the middest Fungous and like a Pumie stone Further these hones are perforated here and there vnorderly with a sort of smal holes to the end that by them the little Tendringes or Spriggie braunches of veines and Arteries which bryng bloud for nourishment and spirite for the increase of heate and conseruation of lyfe might haue pleasauÌ„t passage And therfore be the bones of the head betwene the outmost and inner scales cauernous or hollow not onely therby to become more light but also to conteine medullous substaunce for their food and nourishment This Pumicous substaunce intersited betwene the sayd seales or crustes is the cause that some haue sayd the scull to be condited and made of two walles which they call Tables meanyng those ij crustes or scales which beyng hard and therewith a litle thicke do shut in on eche side that sayd Spongious medullous substaunce These bones are seiungated on eche side in their endes and borders obteinyng in all such places by generall appellation of the Anathomistes Sutures or Seames of which here is so much to be spoken because they are expedient in the explication of the bones of the head Now therfore of seames some be true some false which being rather in déede Commissures are more to be referred to Harmonia then Sutura But to recount vnto you by one intier direct number how many Sutures there are in the head Realdus Collumbus sayth viij if all be accompted wherof v. be false and impropper and iij. propper and true Of the true one is that in the hinder part of the head in the foundation therof where it goeth on both sides towardes the eare the goyng vp of which in the begynnyng is broad but higher and hygher ascendyng becommeth narrower like the fashion of this Gréeke letter Λ for whiche cause it hath loÌ„g tyme and still doth reteine the name accordyngly that is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 this deuideth the Bones of the temples and Sinciput from the bone of hinder part or Occiput An other is in the formost part of the head coÌ„passing the forehead like a kynde of halfe circle and is called by the name of the place 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Coronalis this seperateth likewise the Bones of Sinciput from Os frontis The thyrd Suture is that that ruÌ„neth straight on the top of the head distinguishing the right froÌ„ the left side of the head for asmuch as it lyeth straight length wise on the head froÌ„ Labdoides to Coronalis it is nominated of that GreciaÌ„s 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins Sagittalis or Rectá Sutura And this Suture is sometyme sene though some Anathomistes haue seemed doubtfull to pronounce it to augment his circuite down to the neither part of the forehead and toppe of the nose which I am not onely moued to affirme by the probabilitie of some approued authors but dare safely also auouch it by that experieÌ„ce my selâ—…e hath tasted But that princely Peripatecian Aristotle was much beceiued in making a differeÌ„ce betwixt the heades of men and women when as in déede that way there is no kynde of difference but rather mutually in the selues diuersified Therfore that rule is not to be obserued though others sinte his tyme haue not slacked to say that this Sagittalis Sutura discendeth to the nose in women but not in men or contrariwise for both is false since in either if may be found Although in déede as it is very rare or seldome No lesse is the opinion of the same Philosopher dissonant from truth in that he saith that the head of a dogge is continuall and without Sutures whereas diligence shall finde it most directly distinguished with Sutures those more elegant then in men There are besides two seames sited after the bended length of the head equally distauÌ„t from the Sagittall 〈◊〉 these are caried aboue the eares from the extremitie of the diséendent Coronalis with a certaine circular walke and in some reache downe to the lowest seat of Labdoides in others agayne not passing Mamillares These ij seames that is to say on both sides one beyng as skalie bones and conglutinate or layd on like seales are accordyngly called skalie bones the thinner part of one lyeng to the thicker part of an other and so by due proportioÌ„ ioyned together like as maybe coniectured by the sight of Fishes skales or the yron plates of a iacke one lying on an other And note that of them the outmost is much harder then the inner because it lyeth aloft and therfore nature ordained it as a defence for the other These are the lincall coagmentatioÌ„s of the two skales that kéepe the compressed sides of the head bordryng vpon the other bones or on their endes Superiacent but because their knittyng is not Suture like that is one mutually let into an other like the téeth of two sawes ioyned together and as the aboue mentioned arâ—… they are called therfore of the Greekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That is skalie CoÌ„glutinations Galen hath named them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or temporall Sutures And for that these bones do represent scales to the sides of other bones to make vp the inclosure adherent they haue no other nomination than Ossa squammosa These fiue are propper to the head Then the vj. is that which froÌ„ the extremitie of Labdoides is deduced through the middest of the stonie or hard Bones stretchyng forthwith to the foundation of the head where it meteth with the first Vertebre or turnyng ioynt and this part Galen calleth additions of Sutura Labdoides From thence agayne begynnyng vpwardes on both sides it créepeth to the hollowes of the temples euen to the endes of Coronalis whence reflected downewardes to the extreme â—…th and palate it is common both to the head and vpper iawe and comprehendeth in it the whole bone called Câ—…ale The vij deuideth the bone of the head that is numbred the viij from Os frontis seperatyng it wholly from all the partes therof The viij last Suture begynneth at the hollowes of the teÌ„ples where the vj. is reflected begynneth to descend créeping through the middle regioÌ„ of the lesser corner of the eye as also through the middest of y eyes ronÌ„dell thence tranuersly spedeth to the toppe of the nose so seuereth the vpper iawe from the forehead but in the inside of the head nere the foundation or seate Os cuneale disioyneth it selfe froÌ„ Os frontis And thus much you haue to consider of the Sutures as touchyng that that appertaineth to the outward view of them For within at all appeareth the shew of no Sutures but rather Harmonia Galen maketh relatioÌ„ how in heades varyeng froÌ„the naturall figure diuersitie among the Sutures likewise shal be fouÌ„d Which Realdus Collumbus denyeth
or broken For the greater trunke of Vena porta whereas MesenteriuÌ„ about the region of the reynes springeth from the backe is led betwene the two Membrans therof associated with an Arterie which fetcheth his beginnyng from the great Arteric before the same disperse his braunches vnto the reynes to the end it might be poured out into the intrels Hether also are extended two Nerues on eche side one made out from those braunches whiche from the vj. payre of the brayne are reached out to the rootes of the ribbes So that the same great trunke of Vena porta and the sayd Arterie together with the two Nerues do go vnder the centre of Mesenterium makyng entraunce betwene the Membrans therof which mutually cleaue togethér and afterwardes strayeng throughout all the region of Mesenterium insert them selues to the intrels by innumerable brauÌ„ches But beside this rehearsed Arterie there is an other certaine stocke deriued from the great arterie which entreth into that part of Mesenterium that vnder the region of the veynes begynneth from the backe And the exorture of this stocke is taken from the great Arterie a litle vnder the begynnyng of the seminall Arteries Furthermore euen as man euery where aboundeth with copious fatnes so likewise in Mesenterium the plenty therof is spyed by bloud there sweatyng out of the vesselles and after conuerted into fat by the nature of the Membrans So that beside the sinewes and vesselles the Membrans of Omentum conteine likewise much fatnes betwene them But beyond all fatnes there is an other thyng by nature added to Mesenterium that is a Glandulous body called in Gréeks Panchreas heretofore spoken of so substrewed and circumposed to the singular scissions of the vesselles euery where as that none of them by any mouyng may be dissolued or broken And therfore at the centre of Mesenterium where of the vessels the first distributioÌ„ is made nature hath layd this Glandulous body with all securitie to lead conduct the first deriuations most notable braunches of the vessels To the rest of Mesenterium for euery braunche she hath giuen some Glandule as a firmament of the same diuision neuer omittyng their officiall duety in moystening the guttes So that together with the beneficiall helpe of those Glandules the Membrans of Mesenterium most safely lead the vessels towardes the intestines with no lesse vtilitie byndyng the guttes to the backe and at length formally fashionyng a thyrd coate vnto them all As when the MembraÌ„s of Mesenterium deduce the vesselles to the hollow part of the guttes together with the vessels they growe vnto them but thence either of them mutually departyng créepe ouer by the sides of the guttes and degenerate into a thyrd tunicle by this occasion both byndyng them more strongly as also for the vesselles constitutyng the safer propugnacle THe next and most notable neighbour vnto the ventricle is the liuer the retainer of all concupiscible facultie whom no man for his vicinitie may deny to be greatly assistaunt vnto the same through his warme complexion and situation with the naturall nourishment of the bloud wherof who can disproue it the fountaine although Aristotle would fayne haue proued the begynnyng of bloud to be in the hart Wherfore this beyng one of the principall partes in the body leaueth vs to note how that it is first also engendred aboue other members in the body For when the Vmbelicall veyne is first engendred thereto also first cleaueth and encreaseth the liuer the first instrument of the generation of bloud It is collocated immediately vnder the midrief occupieng the greatest part of his inferiour seate but in the right side of Abdomen vnder the false ribbes in which place it is fastened with two Ligamentes of whiche the one is about the hollow beyne the other is called a Suspensorie of a certaine diuision wherein the Vmbelicall veyne is inserted These therfore do fasten the liuer vnto Septum transuersum And although it be situate in the right side as is sayd yet neuerthelesse it occupyeth a great part likewise of the left side whereas by the helpe of a strong Ligament it is connected and knit to Diaphragma It is not in figure exactly round and in man is a whole substaunce not deuided into lobes as Galen verely supposed although of that maner it be to be found in foure footed creatures And the cause why in vs y litter is whole and in them deuided Collumbus doth in this maner discusse that man being of direct straight figure fourmed by the hand of the omnipotent whith the hollow part of the liuer couereth next and immediately the ventricle which coueryng from the right to the left side occupyeth the whole Anteriour region maketh that the ventricle suffreth no cold Wherfore it is easely 〈◊〉 how finally auayllable are the vngueÌ„tes which some men minister vpon the sharpe 〈◊〉 to amend the cold intemperature of the ventricles whilest they increase but the heate of the liuer vnder lying and before hoate of nature But againe to the purpose The liuer of foure footed beastes is deuided into many lobes the apter to enclapse the ventricle as with the fingers of ones hand which if it should be whole and they goyng prone vpon the earth might by no meanes be brought to passe But in byrdes for that they rather stand vpstraight then go prone vpon the earth it is onely into two partes separated Therfore in man no where deuided at all but in the Anteriour part and out side of the liuer Whiche was necessary there to be deuided for the admission of the vmbellicall veyne Under this also where Vena porta goeth out are two small eminences necessary for the defence therof lest the veyne by the body of the Vertebres at any tyme should be compressed But neuerthelesse these eminences are neither to be called Lobes Fibres nor wynges The liuer hauyng two partes the one exteriour and the other interiour hath the outer Gibbous or voâ—…ed forth and smooth but the other hollow and roughe like water bankes And that because that vnderneath it is placed the round bounched veÌ„tricle It is circundated and enwrapped with a thinne Membran of Peritonaeum wherfore the extremities therof are not voyde of féelyng It is in substaunce nothyng els but a heape of crudded bloud intertexed with 〈◊〉 veynes and some Arteries and is a great member the prince of Abdomen Wherein some haue supposed naturall spirites to be engendred but that sentence is not allowed for to be the fountaine of bloud as is aforesayd nature dedicated his office Neither do I suppose that any man in these dayes doubteth it to be the head originall and roote of all the veynes IN the hollow part wherof spryngeth a veyne called of the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the
Peritonaeum is also together with the coate growne to the infeririour part of the vessell that carieth séede from the Testicle This coate besides that it fitly couereth the Testicle and holdeth it suspended by the benefite of that Muscle draweth vpward the Testicle as with a certaine voluntarie mouyng By occasion of this Muscle that is to say because it is red as the rest of the flesh that coate is called Erithroeides The second is vnder this and nearer to the Testicle by the meanes and interuenture wherof the vessels to be committed to the Testicle do grow thereto For there this coate is slacker thinner and softer where that vessels are fastened to it then the whole compasse els For to the higher part of this coate a veyne and arterie bringyng bloud and spirite to the Testicle do growe and there also many braunches perforatyng this same coate do make incurse into the substaunce of the Testicle In the posteriour part this coate all after the length therof hath strongly growne to it all the foldes of the vesselles caryeng séede coueryng the Testicle there also beyng broken into with many holes not easie to be sene Ech where els on the outside it is smooth washed ouer with a watrie humor and knit wholly to no part on the inside it groweth euery where to the substaunce of the Testicle This coate with the auncient Gréekes is called Dartos The first professours of Anathomie which named the Testicles Didimoi haue called it sayth Vesalius Epididimos Collumbus not onely not subscribeth hereto that is to say that this Epididimos and next of all encloseth the substaunce of the Testicle but sayth flatly there be in propper coates to the Testicle how soeuer Uesalius sought them as Erithroeides Dartos which two are now lately described and Epididimos which Epididimos he alloweth not to be the auncient name of Dartos but of the thyrd tunicle which doth immediatly bewrappe the substaunce of the testicle beyng white in colour and in makyng thicke that it might playne appeare those to haue erred which called Epididimos that foldyng together of the vessels that appeareth aboue the Testicle TO either of the Testicles singular veynes and arteries are brought one differyng from an other in begynnyng for the veyne commyng to the right testicle fetcheth his begâ—…nning from the trunke of Vena caâ—…a lower then the goyng forth of those veynes that are reached to the kidneys yet goeth not forth at the right side of the same stocke but out of the superiour and fore part therof a litle to the right side declinyng and by litle litle reached oblique towardes the right side and stayed by Peritonaeum is caried downward The veyne of the left Testicle doth not borow his begynnyng from the stocke of Vena caua but springyng forth much higher then the right breaketh out of the lower seat of the left Emulgent veyne Sundry Anathomistes heretofore seyng such diuersitie in the exorture of these veynes imagined that the left seminall veyne was so begon from the 〈◊〉 for that it was necessary that a false humour were caried to the testicles by the long tricklyng wherof by the way to styrre vp in the tyme of 〈◊〉 such great delectation Collumbus notwithstandyng confuteth wholly this opinion in these worâ—… I haue knowne many who hauyng lost their left Testicle to 〈◊〉 whole of that kinde of rupture called Intestinalis haue confessed and sworne vnto me diligently enquâ—…yng that in the same act they enioyed the 〈◊〉 pleasure as before tyme they had found Some Anathomistes therfore haue not knowne how to discusse this case I meane for the vnlike exorture of the seminall â—…eynes others haue omitâ—… to speake therof but Collumbus as his custome is endeuoryng to cure the 〈◊〉 of doubtfull myndes hath excogitated a propper reason and that beareth likelihood of truth These are his wordes for asmuch as these seminall veynes are very slender and litle and that the great arterie is situated so neare to Vena caua on the left side which arterie neuer in liuyng bodies ceasseth to moue great and euident daunger was eminent that this slender veyne in those continuall mouynges should be broken Which prudent nature waying to 〈◊〉 such inconâ—…ditie willed that the left seminall veyne might froÌ„ the Emulgent be fetched not from the trunke of Vena caua least in desceÌ„se it should lye vpon the great arterie THese seminall Ueynes in this order goyng downeward are committed to Peritonaeum by Fibrous knittings which in degeneratyng make theÌ„ an other coate And to either of these veynes the felowshyp of an arterie is committed for the begynnyng of both the arterics is lower then of the veyne goyng to the right Testicle they are taken forth in the middest of the anteriour part of the great arterie one directly agaynst an other and neare themselues and the right crossiâ—… obliquely ouer the trunke of Uena caua so desceÌ„deth and hastneth downwardes to the veyne of the right Testicle The left commyng to the veyne on his side is sometyme wantyng sayth Uesalius and for that the veyne of the left testicle is larger farre then of custome But to spryng out of the arterio of the left kidney is scarse at any tymesene although to chaunce sometyme it is not impossible The right veyne and arterie the like is to be vnderstode of the vessels on the left side beyng together after a space so contingent and mutually growyng together as that most elegantly this word of the Grecians Anastomosis may be to them applyed although the like may be sene also in sundry veynes and arteries in the body and chiefâ—… in the armes legges they lye to Peritonaeum tyed with Fibrous or Membranous knittynges and in bended sort reachyng downe the right side are caried aboue that passage which bringeth Urine from the right kidney to the bleddar in their progresse pouryng out very small twistes and slender surcles to Peritonaeum but so soone as these vesselles are come to that part of Os pubis whereas the 〈◊〉 of the Muscles inouyng the thigh is caried aboue the huckbone downewardes toward the lesser or inner Procèsse of the thigh there I say those vessels neare to Peritonaeum do pearse through the side of the same Muscle so slipping forth of the large scope or amplitude of PeritonaeuÌ„ fall downe to the peculiar coate of the Testicle together with a litle Nerue produced sometyme from a braunch of the 〈◊〉 payre of sinewes of the brayne lent out among the rootes of the ribbes but other whiles from the xxj payres of the Nerues of the Spinall marey Morcouer the hole of Peritonaeum that thus transmitteth the vessels with the Nerue is not so euident as if one should put a penne in the mouth or strike it through a paper but Peritonaeum most exactly groweth to the sides of the vessels
excretion of séede BUt the Glandulous body in whiche the vessels Deferentia after their mixyng together are inserted whiche also they call Glandulae Parastatae as is lately sayd is reposed in the lower part of the bleddar in the middest after a sort betwene the body of the bleddar and necke therof It is one body and moreouer greater then the Testicles them selues albeit not exactly round for before behynd it is depressed but on the sides round as a bowle Through the middest therof the conduit of the bleddar procéedeth whiche is in this place somewhat more large and ample then in the rest of the progresse but not pearsed through of the vessels bringyng séede that manifestly can be séene but onely rough vnequall and wrinkled chiefly in the posteriour part where the goyng in of the bringyng vessels sometyme to the diligent dissecters are playnly apparaunt NOw it resteth to expresse the vses of these singular described partes It is euident to all men that the substaunce of the Testicles by a peculiar facultic begotten to them selues doth make séede of that matter which the veynes and Arteries bryng and carie throughout the Testicle as doe the Ueynes through the liuer the bloud But the best portion of the bloud and spirite the veynes and arteries of the Testicles do 〈◊〉 with a long 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wrethed with innumerable reuolutions to the perfect 〈◊〉 of matter for the makyng of séede Neither is that same brought into any one large 〈◊〉 made in the Testicles to receiue it but is distributed into most small vessels made of the same so thinne a coate dispersed through out the substaunce of the Testicle And like as is sayd of the substauâ—… of the liuer so likewise the substaunce of the Testicle by his insâ—…ted facultie addeth vnto the bloud and spirite conteined in his vessels the perfect Nature of sâ—…de And this force in men is the cause of strength and manhode and in women if so we may say of womanhode Furthermore the séede prepared of the Testicles innuâ—… though very small porie wayes do reach into the foldes of the bringyng â—…ell growyng to the Testicle thence agayne out of both the Testicles â—…yng séede to be 〈◊〉 iaculated and cast forth into the matrice But the bringyng vessell is aboue the Testicle writhen with so many turnes and wâ—…dynges to the end that sooner and in more copious sort it might receiue séede from the Testicles as also that the séede from it might likewise obtaine some-elaboration But the applantation of this vessell to the testicle with most strete and small holes is brought to passe by the interuenture of the inner coate of the Testicle because the vessell is hard strong and thicke for so it was requisite to beare out iniuries but contrariwise the substauÌ„ce of the Teâ—…icle to be slacke and soft So that prudent Nature either here or els where hath not ioyned in one those which in essence were contraries except onely by the meane of some indifferent substaunce put as a mediatour of frendshyp and amitie betwâ—… them In how much therfore the inner coate of the Testicle is in hardnes inferiour to the vessell bringyng séede therein the same coate by so much agayne surmounteth the Testicles although not round about but onely in that place where the seminarie vessels grow to it For here it is softer then any where els and pearsed through with small holes as is sayd Neither doth this vessell growe to the Anteriour but posteriour part of the Testicle that now whilest it may reach or containe the confected séede for the Testicle alone doth confect it it might be reposed in a saâ—…er place vsing the Testicle in place of a propugnacle And by the same reason when the vessell entreth into Peritonaeum vnder the Ueyne and Arterie it is worthely hidde that it might conteine séede with bloud and spirite of which the séede is more perfectly prepared Finally the right vessell doth coite and ioyne with the left and so both into the necke of the bleddar are insinuated that atonce the séede of both the Testicles might be proiected and cast into the wombe The vse of the Glandulous body is to moysten the way of Urine and séede and to be as an vnderset or proppe like as of the wayes digested through it from the bringyng vessels so also of the Ueynes Arteries and Nerues distributed to the body and necke of the bleddar yea and peraduenture may séeme to adde vnto the séede a certaine perfection and to be expedient for the generation therof sayth Vesalius BUt besides vnto man for the apt acte of generation the omnipotent maker hath giuen a member called in Latin Coles penis mentula virga or Pudendâ—… virile in English the yard most fit for the effusion of séede into the wombe which in the tyme of carnall societie ought to be swelled stiffe and erected but so to remayne at all other tymes it should become vnapt to vse and easely iniuried no otherwise then if the hand should alway be borne extended When as therfore it was behofull that sometyme it should be slacke slender and short and at other tymes extended and swelled it séemed expedient that the yard were made of two bodyes large and hollow within as a sponge which should beyng filled with spirite be erected produced and notably swelled but the same spirite once dissolued they incontinent become slacke narrow together fagde and shorter The figure and situation thereof to all is well knowne but the substaunce to very fewe although most worthy to be knowne not consistyng in vulgar speculation For in man the substaunce of the yard is not bony like as in a Wolfe Foxe or Dogge for in vs if it should haue bene so it must néedes haue bene continually stiffe and hard as a sticke which in sundry causes must néedes haue bene an impediment vnto vs. Neither is it Cartilaginous nor of a Ligamentall substaunce nor Musculous nor sinewy neither a Ueyne Arterie nor Membran Although of these some appertaine to the makyng therof But none of these taken alone was applied to the makyng of the yard Neither could they haue shewed for what cause parent Nature had begotten the same For it was not onely done for the emission of Urine but to eiaculate séede into the matrice for procreation sake For this cause as also is sayd before in man the yard was made of a certaine substaunce which may either be erected or enfeblish made stiffe or bendyng It is therfore I say of very right spongious rare and porie almost like the substaunce of the Splene albeit Nature hath endewed it with thicke Ligamâ—… which together with the rare substaunce of the yard take their begynnyng from the inferiour part of Os pubis not from the superiour as Galen supposed and hauyng in the fundament a sleshy begynnyng stretcheth forthwith towardes the vpper
partes but about the middest of Os pubis the right begynnyng with the left is vnited and ioyneth together then beyng inflected downward are implanted to the borders of Glans whiche Glans is harder then the other partes of the yard The right Ligament with the left after the length of the yard is vnited But because the substauÌ„ce of the yard did then consist but of a rare and porie ioyning or settyng together and for that it could be litle apt to the necessary erection in coiture since scarse sufficient helpe was purchaced by the onely benefite of the Ligamentes prouident Nature poured forth two Arteries through these aforesayd bodyes which are from the roote of the yard caryed euen to the extreme end of Glans but so as that by the way almost an infinite number of braunches are dispersed When lust therefore styrreth to the generation of a new man she poureth forth great force of spirites throughout those Arteries hearie braunchynges by whose helpe the same substaunce before wrinkled weake and bendyng is now lifted vp erected made stiffe and hardned But the Ligamentes aforesayd do as it were propper and vnderset the same beyng of them selues thicke both for this sayd cause as also least the spirites should ouer hastely vanish away beyng wasted These Arteries and their offices Collumbus boasteth no man before hym to haue rightly knowne by whiche also sayth he nourishment is brought vnto the yard whilest elles in the yard is no Ueyne nor any Nerue notwithstandyng that Uesalius is of cleane contrary opinion Beside these partes hetherto decided which Nature deuised for the framyng of this instrument there are also foure Muscles which in the second booke of this History are sufficiently spoken of There is besides that common way or passage destined both to séede and 〈◊〉 which vnder these two bodyes is conuayed nether is it any thyng els sayth Collumbus if it be rightly wayed saue the substauÌ„ce of the bleddar lengthned out to the end of the yard All these are couered ouer and clothed with Cuticula Cutis and Carnea 〈◊〉 without fatnes altogether which here for motion sake is wantyng lest supernaturally therewith encreasing it might be greuous to the matrice The extreme part of the yard is called Praeputium beyng that skinne wherewith Glans is couered so in the acte of venerie now vpward now downeward to the exceedyng delectation of the Female moueâ—… this is that whiche the Hebrues in tyme of Circumcision lose The lyne vnder the yard marchyng after the length therof is called in Latin Sutura for so it represeuteth the fashion of a seame As the part betwene the inuolucre of the Testicles or purpose of the stones and the fundament is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That is Interfoeminium But because I am from the begynnyng perswaded that by liftyng vp the vayle of Natures secretes in womens shapes I shall commit more indecencie agaynst the office of Decorum then yeld needefull instruction to the profite of the common sort I do here ordaine the vi rest of these my labours ⧠An ende of the Historie of the Generatiue partes ¶ Of the History of Man the vij Booke of the makyng of the hart and of the Instrumentes ministryng to his function commonly called The Vitall or Spirituall partes BEfore you all whosoeuer you are most attentiue Readers I fréely protest that hetherto my penne hath not wauered in the doubtfull balaunce of ambiguitie but passed the playne pathe of truth guided by the footesteppes of my forerunners till now at length beyng come to a place somewhat ascendyng as they that will attayne to the scope of their desire must not refuse the hill with the dale I finde the steppes of some willingly yeldyng to so tedious a iourney others with senses vnappalled to haue plowed a path directly ouer the mouÌ„taine here I see one willingly walking a contrary way and there an other praysing their endeuours but protestyng him selfe onely to haue light in the nearest way So that here no maruell though I should stand amased and as one plunged in the depth of contrary streames For Galen Vesalius diuers others as touchyng the instrumentes that restore the ayrie substaunce whiche continually waste and refreshe the innated heate are contented to affirme that of the ayre drawen in by the lunges part is receiued by the surcles and braunches of the veniall Arterie and there hence beyng prepared by the elaboration of the lunges is by the same vessell caryed into the left ventricle of the hart where metyng with the bloud lately strayned through the hedge betwene the ij ventricles it doth together by the workyng of the hart ordaine that famous composition the vitall spirite Contrariwise Realdus Collumbus sayth that the bloud sent from the right ventricle of the hart by the arteriall Ueyne into the lunges there takyng the mixture of ayre is drawne by the veniall arterie into the left ventricle of the hart whereas beyng almost made before it is now perfected vitall spirite Albeit I am not ignoraunt how lately both these assertions are denyed Leonardus Botallus prouyng that bloud is brought into the left Uentricle an other way that is by a propper Ueyne that is found somewhat aboue the coronall Ueyne neare adioyning to the right auricle thence with direct tract marchyng to the left which contrarietie notwithstandyng lest I should séeme to confound the History of the vital members I haue thought good to describe the partes after the best approued and that in such wise as there shall appeare therein great perspicuitie and likehode of truth Yet not that I meane to reiect Botallus although he hath neither distinctly set downe the deriuation of that Ueyne neither apertly the insertion therof but because the labour of him shal be lesse that endeuoureth alone to stoppe the runnyng streame accomptyng any duety none right curteous Reader in describing the partes to haue forewarned thée of this late inuention To the which description that I may briefly come I will omit further circuÌ„stauÌ„ces onely to do away obscuritie I meane that the whole be not maymed by wantyng part it behoueth to begyn at the pannicle coueryng the ribbes thence to the other partes conteined within the capacitie of the brest THe coate therefore or Membran to all the ribbes beside the xij on ech side occupyed with the implantation of the midreif and to the whole brest bone vnderreached and coueryng the bodyes of the Vertebres of the brest and the vp per part of the midreif towardes the ampiitude of the brest is named in Latin Succingens and commonly called Pleara In the posteriour part it toucheth along from the first Vertebre of the brest downe to the xj out of which region consisteth that part of the midreif that transmitteth the great arterie but in the forepart it desâ—…udeth from the cannell bone to the lower
in dead and liuing bodies doth testifie it selfe THe hart within this inuolucre closed beyng the fountaine of vitall heate and perfector of vitall spirites after they are laboured in the lunges as before is touched is also the originall roote of all Arteries but not of Nerues neither Ueynes as fondly some haue fabled THe figure of the hart is not much vnlike the pine nutte but somewhat depressed that is to say hauyng a broader foundation but endyng by litle and litle at a poynt somewhat sharper then the pine nutte is much more long then thicke All the exteriour face therof from the foundation or seate to the extreme part of the poynt is very euen and smooth growyng to no part at all Notwithstandyng the braunches of the coronall Ueyne runnyng from the seate to the poynt of the hart with the fellowshyp of their Arteries which swellyng with bloud do cause a litle inequalitie but not much because the greatest portioÌ„ of their bodyes is impressed within the substaunce of the hart so likewise doth the fat wherewith mans hart aboundeth enduce some inequalitie but the foundation of the hart for the goyng forth of the vessels is euery where vnequall For to the right side therof the right auricle together with Vena caua the arteriall veyne is committed But it hath on the left side the left auricle and besides the veniall arterie the begynnyng of the great arterie Of which more at large hereafter THe hart although it was of sapient nature situated in the brest yet not in the middest of the body for the centre is onely occupyed of the nauell nor in the middest of the brest as Aristotle supposed and the common people at this day do thinke For onely the seate of the hart which since it is the originall of the vessels is supposed the most noble part exactly obtaineth the middest of the right and left side of the brest both beholdyng the anteriour posteriour partes For so farre it is distaunt from the brest bone as it is in space from the bodyes of the Vertebres Of the longitude of the brest which is constituted of xij ribbes it respecteth the body of the fift Vertebâ—…e But in the anteriour region of the brest which is ended by the longitude of the brest Bone it obtaineth truly the middest beyng so much remoued from the Cannell bone as distaunt from that part of the brest bone whereto the midreif is inserted And thus in his seate this noble part is safely situated beyng much remoued froÌ„ the iniuries which outwardly might happen From which part the rest of the body of the hart by litle and litle is so reached forth towardes the anteriour partes and into the left side as that the posteriour part of his point bendeth more to the brest and forwardes then the centre or â—…ddest of the fouÌ„dation and the right part of the poynt beyng more to the left side theÌ„ the middest of the same seate excéedeth the middest of the brest bone into the left side and the centre or pricke of the poynt respecteth the Cartilages of the vj. or vij ribbes on the lest side where they are bound vnto the brest bone Furthermore it lyeth so apt for the embracing of the lobes of the lungâ—…s as most readely the vessels might from the one to the other be conuayed THe chief substaunce of the hart doth consist of flesh not altogether so red as the flesh of the Muscles but in hardnes thicknes interwearyng of Fibres much varyeng from it For the flesh of the hart is much harder and thicker to beare out iniuries farre more able for so it was expedient consideryng his motion and finally with diuers kyndes of most stroÌ„g Fibres endewed whereas the flesh of Museles is not so firme but contented with foure Fibres that is for the most part one kynde and those more strewyngly set accordyng to their required actioÌ„ as in the history of Muscles whence the errour of those is detected who soeuer they are that affirme the hart to be of Musculous substaunce THrée sortes therfore of Fibres are coÌ„teined in the flesh of the hart that is to say straight oblique and transuerse The straight we call those which from the foundation are caried to the poynt of the hart Those transuerse which in crosse or compassing wise goe about the hart and those oblique that choose their course more slopewise then the others The flesh of the hart auayleth to the principall functions therof which especially consist in the makyng of vitall spirite or in makyng perfect the same after the labour of the lunges as Collumbus assureth vs. The Fibres serue to an other function for by them the hart whilest the creature liueth is dilated and contrahed and somewhiles resteth betwene contractioÌ„ and dilation Moreouer they serue to the mouyng of the hart which is naturall and nothyng subiect to our will as thus the straight for attraction the trásuerse for expulsion and the oblique for retention And these motioÌ„s of the hart are called Diastole and Sistole and Diastole when the hart in his dilatation receiueth in of spirite like as Sistole is when the hart by constriction putteth forth the same THe seate of the hart is compassed round about which the Ueyne called Coronalis that so the hart might be nourished by his bloud to the which Ueyne also is ioyned in felowship the arterie called Coronalis which is yet to describe and which sometyme are ij to the end that by meanes and helpe therof the substauÌ„ce of vitall heat might be quickned Wherefore sayth Collumbus some man may doubt yea by the premisses frame a sufficient argument to proue that the vitall spirites are not begotteÌ„ in the hart but in the lunges Albeit he referreth the case to the more sapient Philosophers to discufse And so it shal be sufficient here truly to describe the partes of the body how they are to what vse created least I meddle ouer farre in such misteries To the seate moreouer of the hart is offred a litle Nerue procéedyng from the left sinew of the vâ—… payre from the brayne whereas it constituteth the left recurrent Nerue For this pearsing through the seate of the hart his inuolucre and reached forth to the left side and posteriour part of the arteriall Ueyne créepeth very obscurely into the foundation of the hart and that onely for the féelyng of annoyaunces THe coate that groweth closse vnto the substauÌ„ce of the hart is altogether aunswerable to that Membran whiche fo firmely groweth to the bellyes of the Muscles I meane that most thinne Membran which from the substaunce of the Muscles may not be plucked Upon which coate in maÌ„ chiefly groweth plenty of hard fat but that most commoÌ„ly about the seate of the hart though sometyme it be effused euen downe to
obserueth from the seate down to the point No otherwise then as the figure of the hart is made also from his seate narrower The left Uentricle also begynneth with a large seate but by litle and litle becommeth streter towardes the poynt of the hart obtaining as touching the whole Superfice a round cauitie like a Pincapple For the hedge that is betwene the Uentricles of the hart on the left side wherewith it maketh the right of the left Uentricle is hollow contrary to the other side which bouncheth into the right Uentricle and hath equall thickenes and nature with the substaunce of the hart constitutyng the anteriour and posteriour partes of the left Uentricle But the whole substaunce of the hart beside of the hedge of the Uentricles constitutyng the amplitude of the right Uentricle is very thinne But that which effourmeth and compasseth about the left Uentricle surmounteth much in thicknes the substaunce of the right Uentricle and is euery where a like thicke sauyng the seate onely where for the insertion of the vessels so much substaunce must needes wāt as the amplitude of the Orifices do occupy space The Superfice or inside of both the Uentricles is very vnequall and beset as it were with many causes déepely impressed into the fleshy substaunce Neither do these consist onely in the sides where the right ventricle respecteth the left but round about throughout the whole Superfice of the ventricle and that not onely in new dissected bodies but perpetually apparaūt as oft as you lust to behold the hart neither at any tyme not appearyng in a dryed hart besides this inequalitie which in the left ventricle is something greater both of them haue inwardly certaine fleshy explantations or Processes which are round and slender and ceasse into Membranous Fibres continuall or ioyned to the lower seate of the Membrans in their borders reposed These Processes are chiefly discerned fleshy at the poynt or lower part of the Uentricles which make to the strength of the Fibres which they conteyne That through the hedge situated betwene these two Uentricles bloud should passe as it were by resudation from the right into the left Uentricle almost all Anathomistes hetherto haue affirmed And that the same in passage also should be made thinner for the more easie generation of vitall spirites But very wyde they wander sayth Collumbus For the bloud through the arteriall Ueyne is caried to the lunges whence beyng attenuated it is caried by the veniall arterie into the left Uentricle of the hart together with ayre which no man before his tyme noted or at least haue left extant MOreouer about the seate or foundation of the hart foure vessels are apparaunt two to the right Uentricle and two to the left in the right the hollow Ueyne and arteriall Ueyne but in the left the great arterie Aorta and the veniall arterie Notwithstandyng estéeme not as many suppose that the hollow veyne doth spryng from thence for it goeth not into the hart as falsely they imagine but beyng deuided or cleft a sunder in that place cleaueth onely to the Orifice of the right Uentricle The arteriall veyne neither springeth from the hart but from the liuer For note if we behold the same whilest the infant as yet is shrouded within the mothers wombe we shall finde the hollow veyne to be continuall with the arteriall Ueyne In somuch therfore as it is a Ueyne it fetcheth the begynnyng from the liuer but as touchyng that it is arteriall frō the hart For of all artcries the hart is the fountaine It goeth to the lunges to carie bloud for the nourishment of the instrument and to the end that the same may be altered for the hart Sufficient great is this arteriall Ueyne yea much greater then was néedfull if the bloud had bene onely to be caried to the lunges in so small spáce aboue the hart It is deuided into two trunkes or notable braunches both to the right and to the left lunges thence forth into sundry braunches as before is sayd in the lunges The arterie named Aorta which of all other arteries is the mother springeth from the left Uentricle of the hart and riseth vpward But before we prosecute the description of this arterie it séemeth méete to speake of the veniall arterie set to the left ventricle of the hart it is called an arterie in that it serueth to spirites and arteriall bloud but a veyne because it hath the body or substaūce of a veyne It is a vessel sufficient large which also through the lunges is deuided like the arteriall veyne The opinion of other Anathomistes is that the vse of these diuisions of this vessell into the lunges is to cary vnto the lunges the altered ayre which are as a fanwynde to the hart to coole the same they supposing also that then the lunges do receiue certaine I know not what fumes frō the left ventricle And this inuētion doth meruailously delight them because they imagine that in the hart surely the like is accustomed to be done as in chimneyes as though in the hart were gréene stickes which whilest they burne do make a smoke or fume Thus much Collumbus writeth accordyng to the sentence of other Anathomistes But he him selfe iudgeth cleane an other way as thus that this veniall arterie is made to cary from the lunges bloud mixt with ayre into the left Uentricle of the hart Which thyng sayth he is as true as that which is most true not onely beyng apparant to euery inspection of dissected bodyes but manifest also in quicke diffections of creatures how full of bloud this Ueyne is alway founde which could not be so if it had bene made onely for ayre and vapours It is to be noted that in the Orifices of the iiij vessels at the seate of the hart xi Membrās do stand called Trisulcae or iij. edged that is to say iii. to Vena caua 〈◊〉 to the arteriall veyne iij. to the arterie Aorta ii to the veniall arterie which are not all in figure alike For those which are put to the hollow veyne veniall arterie are diuerse in fourme from the Membrans of the great arterie and arteriall veyne For the Membrans of these are like iij. of those letters which the Latins call C but the others are like arrowes The vse of these is meruailous and by their meanes we learne and perceiue many thynges that appertaine to the knowledge of the functions both of the hart and lunges Know therfore that as they are in figure diuers so their vtilitie not all a like The wickettes therfore for so they may not much vnaptly be termed of the hollow veyne and veniall arterie are sited from within forth as seruyng to the emission of bloud but the wickettes of the other ii vessels contrariwise from without forth or inward that so they might séeme vnto vs to be made for the conteining of included bloud This also note that those litle wickets which from within forth
are opened abound here and there with certaine filmentes or threedes dispersed through the ventricles made so to hold and strengthen them By which filmentes peraduenture Aristotle was deluded supposing them to be Nerues so therfore he assigned the hart to be the roote of Nerues and consequently of féelyng and mouyng But to returne to the foure vessels two of them are made to carie into the hart whilest that hart is dilated but the other ii to beare forth in the time of constriction When the hart therfore is dilated it receiueth bloud from the hollow â—…eyne into the right ventricle as also from the veniall arterie prepared bloud and spirite into the left ventricle Therfore those Membrans lye downe and yeld to goyng in For whilest the hart is coarcted these are shut left any thyng they haue receiued should returne or go backe agayne the same wayes and at the same instaunt the Membrans of the great arterie and arteriall veyne are opened and giue way to the goyng forth of the ayerie bloud which throughout the whole body is dispersed and to the naturall bloud caried forth to the lunges The matter therfore is alway so that when the hart is dilated the Membrans first mentioned are opened and the rest shut So that you shall finde the bloud which is now gone into the right ventricle not able any more to go backe agayne into the hollow veyne By which sense we gather that the hart by no meanes is that member wherein bloud is engendred as Aristotle sayth when as the bloud is from Vena caua distributed This moreouer know for a suretie that in the hart of man is no bone to be found although in Oxen Horses and such great creatures it may be shewed but in man no such thyng except it chaunce that in very aged persons the like be inuented as in the History of bones I haue protested my selfe once to haue found Onely a Cartilaginous substaunce at the roote of the great arterie towardes the arteriall veyne is sene whiche a Bone in no wise may be called although Galen him selfe would haue it so whose sentence partly I haue set forth in the place afore cited Suppose this assertioÌ„ most approued in Anathomie that all arteries procéede from the hart euen as all â—…eynes from the liuer all Nerues from the brayne From the left Uentricle of the hart therefore springeth that arterie named Aorta of all other arteries in the body the mother In quantitie it is sufficient large and in substaunce thicke and white The cause of the thicknes is first least the bloud with filled spirite should easely vanishe and wast and secondly least it in mouyng should be broken For the Arterie moueth continually yet not by it selfe but through spirites AFter that Aorta is gone forth from the hart immediately it bringeth forth a small arterie called the coronall because it compasseth about the seate of the hart to quicken and refresh his substaunce in which it is diuersly disseminated albeit you haue to note by the way that in some bodyes this coronall arterie is not onely one but ij and so Vesalius describeth it but further ascendyng it is deuided into ij trunkes or stockes one greater the other lesser the greater desceÌ„deth the lesser ascendeth that trunke is made the greater which I say doth descend for that the great portion of the body was to be reuiued therewith The trunke ascending putteth forth an arterie from the left side which is called the Axillaris arteria which stretcheth forth obliquely towardes the armehole and sendeth braunches to the superiour ribbes and goyng forth to the arme choseth his iourney after the inside to mate himselfe with the inner Basilica but sendyng a braunche vpwardes commaundeth others to all those Muscles which are about the shoulder the scapple bone and his cauitie not faylyng the anteriour partes of the brest nor the Glandules vnder the armehole But the trunke of Arteria axillaris descendeth straight through the inner region of the shoulder downe to the boughte of the cubite and before it passe this part it giueth out a litle Arterie to accompany the fourth Nerue of the arme whiche Arterie is among the Muscles distributed that serue to extend the cubite but so soone as it hath passed the bought of the cubite it is deuided into two sometyme into thrée arteries yet first it leuyeth litle arteries to those Muscâ—…es that are in the shoulder and cubite and one braunche goeth neare to that Ligament that is set betwene Cubitus and Radius and being gone forth marcheth to the externe Muscles The remnant foloweth the longitude of the cubite which after it hath flowed beyond vnder the inner transuerse Ligament of the wrest in the palme of the hand it is diuers wayes deuided and to the extremities of the fingers deuided but an other braunch tendeth towardes Radius after his conductyng and so soone as it is past the midâ—…est of the cubite it ariseth betwene two Muscles and goeth vnder the skinne by the inner part of Radius This is that braunch whose mouyng Phisitions are accustomed to féele when they lay hold of the wrest to take counsell at the pulse By the way notwithstandyng I wish thée this to note that in some persons this braunch is diuersly placed so that to be the same whiche hetherto we haue spoken of thou mayest take occasion to doubt in that it is sometyme caried on that outside So that what Phisition soeuer vnexpert in Anathomie shall in the accustomed place chiefly in a sicke body onely séeke for the pulse and can not finde it he will iudge vntruly death to be neare that person and so prognosticate falsely Albeit no man may deny but that very seldome it is otherwise situated for in déede for the most part it doth occupy the inside This moreouer so soone as it departeth from the wrest it procéedeth through the outside to the extremities of the fingers An other braunch neare to the Ligament is caried This trunke afterwardes ascendyng this Axillaris arteria beyng now dispersed it is cut into ij arteries called Carâ—…tidas or Seporarias which through the laterall partes of the necke are straight caried to the seate of the scull cleauyng to Aspera arteria fixed to the inner veynes called Iugulares But before they enter into the Scull they send ij arteries to the face beyng deuided vnder the neither iawe they impart of the smaller sort to the Muscles of the necke of the head of Larinx of Hyoides and of the toung But the two braunches which are the greater caried to the toung are caried throughout his loÌ„gitude to the extremitie therof which iourney beyng atchieued they ascend vnder the eare and both before beside the same are to the temporall Muscles eleuated so then beyng to the forehead to the skinne of the head and to the Muscles of the face distributed The other arme or bowe therof which to be caried backwardes we haue affirmed is
as it were the gate or entraunce for the Ueynes sensible Fibres of the body to passe through for sense and nourishment vnto the skinne Of force it must be very sensible not onely in respect of the Fibres that come through but principally because it selfe is most of sinewy substaunce For it may be that in children it be fleshy but in elder persons it retaineth small fleshynes haue that in respect of other Membrans it séemeth somewhat more fleshy as partly already is touched AFter this appeareth in Abdomen and as it were deuidyng it in the middest a line and round pitte called the nauell of the Latins Vmbelicus and the lyne or hollow tyeng from it for the whitenes therof Linea Alba the white lyne or of some the Vmbelicall Ueyne This Nauell Galen and Aristotle supposed to be situate in the middest of the body but Vesalius contrary thereto with many I will not say friuolous reasons repugneth which Collumbus agayne hath surely suppressed affirming that of right it occupyeth the middle part of the body since whilest we are in the wombe of our mother we are nourished thereby and by the same also put fourth our excrementes The begynnyng hereof is at the Matrice and springyng vpward to the nauell passeth in therby to the liuer and endeth in Venapâ—…rta But the Arteries for so it is the receptacle of iiij notable vessels inserted to the nauell and reached downward to the sides of the bottome of the bleddar are continuall with the braunches of the great Arterie after the principall diuision therof aboue Os sacrum For the Arteries makyng entraunce into the nauell are vnited to the stockes of the great Arterie whiche descend into the legges as hereafter shal be expressed more fitly By the benefite of the vmbelicall Ueyne the child in the wombe is nourished and by the office of the Arteries is replenished with insited heate vitall spirite There is a fourth vessell called Orrachos which begynneth at the bottome of the bleddar and serueth to draw the Urine from the byrth And this together with the other vessels the midwiues do cut of neare to the belly so that after the infant be borne saue that it remaineth as a certaine corde or bande vnto the body we finde not any notable vse therof AS for the Muscles of Abdomen which in the Hystorie of Muscles are so copiously handled I commit thée to the reading of the second booke But here because no where els we haue described the nature of fleshes which so plentifully bewrapped the frame of man ech where clad therewith it shall not be amisse to say somewhat to the end we ouerscape nothyng worthy or néedefull to be declared vnto the yonger sort Fâ—…esh therfore is a simple member neither solid nor absolutely moyste but thicker then the moyste partes and softer then the dry It is begotten of bloud meanely dryed whereby it hapneth that bodyes aboundyng with bloud be very corpulent and fleshy So necessary it is vnto the body as that nature hath left no part destitute thereof the brayne excepted but either is in them conteined or neare vnto them adioyned fulfillyng so all the partes of the body like the plaster or dawbe vnto the laâ—…ted house Of the flesh are sondry diuisions diuerfly set downe by sondry Authors heretosore as some of them affirme thrée kyndes of which that is the true and simple flesh whiche groweth in the gummes of the téeth and head of the yard The second is vniuersally mixed with the Muscles beyng euery where compounded with sinewy Fibres and diuerse substaunces according to the nature of the place The thyrd flesh is that of the Glandules or kernels which thyrd part because it is somuch different from the other I will somewhat digresse to speake of them that is the Glandules not vnueedefull nor improuidently made of nature ANd 〈◊〉 are no other then a round body somwhat long for the most part beyng rare and filled with 〈◊〉 For diuers causes in diuers places Nature hath set thenâ—… but their generall proppertie is to turne the 〈◊〉 which they receiue into their colour Notwithstandyng their vses be diuers Some are â—…wed as beddes vnto Ueynes and Arteries to deteute them froÌ„ hurt others fulfill voyde places others to receiue and conteine humidities least any place through mouyng â—…ght be dryedâ—… others to receiue excrementes And those kyndes of Glandules are to be found in diuers partes of the body The first in the Scull after this sort one in the brayne betwene the same and Cerebellum which is called Coâ—…rion Pineale described hereafter in the 〈◊〉 of the brayne and Nerues This is round but somewhat long An other in the cell of Sphenoïdes lyeng without ' Dura mater in which endeth the bason or tonnell What is ment by the Cuneall cell thou hast learned that in the Hystorie of bones And this is that Gandule whiche takyng in the excrementes of the brayne sendeth the same afterwardes to the nose and Palate In the roundell of the eyes are foure Glandules two to euery one the right and the left that is two aboue and the rest beneath Where they are placed of nature to receiue the superfluous humiditie that commeth to the eyes and therewith to moysten and refresh thâ—… lest they by often mouyng should dry vp and afterwardes giue ouer to mouae These are they which beyng by sorrow or other cause constrained do poure out teares There are other two Glandules in the iawes called Paristhimia receiuing also the humidities of the brayne to moysten those partes which is greatly néedefull when as continually in speaking eatyng inspiryng expiryng they labour Others likewise we finde vnder the roote of the toung small and possessing the same vtilitie as before is sayd Two other cleaue vnto Larinx and the rough Arterie thicker in women then in men whereby it commeth to passe that the prominent part of Larinx in fewe women is apparant the thicknes of these makyng euen with the same Under the Cannell bones also where Vena caua is deuided into two that is Axillarem and IugulareÌ„ are other Glandules slender in vs but thicker in beastes called Lactes and Thymus 〈◊〉 Agayne in the hollow of the brest are other two ioyned to the middest to Aesophagus to moysten continually the same whereby the meate may passe and slyde downe more easely But in the vale of Abdomen there are not ij but an innumerable sort found throughout Mesenterium dispersed for the diuision both of Ueyne Arteries Amongest which vnder the UeÌ„tricle is a certaine notable one there set aswel for the diuision of Vena porta as also to be vnto the Uentricle as a propugnacle lest in touchyng their backe it should happen to receiue hurt The name therof is Panchreas that is Affusio lying flat or prostrate At
of the nose to the vpper téeth others ' enter into the Scull by those holes there sited and lyke a trée through the sides of the hard Membran together with those Ueynes therein conspicuous are explicated and therefore is Sincipâ—…t in that place excaued But after that these Arteries haue esfused forth these brauÌ„ches to the palate téeth as is sayd they rise vp into the Scull through that hole which is sited betwene Sphenoïdos the temporal bone in which place a part of the thyrd payre of sinewes descendeth although Vesalius for the same doth reprehend Galen But so sooue as they are passed the seate or sell of Sphenoïdes they minister ij Arteries to the eyes a long by the opticke sinewes to shew lyfe vnto the eyes and not onely lyfe vnto the eyes but also to the Muscles of the eyes and to those by which the iawe is opened I meane the vpper iawe wherefore you shall finde the diuisions of these large and many That whiche remaineth of these Arteries Caralides ascendeth aboue the aforesayd sell coherent with the thinne Membran and after the callous body toward the posteriour partes and diuers wayes is sprinkled through the thinne Membran aboue within and to the sides Also some of their braunches are deduced from the thinne to the hard MembraÌ„ and others from the thinne Membran to the substaunce of the brayne After so many distributions of the Soporiferous Arteries aboue the sell of the Cuneall bone they vnderlay the vpper Uentricles of the brayne immediately after they haue perforated the thinne Membran the whiche Uentricles are anfractuous or full of foldes and whereas at first they seemed but two they are seuered into very small ones and those innumerable There therfore you shall behold a most pleasaunt nette contexed and wouen together of Arteries the whiche Arteries haue their Ueynes to them ioyned in fellowshyp and in their endes lyeth the Pineall Glandule These hath Galen described for the netlyke foldyng as though it might represent the Secundine Collumbus notwithstandyng boldly affirmeth this if it be any where at all to be the marueilous nette for no where sayth he shall you finde such foldes through foldes and interweauynges of the least and innumerable Arteries els But Galen did describe the marueilous nette whereof he maketh mention to be aboue Sphenoïdes where that Glandule whiche receiueth euery excrement begotten in the braynes beyng to that office by Nature dedicated is resident But whosoeuer shall seeke the same where Galen hath described it he shal be frustrate of his purpose For nothyng els shall he finde there but certaine litle Arteries ministryng lyfe to these partes and to the bone Sphenoïdes The same Arteries which thus constitute the marueilous nette do send their power through the substaunce of the brayne whiche thyng of no other Anathomist saue onely of Collumbus hath bene written And this is the end of the description of the superiour trunke of the great Arterie without you make accompt of those Arteries to be described which flow forth to the right superiour ribbes This by the way is worthy to be noted that not one Arterie tendeth to the lunges whereby they might receiue vitall spirites from the hart And this is a sentence most approued in Anathomie that exceptyng the lunges onely all other partes of mans body are endewed with beatyng Arteries By whiche reason Collumbus protesteth sufficient authoritie to what seuere disputer soeuer shall goe about to proue that in the hart it selfe are not begotten the vitall spirites But of this matter is other where sayd The greater trunke of the great Arterie called as we haue often sayd Aorta tendyng downewardes declineth towardes the left side and is to the body of the Vertebres adherent whiche to the superiour trunke is not incident For that no otherwise then Vena caua is distaunt from the Vertebres This inferiour trunke therefore whilest it descendeth out of his hynder part profereth Arteries to the spaces of the ribbes and these agayne charge others to the Spinall marey to the Vertebres and to the Muscles in the posteriour part of the brest sited But where it commeth downe to Septum transuersum bringyng forth two a lyke Arteries whiche are into the same distributed it passeth vnder the same and still cleauyng to the body of the Vertebres marcheth downe to the last Vertebre saue one of the loynes But so soone as it hath passed the midreif it produceth an Arterie to the liuer in place whence â—…ena parta went forth as we haue sayd beyng there distributed An other spredeth to the vessicle of choler an other to the splene an other to the Uentricle and Omentum other litle braunches to the Glandulous body Pancreas and others also to the intestine Colon. Under this an other appeareth whereof are very many and large diuisions both through Mesenterium and to the small guttes beyng perpetuall mates to many of the Meseraicall veynes Moreouer a litle lower it begetteth two Arteries and those very notable called the Emulgent Arteries which enter into the kidneys Under the Emulgent Ueynes a litle more bendyng downe it produceth the two seminall Arteries whiche haue their begynnynges from the body of the great Arterie but not from the left Emulgent except in very fewe as to Galen it séemed These descendyng are folded together with the seminall Ueynes downe to the Testicles both in man and young mayde and in women to the body of the matrice yea to the inner part of the matrice and from these the vmbellicall Arteries of the infant take their begynnyng Under these seminall Arteries in the middest of the trunke emergeth an other Arterie whiche is caryed to the Mesenterium of the straight gutte and to part of the intestine Colon after the left side of Ileon But the Arteries of the strayght gutte downe to the extreme part of the fundament together with the Meseraicall Ueynes of Vena porta do descend wherfore there are made both Ueynes Arteries called Haemorroidales in the posteriour part out of the same Arterie vnder the midreif Arteries make egresse to the Vertebres to the Spinall marey to the Muscles of the backe and to the Muscles of the bellye But so soone as it is come to the last Vertebre of the loynes but one and in some bodyes to the last of all it is first deuided into two and those great braunches whiche 〈◊〉 the right and the left side but surmountyng the hollow Ueyne in the region of Os sacrum These two braunches are subdeuided and descendyng more are ramified to the sides of the bleddar to the necke of the matrice and to the Muscles resident in the concauitie of Abdomen Two others likewise passe through the holes sited in Os pubis and Coxendix from whiche holes so soone as these Arteries are gone forth of Abdomen they are sent to the two bodyes of Penis from the toppe to the lowest part and them do they passe in braunches they beyng those Arteries by
whiche erection of the yard is made whiche thyng neither hath any man noted vnto vs but Collumbus The remnaunt of these Arteries is dispersed through those Muscles whiche are put in the inside of the thighe but they passe not the knée From those Arteries whiche the bleddar receiueth others also are purchased whiche beyng brought to the inner part of Os sacrum through whose holes they tend both to the same and to the Spinall marey but without to the Muscles seruyng the thighe Lyke as also from the great diuision of the Arterie some issue forth whiche with vitall bloud do nourishe the Muscles of the thighe whiche are within the belly situated But of those Arteries whiche after Os sacrum and Coccix do descend some together with certaine Ueynes of Vena caua do flowe to the Muscles called Sphincter the whiche Arteries may also be called Hemorroides Moreouer out of the great diuision of the great Arterie two other Arteries spryng whiche are reflected vpwardes and passing through Peritonaeum do ascend vnder the straight Muscles aboue the nauell and in many braunches are ended among the Muscles of Abdomen In this diuision two Arteries called Vmbelicales are set downe whiche are the first Arteries that in the infant are begotten For after that they make apparaunce from the Nauell they marche through Peritonaeum in what place it is double vnto the sides of the bleddar and doe begette these Arteries of whiche somewhat before is sayd But after the begynnyng of the Vmbelicall Arteries the hart it selfe is begotten but to returne agayne to the Vmbelicall Arteries for of any such partes I determine not further to speake These after our bodyes are brought to light are dryed vp and vsurpe the office of two Ligamentes But furthermore the two armes of the great trunke whiche are caried downe into the legges passe vnder the fift Muscle of the loynes bowyng the thigh and goyng forth towardes Abdomen aboue Os Ilium and Pubis are ioyned in fellowshyp with the inner veynes of this place whiche marche among the Muscles And like as those veynes are deuided so in lyke sorte we sée these Arteries to all the Muscles of the legge foote toes and their extremities disparcled Finally they commend their force by braunches to the Glandules of the flanke to the purse of the Testicles and vnder the skinne to the yard Now diligent Reader note that not the Bones them selues are destitute of Arteries least so they should lacke vitall warmth also without which no part in the body lyueth ⧠Of the History of Man the viij Booke of the brayne and Instrumentes seruyng to the Animall function SIthens to the explication of the whole History of Anathoinie there yet wanteth the fountaine of senses and voluntary mouyng seate of the principall part of lyfe by whose benefite we imagine reason and commit to memory this present booke beyng consecrated to that end shal entreate of the brayne and his vniuersall partes with the instrumentes of sense Like as therefore the substaunce of the hart is endued with vitall force and the proper flesh of the liuer with the naturall facultie of life moreouer as the liuer maketh the thicker bloud and that which is calaginous naturall spirite at least if there be any and the hart doth confect mixe with vitall spirite the bloud runnyng throughout the body And like as the bowels through the conduites to them dedicated do deriue their matters to the relief of all the partes of the body so also the brayne obtainyng sit matter to his office by instrumentes in proper seates and fitly ministryng to his function doth beget the Animall spirite beyng farre the thinnest and most excellent which partly it vseth to the deuine sunâ—…ioÌ„s of the principall part of life distributyng part to the instrumentés of sâ—…lyng and mouyng continually by the Nerues neuer leauyng the destitute of spirite which of the action of those instrumentes is supposed chief author No lesse the liuer hart doe fustrate no partes in the body so long as man is in health of those matters due from them although not alway in like store and qualitie THe Nerues therefore whose originall to depend vpon the brayne we shall shortly declare owe thereto like seruice as the great Arterie to the harâ—…es and the hollow veyne to the liuer For in lyke sort they deduce the prepared spirite from the brayne to those instrumentes to which it is continually owyng by natures commaundement beyng therfore rightly iudged the diligent messengers and garders of the brayne Which as it is the most excellent of all the partes and members in man so is it most safely enclosed stately constituted hauyng the supremacie of all the members of the body And although Aristotle imagined not that to be contayned in the brayne and his facultie as is in déede and therefore rashly assigned the constitution therof to the coolyng of the hart and that the hart should be the author of bloud and sense yet it is most certainly otherwise and his opinion therein easely refelled For as in the hart the spirite is made vitall and in the liuer naturall bloud is forged to the whole body so in the brayne is created animall power the most noble and 〈◊〉 propertie in the whole body as it is a part most excellent os all others What soeuer therfore some haue inserted to the contrary Reuldus Collumbus by â—…ue notable reasons proueth it chief and supreme of all other member partes and offices in the body First is in consideration of the noblenes of the brayne his situation which apertly sheweth the principalitie therof aboue all other members for asmuch as it possesseth the 〈◊〉 part of the body and strongest tower from all iniuries The second is the â—…gure thereof which is round and partly long but more râ—…e then long the whiche figure is rashely made no where of Nature the noble Architecte The 〈◊〉 reason that moueth 〈◊〉 thereto is to behold the strong munimentes and straunge defences and couerynges thereto appertainyng as first the heare then the skiune which there is thickest what soeuer Aristotle saith then a certaine fatnes nert Membrana carnea Pericranion Periosteon Afterwardes the strongest of all beyng the Scull which is no doubt a notable fort to the noblenes of the brayne But this is not all for vnder the Scull are contained two couerynges or nearer enclosures one distaunt from an other made also for the safetie of the brayne Those Bones of the head as in the History of Bones is largely declared are so worthely closed and seamed together that they can not be separated nor the brayne hurt without excéedyng violence Whereof contrarywise to the hart appertaineth no such defeÌ„ce forbetwene the spaces of the ribbes an instrumeÌ„t moued with small force may intercept the office and function therof Wherfore it playnly appeareth that nature was more carefull in constituting
presse whence the foresayd Ueynes haue their rising Beyng caryed through the substaunce of the brayne and through the thinne 〈◊〉 where with Cerebeâ—… is inuolued they shew them selues mates to the netlike 〈◊〉 And albeit we haue sayd that lyke as Pericarâ—… in ample maner couereth the hart thereby to yeld him large scoape for continuall pulsation so this thicke Membran to couer the brayne aptly as was conuenient for Diastole and Sistole Yet not so disseuered from the brayne as the hâ—…t from Pericardion whiche are not bound together at all with veynes and arteries But Dâ—…a Mater is tyed almost euery where to the 〈◊〉 that lappeth the substaunce of the brayne and that to no small end and vtilitie For the brauÌ„ches deriued froÌ„ the thyrd cautie of the hard MeÌ„bran with an innumerable fort on both sides vnto the seate or substauÌ„ce of the thinne Membran next vnto it do sustaine very fitly the brayne suspeÌ„ded so that it can not fall downe to compresse the Uentricles so that by this meanes the hard Membran is both to the brayne an inuolment as also an apt proppe to support and hold vp the same To which purpose likewise are maruelously assistaunt the Fibres that créepe forth at the Sutures from the hard Membran and fastenyng it agayne and in like maner to the Scull as the thinne Membran to it with veynes and arteries so that the brayne thus secondly vpholden the waight thereof is excellently preuented to force it to much downwardes Furthermore consider that nature hath not onely sent these Fibres through the Sutures in reflected maner as the Smith that turneth agayne y poynt of the â—…ayle but they are also encreased aboue the Scull with a marueilous dilatation so that all mixyng together in one do at once degenerate into a thinne Pannicle or Membran which because it couereth the Scull the Grecians haue nominated 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Neuerthelesse this is not the immediate or fole coueryng to the Scull For vnder it consisteth yet an other thinne Membran which is most common also to all other Bones in the body which bewrappyng them is therefore called by proper appellation of the Gréekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 BUt to returne agayne to the inward Membrans of the brayne and those wherof we haue not as yet spoken Under Dura Mater which I haue sufficiently done my part to shewe lyeth Pia Mater called also Tenuis memrix with which indument the brayne and Cerebellum are nearely clad thâ—… is close to the substaunce of them it beyng of some called Choriou that is to saye Secundina And this thinne Membran is copiously stored with veynes and arteries But vnder it lyeth the white substaunce of the brayne which is soft and marey lyke although not so but differeth from the substaunce of the â—…arey that is found in the cauities of bones not a litle NOw to come to the figure and fashion of the substaunce of the brayne Pia Mater beyng taken away it is very like vnto the foldes of the small entrals when Othentum is lifted vp that is for the likenesse of the thyng in that the brayne like to the guttes séemeth to shew many infoldes and turnynges Of whiche circumuolutions if any man enquire the opinion of Collumbus is thus that it is so made both for the lightnes thereof as also by the same wyndyng foldes that the brayne might more easely moue in Diastole and Sistole Notwithstandyng they are not wantyng that haue sayd the brayne was made so for the cause of vnderstandyng whiche if it were so Asses and other beastes â—…ould be reasonable creatures as is man since they want not the lyke shape of the brayne But Vesalius Lib. 7. Cap. 4. auoydyng that errour and 〈◊〉 forth a more 〈◊〉 râ—…son of truth thinketh that Nature rather ordayned such foldes in the brayne as a meanes of nourishement to the substaunce thereof for neither is it so firme in any place that Ueynes and Arteries as in other partes of the body may be through the same in euery place scatteryngly dispersed nor yet so small and slender in quantitie that Ueynes and Acteries in the toppe onely braunchyng are sufficient to nourish and warme the same throughout Which prouident Nature foreseeyng hath engrauen these cornered implexures that in them the thinne Membran replenished with sundry vessels might insinuate it selfe whereby to minister nourishment more fitly to the substaunce of the brayne And chiefly also for the occasion of this nourishment was the brayne in two partes dissected that is to say that the thinne Membran might fold it selfe in the middle therof and there made in reflexures should nourish the substaunce of the brayne without which diuision of the brayne and déepe reuolutions that part of the brayne whereas the right side beholdeth the left should not be nourished Hetherto Vesalius It séemeth certaine that Aristotle was not a litle deceaued in matters Anathomicall whilest he writeth that the hynder part of the head is destitute of brayne but euery man knoweth that the hinder part is not empty and voyde but hath and containeth therein not onely the brayne but Cerebellum also ANd to come to the middest of his substaunce we finde two cauities or rather for so are they called ventricles as one would say a right and a left whiche are long anfractuous or crooked stretchyng from the anteriour to the posteriour part There are whiche call these the anteriour Uentricles but Collumbus rather wisheth to terme them the superiour for asmuch as they are contained or situated aboue the rest These therfore are indifferent large and endowed with the thinne Membran wherein is reprehended the errour of Vesalius for somuch as he denyed the same Through these vpper ventricles of the brayne the reticular or net like foldes called Coriformes are caryed whose vses doe belong to the generation of animall spirite Wherof Realdus Collumbus chalengeth to him selfe the onely and first inuention after this maner The originall begynnyng of these veâ—…tricles is aboue the Bone named Sphenoides towardes Ethmoides but the ayre drawen by the nostrels is conserued a space in that cauitie of the forehead or Cuneall bone which beyng there altered ascendeth into those two ventricles which he calleth the superiour or vppermost and that by the holes of the bone Ethmoides whereas and in whiche ventricles by continuall labour of the brayne and motion of the reticular 〈◊〉 this ayre is mixed with the vitall spirites And thus are the animall spirites made of the same ayre lately prepared and by mixyng with the vitall To this end Galen sayth thus the generation of the animall spirite hath the vitall his proper matter Wherfore the whole brayne is contexed and wouen together with the diuision and distribution of arteries of which many diuisions do go from the grounde or foundation of the brayne into the Uentricles no
otherwise then the veynes descendyng from the toppe of the head And by these dispersed arterics vitall spirite is effused into the ventricles of the brayne which by metyng mixyng with the ayre prepared as aforesayd forgetteth the animall spirit The vtilitie of the animall spirites is not one or simply to be accompted of but is extended and liberally bestowed vpon all the senses which beyng begot in the cauities of the brayne discende vnto the foundation or seate thereof where the thyrd ventricle is whiche is a litle long and straight cauitie reachyng from the anteriour to the posteriour part of the brayne Not farre from this ventricle the Nerues of Spinalis Medula do spring Therfore an easie matter for the animall spirites to come vnto pearse the sinewes or to be caryed by them to the organs of sense to giue them helpe and to ayde the actions of euery member no otherwise then as beyng caryed through the optic sinewes into the eyes they minister vnto them the actions of séeyng In like sort as it is to be déemed of the hearyng and tastyng and of euery action procéedyng from the brayne But besides this thyrd ventricle thus lately spoken of it shal be requisite likewise to describe a fourth which is betwene Cerebellum and the Spinall marey in which place there is a small hole goyng from the thyrd to this fourth cauitie now spoken of beyng but litle yet not so small but as may suffice the animall spirites to passe thereby from the thyrd to the fourth Uentricle And this is the place wherein is sayd to be contained memory The fourth ventricle is not much capable and is comprehended of the thinne Membran There the Spinall marey as shal be sayd wheÌ„ we come to the place is endewed with a cauitie figured like a writyng penne as it were a hole wherby no man doubteth the contained spirites may passe vnto the Spinall marey Aboue the thyrd vaentricle of the brayne you may behold a portion supereminent or appearyng ouer it sufficiently white whiche is called Callosum corpus a Callous body Under this lyeth an other portion named Fornix and Psalloides in figure of a halfe circle or rather an arche or bendyng bridge which on the hinder part leaneth as it were on two legges but in the forepart on one onely Néither vnprofitable is this body callous or hard or that after the fashion of a compassed arche made but to the end that the wayght of the brayne might not ruine or fall vpon the thyrd cauitie BUt betwene these small portions of the brayne namely the callous vaulted bodyes is coÌ„tained as it were a glasse so truly called because it is cleare and cristall lyke beyng nothyng els in this place but the thinne Membran of the brayne here doubled with which duplication of thinne Membran the superiour ventricles are enuironed which thence returne downwardes Whereto if this glasse were wantyng it were not euident bow the right Uentricle should from the left be discerned and called forasmuch as by the meanes and helpe of this onely Membran they are deuided BEhynd this vaulted part in the extreme part of the brayne towardes Cerebellum and in the vpper part of the thyrd ventricle Nature hath feyned certaine eminent partes whiche in their vpper partes represent the likenes or Image of Testicles and so called therfore of Anathomistes Testes neare vnto the which two other particles yet somewhat greater are to be discerned called according to their figure clunes the haunches or buttockes Betwene which lyeth that hole whiche is already noted to from the thyrd to the fourth ventricle and séemeth like vnto the fundament Furthermore in the forepart of these Testicles as we call them stretchyng to the thyrd ventricle an other part of the brayne appeareth which not vnaptly but very elegantly expresseth the shape or priuye part of a woman With this body is sene a litle hard Glandule in colour contrary to the substaunce of the brayne that is to say somewhat yellow couered with the thinne Membran THis Glandule is called Pinalis or Conarium fitly representyng the shape of the yard So that in the brayne wanteth nether the figure of the Testicles buttockes fundament womans shape nor yard The vse of this Glandule Collumbus holdeth opinion to be for the diuision of the vessell othersome haue coniectured that the makyng and office therof was to shut in the spirite of the fourth veÌ„tricle but that he alloweth not Galen sayth that it hath in this place the same office that others in other partes of the body possesse but it filleth sayth he the diuision of the great veyne wherewith all the foldes Choroides that are in the anteriour ventricles of the brayne are filled In the forepart of the thyrd ventricle is to be discerned a déeper cauitie which goeth at length aboue the seate of Sphenoides and this cauitie is called Peluis or Infundibulum which is to be Englished a tunnell or hopper made to receiue the excrementes begotten in the ventricles and transmit and carie them to the Glandule placed in the seate of Sphenoides Whiche Glandule in deede is sufficiently thicke beyng put without the â—…ard Membrans framed so of the deuine workeman to receiue into it the excrementes of the brayne And this Collumbus affirmeth to be the place where the thinne Membran riseth to couer and clothe these ventricles And not withstandyng all this sayd yet before we cease or giue ouer the description of the brayne note thus much that in the brayne and whole substaunce therof onely foure cauities or hollowes are to be numbred and moe or besides them none sayth the same Realdus although some haue affirmed vâ—… the cause of whiche errour is the anfractuous or crooked deduction of the first vâ—… ventricles whiche they haue not diligently persecuted or followed forth to the end but imprudently haue déemed by that meanes two other ventricles to be contained in the forepart which certainly are nothyng els but a portion of the first NOw the discourse of the brayne beyng sufficiently handled it séemeth necessary consequently to speake of Cerebellum Cerebellum whiche hath his place towardes the hinder part of the Scul vnder the hard Membrans of which as also of the thinne Membran it is compassed on eche side notwithstandyng that his circumuolutions and turnynges or wreathes are not the same but otherwise then we haue noted of the braynes And this part sayth Iohannes Fernelius Ambianus is much harder then the substaunce of that we call the brayne and therfore produceth harder sinewes and also sayth he it is moredry wherof the extreme part falleth downe the hollow pipe or caue of the spine or backe Bones euen vnto Os sacrum but he séemeth in this to subscribe vnto Galen who sayth that the end of Cerebellum is the begynnyng of the Spinall
constitute a surcle on eche side Collumbus also not séemyng obstinately resistaunt in this matter sayth if any such be it is to be imagined at the extreme part of the Spinall marey notwithstandyng that in all his tyme albeit very often and for that onely purpose he protesteth to haue sought he neuer found wherfore to auouche the same But sayth he amongest all which hetherto I haue dissected almost innumerable I haue sene the extreme part of the Spinall marey in very many surcles both to the right and left side distributed as also further dispersed through the fourth Muscle of the thighe and throughout the skinne which is betwene the haunches and euen downe to the fundament So is manifestly argued vnto vs how deuinely the incomprehensible creator hath made the body of maÌ„ not onely simplie to liue but aptly to liue with all requisite partes parcels thereto For as no part is destitute of naturall warmthe tell me what member waÌ„teth the vitall and animall spirite which as the first by the liuer and veynes the secoÌ„d by the hart arteries so the thyrd by the brayne sinewes is transposed through all the partes And if nerues be the instruments of féelyng voluntarie mouyng very iniuriously séemeth Vesalius to deny some Muscles to haue them since they are no Muscles that are without them as testifieth Realdus Collumbus Cap. 8. Lib. 8. ¶ An end of the History of the Animall partes ¶ Of the History of Man the ix booke discoursing the marey conteined in the Bones Periostion and the heares BEsides that in the History of the nutritiue partes are described the skinnes and fattes and amoÌ„gest the Cartilages the nayles there remaine yet certaine partes to be spoken of which in a solid discourse of the body of maÌ„ may in no wise be omitted as the marey coÌ„teined within the bones Periostion the heares The greatest Bones therfore haue within them large capacities whereby together with their hardnes they purchace lightenes and agilitie to moue Notwithstandyng such capacitie is not in them left empty but with much marey is stuffed which flowyng thether from the coÌ„mon nourishment of the Bones by the small penetratyng veynes is there made and reposed and by litle and litle in tract of them receiuyng preparation doth white 〈◊〉 till it become a substaunce fit to the nourishyng of the bones Of which sort great store is found in the bones of the shoulders armes thighes and legges All other bones in which are no such large coÌ„cauities but are either small or lesse necessary vnto mouyng do in small celles or porie places conclude a humor more liquid theÌ„ marey and more thinne or melted but which notwithstandyng aunswereth thereto in a certaine proportion The brayne and Spinall marey haue an other maner of substaunce as before in the descriptioÌ„ of the Spinall marey is declared And thus much of marey the proper nourishement of bones is sufficient PEriostion is a sinewy Membran thinne which clotheth and enwrappeth the Bones is endewed with much sense wherforè many are deceiued through the ignoraunce of this Membran supposing the bones to feele for this Membran in the inside of the Scull do not séeke For there is no such thyng although vnder Pericranium it may be found neither are the téeth inuested with Periostium For what stode the â—…th in néede of it Neither is it layd in the Articulation of bones for so if it should be it would excite meruailous paynes in the mouyng of theÌ„ as somewhat also we haue touched before in the beginnyng of the History of bones THe heares although they séeme superfluous partes I know not how yet because they are as a certaine couering of our body of them also a description is necessarily required For besides that they couer the body as we haue sayd they serue also in the stéede of a propugnacle Some do adde a thyrd vse of the heares that is that those fuliginous vapours which are eleuated in the thyrd coÌ„coâ—…ioÌ„ of nourishment whilest it passeth into the substauÌ„ce of the meÌ„bers should be consumed into the nourishmeÌ„t of heares which senteÌ„ce ColluÌ„bus neither prayseth nor disprayseth But heares are made also sayth he for decencie of fourme They spring forth of the skinne in perforatyng the same The rootes of the heares are thicker then the other partes of them and are fastened to the fat which betwene the skinne and fleshy Membran is sited the purse of the Testicles excepted Wherfore the heares take their nourishment from the fat and therefore encrease They grow almost in all places but chiefly where the skinne is hoate and drye for the cold moyst is vnapt to the bringyng forth conteinyng of heare Where the skinne is hard and drye as in the head and chinne there is brought forth the loÌ„ger stiffer heare The rootes of the nayles and heares are tender and soft but that which is extant without the skinne is strong and very hard In man the heares are begotten partly together partly afterwardes In the head they are naturally engendred but properly in the eyelyddes and browes which nature froÌ„ their first growth euer kéepeth in alike greatnes hauyng fixed them least they should encrease into a most hard skinne like to a Cartilage these are â—…etched and stable not onely for comlynes but also to defend the eyes from motes heares and such outward accidentall annoyances The heares which are after begotten first brust forth about Os pubis the fundament next in the armepittes and in men last of all in the chinne In the sole of the foote and ball of the hand grow no heares and that say some because of the broad Tendoâ—… whiche the foote of the Hare hauing the same and yet filled with heare confuteth But in déede those partes in man to be without heare both vse and mouyng required for in the Hare such hearynes furthereth her swiftnes Now here I will make an end since all thynges séeme sufficient playnly expounded whereby the meruailous workemanshyp and subtill contexture of the members may be reâ—…aled ⧠An end of the ix and last Booke of the History of Man. Cic. oâ—… Iib. 3. Demosthenes Orat. de Cor. Titus Iiu. M. Curtius Val. Max. Ii 5. ca. 〈◊〉 Gâ—…nutius Cipus I â—…an â—…ib 〈◊〉 do Catone 〈◊〉 off lib. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Val. Max. Li. 5. ca. 6. Manus Curtâ—…us Sylla Genutius Cinna Athâ—… â—…al Lib. 2. 〈◊〉 Ital. â—…ib 13. 4. ad â—…eren Demost. 2. â—…pist Lib. 5. â—…ib 1. Elig Cic. 2. de â—…nib Lucretius Lib. 4 d â—… nat Reâ—…um Demosth. ex or ama 2. de Finib 〈◊〉 Olinth 2. 〈◊〉 Caluisius Sabinâ—… 〈◊〉 Iac. Silâ—… in Isag. Pre. Ph. Lib. 7. cap. 6. Iac. Sil. Ibid. Arist. Lib. 8. hist. ca. 28. Cor. Cels. Li. 8. ca. 〈◊〉 Hipochr de â—…ere Aquis et loâ—…is Lib. Hipp. Lib. 6. Epid. Lib. 7. Cap.
Why there groweth no fatte vndeâ—… the samne of the yard What is 〈◊〉 The Hebrewes â—…acke praeputium vesal. 1. oc cit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Why the partes of women are not here spoken of The opinion of Galen and Vesalius how bloud commeth into the left Uentricle of the hart The opinion of Collumbus Leonardus Botallus vesal. lib. 6. cap. 8. Of the Panicle called Pleura The â—…ure of 〈◊〉 â—…atte The tying of the lunâ—… and 〈◊〉 to Pleura The peâ—…tions of 〈◊〉 Col. â—…ib 2. cap. 21. The great aâ—…rie doth not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 6. cap. 2. The substaâ—…ce of Plâ—… The beginning of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ib 6 Aâ—…ho com 33. Where hapneth the 〈◊〉 Why 〈◊〉 consisteth of ij The 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Plâ—…ura 〈◊〉 called a coate 〈◊〉 how a membran Col. Lib. 11. cap. 3. The progresâ—… of Plâ—…ura Why the lunges are deâ—…ded into ij partes Mediâ—…stinum In Mediastino â—…atter 〈◊〉 be gathered and also drawne forth Thimus The vse of the 〈◊〉 of Aesophagus Col. Lib. 11. Cap. 1. The coate to the nostreles palate and tongue Vuula and the office thereof The defect of Vuula what enâ—… eth â—…eynes to 〈◊〉 Vâ—…l â—…ib 6. cap. 6. To whom the drawing of cold ayre much 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Loc. 〈◊〉 The Glandules 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 of the Glaâ—…uies 〈◊〉 The situation of the lunges and â—…itting Diuision Figure Why the lunges aâ—…e inwardly hollow Why the lunges is deuided into lobes Col. Ibid. Why the lunges is dâ—…ided into moc lobes in beastes then in men The substance of the lunges The substance of the lunges The vessâ—…ls in the lunges The descriptioÌ„ of A 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The vse of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Arteriall veyne The vse of the 〈◊〉 A 〈◊〉 vse of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ow vitall 〈◊〉 are 〈◊〉 By the largâ—…nes of the Arteriall veyne the vse 〈◊〉 fâ—…d out The vitall spirits pâ—…rtected in the hart are caried by the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to all the partes of the 〈◊〉 How Collumbus saâ—…eth his opiâ—…ion as touching the generation of vitall spirites in the lunges The Neâ—…es of the lunges touch his coate but pearse net How hapâ—…eth bloudy spâ—…trie in the 〈◊〉 Vâ—…l â—…ib 6. cap. 7. The matter of voyce Gal. Lib. 6. vs part 〈◊〉 lâ—…b 6. cap. 8. The inâ—…cre of the hate 〈◊〉 Figuâ—…e The perforatioÌ„s of 〈◊〉 Which is the scate or foundation of the hart The situation of pencardium The substance of pericardium The concauâ—…tie of peâ—…cardium Pericardium beareth no fâ—…tte Intersepient membrans are those whiche grow about those vessels betwene the lunges and the hart Where pericardium groweth to Septum transuerâ—… Deynâ—…s and 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The watrie hâ—…mor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the vse of it Col. lâ—…b 7. The hart Vâ—…sal Lâ—…b 6. cap. 9. The figure of the hart The cirâ—…scription of the haâ—…t Col. Ibid. Vâ—…sal lâ—…b 6. cap. 9. The 〈◊〉 of the haâ—…t The substanÌ„ce of the hart Gal. quoque â—…ib 2. de 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cap. 4. Fibres Col. Ibid. The substaunce of the hart is not musculous Vâ—…sal Ibid. Which are the strayght Fibres of the hart The transuerse The oblique The vse of the flesh of the hart The vses of the Fibres Cordis motus a 〈◊〉 Gâ—…l lib. 7. vs part Gâ—…l Ibid. What is Diastole What is Diastole Col. Loc. 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 beyne The Coronall Arâ—…erye 〈◊〉 Ibid. The vse of the â—…etue to the hart The coate next the substance of the hart The fatte of the hart 〈◊〉 Ibid. The vse of the 〈◊〉 to the hart The 〈◊〉 of the right care 〈◊〉 the hart 〈◊〉 Substauncâ—… Fibres Situation The descriptioÌ„ of the 〈◊〉 eare of the hart â—…se Col. Loc. cit â—…essels of the haâ—… There are both Internae Externâ—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 7. The beginning of the left is higher then the riâ—…ht Col. Ibid. Col. 〈◊〉 cit Pâ—…te 〈◊〉 This glandule in the brayne beareth the shape of pâ—…us Torcular is the forth cauiâ—…e of Dura mater quabruplified betwene Cerebrum and Cerebellum Col. Loc. ciâ—… The Arteryes called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The cuneal bone is the bone Spheâ—â—â—â—◠〈◊〉 menâ—â—oâ—…ed Glandula Pâ—â—â—â—ls called also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vâ—… Lib. 7. cap. 1. 〈◊〉 spirite Naturall Animall spirite â—…se of the Animall spirite The Merâ—…es 〈◊〉 the messengers of the brayne The 〈◊〉 of the brayne Aristotle in 〈◊〉 The brayne was not made to the cooling of the hart The 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 Animall spirite Col. Lib. 8. cap. 1. The first reason of the 〈◊〉 of the brayne The secoÌ„d reason The third reason Which ate the 〈◊〉 of the brayne The hart is more easely hurt then the brayne The fourth reason Cicero â—…ib 1. offic Wherein man most differeth from beastes 〈◊〉 Lib. 1. The fift reason Col. â—…n tract de 〈◊〉 What most adourneth man. The thicke and thinne Membrâ—… 〈◊〉 the brayne â—…uchsius cap. 2. de Cerebro Dura mâ—…ter couereth the brayne as 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ib 〈◊〉 cap. 8. 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is ij Membrans a 〈◊〉 not known to euery 〈◊〉 Why the exteriour 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is not so sensible as the interiour Where 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is 〈◊〉 Where is the fiâ—…ure of a 〈◊〉 Where 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is 〈◊〉 double and why The 〈◊〉 felled with bloud betwene the foure doubtenes of Dura mater The 〈◊〉 of the veynes called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is lede to an 〈◊〉 Where are the ij 〈◊〉 cauities of Dura mater foure doubled aâ—…e The third cauitâ—…e The figure of the third cauitie The rising of the veynes dispersed through y thinne Membran By what veynes the brayne is 〈◊〉 By what veynes the bones of the head are nourished The fourth cauitie of Dura 〈◊〉 doubled Where is the presse The leading of the â—…eynes from the preâ—…e Veâ—…l â—…ib 7. cap. 2. Now Dura 〈◊〉 is tyed to the brayne â—…ow Dura mater â—…howeth the â—…yne The vse of the Fibres sent through the seames Now pericranium is begotten Periosteon to the â—…cull Col. â—…oc Cit. Where is Piâ—… mâ—…r Choâ—…on Secundina Where lyeth the substaunce of the brayne The substâ—… of the brayne â—…nd â—…rey â—…o not 〈◊〉 The figure of the brame Piâ—… mater taken away The reason of the 〈◊〉 and turninges in the brayne The brayne hath not that Figure for 〈◊〉 â—…alie as some doâ—… say Collumb alloweth not this iudgement of Vâ—…lius but 〈◊〉 that by veynes that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 brayne it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sayd Colluâ—… câ—…p cit The â—…inder part of the head is noâ—… without brayne contrary to Aristotle Two Ventricles of the brayne Those which are called the 〈◊〉 should more rightly be called the 〈◊〉 ventricles Plexus Corisoâ—… The vse The inuention oâ—… Realdus Collumbuâ—… how the Animâ—… spirites are begotten Gal. Lib. 9. vs part The vitall spirite the propper matter of the Animall Col. Loc. cit The vse of the Animall spirites The third 〈◊〉 tricle of y brasue The beginning of the neruess of the spinall marey The fourth ventricle of the brayne where The way of the 〈◊〉 spirites from the third to the
why their iaw is long 12 Beetles why they haue no heades 〈◊〉 Belly the muscles thereof dèscribed 55 Bleddar the muscles therof 56 Bleddar of choler described 80 Bleddar of vrine the situation forme figure netues deynâ—…s fibres aâ—…teries therof 83 Bloud how it commeth to the veÌ„triclâ—… of the hart 89. how it hapneth to be made with brine 78. the originall fountâ—…ine of it 75. 44. perfected in the veynes 72 Body the motions therof 51. the fouÌ„dation and frame thereof 1. is not made of one bone continuall 3. what incommodities it suffereth if nerues should proceede from the brayne 17. how it is maintained 63. nourished by bloud 76. diâ—…erse partes thereof haue diuerse substaunce and temperatures 66 Bones their nature substaunce vse signes described 1. howe vnited without appendance 2. their convticulation at large described 3 once broken how kâ—…it agayne 4. some partes of them in children séeme Caâ—…tilages 7. how they differ froÌ„ the teeth 13. were made for the cause of other partes 14. nourished with bloud 26. why perforated 14. their vse 16. how they differ from Cartilages â—…7 â—…f they be large they moue largely and sodeÌ„ly but short bones litle and easely 18 Boatelike bone of the foote described 36 A Boye in Denice his monstrous head 6 â—…rachiall bones described 29 Brayne the principall member of the body 6. the obstriction and dilatation therof vnder Bregma 8. enâ—…ironed in y head as in an hoate house 6. nerues proceede not from it 17. how it is helped to forge animall spirites 9. how purgeth humiditie and exâ—…rement 9. 10. 11. 15. the veynes that nourishe it described 77. the primacy â—…essengers membrans therof 98. the propugnacles therof 98. 101. how nourished 99. the substauÌ„ce therof where it lyeth 99. the ventricles glasse testicle bâ—…ttockes yarde haunches and holes thereof described 100. what incoÌ„uenience it suffereth not beyng purged 6 Bregma a bone of the fore part of the head 〈◊〉 Brest the vertebres therof at large descrâ—…ed 19. 20. 21. the mansion place of the hart 23. the nature constâ—…nccion ribbes vertebres vse bones thereof described 23. 24. the Cartilages thereof 39. the muscles and motionâ—… therof 53. the Cartilages oâ—… the ribbes thâ—…rof to what vse 23. 24 Browes why it hath holes 14 Buttockes how câ—…nstituted 57 A â—…ull engeâ—…dred without testicles 87 C. CAecum the â—…ut desâ—…ribed 7â—… Canell Bones theiâ—… whole nature described 26 Cartilages their nature described 38. how they differ from nayles 40. how they differ froÌ„ bones 17. their vse 2 Caâ—…tilago mucronata described 24. 40. 54 ¶ Cartilages of Bones looke vnder thâ—… name of the bone whereto they appertayne ¶ Cauities of bones looke vnder their bones Causties of processes disfer as the pro câ—…sses 2. how enlarged 3 ¶ Câ—…lles looke Cauities Cerebellâ—… where it lyâ—…th 6. the nature substaunce and vse therof described 101 Checke bone described 11. the substaunce cauities thereof to what vse 12. 15. the muscles therof 45 Children onely haue a transuerse suture vnder the palate 1â—… haue their neither iaw bone two 12. how they become toung tyed 42 Choler what it is and how incoÌ„modious to the ventricle 80. the way of it 72. the generation of it 76 Chylus the description therof 76 Coccix the nature aetymology vse vertebres holes figure colour thereof described 22. the Cartilages therof 39 Colou the gut described 74 Collumbus muentor of the vses of Appendance 1. impugneth Galen 6. 45. his nuâ—…ber of bones of the head 8. differeth from other Anathoâ—…istes in the â—…escription of Tarsus 35. his opinion what is contained in the cauities of Os frontis 9. â—…cited the fourth processe of the â—…temporall boâ—…es 9. â—…prehendeth Vesalius 10. 44. chalengeth Vesalius 21. foâ—…d a thyrd bone of the orgaÌ„ of heatyng 10. first â—…ound the Popinâ—…ay to â—…oue eitheâ—… iawes 11. maketh 13. bones in the vpperpaâ—… 12. derideth Galens opinion that there should be a bone in the hart 25. his experieÌ„ce that teeth are engendred in the matrice 14. inuented the musâ—…les of y eye browes 46. 〈◊〉 a rare office of the 〈◊〉 veynes 76. first inuentor that veynes and atteries 〈◊〉 the substaunce of the lunges 78 Composition and coaâ—… of bones described 3. 5 Concoâ—… and alteratiue force ayded by the small guttes 72 Conuâ—…sions a cause therof 10 Concupiscible facultie the seate therof 75 Coriza the disease why it taketh away the sence of smellyng 10 Coxendix desetibed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 moueth his vpper iawes 11 〈◊〉 the desctiption therof 27. the muscles therof 30 Cucularis 〈◊〉 50 Cuneall bone described 9. the processes and caâ—…ties thetof 9. the holes therof 14 〈◊〉 and Cutis the nature of it described 63 D. DEluge the cause therof 10 〈◊〉 the muscle therof described 53 〈◊〉 and Sistole what it is where and when it appeareth 8 Dogges head distinguished with 〈◊〉 7. their dogge teeth and 〈◊〉 teeth distinguished with a seame 〈◊〉 their 〈◊〉 bone consisteth of two bones 12 Dregges where first they begyn 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the nature therof described 72 Dura mater 7 her veynes 77. their vse to the brayne 99 〈◊〉 what it is 〈◊〉 E. Eâ—…es their Cartilages described 〈◊〉 their 〈◊〉 47 Eating insatiable why in some creaâ—… and not in man. 72 Effect must coÌ„tent vo where the cause is not knowne 11 Emâ—… the disease 24 Emunctory of the hart and liuer 66 Emulgent veynes described 78 〈◊〉 described what it is 3 〈◊〉 described 16. why it ought to be 〈◊〉 39 〈◊〉 in Anathomy conâ—…d as of Galen 2. 6. 8. 〈◊〉 of Vesalius r. of Celsus 6. Aristotle 8. 44. 64 of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. 4. 13. 19. 32. 40. 45. 53 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 how 〈◊〉 6. 9. 10. 11 〈◊〉 of the belly excluded how 54 Experience that bones art sensible 1. that there is a bone in the hart 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 are 〈◊〉 in the 〈◊〉 14 〈◊〉 and Inspiration how proâ—… 53. 54 Eyes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 102. their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 their 〈◊〉 of what bones it consisteth 2. why placed in the head 6. their payne 〈◊〉 15 how they open shut 45. the muscles therof 46. their motion and stay 46. 47. the Cartilages of the lyddes of them 38. their browes drawne vpward 45. the muscles of their browes by whom inuented 〈◊〉 F. FAce the veynes therof 77. why it is round 12. the holes therof 15 105. the muscles therof 45 Fat the vse generation and nature of it described 64 Feaâ—…e a cause therof 10 Feelyng the sence therof described 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 looke those partes whose Fibres they are Fibula how it is ioyned to the legge 34 Fingers the bones vtilitie nature of them described 30. why composed of bones and ioyntes 31. their bones hollow 1. their Ligamentes 42. their muscles 61 Fistula lachrymalis what it is 11. 15 Flegme how it descendeth to moysten the palate 15. by what wayes purged 9. 10 Flesh the nature vse and properties therof described 65. 66 Fleshy membran described 64
in women 77 N. NAture that is God. 1 Nature her care for the sorme of 〈◊〉 11. made nothyng in vayne 2. 3 her singular industry 8. 15. 19. her marueilous Arte wisedome and prouidence in creation 9. 16. 23. 34. 40. 55. 44. 63. 74. is euery where iust 17. chaungeth by nation and tymes 23. why he placeth the glandules in sondry partes 68 Naturall spirite 98 Nauell the nature therof described 65 Nayles their figure vse handes and originall described 40. their payne 61 Neche what is meant by it in the description of bones 2 Necke what it is the vse motion and vertebres therof 18. 19. the head how tyed vnto it 19. 8. the muscles therof 45. 52. 8. where it is wanting the creatures are dumme 18. the luxation of the vertebres therof 18 Nerue what it is the descriptioÌ„ therof 105. the immediate orgaÌ„ of sence 1. proceede not all froÌ„ the brayne 17 are disseminated into muscles 44 Nerues of the brest 109. of the brayne 106 Nerue opticke why so called 14 Nerue the greatest in all the body 110 Nerue inconsugated described 111 ¶ Nerues looke those partes of the body whereunto they serue Nose the bokes thereof inwardly porie 1. why they seeme to 〈◊〉 4. the partition therof 10. the spongy bones therof eaten with the Spanish disease 12. the holes of the same 19. the muscles therof 45. the Cartilages therof 39. the diuision or hedge therof 101 Nostrels their contraction and dilatation 〈◊〉 the place of the ayre which they draw 9. why 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 construction 12. the 〈◊〉 therof why they are shut 39. how they receiue flegme 9 Nourishement the necessitie and instrumentes of it 63. how procured to such pattes as haue no bemes or atteries 1 O. OCciput described 8. the holes therof 15. made of many partes in children 19 Omentum the description therof 67 Opticke nerue why so called 14 Os 〈◊〉 described 36 Os cuneale described 9 Os frontis the cauities therof 15. the description therof 9 Os 〈◊〉 the nature therof described 〈◊〉 Os iugale 9 Os Malae described 11 Os Nauiforme described 36 Os Pubis and Coxendâ—…is 32. their Cartilages 40 39 Os 〈◊〉 the description thereof 22. the Bones thereunto coÌ„mitted described 32. 1. the 〈◊〉 therof 110. is greater then all the other vertebres 18 Osla squammosa what they be and why so called 8 P. PAlate how moystened by flegme 15. 9 Panchreas the description therof 〈◊〉 Pappes why they are in the brest 66 〈◊〉 glandules described 90 Partes 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 1 〈◊〉 the weaker are lesse subiect to perill 8 Partes adiacent nourish one the other hauyng no beynes or arteries 1 Penis the muscles therof 56 Perforations of the bones described 14 Pericardium described 43. 91 〈◊〉 the nature therof described 111. 1. Peritonaeum a membran 43. the description therof 66 〈◊〉 described 90 Philosophy magicke conceruyng the 〈◊〉 37 Pia 〈◊〉 the vse therof to the brayne 99 Plant the want of it how incoâ—…dious 58. it is described 36 Pleura a meÌ„bran 43. clotheth the ribbes on the out side 24. the substaunce vtilitie figure therof described 89 Pleurisie where it hapneth and why with bloudy spettle 90. 91 〈◊〉 moueth both the iawes 11. 47 Pores of the Bones 1. of the 〈◊〉 64 Postbrachiall Bones what their proper motion is 3. their description 29 Pâ—…putium what it is 88 Processe the nature thereof described 2. 3 ¶ Processes of the particular bones looke vnder the particular descriptioÌ„ of bones Processe 〈◊〉 the Etymology therof 9 Processe Ithmoides 12 Processe Odontydes 19 Processe Ancyroidus 25 Processe Acromion 25 Prominence what it 〈◊〉 8 Pubis os described 32 〈◊〉 stone 1 R. RAdius the insertion thereof to the shoulder 27. the descriptioÌ„ therof 21 Reason the habitation therof 6 Rectum the gut described 74 Reynes their substaunce and nature described 82. how they seeme to be payned when it is colon 73 Respiration the originall therof 54 Resurrection the worke therof falsely imputed to bones 37 Rete mirabile 96 Rheume cause of the decay and payne of the teeth 13 Ribbes of the backe and brest described 20. 23. 24. of the loynes 21. of the necke 19. their Cartilages 39. enlarge and draw together 3. as many in man as in woman 23 Ringes gristly described 39 Rotatores what 33. seeme appendaunces 2 Rupture whence it hapneth 55. 67 S. SAcrum os why so called 22. the Cartilages therof 39. the bones therto committed 31 Sagittalis a seame what it is 4. 7 Sauours their dignotion 10. 101 Scaple bones their nature described 25. not hollow 1. haue appendaunces 2. the muscles therof 50. their cauities 26. the woundes therof are deadly 108 Scull the perforations of it 4. the arteries therof 95. the bones and seames therof 4. 7 ¶ Seames looke Sutures Seede where it is contayned 87. the passage therof 84 Seeyng the sence orgaÌ„ substaâ—…ce and nature therof described 102 Seminall vesselles where they are inserted 85. how they passe through 〈◊〉 86. their iourney 32. they are described 55 Seminall beynes described 78. 82 Seminall atteries described 86 Sence the fountaine of it 44. the orgaÌ„ therof 1. how lost in a wound 109. how requisite in man. 101 Sences their natures vse numbeâ—… largely described 101 Sence in the teeth how procured 13. why it is vnder the vaynes 40 Septum transuersum described 35 〈◊〉 are spongy and 〈◊〉 1. falsely sayd not to be subiect to corruptioÌ„ 37 〈◊〉 what it is 34 Shoulder blade the bones therof nuÌ„ber 〈◊〉 vse processes cauities appendaunces described 25. 26. 27. oâ—…ce 〈◊〉 is hardly recouered 40. the Cartilages therof 40 Shoulder bones the motioÌ„ and muscles described 50 〈◊〉 partes what they are 1 〈◊〉 described 8. the bones therof why they seeme to moue 4 Sinewes where they waÌ„t there sence wanteth 1. their coniugation what it requireth 14 Skinne of the body of two sortes 63. their natures described 64 Slepy arterie the hole of it 15 Smellyng the vse nature and ende thereof described 101. the Nerues thereof are not hard 101. how and why taken away 10 Spanish disease 12 Spettle how it hapneth bloudy in the 〈◊〉 91 Sphenoides the bone therof 9 Spinall marey the necessitie of it 17. the nature therof described 18. 106. the nerues therof 100. how nourished 76 Spine how farre it tendeth downewardes 22 Spirites naturall are not begotten in the liuer 75 Spirituall partes described 89 Splene the situation figures and nature therof described 80. onely nourished by excremeÌ„res 75. the veynes therof 81. what veyne is commonly opened for the affectes thereof 77 Standyng straight how it is purchased 33 Staphoides described 36 Stephaneia a seame what it is 47 Steâ—…non the 〈◊〉 bone described 24. 26 the Cartilages therof 39 Stomach the vse coates substaunce thereof described 68. the Muscles therof 52 Stone cutters their errour 16 Styloâ—… the processe 2. 9 Sutura described what it is 4. why they are in the head 6. 7. are conspiâ—… without but
not within 8 Suture transuerse vnder the palate onely in children 12 Sutures that separate the Bones of the head from the vpper iaw 11 Suture Coronalis 4. 7 Sweat why some doe lightly some hardly 64 Synchondrosis what it is 4 Syndesmosis what it is 4 Synneuresis what it is 4 Sylsarcosis what it is 4 Systole and Diastole 8 T. TAlus the description therof 34 Tarsus the bones and nature therof described 25 Tastyng the sence therof described 104 Teares how they spryng and whence they are engendred 14. 103 Teeth their number nature names situation payne and other properties described 13. 14. they are sensible 1. their beynes 78. their nerues 13 Temple the Bones therof described 9. why and whence they are rough 78. the Muscles thereof described 48. the daunger that ensueth the Muscles beyng hurt 10. the seate of the Muscles 15. the 〈◊〉 bones thereof how vnited 4. the seames therof described 7 Tendon what it is 44. the largest tendon what 59 Testicles their number substauÌ„ce vse coate veynes and membrans described 85. the 〈◊〉 therof 79. differ a litle from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 substaunce 65. the Muscles therof 56 〈◊〉 hys head of what figure it was 6 Théeues sayd to want a part of their hand 61 Thighe the figure bones and nature therof described 32. the Cartilages therof 40. why hardly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the motions and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 thereof described 57. the Processes of it 2 Thimus 90 Thombe the bones and ioyntes therof described 29 Throt why it boâ—…cheth not forth 〈◊〉 women as in men 65 Tibia the nature and description therof 33. the appendaunce of it hath Processes 2 Toes the bones therof described 37. their want how incoâ—…ous 58. the Muscles thereof described 60. the Ligamentes therof 42. their tendâ—…s 59 Toung the Bones therof 16. the Ligamentes thereof 42. 49. the vtilities and muscles therof 48. whenco it hath the sence of 〈◊〉 49 Toung tyed how children so 〈◊〉 41 Trochanteres what so called 2. 33 Tunnell where it is and the vse therof 〈◊〉 V. VEnice 6 Dentricle the partes figure 〈◊〉 and nature therof described 68. the Orifices therof 69. the veynes and arteries therof 70. the Nerues situation partes 〈◊〉 therto described 71. is nourished by bloud 75. how offended by Colon. 73. chaungeth meates into white 76. the mouth therof wheÌ„ it is payned the hart doth ake 105. what 〈◊〉 it 〈◊〉 by choler 80. the mouth of it 24 Vertebres their Ligamentes whence they spring 42. all haue holes except the first of the necke 21. haue appendaunces 2 ¶ Vertebres of the necke brest and loynes looke the descriptioÌ„ of the necke brest and loynes Vertue none without his proper organ 46 Vesalius his diuision of the partes of the body 1. his errours 4. 10. 44. 53. 69. 54. mentioneth of a mad boye in Venice with a monstrons head 6. his opinion what is contained in the cauities of Os frontis 9. how bloud commeth to the hart 89. the first inuentor of the organs of hearyng 10. ignoraunt of the inferiour head of the shoulder 27. describeth Larinx as it is in beastes 49. 17. inuented the discourse of the holes of the head 13. reproued by Collumbus 21. 55 Veynes their number names nature vse described at large 75. why made hollow 79 Veyne Iugularis noutisheth the brayne 15 Deyne Axillaris and Cephalica 26 ¶ Veynes particular looke those partes to which they serue Vitall partes described 89 Vital spirites perfected by the hart 91 they are described 98. their propper matter 100 〈◊〉 the description of it 27. the appendaunce therof hath 〈◊〉 2 Vmbelicall veyne to what vse to the infant in the wombe 61 Vnaptnes a token therof 6 Vomit 71 Voyce the matter and instrumentes of it 18. 19. graue or base how it is vttered 50 Vrine the nature properties bleddar therof described 83. the passage therof 88. the vessels therof 78 Vuula the description therof 90 W. WOmaÌ„s priuities the image therof in the brayne 100 Woundes in what part 〈◊〉 the body they are deadly 8. 24. 40. 54. 101 Wounded men why they losse sometyme seÌ„ce sometyme mouyng sometyme both 109 Wrest the bones nature and description therof 28. 29. the 〈◊〉 therof 40. the Ligamentes thereof 〈◊〉 Y. 〈◊〉 the office vse substauÌ„ce instrumentes and whole nature therof described 88. the veynes therof 79. the Muscles therof 56 Young man dead through the payne 〈◊〉 the head 6 Youth not to be obserued in Anathomy 56 FINIS AT LONDON Printed by Iohn Dayeâ—… dwellyng ouer Aldersgate ¶ And are to be sold at the long shop at the West doore of Paules 1578. ⧠Cum gratia Privilegio Regiae Majestatis
veyne from the nauell led vnto the liuer whereby the child receiueth nourishment within the wombe and which after tyme of byrth becommeth without bloud and vse To this veyne where beyng knit to Peritonaeum it is layd ouer the ventricle in round circuit much fat springeth which that the ventricle in his concoctiue office might more swiftely labour yeldeth there some helpe Neither is the ventricle as some haue fondly supposed nourished by Chylus which it engendreth since by the benefite of those faculties whiche it obtaineth common with the other partes it draweth to it selfe out of the veynes and reteineth and laboureth propper nourishment thrustyng out from it selfe what soeuer is superfluous This also testifieth Collumbus saying no part of the body is nourished but by bloud Finally by the giftes by which the ventricle ministreth vnto the whole body and for which some call it the kyng of the body it receiueth meate and drinke by straight Fibres in at the stomach from the mouth which immediately taken is reteined by oblique Fibres and all a while embraced vntill by engendryng in it selfe the alteratiue facultie it haue conuerted the same into a thicke creame or iuyce in colour aunswerable to his owne substaunce and at length endeuouryng to put forth into the intrels that which it hath confected it openeth the lower Orifice and then by transuerse Fibres that which it embraced thrusteth downward Some tyme it vomitteth but that motion is violent and agaynst nature for then the oblique together with the transuerse Fibres do driue out with great endeuour and the straight Fibres of the stomach moue in opposite order to natures first decrée ANd sithens the guttes are to this ventricle continuall it séemeth immediately to prosecute their description a thyng of right required Which as they take their begynnyng from the ventricle so séeme they also one substaunce therewith although a litle thinner They are situated from the inferiour Orifice of the ventricle euen downe to the fundament and occupy the greater of Abdomen Their substaunce is Membraneous yet not euery where alike in thicknes But such notwithstaÌ„dyng as easely might embrace that which it conseineth and agayne apte to be distented or retched out by the thynges conteined They haue two peculiar coates and one which they purchase from Peritonaeum to make them lesse subiect to iniurious offence Wherfore Galen affirmeth that the interiour by Dysenteria or other dayly griefes sometyme putrifieth yet the outer being safe some so affected do escape The interiour coate of the guttes is â—…oster then the interiour coate of the ventricle for that they receiue no rough or vnbroken thynges as doth the ventricle but their outer coate is more thinne and sleshy yet lesse fleshy then the inner coate of the ventricle because they are rather the instrumentes of distribution then of concortion The inner coate of the great guâ—…es is so much harder then the interiour coate of the smal by how much they conteine matter more hard and voyde of iuyce For that which is conteined in the small guttes is liquid flowyng and watrish whereas that in the great guttes is hard Both the coates of the intestines haue orbicular Fibres that they might driue forth that which sloweth into them more spéedely and there the whole iuyce is spéedely sucked to the liuer But the outer coate of the straight intestine and of Colon obtaineth straight Fibres whiche are made as a band to the circular Fibres lest happely they sometyme in forcyng out the hard excrementes might also together with them depart and be plucked away And for this cause chiefly so many of that kynde are bestowed on the straight gut for that it amylecteth the dryer excrementes The thyrd coate of the intestines is as a propugnacle to the second by whose benefite and interuenture of Mesenterium the intrels are bounde to the backe This is taken from the Membrans of Peritonaeum securely carieng the vessels to the intestines For these MembraÌ„s together with the vesselles commyng to the hollow seate of the intrels are dilated there endewyng them with a thyrd coate By the hollow side of the guttes is ment the part which the vessell first touch and by the Gibbous part the contrary They are created round in fourme to be the more capacious and lesse subiect to iniuries But veynes and Arteries are not in like number giuen to euery one like as not in all the intrels is equall store of iuyce to be sucked out For by how much the intrelles in continuitie are nearer the ventricle by somuch they conteine more of the best iuyce therfore consequently greater store of vesselles are to the small guttes distributed and fewer to the great So are the guttes endewed with sinewes that they might giue knowledge of euery hurtfull huÌ„ger For if they were altogether voyde of sense nothyng might resist but that the guttes either by yellow Choler or other biting humour might throughly be correated before a man should féele Moreouer although the intrels be one continuall body notwithstaÌ„dyng when they are circunduced into diuers and many enfoldes and turnynges and those differyng in figure neither chuse they in all places the same nature in situation substaunce and fourme And agayne others are made touchyng some peculiar part in man nether the principall vse of them all alike The learned Anathomistes and such as haue bene in dissectioÌ„ expert do number them as though they were mòe. And first they deuide them into small great then either of them agayne into thrée so that all are in number vj. constituted although Collumbus if it were lawfull to starte from the elders could contentedly stand to the first diuision that is to say Duodenum Ieiunum Tenue Coecum Colum and Rectum All which in order we will speake vpoÌ„ so soone as we haue vnfolded the peculiar properties of the first diuision that is the office of the small and great guttes The small guttes as witnesseth Gal. Lib. 4. vs Partium are chiefly fourmed that by their benefite what soeuer iuyce is of the meate laboured by the diligence of the veÌ„tricle the same might be drawne into the liuer the shoppe or storehouse of bloud As also that the dregges and such thynges as are vnapt to be drawne might be duly excernedor auoyded Last of all to the concoctiue and alteratiue force the small guttes are somewhat assistaunt as that the substaunce first confected of the ventricle they might a litle more absolutely chaunge Neither is it to be denyed that the meate in the passage therof through the intrels is more concocted like as also in the veynes the bloud and in the hart the vitall spirite which sayth Collumbus is engendred by the labour of the lunges in the veniall Arteris but after made perfect in the hart as in the
History of the spirituall partes is sufficiently touched Therfore euen as Nature hath giuen vnto the veynes which she framed for instrumentes of distribution of the generatiue facultie of bloud euen so and by the same reason to the small intrels made for distribution therof into the veynes a certaine coÌ„coctiue facultie of meates is ioyned â—…lynded and turned with many foldes turnynges hath nature all the scope of the small guttes to the end that if any nourishment in the passage of the first anfract or turnyng do escape the mouthes of the vessels to the inside of the intrels opening it might chaunce into the second but if it did passe that also yet followeth the thyrd fourth fift and others a great number Wherfore for the streit and long passages with so many turnes and foldyngs euery part of the meate is at length constrained to appropinguate the mouth of some one or other of the vessels CueÌ„ as the whole gutte euery where round about is replenished with an innumerable multitude of vessels whose Orifices penetrate into the capacitie of the intrels after the maner as shortly shal be said Of the which vessels is catched what soeuer is profitable of the nourishmeÌ„t that passeth by So as it caÌ„not be that any iuyce fit for the nourishment of the body may slippe from the same vnprofitable The foldes and turnynges therefore of the guttes are to that end made to yeld exact distribution of all the concocted nourishment lest the same swiftely passyng away and so goyng out the body should be driuen into an vrgent necessitie of receiuyng nourishment whereby men should lead their liues in continuall néedefulnes of belly chere As for exaÌ„ple The creatures in which none of those foldes or turnyng spoken of are founde but haue one simple intrell or gutte from the ventricle to the fundament straight pretensed we sée to be rauenous vnsatiable and such as liue in perpetuall desire of eatyng Not improuident by them did nature in mans body worke her effect in the intrels with such anfractuous foldes as are euident that they might delay and a while reteine the iuyce which floweth from the ventricle vntill the meseraicall veynes haue sucked in all that is commodious and caried it to the liuer But the great guttes although they be also to the distribution of the iuyces conuenient notwithstandyng particularly because great is their amplitude or scope and therfore able to gather together and conteine many thynges to the end that not immediately but by long space of tyme we vse egestioÌ„ Also if any thyng shall escape this suckyng in the small guttes the same whilest with longer delay the excrementes tary in the great is haled forth by their vessels But to speake of these particularly that is to say of the singular partes and diuisions First all that part of the gutte which vnder the ventricle from the inferiour Orifice therof straight after a certaine maner descendeth thither whereas the gutte first begynneth to be infolded because in man for the most part it holdeth the length of xij fingers is called of the Gréekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of the Latins Duodenum There are sayth Vesalius which thinke not good to call this a gutte but rather a rising begynnyng or a Processe of the intrels This portion or part Duodenum is led into no anfractuous foldes as before of others is sayd for asmuch as vnder the ventricle where it is caried it obteineth no spare place or vacant roome in which it might aptly bowe and infold it selfe As also that it beâ—…oued it to giue place to Uena porta commyng from the hollow of the liuer as Galen copiously mentioneth in his iiâ—… 〈◊〉 of the vtilitie of partes The originall therof is therfore from the inferiour Orifice of the veÌ„tricle ralled Pyloron and in diuers from the same Wherfore to this purpose Galen sayth in his fourth of the vse of partes That DuodenuÌ„ or the begynnyng of the guttes is not part of the ventricle but soure other part connect and knit thereto Fuchsius therfore sayth that they are much deceiued which iudge no differeÌ„ce betwene Duodenum and Pyloron Duodenum hath a veyne and an Arteâ—…e peculiar to it selfe and which is caried directly downward after the longitude therof This veyne purchaseth his estate from Venaporta before it be inserted in Mesenterium But the Arterie procéedeth from that which is offered to the liuer Nerues such as it hath it receiueth from those which come to the lower Dâ—…ce of the ventricle and to the right side of the bottome therof Beside the intrell Duodenum chalengeth that vnto it selfe that the way or passage carieng yellow coler to the guttes is implanted to it that is to say by the influxe of coler stimulatyng and styrring vp the force of the guttes to helpe their action vehemently and to the expulsing of flegme within them insident But notwithstandyng that thus Uesalius describeth a peculiar propperty to Duodenum that is the accesse of yellow coler vnto it whereto Fuchsius not onely subscribeth but also sayth further that they are farre deceiued that affirme this passage of coler to be inserted to any other of the guttes alledgyng further with many wordes in the vâ—… Chapter of his thyrd booke that whereas the occasion of this errour seemeth to be takeÌ„â—…ut of Gal. â—…b 13. Therap method cap. 13. It happeneth rather through iâ—…becillitie of his interpretour Tho. Linacre not perfectly vnderstandyng the sensâ—… or meanyng of that place But howsoeuer himselfe vnderstode of that place I will leaue to the learned to discusse Onely this I say that I say that all are not agréed vpon this poynt that Uesalius and he haue set downe without doubtyng as more propperly we may declare in describyng the next gutte The progresse of this portion Duodenum is thus after the extorture thereof from the ventricle it descendeth towardes the Spine whence agayne afterward it riseth and giueth a begynnyng to the foldes or turnynges of the guttes there endyng So vnder it is layd a certaine Glandulous body to support and shield the vessels propper to the same gâ—…tte as alsâ—… to irrigate and moysten the amplitude or scope of the same gutte with a certaine gentle humour but because this intrell alone doth not receiue the râ—…hearsed vtilitie but in like maner also the other intrels I will deferre their speciall explication till I take in hand to speake of Mesenterium Now the second intestine there begynneth where is made the first conuolution or enfold The Grecians call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins Ieiunum and that because from tyme to tyme in dissection in comparison of the other guttes it is founde voyde and empty For the iuyce that it receiueth it traÌ„smitteth most swiftly for that choler not mixed with the iuyce floweth to the side of the intrell styrryng vp by his