Selected quad for the lemma: land_n

Word A Word B Word C Word D Occurrence Frequency Band MI MI Band Prominent
land_n king_n manor_n tenement_n 1,314 5 10.4411 5 false
View all documents for the selected quad

Text snippets containing the quad

ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A20574 A compleat parson: or, A description of advovvsons, or church-liuing Wherein is set forth, the intrests of the parson, patron, and ordinarie, &c. With many other things concerning the same matter, as they were deliuered at severall readings at New-Inne, / by I. Doderidge, anno, 1602, 1603. And now published for a common good, by W.I. Doddridge, John, Sir, 1555-1628.; W. I., 17th cent. 1630 (1630) STC 6980; ESTC S109763 45,102 102

There are 4 snippets containing the selected quad. | View original text

nothing_o but_o give_v licence_n to_o the_o person_n to_o charge_v his_o rectory_n with_o a_o anuitie_n this_o shall_v be_v a_o good_a grant_n to_o charge_v the_o church_n in_o perpetuity_n for_o that_o that_o it_o be_v not_o to_o any_o other_o free_a tenant_n a_o charge_n but_o to_o the_o parson_n because_o neither_o the_o patron_n nor_o ●_o the_o ordinary_n can_v have_v the_o church_n themselves_o but_o only_o to_o dispose_v and_o bestow_v the_o same_o upon_o some_o other_o nevertheless_o such_o assent_n ought_v to_o be_v by_o write_v lect_n 3._o the_o several_a interest_n of_o the_o patron_n and_o ordinary_n and_o what_o it_o be_v in_o the_o lecture_n next_o before_o i_o have_v ●et_o forth_o to_o you_o the_o right_n that_o both_o the_o patron_n and_o ordinary_n have_v joint_o to_o intermeddle_v in_o the_o church_n now_o it_o remain_v likewise_o that_o i_o declare_v their_o several_a interest_n therefore_o at_o this_o present_a i_o intend_v to_o deliver_v something_o touch_v the_o collateral_a interest_n of_o the_o patron_n sole_a and_o after_o to_o examine_v what_o manner_n of_o inheritance_n a_o advowson_n be_v and_o so_o to_o refetre_n the_o interest_n of_o the_o ordinary_a sole_a to_o a_o more_o convenient_a place_n when_o as_o we_o shall_v come_v to_o speak_v of_o admission_n and_o institution_n what_o collateral_a interest_n alone_o the_o patron_n have_v in_o the_o church_n may_v in_o brie●e_n thus_o be_v decipher_v first_o by_o the_o common_a law_n before_o the_o statute_n of_o westminster_n second_o as_o he_o ought_v by_o the_o opinion_n of_o some_o man_n to_o bring_v his_o writ_n of_o advowson_n of_o the_o five_o part_n or_o any_o less_o part_n of_o the_o tithe_n and_o oblation_n of_o the_o church_n in_o any_o suit_n of_o judicavit_fw-la attempt_v against_o the_o presentee_n or_o b_o incumbent_n that_o have_v sue_v in_o the_o spiritual_a court_n for_o the_o recovery_n of_o the_o same_o and_o have_v cause_v the_o patronage_n in_o this_o respect_n to_o come_v into_o question_n or_o as_o some_o man_n think_v he_o may_v have_v have_v his_o writ_n of_o heres_fw-la as_o a_o praecipe_n quod_fw-la reddat_fw-la por●escue_n advocationem_fw-la quinque_fw-la acrarum_fw-la terrae_fw-la or_o one_o acre_n of_o land_n and_o such_o like_a for_o which_o cause_n the_o statute_n be_v make_v to_o be_v a_o restraint_n for_o bring_v the_o same_o writ_n of_o any_o less_o part_n than_o of_o the_o four_o part_n of_o their_o tithe_n so_o that_o the_o statute_n in_o this_o behalf_n be_v but_o a_o restraint_n of_o the_o common_a law_n which_o argue_v that_o the_o compare_v of_o the_o rectorie_n tend_v collateral_o to_o be_v a_o impeachment_n and_o prejudice_n to_o the_o patron_n himself_o and_o so_o import_v a_o collateral_a interest_n that_o the_o patron_n have_v to_o the_o church_n again_o by_o the_o grant_n of_o the_o church_n the_o advowson_n pass_v wherefore_o herle_n say_v in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o ed._n 3._o that_o it_o be_v not_o long_o since_o when_o man_n know_v not_o ●_o what_o a_o advowson_n be_v nor_o mean_v but_o by_o the_o grant_v of_o the_o church_n they_o think_v the_o advowson_n to_o be_v sufficient_o convey_v in_o the_o law_n for_o say_v he_o when_o they_o purpose_v to_o assure_v a_o advowson_n their_o charter_n specify_v it_o in_o the_o gui●●_n of_o the_o church_n moreover_o the_o king_n be_v patron_n have_v often_o ratify_v and_o confirm_v the_o estate_n of_o the_o incumbent_n b_o in_o a_o rectorie_n that_o a_o usurper_n have_v present_v b._n by_o mean_n whereof_o he_o can_v remove_v the_o same_o incumbent_n unless_o for_o some_o cause_n he_o repeal_v his_o charter_n of_o confirmation_n notwithstanding_o if_o the_o king_n recover_v by_o a_o quare_fw-la imp_n and_o after_o confirm_v the_o estate_n of_o the_o incumbent_n that_o the_o usurper_n present_v by_o 3_o mean_n whereof_o he_o can_v be_v remove_v at_o the_o next_o avoidance_n the_o king_n shall_v present_v for_o the_o judgement_n give_v for_o he_o be_v not_o at_o any_o time_n execute_v which_o also_o prove_v the_o collateral_a interest_n that_o the_o patron_n have_v to_o the_o church_n for_o no_o parson_n can_v lawful_o confirm_v but_o such_o as_o have_v right_a to_o the_o thing_n confirm_v ancient_a book_n have_v hold_v and_o that_o not_o without_o a_o reason_n that_o a_o advowson_n have_v such_o a_o affinity_n with_o the_o church_n itself_o to_o which_o it_o be_v grant_v and_o to_o which_o it_o be_v a_o collateral_a interest_n as_o have_v be_v say_v that_o it_o shall_v pass_v by_o livery_n of_o seism_n make_v at_o the_o ring_n of_o the_o door_n of_o the_o church_n and_o although_o by_o such_o mean_v it_o pass_v not_o at_o this_o day_n be_v mere_o a_o thing_n that_o lie_v in_o grant_v yet_o the_o same_o prove_v the_o collateral_a interest_n of_o the_o patron_n to_o the_o church_n for_o this_o opinion_n hold_v in_o the_o book_n be_v grant_v for_o the_o like_a reason_n in_o a_o writ_n of_o right_n of_o advowson_n the_o parson_n b._n shall_v be_v summon_v in_o the_o church_n or_o at_o the_o door_n of_o the_o church_n and_o if_o a_o villain_fw-fr purchase_v a_o advowson_n in_o gross_a littleton_n say_v full_a of_o a_o incumbent_n the_o lord_n of_o the_o same_o villain_n may_v come_v to_o the_o same_o church_n and_o their_o claim_n and_o the_o advowson_n shall_v be_v in_o he_o all_o which_o thing_n add_v to_o the_o former_a sufficient_o prove_v the_o collateral_a interest_n that_o the_o patron_n have_v to_o the_o church_n lect_n 4._o what_o manner_n of_o inheritance_n a_o advowson_n be_v lecture_n 4_o we_o be_v now_o to_o consider_v what_o manner_n of_o inheritance_n a_o advowson_n be_v wherefore_o let_v we_o consider_v that_o every_o inheritance_n be_v either_o hereditas_fw-la corporata_fw-la or_o incorporata_fw-la hereditas_fw-la corporata_fw-la be_v a_o meadow_n message_n v_o land_n pasture_n rent_n etc._n etc._n that_o have_v substance_n in_o themselves_o and_o may_v continue_v for_o ever_o hereditas_fw-la incorporata_fw-la be_v advowsons_n villein_n way_n commons_o court_n piscary_v etc._n etc._n which_o be_v and_o may_v be_v appendant_a or_o appertinent_a to_o inheritance_n corporate_a a_o advowson_n therefore_o be_v incorporate_v of_o which_o a_o man_n may_v be_v seisied_a though_o not_o of_o demesne_n yet_o as_o of_o fee_n and_o as_o of_o right_a and_o although_o great_a disputation_n have_v be_v b._n in_o our_o book_n whether_o a_o advowson_n may_v be_v hold_v or_o lie_v in_o tenure_n yet_o the_o most_o authority_n concur_v and_o be_v that_o any_o advowson_n either_o in_o gross_a or_o appendant_a lie_v in_o tenure_n aswell_o of_o a_o common_a person_n as_o of_o the_o king_n for_o a_o cessavit_fw-la lie_v thereof_o and_o some_o have_v hold_v that_o the_o lord_n of_o who_o it_o be_v hold_v may_n distreine_v either_o in_o the_o church_n yard_n or_o in_o the_o gleebe_n the_o beast_n of_o the_o patron_n only_o if_o they_o happen_v to_o a._n be_v there_o find_v 33._o h._n 6._o godred_a contrary_a but_o though_o the_o law_n be_v that_o there_o can_v be_v take_v any_o distress_n yet_o the_o same_o make_v not_o any_o impeachment_n of_o the_o tenure_n and_o be_v parcel_n of_o a_o manor_n or_o appendant_a to_o it_o it_o may_v be_v hold_v as_o some_o book_n be_v pro_fw-la particula_fw-la illa_fw-la therefore_o it_o be_v hold_v and_o say_v that_o a_o advowson_n be_v a_o tenement_n and_o therefore_o whereas_o the_o king_n have_v give_v licence_n to_o a_o abbot_n to_o amortise_n land_n and_o tenement_n to_o such_o a_o value_n by_o force_n whereof_o he_o purchase_v a_o advowson_n and_o this_o be_v hold_v good_a sufficient_o pursue_v this_o licence_n and_o therefore_o in_o the_o book_n a_o issue_n be_v take_v if_o the_o same_o advowson_n be_v hold_v in_o b._n capitie_n and_o therefore_o if_o a_o man_n grant_v a_o ward_n or_o omniaterra_fw-la &_o tenementa_fw-la that_o he_o have_v by_o reason_n of_o his_o ward_n if_o there_o be_v a_o advowson_n hold_v of_o the_o lord_n be_v guardian_n the_o same_o pass_v to_o the_o grantee_n by_o the_o word_n of_o omniaterra_n &_o tenementa_fw-la of_o a_o advowson_n a_o praecipe_n quod_fw-la reddat_fw-la lie_v very_o well_o and_o a_o writ_n of_o dower_n shall_v be_v maintain_v b_o of_o the_o same_o by_o the_o wife_n of_o such_o as_o have_v such_o inheritance_n therein_o as_o give_v a_o dower_n as_o before_o have_v be_v say_v and_o so_o the_o husband_n of_o a._n she_o that_o have_v the'nheritance_n in_o it_o shall_v be_v tenant_n by_o the_o courtesy_n although_o there_o never_o be_v have_v any_o presentation_n by_o the_o wise_a to_o it_o but_o yet_o there_o shall_v not_o be_v any_o descent_n thereof_o from_o the_o brother_n to_o the_o sister_n of_o the_o entire_a blood_n by_o the_o maxim_n of_o possessio_fw-la fratris_fw-la etc._n etc._n but_o the_o same_o shall_v descend_v to_o the_o brother_n of_o the_o half_a
blood_n unless_o the_o first_o have_v present_v to_o it_o in_o his_o life_n time_n but_o if_o he_o have_v present_v in_o his_o life-time_n 177._o than_o it_o shall_v descend_v to_o the_o next_o heir_n of_o the_o entire_a blood_n in_o advowson_n be_v a_o inheritance_n and_o can_v be_v divide_v into_o part_n or_o parcel_n for_o in_o a_o writ_n of_o right_n of_o advouson_n if_o the_o tenant_n say_v that_o the_o demaundant_a be_v seize_v of_o the_o six_o part_n of_o the_o advowson_n this_o shall_v abate_v the_o whole_a writ_n and_o yet_o part_v thereof_o may_v be_v in_o some_o sort_n consider_v for_o there_o be_v a_o usual_a difference_n take_v between_o advocatio_fw-la medietatis_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la and_o medietas_fw-la advotionis_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la for_o advocatio_fw-la medietatis_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la be_v where_o two_o patron_n be_v and_o every_o of_o they_o have_v right_a to_o present_v a_o several_a incumbent_n to_o the_o bishop_n to_o be_v admit_v into_o one_o and_o the_o same_o church_n for_o diverse_a may_v be_v several_a parson_n and_o have_v care_n of_o soul_n in_o one_o parish_n and_o such_o advowson_n be_v v._n a_o like_a in_o every_o of_o those_o patron_n but_o every_o of_o their_o presentment_n be_v to_o the_o moiety_n of_o the_o same_o church_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v call_v advocatio_fw-la medietatis_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la or_o as_o the_o cause_n sall_v out_o advocatio_fw-la tertiae_fw-la partis_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la and_o the_o like_a but_o medietas_fw-la advocationis_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la be_v after_o pertition_n b._n between_o percener_n for_o although_o the_o advowson_n be_v entire_a among_o they_o yet_o any_o of_o they_o be_v disturb_v to_o present_v at_o his_o turn_n shall_v have_v the_o writ_n of_o medietate_fw-la or_o of_o tertia_fw-la or_o of_o quarta_fw-la parte_fw-la advocationis_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la as_o the_o case_n lie_v also_o if_o two_o patron_n of_o several_a church_n make_v 39_o union_n or_o confederation_n of_o their_o church_n by_o the_o assent_n of_o all_o those_o who_o consent_n be_v requisite_a the_o patronage_n of_o every_o of_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v but_o medietas_fw-la advocationis_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la because_o but_o one_o incumbent_n be_v only_o in_o this_o case_n to_o be_v present_v and_o not_o advocatio_fw-la medietatis_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la and_o this_o difference_n be_v only_o take_v and_o observe_v in_o the_o writ_n of_o right_n which_o be_v altogether_o ground_v upon_o the_o right_n of_o patronage_n but_o in_o the_o quare_fw-la impedit_fw-la which_o be_v only_o to_o recover_v damage_n no_o such_o diversity_n be_v consider_v but_o the_o writ_n be_v general_a presentare_fw-la ad_fw-la ecclesiam_fw-la last_o it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v what_o temporal_a profit_n value_n or_o commodity_n this_o kind_n of_o inheritance_n be_v repute_v to_o be_v of_o it_o be_v not_o by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n to_o be_v bestow_v upon_o any_o incumbent_n a._n for_o any_o need_n or_o price_n but_o only_o reserve_v for_o such_o as_o be_v worthy_a thereof_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v say_v *_o that_o guardian_n in_o socage_n of_o a_o infant_n shall_v not_o present_v to_o any_o aduowson_n because_o a._n such_o presentation_n be_v not_o to_o be_v bestow_v for_o price_n for_o that_o that_o such_o guardian_n can_v account_v for_o the_o same_o yet_o nevertheless_o because_o the_o patron_n thereby_o may_v advance_v his_o friend_n it_o have_v be_v often_o esteem_v for_o asset_n in_o formedon_n and_o as_o the_o value_n thereof_o may_v come_v in_o question_n 9_o as_o in_o a_o writ_n of_o right_n of_o advowson_n where_o the_o tenant_n avouch_v and_o the_o vouchee_n lose_v the_o tenant_n shall_v recover_v in_o value_n against_o the_o vouchee_n for_o every_o mark_n that_o the_o church_n be_v worth_a per_fw-la annum_fw-la xij_o d._n so_o that_o the_o thing_n which_o of_o itself_o be_v not_o valuable_a be_v by_o a_o secondary_a mean_n make_v and_o esteem_v valuable_a because_o that_o otherwise_o this_o mischief_n shall_v ensue_v thereof_o which_o shall_v be_v a_o loss_n without_o recompense_n 1._o by_o this_o it_o appear_v that_o it_o be_v a_o inheritance_n incorporate_v 2._o that_o it_o lie_v in_o tenure_n 3._o that_o it_o pass_v by_o the_o name_n of_o tenement_n 4._o that_o a_o precipi_fw-la quod_fw-la reddat_fw-la lie_v thereof_o 5._o that_o both_o tenant_n in_o dower_n and_o tenant_n by_o the_o courtesy_n and_o in_o some_o case_n a_o possessio_fw-la ●ratris_fw-la may_v be_v thereof_o 6._o that_o it_o be_v entire_a by_o nature_n though_o by_o accidental_a mean_n otherwise_o and_o in_o some_o respect_n devisable_a 7._o though_o it_o be_v bestow_v gratis_o yet_o it_o be_v valuable_a for_o which_o it_o be_v a_o benefit_n to_o advance_v a_o friend_n and_o for_o be_v injure_v therein_o we_o shall_v recover_v damage_n lect_n 5._o the_o word_n right_o and_o the_o word_n advowson_n explain_v and_o to_o what_o inheritance_n a_o advowson_n may_v be_v appeudant_fw-la original_o it_o rest_v at_o this_o present_a for_o the_o more_o ample_a explication_n of_o this_o word_n right_o whereas_o in_o define_v a_o advowson_n we_o say_v it_o ●●keth_v a_o r●g●●_n to_o set_v forth_o the_o d●●●sions_n of_o advowsons_n and_o to_o prosecute_v every_o part_n divide_v with_o a_o ●ull_a discourse_n that_o thereby_o what_o manner_n of_o right_n and_o inheritance_n a_o advowson_n be_v may_v be_v the_o better_o perceive_v advowsons_n therefore_o be_v either_o appendant_a or_o in_o gross_a or_o part_v appendant_a part_n in_o gross_a a_o advowson_n appendant_a be_v a_o right_a of_o patronage_n appertain_v to_o some_o corporal_a inheritance_n so_o that_o he_o that_o have_v the_o same_o inheritance_n be_v thereby_o also_o entitle_v to_o have_v the_o other_o as_o annex_v to_o the_o same_o for_o a_o advowson_n e._n pass_v always_o with_o the_o inheritance_n to_o which_o it_o be_v appendant_a unless_o there_o be_v express_v nomination_n b._n only_o by_o these_o word_n una_fw-la cum_fw-la pertinentijs_fw-la except_o it_o be_v in_o case_n of_o the_o king_n where_o the_o statute_n de_fw-fr prerogativa_fw-la regis_fw-la cap._n 15._o provide_v express_a word_n to_o make_v the_o same_o to_o pass_v the_o original_n of_o advowsons_n appendant_a at_o the_o beginning_n must_v be_v in_o this_o manner_n sythenc●_n patronage_n be_v win_v and_o get_v as_o before_o have_v be_v declare_v and_o that_o either_o ratione_fw-la fundati●nis_fw-la ●_o dotationis_fw-la or_o fundi_fw-la be_v as_o it_o seem_v by_o all_o conformity_n of_o reason_n the_o original_a foundation_n of_o advowsons_n appendant_a for_o when_o manor_n be_v create_v either_o the_o land_n upon_o which_o the_o church_n be_v build_v be_v land_n parcel_n of_o the_o manor_n or_o honour_n to_o which_o it_o be_v appendant_a and_o he_o that_o be_v donor_n thereof_o give_v the_o same_o to_o build_v the_o church_n upon_o and_o that_o the_o advowson_n of_o the_o same_o church_n so_o build_v shall_v be_v appendant_a to_o the_o same_o manor_n which_o be_v ratione_fw-la 6._o fundi_fw-la or_o he_o that_o be_v owner_n of_o the_o same_o manor_n or_o of_o any_o such_o corporal_a inheritance_n endow_v the_o same_o church_n with_o parcel_n of_o the_o land_n of_o the_o same_o manor_n honour_n or_o such_o like_a corporal_a inheritance_n and_o give_v the_o same_o to_o the_o gleebe_n of_o such_o church_n upon_o which_o the_o advowson_n by_o ordinance_n of_o the_o ordinary_a and_o by_o the_o consent_n and_o agreement_n of_o all_o other_o who_o consent_n be_v requisite_a in_o this_o behalf_n be_v at_o the_o beginning_n appoint_v to_o be_v appendant_a to_o such_o manor_n honour_n or_o other_o corporal_a inheritance_n in_o recompense_n of_o such_o lively_a hood_n and_o dotation_n bestow_v upon_o the_o church_n and_o hereof_o it_o ensue_v that_o if_o at_o any_o time_n the_o b._n church_n be_v desolue_v the_o gleebe_n and_o land_n upon_o which_o the_o church_n be_v build_v shall_v return_v and_o escheat_n to_o he_o or_o they_o from_o who_o it_o be_v derive_v and_o deduce_v as_o in_o like_a case_n upon_o the_o dissolution_n of_o a_o abbey_n k_o the_o same_o shall_v not_o return_v to_o the_o sound_a of_o common_a right_n unless_o some_o other_o ordinance_n be_v make_v to_o encounter_v the_o same_o 1._o therefore_o to_o avoid_v confusion_n in_o the_o consideration_n of_o advowsons_n appendant_a let_v we_o first_o see_v to_o what_o sort_n of_o inheritance_n advowsons_n may_v be_v proper_o appendant_a 2_o second_o in_o what_o manner_n it_o be_v appendant_a that_o be_v if_o it_o be_v part_n or_o parcel_n of_o the_o inheritance_n to_o which_o it_o be_v appendant_a or_o if_o as_o accident_n or_o necessary_a thereunto_o 3_o how_o it_o may_v be_v sever_v from_o his_o principal_n and_o again_o by_o what_o mean_v it_o may_v be_v thereunto_o recontinue_a again_o as_o to_o the_o first_o it_o may_v be_v appendant_a proper_o ●_o and_o original_o to_o thing_n that_o be_v only_a inheritance_n corporal_a that_o be_v compound_v as_o to_o a_o honour_n earldom_n or_o
e._n 2._o fitzh_n br_n 250._o vide_fw-la 9_o e._n 3._o f._n 1._o trial_n 571._o 7._o e._n 3._o 40._o a._n b._n vide_fw-la 21._o e._n 3._o 40._o a._n b._n 41._o e._n 3._o 56._o b._n 46._o e._n 3._o 32._o 11._o h._n 4._o 37._o 59_o 76._o &_o 22._o h._n 6._o 27._o ●_o for_o the_o better_a understanding_n of_o this_o kind_n of_o avoidance_n it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o as_o four_o thing_n be_v require_v to_o concur_v for_o the_o full_a perfect_a of_o any_o parson_n or_o parson_n prefer_v to_o any_o dignity_n ecclesiastical_a presentative_a or_o collative_a as_o to_o wit_n first_o of_o all_o presentation_n or_o as_o the_o case_n require_v collation_n second_o admission_n three_o institution_n and_o four_a &_o last_o induction_n so_o in_o the_o promote_a of_o a_o bishop_n or_o archbishop_n by_o the_o spiritual_a law_n be_v require_v before_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 25._o h._n 8._o cap._n 20._o also_o four_o thing_n answerable_a in_o many_o respect_n to_o the_o four_o former_a before_o recite_v as_o first_o election_n second_o confirmation_n three_o consecration_n creation_n or_o investure_n and_o four_a installation_n or_o inthronation_n the_o election_n be_v make_v by_o the_o dean_n and_o chapter_n or_o by_o the_o prior_n and_o co●ent_n where_o they_o be_v as_o deane_n and_o chapter_n as_o in_o every_o of_o the_o sea_n cathedral_n of_o canterbury_n worcester_z and_o norwich_n in_o which_o church_n the_o prior_n and_o covent_n be_v till_o the_o dissolution_n of_o monastery_n at_o which_o time_n the_o same_o pryory_n be_v dissolve_v and_o in_o steed_n of_o they_o in_o every_o of_o the_o same_o cathedral_n church_n a_o dean_n and_o chapter_n have_v be_v by_o private_a act_n of_o parliament_n erect_v but_o in_o some_o other_o cathedral_n church_n the_o election_n have_v be_v both_o by_o deane_n and_o chapter_n as_o of_o well_n and_o by_o the_o prior_n and_o covent_n at_o bath_n and_o in_o the_o sea_n of_o coventry_n and_o lichsield_n and_o in_o some_o other_o cathedral_n sea_n the_o election_n of_o the_o bishop_n have_v be_v by_o two_o several_a dean_n and_o chapter_n as_o in_o the_o archbyshopricke_n of_o dublin_n in_o ireland_n where_o both_o the_o dean_n and_o the_o chapter_n of_o christ_n church_n and_o the_o dean_n and_o chapter_n of_o saint_n patrick_n join_v in_o election_n and_o both_o of_o they_o use_v to_o confirm_v the_o grant_n of_o the_o bishop_n although_o christ_n church_n be_v know_v to_o be_v the_o more_o ancient_a church_n to_o that_o sea_n as_o concern_v therefore_o the_o election_n of_o archbyshop_n and_o bishop_n the_o king_n of_o this_o realm_n of_o their_o prerogative_n royal_a and_o be_v immediate_a patron_n of_o the_o same_o cathedral_n church_n in_o ancient_a time_n give_v and_o bestow_v of_o their_o imperial_a inrisdiction_n archbyshoprick_n and_o byshoprick_n to_o such_o worthy_a parson_n as_o they_o think_v fit_a without_o any_o election_n of_o the_o chapter_n as_o appear_v in_o the_o 17._o e._n 3._o 46._o stour_n and_o this_o investure_n be_v by_o a_o ring_n and_o a_o little_a staff_n by_o the_o delivery_n of_o the_o king_n and_o ensign_n of_o the_o bishop_n but_o afterward_o in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n john_n in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o pope_n have_v make_v constitution_n that_o no_o man_n shall_v enter_v into_o the_o church_n by_o a_o secular_a person_n total_o and_o that_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n covet_v to_o erect_v the_o popery_n above_o the_o throne_n of_o king_n a_o great_a controversy_n be_v now_o among_o the_o monk_n of_o canterbury_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o hubbert_n their_o archbishop_n concern_v the_o election_n of_o a_o new_a one_o and_o although_o the_o young_a sect_n of_o the_o monk_n have_v licence_n of_o the_o king_n and_o also_o appointment_n of_o the_o king_n to_o choose_v john_n grace_n one_o of_o the_o bishop_n in_o this_o realm_n for_o their_o archbishop_n yet_o the_o quarrel_n grow_v to_o such_o fervency_n that_o it_o can_v not_o be_v quench_v unless_o from_o rome_n where_o the_o pope_n take_v opportunity_n of_o such_o dissension_n will_v not_o receive_v any_o of_o the_o elect_v but_o force_v the_o monk_n to_o choose_v for_o their_o archbishop_n stephen_n langhton_n than_o cardinal_n of_o saint_n chrisogon_n whereof_o ensue_v the_o great_a discord_n between_o the_o king_n and_o the_o pope_n of_o which_o such_o be_v the_o tyranny_n of_o antichrist_n that_o not_o only_o the_o whole_a land_n be_v interdict_v and_o so_o remain_v five_o year_n but_o the_o king_n be_v accurse_v and_o the_o subject_n be_v discharge_v of_o their_o obedience_n and_o oath_n of_o their_o allegiance_n to_o their_o natural_a prince_n and_o lewis_n the_o french_a king_n son_n provoke_v to_o make_v war_n against_o king_n john_n until_o he_o be_v constrain_v to_o seek_v peace_n at_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o pope_n to_o yield_v his_o crown_n to_o the_o legate_n and_o after_o five_o day_n to_o take_v it_o again_o at_o the_o legate_n hand_n and_o become_v feodary_n tenant_n to_o the_o pope_n for_o the_o same_o pay_v a_o annual_a sum_n of_o money_n to_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n for_o ever_o but_o also_o to_o content_v his_o clergy_n he_o give_v to_o they_o always_o free_a election_n of_o spiritual_a dignity_n which_o memorable_a antiquity_n of_o the_o king_n prerogative_n and_o the_o loss_n thereof_o be_v brief_o touch_v in_o the_o 2._o h._n 4._o 686._o and_o more_o at_o large_a by_o the_o history_n of_o those_o time_n and_o although_o hereby_o free_a election_n be_v give_v to_o the_o clergy_n yet_o sue_v they_o forth_o the_o king_n licence_n to_o proceed_v to_o election_n the_o election_n of_o a_o bishop_n thus_o make_v do_v not_o bear_v the_o name_n of_o a_o bishop_n but_o be_v to_o be_v call_v lord_n elect_v of_o the_o place_n or_o bishopric_n to_o which_o he_o be_v elect_v the_o second_o be_v confirmation_n which_o be_v usual_o make_v by_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n and_o not_o any_o other_o who_o before_o such_o confirmation_n use_v to_o examine_v the_o party_n and_o upon_o cause_n of_o nonabilitie_n to_o refuse_v he_o the_o three_o be_v consecration_n which_o be_v performer_n by_o the_o bishop_n and_o two_o other_o bishop_n at_o the_o least_o of_o the_o same_o province_n where_o the_o bishopric_n than_o be_v be_v thereunto_o appoint_v with_o the_o use_n of_o certain_a ceremony_n as_o beatitude_n hold_v of_o the_o bible_n over_o the_o head_n of_o the_o parson_n to_o be_v consecrate_a lay_v on_o of_o their_o hand_n upon_o his_o head_n anoint_v and_o other_o rite_n thereunto_o b._n requisite_a and_o yet_o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o pope_n reserve_v the_o consecration_n of_o the_o bishop_n to_o himself_o after_o election_n and_o confirmation_n and_o before_o creation_n 6._o and_o consecration_n he_o that_o be_v so_o elect_v and_o consecrate_v may_v still_o retain_v the_o name_n of_o his_o former_a dignity_n and_o if_o he_o will_v refuse_v the_o impose_v charge_n of_o the_o bishopric_n and_o yet_o after_o confirmation_n and_o before_o consecration_n of_o the_o parson_n confirm_v he_o may_v exercise_v so_o much_o of_o his_o spiritual_a function_n as_o concern_v the_o jurisdiction_n but_o no_o matter_n concern_v ordination_n may_v he_o meddle_v with_o for_o the_o full_a understanding_n whereof_o it_o be_v to_o be_v know_v that_o all_o thing_n belong_v to_o the_o episcopal_a function_n or_o ministry_n be_v to_o be_v reduce_v to_o three_o point_n for_o they_o belong_v to_o he_o either_o ratione_fw-la jurisdictionis_fw-la as_o the_o hear_n of_o spiritual_a cause_n censure_n and_o correction_n ecclesiastical_a as_o excommunication_n upon_o offender_n and_o such_o like_o which_o may_v be_v perform_v by_o he_o after_o confirmation_n or_o ratione_fw-la ordinationis_fw-la as_o give_v of_o order_n consecrate_v or_o allow_v of_o church_n or_o such_o like_a which_o he_o can_v do_v before_o consecration_n or_o lege_fw-la diocesiana_n as_o the_o execution_n of_o ecclesiastical_a payment_n and_o pension_n due_a to_o he_o as_o dioclesian_a of_o the_o clergy_n rate_v upon_o the_o bishoprics_n of_o his_o diocese_n call_v therefore_o by_o the_o common_a law_n census_fw-la cathedraticus_fw-la notwithstanding_o the_o king_n may_v restore_v to_o he_o his_o temporalty_n after_o confirmation_n and_o ●_o before_o consecration_n if_o so_o it_o please_v his_o highness_n but_o this_o be_v de_fw-fr gracia_fw-la &_o non_fw-la deiure_fw-la but_o after_o consecration_n he_o be_v hold_v in_o all_o respect_v a_o perfect_a bishop_n and_o all_o his_o former_a dignity_n thereby_o be_v avoid_v for_o although_o by_o confirmation_n spiritual_fw-la coniugium_fw-la contrahetur_fw-la yet_o by_o consecration_n consumatur_fw-la the_o last_o thing_n be_v installation_n or_o inthronation_n by_o which_o he_o be_v full_o enable_v to_o pursue_v his_o temporalty_n out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n and_o actual_o to_o enjoy_v the_o benefit_n thereof_o but_o if_o after_o consecration_n and_o
before_o he_o sue_v for_o the_o temporalty_n out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n the_o freehold_n be_v in_o he_o or_o not_o be_v diverse_o take_v in_o the_o 38._o e._n 3._o ●0_n ●_o 5._o notwithstanding_o the_o metropolitan_a aught_o to_o certify_v the_o day_n and_o time_n of_o the_o consecration_n of_o every_o bishop_n within_o his_o diocese_n for_o according_a thereunto_o he_o shall_v be_v restore_v to_o his_o temporalty_n and_o this_o i_o think_v to_o be_v reason_n thus_o you_o see_v that_o in_o some_o respect_n the_o election_n of_o a_o bishop_n resemble_v the_o presentation_n of_o a_o parson_n the_o confirmation_n resemble_v the_o admission_n of_o a_o parson_n the_o creation_n resemble_v the_o institution_n of_o a_o parson_n and_o the_o installation_n or_o the_o inthronation_n the_o induction_n of_o a_o parson_n yet_o in_o many_o other_o respect_v they_o differ_v and_o although_o after_o the_o abrograte_n of_o the_o pope_n authority_n out_o of_o this_o realm_n it_o be_v ordain_v by_o the_o 25._o h._n 8._o cap._n 20._o that_o the_o election_n of_o bishop_n and_o archbishop_n shall_v be_v alter_v and_o the_o king_n restore_v to_o his_o ancient_a prerogative_n therein_o which_o prerogative_n king_n john_n and_o his_o ancient_a progenitor_n long_o since_o enjoy_v and_o although_o likewise_o the_o ceremony_n form_n and_o manner_n of_o consecration_n of_o bishop_n by_o the_o authority_n of_o parliament_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n ed._n the_o six_o be_v now_o appoint_v and_o publish_v all_o act_n of_o parliament_n be_v repeal_v by_o the_o first_o and_o second_o of_o philip_n and_o mary_n be_v now_o revive_v and_o in_o force_n by_o eliz._n yet_o our_o former_a position_n hold_v now_o firm_a law_n that_o no_o church_n nor_o spiritual_a dignity_n at_o this_o day_n become_v void_a by_o king_n the_o incumbent_n thereof_o bishop_n until_o his_o consecration_n as_o well_o by_o rigour_n of_o ancient_a time_n as_o by_o statute_n and_o therefore_o at_o the_o common_a law_n if_o the_o king_n upon_o defect_n or_o otherwise_o give_v by_o virtue_n of_o the_o 25._o h._n 8._o 20_o by_o his_o letter_n patent_n to_o any_o fit_a parson_n any_o bishopric_n or_o archbyshopricke_n within_o this_o realm_n without_o election_n and_o thereupon_o before_o consecration_n restore_v to_o he_o his_o temporalty_n or_o if_o the_o pope_n have_v give_v a_o bishopric_n to_o any_o fit_a person_n by_o reservation_n which_o amount_v in_o law_n to_o a_o election_n and_o confirmation_n if_o the_o king_n have_v restore_v to_o he_o his_o temporalty_n yet_o in_o both_o case_n until_o consecration_n he_o be_v no_o perfect_a bishop_n nor_o his_o former_a dignity_n by_o such_o grant_n and_o restitution_n of_o temporalty_n become_v void_a until_o consecration_n as_o aforesaid_a if_o before_o the_o 25._o of_o h._n 8._o 10._o the_o incumbent_n of_o a_o benefice_n have_v be_v elect_v bishop_n and_o confirm_v and_o before_o consecration_n have_v obtain_v of_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n a_o dispensation_n still_o to_o enjoy_v his_o former_a benefice_n notwithstanding_o his_o creation_n or_o consecration_n have_v ensue_v according_o yet_o by_o such_o creation_n the_o church_n shall_v not_o have_v be_v void_a but_o the_o party_n still_o enable_v to_o retain_v the_o same_o benefice_n against_o the_o patron_n by_o virtue_n of_o such_o dispensation_n so_o at_o this_o day_n if_o a_o incumbent_n of_o a_o spiritual_a benefice_n be_v elect_v and_o confirm_v and_o before_o he_o be_v consecrate_v obtain_v licence_n or_o dispensation_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n to_o detain_v the_o benefice_n incommendam_fw-la yet_o he_o shall_v be_v promote_v to_o the_o same_o bishopric_n although_o his_o licence_n never_o be_v enroll_v in_o the_o chancery_n according_a to_o the_o 25._o h._n 8._o but_o only_o enroll_v by_o the_o register_n of_o the_o archbishop_n although_o the_o consecration_n be_v before_o this_o licence_n or_o dispensation_n appoint_v to_o take_v effect_n yet_o by_o virtue_n of_o such_o dispensation_n the_o former_a dignity_n or_o benefice_n become_v not_o void_a by_o the_o same_o consecration_n yet_o if_o the_o i●eumbent_n of_o any_o spiritual_a benefice_n be_v elect_v consecrate_a and_o confirm_v bishop_n and_o after_o his_o consecration_n procure_v a_o dispensation_n of_o the_o pope_n in_o papacy_n or_o of_o the_o metropolitan_a since_o the_o stat._n of_o the_o 25._o h._n 8._o c._n 20._o such_o dispensation_n shall_v not_o be_v available_a because_o by_o the_o consecration_n the_o former_a dignity_n or_o benefice_n be_v actual_o and_o in_o deed_n void_a and_o then_o neither_o the_o dispensation_n of_o the_o pope_n can_v at_o any_o time_n nor_o of_o the_o metropolitan_a at_o this_o time_n take_v from_o the_o patron_n the_o right_a of_o his_o presentation_n of_o such_o avoid_v dignity_n by_o the_o consecration_n acrew_v to_o he_o because_o after_o the_o first_o dignity_n be_v once_o void_a by_o the_o consecration_n the_o dispensation_n come_v too_o late_o yet_o the_o king_n exit_fw-la summa_fw-la authoritate_fw-la sua_fw-la regius_fw-la ecclesiastica_fw-la qua_fw-la fungitur_fw-la may_v grant_v to_o the_o bishop_n that_o be_v consecrate_v power_n to_o take_v and_o receive_v by_o presentation_n institution_n and_o induction_n any_o spiritual_a benefice_n and_o to_o hold_v the_o same_o in_o commendam_fw-la notwithstanding_o his_o estate_n of_o be_v bishop_n for_o so_o the_o pope_n use_v to_o do_v and_o the_o same_o authority_n be_v recognise_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 25._o h._n 8._o to_o be_v in_o the_o king_n or_o queen_n of_o this_o land_n which_o be_v within_o this_o realm_n by_o the_o pope_n final_o this_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o whereas_o before_o it_o have_v be_v say_v that_o deprivation_n be_v the_o act_n of_o the_o law_n yet_o ground_v upon_o the_o act_n of_o the_o party_n so_o be_v creation_n of_o the_o bishop_n the_o act_n of_o the_o law_n wherefore_o if_o a_o man_n bring_v a_o action_n and_o pendent_a his_o writ_n be_v create_v bishop_n the_o writ_n shall_v not_o abate_v because_o it_o be_v only_o the_o act_n of_o the_o law_n but_o yet_o resignation_n be_v mere_o the_o act_n of_o the_o party_n thus_o much_o for_o creation_n finis_fw-la tull_n offi●_n lib._n 1._o quid._n fitzh_n n._n br._n 30._o ibid._n 33._o a._n 31._o e._n ib._n 34._o 9_o e._n 14._o h._n 3._o fetzh_n quare_fw-la imp._n 183._o summa_fw-la ho●stènsis_fw-la d●_n jure_fw-la patrono_fw-la summa_fw-la anglse_a eod_n do_fw-mi summa_fw-la siluestrinae_n tit_n patronatus_fw-la 34._o h._n 6._o 40_o v_o asliton_n johan._n bellonius_fw-la de_fw-la et_fw-la imologijs_fw-la 34._o e._n 3._o fitzh_n qu._n imp._n 187._o ●●●ma_fw-la hostieu_n ti●_n ius_o patronas_n i._o honos_fw-la onus_fw-la utilitas_fw-la brevia_fw-la 33._o h._n 6._o 34_o b._n &_o 35_o a._n act_n 13._o e._n 3._o 15._o b._n 33._o h._n 6._o 33._o a._n 5._o h._n 7._o 36._o b._n 37._o a._n fitz●_n 1●_n br_n 217._o b._n 12._o h._n 8._o 7._o b._n per_fw-la pollyard_n com._n 284._o a_o com._n 487._o b_o bracton_n jus._n 2._o h._n 7._o 36._o ratio_fw-la 1._o 12._o h._n 8._o 7._o b_o 21._o h._n 7._o 4._o ae_z ratio_fw-la 2._o 31_o ●_o 3._o grant_v 90_o anuitie_n 53._o ratio_fw-la 3._o fitzh_n release_v 57_o ●ur_n when_fw-mi 6._o 33._o aid_n ●●_o roie_n 103._o 7._o h._n 6._o 38._o b_o 8._o h._n 6._o 24._o 21._o h._n 7._o 44_o 7._o h._n 4._o 16._o ●_o 11._o h._n 5._o ●_o 8_o b._n 14._o h._n 8._o 31._o ●_o fitzh_n 30._o b_o 38_o ●_o 6_o 20_o a._n per_fw-la por●escue_n com._n 157._o ●_o 45._o e._n 3._o 19_o b_o 32._o h._n 6._o 3●_n a._n 7._o h._n ●_o 13_o b._n fitzh_n fol._n 34._o f._n 9_o e._n 3_o 43._o e._n 3._o 16._o 20._o e._n 4._o 15._o b_o 5._o h._n 7._o 17._o b_o 6._o h._n 7._o 3._o a._n 12._o h._n 7._o 16._o a_o 26._o h._n 8._o 2._o a_o 33._o h._n 6._o 34._o b._n com._n 176._o v_o 21._o e._n 3._o 5._o a_o 40._o e._n 3._o 44._o b._n 42._o e._n 3._o 7._o b._n 1._o h._n 4._o 16._o a._n 33._o h._n 6._o 34._o b._n 5._o h._n 7._o 37._o 14._o h._n 7._o 26._o a._n 15._o h._n 7._o 8._o 43._o e._n 3_o 15._o b_o 33._o h._n 6._o 35._o 5._o h._n 7._o 33._o b._n 33_o h_n 6._o 35_o b._n 5._o h._n 7._o 37_o b._n 15._o h_o 8._o a._n 5._o h._n 7_o 37._o on._n 38_o b._n 20._o e._n 4._o 15_o b_o 5._o h._n 7_o 38._o 15._o h._n 7._o 8_o a._n 7_o e_z 4_o 6._o fitzh_n 29_o 3_o 1_o 49._o d_o 3._o h_o 7._o 5_o a._n 19_o e._n 2._o fitzh_n qu._n imp._n 177._o fitzh_n 3._o b._n 32._o h._n 6._o 11_o b._n 14_o h_n 6._o 15_o b._n fitzh_n 30._o v._n 7_o e._n 3._o 30_o b_o fitzh_n 31._o b._n 14_o h._n 6_o 15_o b._n 33_o h_n 6_o 11_o b._n 5_o h_n 7_o 7_o b._n 14_o h._n 6_o 15_o b_o fitzh_n 11_o br_n 39_o 29_o e_z 3_o 5._o b._n 9_o h_n 6._o 57_o a_o 32_o h_n 6_o 22_o a._n 5_o h_o 7_o 36._o a_o 37_o b_o 12._o h_n 8_o a._n 8_o e_z 3._o fitzh_n recovery_n in_o value_n 11_o &_o 9_o 33_o h_n 6._o 4._o lit._n 20_o e._n 4._o 15_o a._n 8_o h._n 7_o 4_o b._n com._n 161_o ●_o 5._o h._n 7._o 6._o 5._o ●_o 7_o 37._o a._n 13._o a_o 11_o e._n 4._o 11._o v._n 2d_o e._n 4._o 15_o b._n fitzh_n 33._o k_o ●_o 10._o h._n 7._o 19_o 33._o h._n 6_o 4._o b._n lib._n ult._n 34._o ●_o 3._o quare_fw-la ●●p_n fitzh_n 10._o 9_o e._n 6._o 5._o 9_o b._n 20._o dyer_n 14_o h._n 6._o 25_o b._n fitzh_n 39_o ●2_n h._n 6._o 64._o b._n 33._o h._n 6._o 11_o 12._o a._n 6_o ●_o 6._o 74._o b_o 44._o dyer_n 18_o e._n 3_o ●5_n 41_o h._n 4._o fitzh_n 88_o 33._o h._n 6._o 5._o a._n fine_a 5._o h._n 7._o 10._o a_o fitzh_n feofment_n and_o feof_o 115._o 17._o e._n 3._o 45_o 18_o 19_o 21_o 22._o e._n 3._o 6._o b_o 7._o a._n thorpe_n fitzh_n 32_o ●_o 43_o e._n 3._o 26._o b_o or_o v_o thorp_n 17._o e._n 5._o a._n mombray_n com._n 170._o b._n 16_o h._n 7_o 13_o b_o &_o 9_o b._n 17_o e_z 3_o 51_o ●_o 20._o e._n 4._o 6._o b._n 11_o h_z 6._o 32._o b_o 5._o e._n ●_o qu._n imp._n 165._o &_o 178._o 7._o e._n 3_o 12_o a._n 51._o a._n 16._o e._n 3._o w_n d●_n faits_fw-fr 11_o 6_o 5._o e._n 3._o 26_o b._n 11_o h._n 6._o 18_o b._n 31._o h._n 6_o 14._o a._n fitzh_n 33._o v._n t._n 34_o &_o 35._o f._n 2._o e._n 3._o grant_n 89._o &_o 56_o dyer_n 35_o 7_o e._n 4._o 61._o a_o 75_o a_o 11._o h_o 6_o 18_o a._n &_o 32._o b._n 17._o e._n 3._o 51._o ●_o 11._o h_o 6._o 18_o &_o 32._o b._n ●_o 11_o h._n 6._o 18_o &_o 22._o 8_o h._n 7_o 16._o com._n 169_o b_o 43_o e_z 3._o 30_o a._n fitzh_n qu._n i_o 〈…〉_z p._n 13_o 33._o e._n 3._o fitzh_n aid_n le_fw-fr roy_fw-fr 103._o ibid._n fitzh_n 103._o ratio_fw-la 1._o 22._o h_o 6_o 33_o lib._n fund_z leg_n 70._o 2._o ratio_fw-la 2._o 9_o h_o 6._o ●8_o or_o 8._o b._n 38._o h._n 6_o 33_o a_o 39_o b._n 10._o h._n 7._o 19_o a_o keeble_n ratio_fw-la 3._o 5_o h._n 7._o 36_o a_o &_o 38_o a_o 4._o e_o 4_o 36._o b_o ●it_n 184._o 9_o e._n 4_o 39_o b_o 5_o h._n 7._o 5._o h_o 7._o 4._o b_o 21_o e._n 4._o 32._o b_o 19_o ass_n 10_o 8._o h._n 7._o 6._o 1._o e._n 4_o 10._o a._n 18_o h._n 7_o 12_o b_o 11_o h._n 6._o 81_o 21._o ass_n 53._o br._n incid_a 34_o 12._o e._n 288._o 1._o reason_n answer_v fitzh_n 181._o 44_o e_o 3_o breed_v 581_o 5._o h_o 7_o 37_o b._n 9_o h_n 6_o 28_o b_o ●3_n h._n 6._o 39_o 38._o h._n 6._o 38._o a._n 3._o reason_n answer_v 19_o e._n 3._o fitzh_n br_n 884._o regist_n 228._o br_n incid_n 38._o p._n 39_o 39_o eliz._n rot._n 2024._o long_v case_n in_o com._n bank_n 5._o e._n 6._o 70._o pl._n 41._o dyer_n judgement_n bracton_n lib._n ●_o ●●_o 55._o c._n 23._o 38._o h_o 6._o 38_o b._n 38._o a._n ●4_n e._n 3._o 69_o a._n b._n 14._o h._n 4_o 11._o a._n 1._o h._n 5_o 16._o ●_o &_o 4._o 123._o a._n 21._o h._n 6._o 17._o fit●b_n 33._o b_o 14._o h._n 4._o 11._o a._n 21._o h._n 6._o ●7_n a._n 24._o e._n 3._o 69_o b._n com._n 526._o ●1_n e._n 3._o ●_o ●_o 1._o 2._o 14._o h._n 8._o 8._o a_o 38._o ●_o 3._o 30_o b._n 5._o ●_o 2._o fitzh_n 800_o 2_o e_z 3_o fitzh_n breed_v 250_o 21_o ●_o ●_o 5._o 6._o 41_o e_z 3_o 56_o 46_o ●_o 3._o 32_o ●_o