substaunce and matter wherof our body is made and the seed of man is nexte vnder God the maker and fashyoner of the same and these same be made of the same elementes whyche I haue spoken of alreadye whyche is the fyre ayer earth and water and these two dyffer one frō an other in temperature For in the seede there is more of fyre and eyer then of water and earth and in the blood there is lesse of fyre and ayer then there is of water and earth and yet in the same there is more heate then colde and more moysture then drynesse After that these two be receyued and .vi. dayes retayned w tin the wombe of the woman the great heate which is there doth so bake the seede blood being mirt togyther y t it cōpasseth them about w t a skyn or a crust not vnlike the vtter cote of an egge whiche the Grekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in latin is called secūdine or secūdina what oure mydwyues call it I can not tel how beit it may very well be called a skyn wherein is wrapped y t that is cōceiued and this is made in y e fyrst .vi. dayes with diuers pulses and veynes as fyne small as anye thredes whiche serueth afterwarde to nourysh the infant by the nauyll For in this same skynne whiche before is called Chorion there are many fyne holes moche lyke the lytle holes in the small lamparie heedes by the which the nauyll after the seuēth daye doth drawe vnto it both spirite and blood to the nourishment of the infant Then in the meane seasō the rest of the seede boylynge all hotte doth make thre lytle bladers which is the place of the lyuer herte and brayne For a veyne whiche is stretched ryght vpwarde from the nauil dothe drawe vp the grossed bloode which for lacke of heate easelye congeleth in y e seede And there is made also a double forked veyne and to one of the forkes of the same veyne is fashyoned this forsayde congeled blood which is the liuer and lyke as from the nauyll the veyne bryngyng grosse bloode into the forsayde lytle bladder was cause of the generation of the liuer so lykewyse a pulse or an artery bryngyng fyne blood and spirite commynge from the same place sumwhat nere y e backe into another lyke bladdar is cause of makynge of the hearte whyche is made of verye sounde fleshe thycke and grosse mete for suche a pourpose and of the most fyne and subtyle blood that cōmeth from the hearte the lyghtes be made and the whole brest also wherin thei are closed In to the thyrde bladdar whyche is mencioned before a great parte of the seede beynge full of spirite is driuen the whych to kepe him selfe moyst doth drawe a great parte of the seede to it and maketh a lytle sell whiche is the brayne to y e which ther is added afortres of hard bone And thus the brayne is made of the seede only that he myght be furnysshed wyth most fyne spirites whom the brayne conserueth and altereth the whiche are the cause of sense and voluntarie mouynge as shall be declared more playnely hereafter Nexte to the brayne groweth y e marye of the backebone whyche the Arabians call Nucha it is of the same nature that the brayne is and differeth very muche from the marye of the other partes I haue shewed to you nowe thoghe very rudely the original begynning of mannes body ▪ Of the sede is only made all the bones gristels veynes pulses strynges synowes tyinges selles and skynnes whyche be called Spermatyke partes because they be made of y e seede and not of the blood They are the verye same whyche I sayde before that the Latyne menne called Partes similares and the Phisitions sensible elementes al the rest be made of the bloode as the lyuer the hearte and the lyghtes wyth al the flesshe and fatte of the bodye The infant whyles he is within his mothers woumbe is nourysshed of that blood whyche is called Sanguis menstruus drawynge it at hys nauyl and after he is delyuered it is tourned all to mylke whych is his meat long after and therfore there is manye conduytes from the woumbe to the pappes After that the infant is fully proportioned figured ī the first monethes he pisseth by the conduyte that commeth through his nauyl in the later monethes that is shut vp and he pysseth wyth hys yerde he auoydeth no excrementes at hys fundament because he receyueth no norysshemente by hys mouthe There is a skynne muche lyke a puddynge whyche receyueth hys vrine and excrementes lest they shulde hurte eyther hym or els hys mother I shulde seme bothe to longe and also to tedious yf I descrybed the hole bodye but bycause the action of the instrumentes canne not be vnderstande excepte I shulde touche y e most principal partes therfore it was necessarye to entermedle wyth the descryption of the bodye in the whyche I wyll not be so scrupulous as to reherse euery lytle part or the scituation or fygure of euery bone and vayne no nor the knyttynge of euery muscle for why shulde I make me more cūnyng than I am in dede it passeth my learnynge as yet but I entende to shewe and sette forthe the greatest and moste noble partes the whyche he muste nedes knowe that wyll profyt in physicke The .v. Chapiter ¶ The sections of the bodye THere was no nede in y ◠olde tyme to wryte of the body for than children were excersised in their yonge and tender age daylye in cuttynge and openyng of the same but nowe that thys diligence is vtterly extyncte we haue very great nede of wrytynge wherfore I haue taken this lytle payne vppon me whyche I shall thynke wel bestowed yf it shall eyther healpe the studyes of those that be rude and rawe in physicke or satisfye them that be learned And fyrst I wyl declare by goddes grace suche partes as couereth the head wythout afterwarde those that be w tin begynnyng w t the heares thogh they be but excrementes superfluities nexte vnderneth the hear there is a skynne somwhat thycke and fleshye wherein the hear is rooted vnderneth thys skin there is a lytle flesshe aboute the browe temples Than next vnderneth ther is a fyne kell whyche is made of synowes and tyenges commyng thorowe the seames of the scull whyche the Grekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vnder the whyche immediatly is the skulle in greke called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the defence of the brayne it is made lyke an helmet the latyne men call it Caluariam and it is not one hole continual bone but is deuyded by certayne semes in to seuen bones Then within y e head vndernethe the sculle is Dura mater which Galen calleth Crassum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is a thycke and harde kel or skinne made of many stronge sinowes and bondes to the entent it myght holde vp and susteyne the veynes whyche nouryssheth
e liuer whose substāce is red flesh not moch vnlike cōgeled blood beinge replenished w t veynes which be y e braūches of y e great master veynes y t is of y e veyne which is called Porta also of y t that is called Caua vena we haue no names in our tungue whych be propre or peculier to them onely but muste be fayne to call them master veynes and in dede so that we vnderstande the thynge it shall make but lytle matter for names howbeit Gallen sayth that the one is called Porta bycause that the iuyce commeth through it from the stomake to the liuer and the other I thynke is called Caua bycause it is a great hollowe veyne well what so euer it be called it groweth of the liuer and carieth blood from the liuer to the hert and thoughe it to be byg yet there groweth many fyne smal veynes both of it and of the other whych be dispersed throughout the whole body of the liuer to the intent that the iuice maye more easelye be turned into blood for the very dutye and office of the lyuer is to engendre blood for the nouryshmente of y e bodye and therfore it is hote and moyst accordynge to the nature of blood Moreouer it is the very fleshe of the lyuer whyche doth change the iuyce in to blood makyng it redde lyke vnto it selfe Althogh that sūme thynke the harte to be the well and original sprynge of blood notwythstandyng I had rather saye as Galene sayeth that it is the fleshe of the liuer which engendreth blood althogh the lyuer receyue both vytall heat and spiryte of the hearte and therefore from the great master pulse whyche in greke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 there commeth manye lytle pulses to the lyuer bryngynge w t them vitall spirite but so sone as y e iuyce is concocte it is made blood and purified in y e middes of the lyuer receyueth choler of the smal veynes in the middes of the lyuer whyle the blood is purifyinge and cleansynge whyche conduyte or waye yf it fortune to be stopped by anye maner of chaunce so that the choler can not be seperate from the bloode then there foloweth hote fyeuers or els the yelowe Iandies On the lyfte side the splene or mylte enbraseth the stomacke which being blacke of colour is made of subtyle rare flesshe and is the same whyche before is called the receptacle of melancholie it is tyed vnto the backe aboute the myddes of the bastard ryb and doth drawe vnto it melancholye or blacke choler by a veyne whyche commeth from the lyuer receyuyng heat of the heart to digest the forsaid blacke choler by certayne pulses annexed vnto it From the mylte also there is a conduyt to the vppermoste mouthe of the stomacke bryngynge melancholye thyther partly to draw togyther the mouthe of the stomake and partlye to prouoke appetyte There be .ii. kydneys that be called in latyne Renes of the whych one is set vnderneth the lyuer toward y e backe and the other is set on the other syde ryght agaynst y e mylte they be made of soude and thycke flesshe least they shulde be dissolued of the water that they drawe dayly from the blood by two veynes whyche be called Mulgentes and in oure tongue suckynge veynes there is drawen also besyde the water sūme blood to the noryshment of the reynes or kydneis in the myddes of the whyche there is as it were a lytle pāne into the which the forsayde kydnies doe sweat oute the water whych they receyued of y e suckynge veynes and in thys panne the vryne taketh his colour from whēs it is brought doune after the concoction had therbefore by certayne conduites that be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in greke and in latyne Vrinarii we maye calle them the conduytes of the vryne frō the raynes to the bladdar The bladdar in man ioyneth to the taylegutte or fundiment from whens the necke of it recheth to the yarde but in wemen it is set vpon the mouth of theyr woumbe therfore they haue bothe shorter and wyder necked bladdars than men haue and also be lesse disesed w t stone in that place It is made of skynnye synowes and there cummeth to it bothe veynes and pulses the necke onely is of flesshe and hath certayne turnynges and boughtes that it maye houlde the water more easely there is added a muscle to the mouth of the bladder to the entent y t we maye eyther letout or retayne the water at our owne wyll pleasure But howe smal and fine the holes be by the whyche the water is receyued into the bladder maye easelye be perceyued because that whan it is taken out of any dede bodye that there appeareth none at all more than that whiche is in the necke to let oute the vrine or water Manne surelye hath great profitte of the bladar for if that same superfluouse water shoulde not be caryed awaye but be permitted to runne to gyther in the vaynes with the blood after that the bodye were ones fulle mooste parte of the membres shulde cracke and breake and man shoulde be suffocated or choked Therefore the bladder is made for thys pourpose to receyue the superfluous watry substance of the blood and reteyne it so longe vntyl the due tyme of lettynge of it out be come Nowe I haue descrybed all y e partes of the lowest bellye so well as I coulde sauyng the priuy partes both of man and woman whyche for dyuers causes I wylle omytte at thys tyme fyrste because I wyll gyue no occasion to youth of wantōnes and then that I wyll offende no honeste eares in descrybynge them playnlye and seyng my promyse was to tuche but certayne partes I thinke I may as wel omyt them as a great many that I haue spoken nothyng of The .vi. Chapiter ¶ Of veynes pulses and synowes VEynes be cōdytes with thinne cotes which caryeth the thyckest blood throughout the body wherwith it is nouryshed they growe all of the liuer for the master veyne which passeth all the other in largenesse and wydenesse commeth from thence Aristotel thought y e hert to be the authour and begynner of y e veynes but Hypocrates thought otherwise and Galen also whom we folowe hath euidently confuted Aristotels opinion Pulses or arteryes be conduytes that growe of the hert and do carye vitall spiryte and some parte also of the fynest bloode therfore it was necessary that they shuld be both thycker and stronger then y e veynes lest the spirite being so fyne of substaūce myght breake out wherfore nature hath enclosed it in .ii. cotes of the whiche the inner is .v. tymes as thyck as the vtter and yet is it as thicke as any cote of y e veynes y t encloseth y e grosse and thickest blood Veynes pulses be so nygh cosyns y t there is no veyne in any part of the body without his pulse nor no pulse without his veyne to the
arteryes bycause it hath great neade of spyryte and naturall heate seinge it hath so manye dynerse mouynges and it is full of veynes that it maye be well nouryshed There is also added to it a certayne moysture lest it shoulde waxe drye bycause it is moued dayly aboue y e tunge is a pype whych the Grecyans vse to cal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the Latynistes call it Gulam the vnlearned or ignoraunt call it the wesaunt and it is a longe pype hauynge two skynnes or cootes the whych drawe downe the meate and drynke into the mawe or bagge and the vtter cote helpeth the stomacke to vomyte There is also in the former parte of the neck an other pype which to the intent that nothyng shoulde go that waye but only ayer is couered with the roote of the tunge and it is made of harde grassels ioyned togyther lyke rynges and doeth conduct onelye ayer and spirite to the lyghtes and herte being nothyng so long as the other which draweth meate and drynke downe to the stomacke or mawe and it hath a great knobbe al mooste at the ende nexte the iawe which the Grekes cal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in latyn Nodus gutturis which in Englysh is the knotte of the throte and whensoeuer we swalowe any thyng it goth vp aboue the iawe The wynde pipe is the formoost parte of the necke to the intent it maye take ayer and spyryte the easelyer And the wesaunt or meate pype for why shoulde we be ashamed of these names seynge we haue no better is put farre whythin the necke because it shulde haue the more heat howebeit we wyl omytte to speke of it vntyl suche tyme as the lyghtes and hearte wyth all that is contayned in the breaste whyche the Phisitions call the myddle bellye be declared so well as my simple wytte and learnyng wyll gyue me leaue To the loweste parte of the wynde pype for it is as well the instrumēt of brethynge as of speakyng be fastned the lyghtes whych beyng made of lyght and moste subtyle and fyne fleshe not vnlyke the fome of choleryke blood congeled hath the fygure of an oxe houfe clouen in to .ii. partes and doth compasse the hart roūd about with .v. globes .iii. on the right syde and .ii. on the lyfte And loke as the pulses doth conserre and kepe temperat the natural heat thoroweout the hole body so y e lightes preserue the hearte from choking by the receyuynge of externall ayer whyche least it shulde hurte the hart wyth colde commyng sodeynly vpon it is tempered ther before so that I can neuer wonder ynough at y e hygh and diuine prouidence of god which foreseyng al these thynges hath constitute suche an order in mannes bodye as I dare saye was neuer in any publyke weale For what publycke weale eyther is there or hathe bene syns the worlde beganne in whiche the subiectes haue bene founde euer obedient wythout all grudgynge to theyr lorde and prince were he neuer so noble or valiaūt yet in mans bodye though there be infinite subiects ther can be founde no disobedience to theyr lorde and gouerner whyche is the hearte for yf anye poyson be gathered there wythin the bodye or otherwyse whyche wyth hys venym wolde pearse the heart I praye you is not euery parte readye to defende him though it be to the vtter destruction of them al for euer and to say truthe he is worthy to haue no lesse homage or seruyce seyng he is auctor of lyfe to al the rest helpyng his subiectes seruauntes at al such tymes as they be in daunger And to the entent that no one parte myght be destitute more of help then another by reason of the distance betwene hym and his gouernour Nature hath prouyded the hart to be set so egallye in the middest of the brest as is possyble to be deuysed by al the mathematikes in the worlde whych is compassed aboute wyth a cote the whych Galen calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is made of synowes so thycke and so strong that it is softer than a bone and yet it is sufficient to defende the hearte it is tyed to the skynne which couereth the rybbes and to the mydryfe and the heart strynges conteynynge a lytle quantitie of water that neuer dryeth vp vntyll such tyme as lyfe and all naturall heat is departed from the bodye There is also a lytle fatte leaste the hearte thorough hys contynual mouynge shulde be dryed vp wythin thys foresayde cote inclosed as a mooste precious iuell the heart hauynge .ii. chambres one on the ryght syde an other on the lefte To the chambre on the right side the great mayster vayne whiche groweth on the lyuer doth brynge blood that is distributed in to .iii. partes y e subtylest and moost choleryke to the nutrimente of lyghtes The seconde parte is caryed in to the chambre of the lyfte syde where by the vertue of the heart it is formed in to vytal spirite the thyrde and last parte is reserued to the nourysshement of the hole bodye after that it hath receyued of the hearte bothe vitall heat and spirite And lyke as from the chamber of the ryght syde the greate mayster vayne bryngeth blood thorough the hole bodye so from the least chamber the master pulse bryngeth vitall spirite of the whyche the lyuer taketh hys power and facultye wherby he nourysheth the body brayn by his vertue by whych he gyueth bothe felyng and mouyng to the same I wolde not nowe that any manne shulde thynke that I do defende the errour of Aristotle whyche thought that the hert as he is author of lyfe so to be the gyuer bothe of felynge mouynge to the hole bodye for that the synowes growe of the brayne euery man hauyng hys syghte maye perceyue easelye and that they gyue bothe felynge and mouyng to the bodye ye may knowe if ye take a dogge and tye bothe hys pulses and veynes and let hym go he shal both feele runne so long as y e animal spirit lasteth whych is all redy in hys synowes but in case ye tye hys synowes he shall not be able to styre one foote Thys is a very manyfest profe that the hearte gyueth not sence and mouynge to the bodye yet as I sayde before bothe the brayne and also the lyuer take theyr power of the heart for after that the hearte hath engendered vytall spirite parte is caryed to the lyuer and parte to the brayne The lyuer of hys engendreth newe spirites called naturall the whiche he doeth distribute by hys veynes thoroghout the bodye so the nuryshement of the same The brayne also tourneth those spirites whyche he receyued of the hart in to other spirites called animall these beynge dispersed amongest the synowes is cause bothe of mouyng and feelyng Sythens that I haue accordyng to my promyse made before declared by what meanes the brayne gyueth sence and mouynge to the bodye I wyll as bryefelye as I can descrybe the residue
intent that the veynes may minister nourishmeÌ„t to the spyrites And agayne the spyrites may refresh the blood w t lyuely heate and as ye se in a laÌ„pe y e flame to be nouryshed w t oyle or waxe so y e spirit plucketh to him blood out of y e veynes with the which he is fed w t. And here as me thinke nature hath shewed vs a marueylous notable example of doinge one for an other in this ciuile lyfe Synowes growe of the brayne also of the marye of the backe bone From whence they bring sense and voluntary mouynge to all partes of the body There hath bene moche to do amongest the olde Phisitions whether the synowes haue any holownesse or coÌ„cauitie in theÌ„ to receyue the animal spirit wherwith they gyue mouyng fealing to y e body or els whether they take their power of the spirit as the lute or harpe strynge doth of the fynger howbeit it is now coÌ„cluded y t ther is none holowe but only .ii. which bring spirit to y e eyes be called Optici and y t the rest do take their power of y e spirites There grow of y e brayne .vii. paire of synowes of y e which som be distributed to y e seÌ„ses some to other partes as to y e stomake or maw and those y t growe of y e brayne be moche fyner softer thaÌ„ those y t grow of the backe which be not only y e instrumeÌ„t of seÌ„se but also of voluÌ„tary mouyng there be of theÌ„ .xxx. paire which be dispersed euery where through all y e body The .vii. Chapter ¶ Of humours ALthough that the spryng well of humours maye then best be perceyued when the maner and waye how to nourish the body is delared yet bycause we be styll occupyed in descrybynge y e partes of the body I am not wyllyng to omytte the differences of humours which be .viii. in numbre .iiii. natural and .iiii. vnnaturall The naturall is blood fleume yellowe coloure and blacke the vnnatural is the same also turned by putrifaction or els som otherwyse from theyr owne natyue qualities As concernynge the generation of the naturall humours I haue some deale mentioned before wherfore I wyll omyt at this tyme to speake or reasoÌ„ any further in that matter sauyng y e I put you in remeÌ„braunce that the same foode whych is receyued by the wesaunt into the stomake for the preseruynge of the bodye is the matter and substaunce whereby by the vertue of the liuer they be made and engendred The .viii. Chapter ¶ Of bloode BLood is hotte and moyst and the greatest parte of y t that nourysheth the body For notwythstandynge that other humours be caryed togyther with the blood to nourysshe the body as blood delayed with fleume both greatly nourysh suche partes y t be colde and moyste as the brayne and coleryke bloode the lyghtes and melancholycke blood the bones and splen yet the especiall part of the noryshment is that that is properlye called bloode For the nouryshmente ought to be swete or els delayed w t swete iuice and suche is the blood The .ix. Chapter ¶ Of fleume FLeume is a watrysh humour colde and moyst which is begone to be altered into blood and is not yet throughly coÌ„coct therfore it is whyte thynne and vnsauery not fatte nor coloured like blood it serueth to mittigate the outragyous heate of the bloude and nourysheth the blood making it thinne and beinge myngled with the blood conforteth suche partes as be flegmatik The .x. Chapter ¶ Of choler CHoler is the fome or floure of y e blood which is made of the hottest and driest partes of y e blood or iuice after that it is boyled wherfore it is also hote and drye and of a bytter taste therfore it is called of Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which in latyn is Amarê° and in Englysh bytter Natural choler is as wel red as yelowe wheÌ„ it is mixt w t the blood it openeth y e veynes doth norysh cholerike partes as the lightes nor it is not caryed al with the blood but the more part of it is reserued in the bladder vnder y e mydle globe of the liuer to clense the lowest bellye or entrayles ye maye and ye wyll call them guttes The .xi. chapter ¶ Of melancholye or blacke choler BLacke choler or melancholie is a thycke terrestrial humour that in the blood falleth downe to y e botome verye lyke vnto olde red wyne that is thicke and blacke it is colde and drye part of it is caryed with the blood both to make it thycker also to helpe and encrease the power reteÌ„tyue in the veynes and other places where it coÌ„meth and also to nourysh the melancholyke partes as the bones and splen The .xii. Chapter ¶ Of the vnnaturall humours NOughty humours be called vnnaturall they be made nought or corrupted eche of them two maner of wayes eyther bycause the substaunce of them without the admixtioÌ„ of any other doth degenerate or elles that they be myngled with suche as be alreadye putrifyed and corrupted bloode is made nought and goeth from hys kynde when he putrifieth in the veynes bycause the pores be shurt or els when he is myngled w t some other euil humour as in the dropsy where he is myxt wyth water The .xiii. Chapter ¶ Of noughty flegme or vnnaturall VNnaturall flegme is a rawe wateryshe humour colde and moyste redoundynge in that body where as is a weake concoction and it is sumtyme muche thinner than spyttle that falleth from the mouthe or nose There is an other kynde of naughtye and vnnaturall flegme whyche is salte in taste that commeth of the mixture of choler w t flegme whyche is plentiful in suche bodyes as feede for the moste parte of salte meates The xiiii Chapiter ¶ Of vnnaturall yelowe choler YElowe choler degenerateth from hys nature whan it is bourned blacke and is made thycke and bytynge or whan sumother humour is mixt wyth it as watrye flegme and this is called citrine choler Galene calleth it pale choler because it is of the colour of leade But yf it be thicke flegme wherwith it is myngled than it is called of y e latynes Uitilina bilis bycause it is lyke in coloure to the yolke of an egge of thys kynde of choler for the most parte are engendred all fyeuers tertian The .xv chapter ¶ Melancholy or blacke choler vnnaturall MElancholye or blacke choler is made vnnaturalle whan other humoures or elles it selfe is burned as drye as aâ—â—hes For Hypocrates saith that bothe blood and red choler wyl be turned soone into Melancholye whan for lacke of ayre they be smothered in the veynes the stoppyng also of the pores doth make a bodye whyche all redye is sanguine or cholerycke of nature melancholye And hereof commeth so manye kyndes of madnesse For yf Melancholy be delayed wyth a lytle blood it maketh a manne merye madde yf it be mixte wyth a