the duodenum It hath a membrane from the peritonaeum by the which it is covered and holden up It hath three uses First it staieth the liver lest it being distended by too much meat and drink should be hurt by the hardnesse of the vertebrae of the back Secondy to keep the vessels passing through it from ruption Thirdly to keepe these same from compression when the stomack is to much stretched by meat and drink CAP. XII Of the Liver Now follow the parts appointed for sanguification whereof the Liver is the chiefest THe substance of the liver seemeth to be a red fleshy masse In the first formation of the birth it is framed of bloud wizing out of the
vena arteriosa have three Sigmoides So much then concerning the vessels of the Brest now follow the entrals CAP. VIII Of the Heart OF these there are foure the Heart the Lungs the Wind-pipe and part of the Gullet In the explication of the heart First the Swadler is to bee considered and then the substance of the heart it selfe The Swadler called Pericardium or Capsula cordis is a membrane wrapping in the whole heart having the figure of the same having such distance from the heart and to containe the watrish humour It is perforat in five places for the comming in and going out of the vena cava and for egresse of the other three The substance of it is thicke and firme The outer superficies is fibrous but the inner smooth and slippery It is tyed to the Mediastinum and adjacent parts by sundry fibres It doth cleave firmly to the sinewy circle of the midrife but not so in dogs It hath its beginning from the tunicles which compasse the vessels which proceed from the pleura for between the heart and the pericardium the membrane from the pleura is wanting It containeth a watrish substance not sharpe for the refrigeration and humefaction of the heart As in the cavity of the brest a moysture is found like water and bloud mingled together So from the side of our Saviour pierced water and bloud did flow The Pericardium hath veins from the phrenicae and axillar No arteries appeare because it is neere enough to the heart It hath small nerves from the left recurrent As for the heart the substance of it is compact and firme and full of fibres of all sorts The upper part is called hath a small nerve from the sixt conjugation for feeling but not motion for it moveth of it selfe of all the parts of the body it is the hottest for it is the well spring of life and by arteries communicateth it to the rest of the body The heart hath two motions Diastole and Systole In Diastole or dilatation of the heart the conus is drawne from the basis to draw bloud by the cava to the right ventricle and aire by arteria venosa to the left ventricle In Systole or contraction on the conus is drawne to the basis First that the vitall spirit may be thrust from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta Secondly that the arteriall bloud may bee thrust into the lungs by arteria venalis Thirdly that the bloud may bee pressed to the lungs in the right ventricle by vena arterialis The parts of the heart are either externall or internall The externall are the eares The eares are annexed to the firme substance of the heart about the basis of it before the mouths of the vessels They are of a nervous substance for strength yet thin and soft for the easier contraction and dilatation the left is thicker than the right When they are distended they are smooth but being contracted they are wrinckled They are storehouses of the heart for they first receive the aire and bloud lest they immediatly rushing into the heart might offend it and they strengthen the vessels These eares are two in number the right which is greatest this is before the vena cava and the left the lesser before the arteria venosa They are called eares not from the office of hearing but from the likenesse they representing the figure of an eare Death approaching when the heart is immoveable they move so we see that a small gale of wind which moveth not the tree moveth the leaves The internall parts of the heart are the ventricles or cavities and the septum The ventricles are in number two the right and the left The right is larger than the left yet the left hath thicker sides and within is more unequall than the right The right ventricle receiveth bloud from the vena cava to be sent by vena arteriosa to the lungs and reacheth not to the conus The left ventricle is not so wide as the right yet the fleshy circumference is thrice as thick as that of the right It doth elaborat the vitall spirit of the blood and aire drawne in by arteria venosa The septum so called because it separateth the right ventricle from the left is that thick and fleshy substance set between the two cavities Riolan will have the matter of the vitall bloud to passe thorow the holes or porosites of it from the right to the left ventricle but that hardly any instrument can shew them First because they goe not straight but wreathed Secondly because they are exceeding narrow in the end He affirmeth that they are more easily discerned in an Oxe heart boiled CAP. IX Of the Lungs Wind-pipe and Gullet AS for the lungs the substance of them in Infants whilest they are in the wombe is red and compact but after birth because they begin to move with the heart by heat and motion this substance beginneth to be more loose and spongious and of a pale yellow colour that they may the more easily rise and fall to receive the aire and expell superfluities The substance of the lungs is covered with a membrane communicated by the pleura for the vessels as soone as they enter into the substance of the lungs they leave the coat which they borrowed of the pleura and leave it for covering of the lungs This membrane is porous to give way to impurities contained in the cavity of the brest to passe thorow the loose substance of the lungs to be discharged by expectoration When the lungs are blowne up they fill the whole cavity of the brest In figure they are like to an Oxes hoofe The outer part is gibbous the inward hollow the lungs are divided into the right and left part each of these hath two lobes seldome three with the which as with fingers they embrace the heart Nature hath ordained this division that if one side of the lungs should be hurt the other might discharge the office The lungs and brest are divided by the benefit of the mediastinum which is a double membrane framed of the pleura for the pleura beginning at the back passeth to the sternum by the sides when it is come to the middle of the sternum it directly from thence passes to the back againe The cavity which the reduplication of the pleura leaveth here is above wider but towards the back narrower and narrower untill the membranes be united Penetrating wounds going no further than this cavity are not deadly The mediastinum is softer than the pleura The lungs are joyned to the sternum by the mediastinum behind the vertebra of the back towards the sides to the pleura by fibres sometimes they are tyed which causeth difficulty of breathing It is joyned to the heart by vena arteriosa and arteria venosa The lungs have three vessels vena arteriosa arteria venosa and trachaea arteria these two marching together have betweene them inserted a branch of the
is alimentary of the chylus While the chylus thus passeth to the liver and is come to the diverication of the vena portae the spleen by a naturall faculty by the ramus splenicus draweth to it selfe the thickest and most terrestriall part yet the purest onely may come to the liver When the chylus is come to the liver the choler is sent either by meatus cysticus to the gall or to the jejunum by meatus hepaticus The bloud being perfected the grosser part is carried by the branches of the vena portae and the splenicall to the nourishment of the parts appointed for nutrition but the purest part is carried to all other parts for their nutrition and because much watrishnesse is mingled with the bloud that it may passe without difficulty by the narrow passages of inosculations to the vena cava seeing the serosity is unapt to nourish it is sent by the emulgent veins and arteries to the kidnies and from thence by the ureters to the bladder CAP. XXI Of vasa praeparantia in Man HItherto wee have handled the parts appointed for nutrition Now it followeth to run thorow the parts ordained for generation to continue man kind The genitals are of two sorts of the male and female and so it was requisit for procreation for this action requireth an agent and patient seed and menstruall bloud The first is the palace of the plasmatick spirit The second asfordeth supply of matter to the spirit to draw out the admirable frame of the regions and parts of the little world In man some of these parts afford matter for the seed to wit the foure vasa praeparantia some elaborate this matter the corpus voeri coesum some make the seed fruitfull as the stones some carry the seed back againe and make it pure as those which are called vasa deferentia some containe the seed and an oleaginous matter as the vesiculae seminalis and the prostates some discharge the seed into the matrix This is done by the penis Vasa praeparantia which prepare matter for the seed are of two sorts veins and arteries The veins are two The right springeth from the trunck of the vena cava a little under the emulgent The left proceedeth from the emulgent The arteries spring from the trunck of the aorta these vessels being a little distant one from another are tied together by a thin membrane which springeth from the peritonaeum and meet often by the way by inosculation These vessels are greater in men than in women and the arteries are bigger than the veins because much heat and plenty of spirits are required for the seed They enter into the groyne obliquely carried together with the muscle cremaster betweene the two coats of the peritonaeum In curing of a rupture by incision if the muscle cremaster doe fall out to be bound by the ligature spasmus cynicus ensueth These vessels do end about the beggining of the testicles and from hence are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and make up that part which is called corpus varicosum paraslaca plexus pampiniformis From the stones to it many small fibres passe The corpus varicosum is framed of the twisting of the vasa praeparantia which maketh a long thick glandulus but hard welt without any remarkable cavity which passeth to the bottome of the stone and from thence to the vas deferens where it endeth Here the venall and arteriall bloud being elaborat in these admirable windings is further prepared a quality being imparted from the seminificall faculty of the stones CAP XXII Of the stones THe stones in Latine are called Testes because they testifie one to be a man They are glandulous bodies flaggy soft and white without any cavity full of small veins and arteries such as are not in any part of the body They are in number two and therefore in Greeke are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Their figure is ovall the right is hotter and better concocteth the seed Wherefore by Hippocrat it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a begetter of the male The left stone is more full and hath a bigger veine yet the seed which is there eleborat is more watrish and colder because it proceedeth from the emulgent and is called of Hippoc. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it begetteth the female In the stones there are to bee considered their coats substance and use Their coats are foure First bursa seroti and it is nothing else but the skin covered with the cuticula And because it cleaveth firmly to the Membrana carnosa under it so that they seeme to make but one coat it commeth to passe that in cold it doth contract it selfe and becommeth wrinckled In the lower part it hath a line according to the length whereby it is divided into the right and left side this line is called sutura or a seame The second is called by Rufus dartos because it may easily bee flead from the tunica vaginalis by the ancients it was called erithroides because it appeareth to be red be reason of the fleshy fibres wherewith it is enterlaced This ariseth from the membrana carnosa which here is more thin and subtile than else where and stored with veins and arteries The third is elythroides or vaginalis because it containeth the stone as a sheath It is a thick and strong membrane having many veins In the outside it is uneven by reason of the fibres by the which it is tyed to the dartos but in the inner side it is smooth This is nothing else but the production of the peritonaeum The fourth is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the nervous mēorane called albuginea form its colour It is white thick and strong framed of the externall tunicle of the vasa praeparantia It is immediatly wrapped in the stone between these two the water is contained in Hernia aquosa The substance is described in the beginning of the chapter Each stone hath one muscle called cremaster from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is to hold up because it pulleth up the stone in the act of generation that the vesses being slacked may the more readily voyd the seed This muscle is nothing else but the lower part of the oblique muscle ascending neere to os pubis which outwardly wrapping the production of the peritonaeum is caried to the stone These muscles in sicknesse and old age become flaggy and so the scrotum relaxeth it selfe and the stones hang low The uses of the stones are three The first is to elaborate the seed by reason of the seminificall faculty resident in the parenchyma of the stones for they turne the bloud which is brought by the vasa praeparantia into seed for the most part the rest they reserve for their owne nutrition The second is they adde heat strength and courage to the body as gelding doth manifest by the which all
enter into the ventricles of the dura mater others are spred thorow the menings and the substance of the braine out of the cavities of the Dura mater It hath foure arteries from the soporals and those of the neck The portions which proceed from the inner part of the braine are cerebellum and spinalis medulla Cerebellum or the little braine is composed of two round laterall parts making up as it were a globe it hath two worme-like processes one is seated at the forepart the other at the hinder part of it to hinder the obstruction of the fourth ventricle by the compression of the cerebellum The Spinalis medulla is of a harder substance than the braine It is divided into two parts the right and the left as the braine is which are severed by the dura mater immediatly wrapping it so that the palsie sometimes invadeth but one side About the sixt and seventh vertebra of the brest it beginneth to be separate into divers twists which ending into small haire like substances represent a Horse-taile This will appeare if the marrow of a beast or man newly killed be put in water suffered to stand for a while It is compassed with 3. membranes The next to it is from the pia mater the middlemost from the dura mater and the outmost from the ligament which bindeth the forepart of the vertebrae One portion of the Spinalis medulla is within the skull foure inches in length above the great hole of the occiput from whence all the sinews spring which are ascribed to the braine the other is without the skull from whence the 32. paire doe spring CAP. II. Of other parts to be seene in the Braine BEsides those parts named sundry others are to be shewed whereof 1. Is Rete mirabile so called from the wonderfull knittings of the twigs of arteries proceeding from the soporall about the basis of the braine at the sides of the sell of os sphaenoides In this is the first preparation of the animall spirit 2. Glandula pituitaria so called because it receiveth the thick pituitous excrements from the ventricles by the infundibulum and so is placed at the end of the infundibulum in the sell of the sphaenoides It is harder than ordinary glandules above it is hollow below round It is covered with the pia mater the excrements which come to it sometimes it turneth downe to the palat of the mouth somtimes it suffereth to slip down by the holes seated in the lower part of the cranium By shutting the infundibulum it keepeth in also the animall spirits 3. Septum or Speculum lucidum divideth in the upper part the ventricles It is loose and wrinckled but if spred out it is cleere some will have it to be a reduplication of the pia mater some a thin portion of the braine it selfe 4. Fornix or testudo is the lower white part where the ventricles are joyned It is triangular and under the corpus callosum 5. Nates are the two portions of the roots of spinalis medulla proceeding from the cerebellum these are uppermost and largest 6. Testes are the two small portions proceeding of the roots from the braine these are lowermost 7. Vulva is the long chinke between the prominences 8. Anus is nothing else but that space which is caused of the meeting of the foure trunkes of the spinalis medulla 9. Glandula pinealis or penis so called from the figure for it is like a seed of the pine apple or a little pricke it is set about the beginning of the hole which passeth from the middle ventricle to the fourth It is of a substance somewhat hard and is covered with a thin skin 10. Plexus choroides vel reticularis It is a texture of small veins and arteries placed between the fore ventricles and the testudo or fornix As the animall spirit is first prepared in the rete mirabile so it is more elaborat here and perfected in the fourth ventricle but kept in the whole braine as in a storehouse CAP III. Of the seven paires of sinewes BEfore I set downe these paires I advertise you of one thing that all the sinewes of the body spring from the spinalis medulla as it is rooted within the skull or extended to the spina and not from the braine The first paire is made up by those which are called optici or visorii so called because they bring the opticke spirits to the eye They spring from the nates they meet about the sell of os sphaenoides not by simple touching or intersection but by confusion of their substances and mutuall penetration Then being divided they passe to the center of the eye these are big thick and soft The second paire is framed of those called motorii oculorum this paire springeth from the innermost part of the beginning of the prolongation of the spinalis medulla In the beginning it is like to one cord which is the cause that when one eye moveth the other moveth also This paire is lesser and harder than the visorii It accompanieth them This together with one branch of the third paire which passeth to the jaw passeth thorow the long hole not the round and is inserted into the muscles of the eye and eye-lids The third paire is made up by those called gustatorii because the twigs of this paire being carried to the membran of the tongue cause the sense of tasting This paire proceedet from the root of spinalis medulla As it ariseth it is divided into two large branches whereof one is carryed to the orbit of the eye by the hole of the second The other being carryed out of the skull by the holes of the lower jaw bestoweth twigs upon the muscles of the lower lip and every tooth The fourth conjugation beginneth about the place of the former but being lesse and harder accompanying the other and passing thorow the same hole is implanted into the membrane of the palat of the mouth this serveth also for tasting The first conjugation the auditorii make up this paire beginning somewhat below the other it marcheth by the sides of the basis of the braine and entring into os petrosum is divided into two branches the greater being inserted into the end of cochlea or the hole of hearing is the instrument of hearing The lesser being carried downe to the first and second vertebra of the neck it sendeth twigs to the proper muscles of the larynx from hence ariseth a dry cough somtimes when we pick our eares somewhat deeply The sixt paire is called vagum because it bestoweth branches to sundry parts amongst the rest to all the parts of the belly which require sense For these being soft parts did not require hard sinewe from the spinalis medulla It riseth a little below the former each filure being straitwayes united it passeth out of the cranium by the hole of the backe part of the head by the which the internall jugular entereth then going down by the
been subject to breaking if fleshy it had not beene so sit to beat back the sound this cartilage is tyed to os petrosum by a strong ligament which riseth from the pericranium towards os mammillare to stay it up in man the ligament is but one and continual but in beasts there bee two or three according to the bignesse of the eare The veins come from the externall jugulars The arteries from the carotis or soporall The sinews from the second paire of the neck It is here to bee noted that a branch of the soporall passeth by the antitragus of the eare to the upper jaw from whence the vitall spirit is carried to each tooth In horrible tooth-aches if this branch bee cut a sunder immediatly the paine ceaseth the sharp humour being intercepted The outward eare is alwayes open because we have ever need of this sense It is a beauty to the head it is a defence to the braine by mode rating the sounds that they may gently move the tympanum and it gathereth the sounds dispersed in the ayre CAP. XI Of the foure cavities of the eare ALl those foure cavities are seated in ospetrosum The first is called meatus auditorius the passage for hearing It hath turnings to hinder the violent rushing in of any thing to the tympanum It is oblique that the vehemercy of a strong sound might bee moderat It is lastly narrow to hinder the going in of small creatures Wherefore it hath also haires and earewax to be as lymed twigs to entangle them It marcheth obliquely upward that if anything should goe in it might the more easily returne or bee brought out it endeth at the tympanum This membrane is very dry that it might give the better sound It is thin and cleare that the sounds may the more readily be sent to the internall ayre It is strong that it might be the more able to resist externall violence It hath a cord for strength and stretching no other wayes than the military drum The second cavity is called by Vesalius pelvis the tunnel of the eare and by Fallopius concha the perwinkle from its figure The furniture of this cavity serveth for three purposes for motion for transmission of the sounds and for expurgation of the excrements For motion the three little bones the ligament and muscles do service The three little bones are these malleolus incus stapes having their names from the likenesse of other externall things Malleolus or the little hammer is somewhat long and cleaveth to the tympanum by the ligament The second is Incus the anvill not onely for the figure but for the use also because like an anvill it receiveth the strokes of the malleolus moved The third is Stapes the stirrop It is in figure triangular In the middle hollow to give way to the passing of the aire to the labyrinth These cleave together on following another in order These little bone serve for uses 1. They strengthen the tympanum that it be not torne by the violence of the ayre Therefore the hammer with one of the feet of the anvill leane upon the drumme 2. That these beating against the tympanum might the better deliver the sound to the auditory sinew 3. That these bones being shaken and beaten against the drum might frame the diversities of sounds as the teeth the distinction of words and letters These bones have neither cartilage nor marrow 2. They have no periostium 3. In Infants they are as big and perfect as in men 4. They are paced up by a ligament the second instrument for motion that being shaken by the internall aire moved by the externall the sharper sound might be caused of the instruments appointed for motion the muscles are the last Whereof the one is without the drum above in meatus auditorius whose tendon is inserted into the center of the tympanum against the which the malleolus is inserted to draw it outward together with the hammer The other is within the drum in os petrosum inserted by a double tendon into the hammer to draw it back Neere the tympanum above a narrow hole appeareth which is an enterance to a cave having many partitions not unlike to the hony combes This is full of internall aire About the end of this cavity directly against the tympanum there are two perforations called fenestellae or little windowes wherof the one is ovall the entrance to the labyrinth the other lesser the beginning of cochlea Last of all there is in this cavity a small cartilaginous passage from the eare to the palatum to purifie the internall aire This cavity hath a value that there might be egresse but no regresse The third cavity is called labyrinthus having sundry windings from whence it hath its name all which returue to this same cavity There are six semi-circles in this cavity The end of these windings is to cause the aire passing thorow narrow slreits to make the greater sound or to mitigate the sound which was redoubled within the pelvis as an Eccho by passing thorow these circulations The fourth cavity is called cochlea or the wilke of the eare from the figure because it hath three sometimes foure wreathings within these there is a chinke by the which the sound passeth to the braine and the bilious excrement falleth into the eare Hearing is thus caused First the aire received in the first cavity doth gently move the tympanum which being shaken tosseth the three small bones joyned to it then the kind of sound is impressed into the internall aire which having the quality of the sound and circular by the windings of the labyrinth to make it pure is conveighed thorow the cochlea and delivered to nervus auditorius that the animall spirit may present it to the common sense the judge of all species and formes CAP. XII Of the Nose THe skin cleaveth so fast to the muscles and cartilages that it can hardly bee severed without renting The muscles are seven whereof one is common and six proper They onely move the cartilages of the nose The veins come from the enternall jugular The arteries from the soporals and the finews from the third pairs The bones of the nose are in number foure the cartilages five the inner membrane which covereth the sides of the nose proceedeth from the dura mater passing thorow the holes of the ethmoides The muscles membrane draweth in the nostrils The haires straine as it were the aire and keepe out insects From the red and spongious fleshy portions with the which the distances of the spongious bones are filled the polypus springeth The upper part of the nose which is bony is called dorsum nasi the ridge spina the laterall parts where the cartilages are are called alae or pinnae The tip of the nose globulus orbiculus and pyrula The fleshy part next to the upper lip columna The uses of the nose are eight 1. By it the aire is taken into the braine for the