hill_n nor_o yet_o spare_v the_o open_a side_n and_o the_o matter_n bring_v to_o a_o narrow_a issue_n without_o any_o mean_n or_o succour_n to_o relieve_v they_o he_o take_v a_o target_n from_o one_o of_o the_o hindmost_a soldier_n for_o he_o himself_o be_v come_v thither_o without_o one_o and_o press_v to_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n call_v the_o centurion_n by_o name_n and_o encourage_v the_o rest_n command_v the_o ensign_n to_o be_v advance_v towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o maniple_n to_o be_v enlarge_v that_o they_o may_v with_o great_a facility_n and_o readiness_n use_v their_o sword_n the_o first_o observation_n this_o publius_n sextus_n baculus_fw-la be_v the_o chief_a centurion_n of_o the_o 12_o legion_n primipile_n be_v the_o first_o centurion_n of_o that_o maniple_n of_o the_o triarij_fw-la that_o be_v of_o the_o first_o cohort_n in_o that_o legion_n for_o that_o place_n be_v the_o great_a dignity_n that_o can_v happen_v to_o a_o centurion_n and_o therefore_o he_o 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concern_v the_o office_n and_o title_n of_o p._n s._n baculus_fw-la the_o second_o observation_n and_o here_o i_o may_v not_o omit_v to_o give_v the_o target_n any_o honour_n i_o may_v describe_v and_o therefore_o i_o will_v take_v occasion_n to_o describe_v it_o in_o caesar_n hand_n as_o in_o the_o place_n of_o great_a dignity_n and_o much_o honour_v the_o excellency_n thereof_o polybius_n make_v the_o target_n to_o contain_v two_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a in_o breadth_n overthwart_v the_o convexsurface_n thereof_o and_o the_o length_n four_o foot_n of_o what_o form_n or_o fashion_n soever_o they_o be_v of_o for_o the_o roman_n have_v two_o sort_n of_o target_n among_o their_o legionarie_n the_o first_o carry_v the_o proportion_n of_o that_o figure_n which_o the_o geometrician_n call_v ouall_n a_o figure_n of_o a_o unequal_a latitude_n broad_a in_o the_o midst_n and_o narrow_a at_o both_o the_o end_n like_v unto_o a_o egg_n describe_v in_o plano_n the_o other_o sort_n be_v of_o a_o equal_a latitude_n and_o resemble_v the_o fashion_n of_o a_o guttertile_a and_o thereupon_o be_v call_v scutum_fw-la imbricatum_fw-la the_o matter_n whereof_o a_o target_n be_v make_v be_v a_o double_a board_n one_o fasten_v upon_o another_o with_o lint_n and_o bull_n glue_v and_o cover_v with_o a_o ox_n hide_v or_o some_o other_o stiff_a leather_n the_o upper_a and_o low_a part_n of_o the_o target_n be_v bind_v about_o with_o a_o plate_n of_o iron_n to_o keep_v it_o from_o cleave_v and_o in_o the_o midst_n there_o be_v a_o boss_n of_o iron_n or_o brass_n which_o they_o call_v vmbo_fw-la romulus_n bring_v they_o in_o first_o among_o the_o roman_n take_v the_o use_n of_o they_o from_o the_o sabine_n 40._o the_o wood_n whereof_o they_o be_v make_v be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n either_o sallow_a olde_n or_o figtree_n whereof_o pliny_n give_v this_o reason_n for_o as_o much_o as_o these_o tree_n be_v cold_a and_o waterish_a and_o therefore_o any_o blow_n or_o thrust_v that_o be_v make_v upon_o the_o wood_n be_v present_o contract_v and_o shut_v up_o again_o but_o for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o target_n be_v of_o such_o reputation_n among_o the_o roman_a arm_n and_o challenge_v such_o interest_n in_o the_o great_a of_o their_o empire_n let_v we_o enter_v a_o little_a into_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o use_n and_o commodity_n thereof_o which_o can_v be_v better_a understand_v then_o by_o that_o conference_n which_o polybius_n have_v make_v between_o the_o weapon_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o macedonian_n and_o therefore_o i_o have_v think_v it_o good_a to_o insert_v it_o in_o these_o discourse_n and_o thus_o it_o follow_v of_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o roman_a and_o macedonian_a weapon_n i_o promise_v in_o my_o six_o book_n that_o i_o will_v make_v a_o comparison_n between_o the_o weapon_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o macedonian_n and_o that_o i_o will_v likewise_o write_v of_o the_o disposition_n of_o either_o of_o their_o army_n how_o they_o do_v differ_v one_o from_o another_o &_o in_o what_o regard_n the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o be_v either_o inferior_a or_o superior_a which_o promise_v i_o will_v now_o with_o diligence_n endeavour_n to_o perform_v and_o for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o army_n of_o the_o macedonian_n have_v give_v so_o good_a testimony_n of_o themselves_o by_o their_o action_n by_o overcome_v the_o army_n as_o well_o of_o those_o of_o asia_n as_o of_o greece_n and_o that_o the_o battle_n of_o the_o roman_n have_v conquer_v as_o well_o those_o of_o africa_n as_o all_o the_o eastern_a country_n of_o europe_n it_o shall_v not_o be_v amiss_o but_o very_o profitable_a to_o search_v out_o the_o difference_n of_o either_o especial_o see_v that_o these_o our_o time_n have_v not_o once_o but_o many_o time_n see_v trial_n both_o of_o their_o battle_n and_o force_n that_o know_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o roman_n do_v overcome_v and_o in_o their_o battle_n carry_v away_o the_o better_a we_o do_v not_o as_o vain_a man_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v attribute_v the_o same_o to_o fortune_n and_o esteem_v they_o without_o reason_n happy_a victor_n but_o rather_o look_v into_o the_o true_a cause_n we_o give_v they_o their_o due_a praise_n according_a to_o the_o direction_n of_o reason_n and_o sound_a judgement_n concern_v the_o battle_n between_o hannibal_n and_o the_o roman_n and_o concern_v the_o roman_n their_o loss_n there_o be_v no_o need_n that_o i_o speak_v much_o for_o their_o loss_n be_v neither_o to_o be_v impute_v to_o the_o defect_n of_o their_o arm_n or_o disposition_n of_o their_o army_n but_o to_o the_o dexterity_n and_o industry_n of_o hannibal_n but_o we_o have_v entreat_v thereof_o when_o we_o make_v mention_v of_o the_o battle_n themselves_o and_o the_o end_n itself_o of_o that_o war_n do_v especial_o confirm_v this_o our_o opinion_n for_o when_o they_o have_v get_v a_o captain_n equal_a with_o hannibal_n even_o consequent_o with_o all_o his_o victory_n vanish_v and_o he_o have_v no_o soon_o overcome_v the_o roman_n but_o by_o and_o by_o reject_v his_o own_o weapon_n he_o train_v his_o army_n to_o their_o weapon_n and_o so_o take_v they_o up_o in_o the_o beginning_n he_o continue_v they_o on_o unto_o the_o end_n and_o pyrrhus_n in_o his_o war_n against_o the_o roman_n do_v use_v both_o their_o weapon_n and_o order_n and_o make_v as_o it_o be_v a_o medley_n both_o of_o the_o cohort_n and_o phalanx_n but_o notwithstanding_o it_o serve_v he_o not_o to_o get_v the_o victory_n but_o always_o the_o event_n by_o some_o mean_n or_o other_o make_v the_o same_o doubtful_a concern_v who_o it_o be_v not_o unfit_a that_o i_o shall_v say_v something_o lest_o in_o be_v altogether_o silent_a it_o may_v seem_v to_o prejudice_n this_o my_o opinion_n but_o notwithstanding_o i_o will_v hasten_v to_o my_o purpose_a comparison_n now_o touch_v the_o phalanx_n if_o it_o have_v the_o disposition_n and_o force_n proper_a to_o it_o nothing_o be_v able_a to_o oppose_v itself_o against_o it_o or_o to_o sustain_v the_o violence_n thereof_o as_o may_v easy_o by_o many_o document_n be_v approve_v for_o when_o a_o arm_a man_n do_v stand_v firm_a in_o the_o space_n of_o three_o foot_n in_o so_o thick_a a_o array_n of_o battle_n and_o the_o length_n of_o their_o pike_n be_v according_a to_o the_o first_o basis_n or_o scantling_n sixteen_o foot_n but_o according_a to_o the_o true_a and_o right_a conveniency_n of_o they_o 14_o cubit_n out_o of_o which_o be_v take_v four_o allow_v for_o the_o space_n between_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o support_v the_o same_o and_o the_o butt_n end_n thereof_o while_o he_o stand_v in_o a_o readiness_n to_o attend_v the_o encounter_n be_v thus_o order_v i_o say_v it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o length_n of_o ten_o cubit_n do_v extend_v itself_o before_o the_o body_n of_o every_o arm_a man_n where_o with_o both_o his_o
place_n be_v able_a to_o effect_v any_o thing_n of_o moment_n but_o the_o roman_a army_n be_v apt_a for_o all_o these_o purpose_n for_o every_o soldier_n among_o they_o be_v once_o arm_v and_o ready_a to_o fight_v refuse_v no_o place_n time_n nor_o occasion_n keep_v always_o the_o same_o order_n whether_o he_o fight_v together_o with_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o army_n or_o particular_o by_o himself_o man_n to_o man_n and_o hence_o it_o happen_v that_o as_o the_o commodity_n of_o their_o disposition_n be_v advantageous_a so_o the_o end_n do_v answer_v the_o expectation_n these_o thing_n i_o think_v to_o speak_v of_o at_o large_a because_o many_o of_o the_o grecian_n be_v of_o a_o opinion_n that_o the_o macedonian_n be_v not_o to_o be_v overcome_v and_o again_o many_o wonder_v how_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n shall_v be_v put_v to_o the_o worst_a by_o the_o roman_a army_n consider_v the_o nature_n of_o their_o weapon_n thus_o far_o go_v polibyus_fw-la in_o compare_v the_o weapon_n and_o imbattail_v of_o the_o roman_n with_o the_o use_n of_o arm_n among_o the_o macedonian_n wherein_o we_o see_v the_o pike_n true_o and_o exact_o order_v according_a as_o the_o wise_a grecian_n can_v best_o proportion_v it_o with_o that_o form_n of_o battle_n which_o may_v give_v most_o advantage_n to_o the_o use_n thereof_o so_o that_o if_o our_o squadron_n of_o pike_n jump_v not_o with_o the_o perfect_a manner_n of_o a_o phalanx_n as_o we_o see_v they_o do_v not_o they_o fall_v so_o much_o short_a of_o that_o strength_n which_o the_o wisdom_n of_o the_o grecian_n and_o the_o experience_n of_o other_o nation_n impute_v unto_o it_o but_o suppose_v we_o can_v allow_v it_o that_o disposition_n in_o the_o course_n of_o our_o war_n which_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o weapon_n do_v require_v yet_o forasmuch_o as_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o polybius_n the_o say_a manner_n of_o imbattail_v be_v tie_v to_o such_o dangerous_a circumstance_n of_o one_o time_n one_o place_n and_o one_o kind_n of_o fight_n i_o hold_v it_o not_o so_o profitable_a a_o weapon_n as_o the_o practice_n of_o our_o time_n do_v seem_v to_o make_v it_o especial_o in_o woody_a country_n such_o as_o ireland_n be_v where_o the_o use_n be_v cut_v off_o by_o such_o inconvenience_n as_o be_v note_v to_o hinder_v the_o manage_n thereof_o and_o doubtless_o if_o our_o commander_n do_v but_o consider_v of_o the_o incongruity_n of_o the_o pike_n &_o ireland_n they_o will_v not_o proportion_v so_o great_a a_o number_n of_o they_o in_o every_o company_n as_o there_o be_v for_o common_o half_a the_o company_n be_v pike_n which_o be_v as_o much_o to_o say_v in_o the_o practice_n of_o our_o war_n that_o half_o the_o army_n have_v neither_o offensive_a nor_o defensive_a weapon_n but_o only_o against_o a_o troop_n of_o horse_n for_o they_o seldom_o or_o never_o come_v to_o the_o push_n of_o pike_n with_o the_o foot_n company_n where_o they_o may_v charge_v &_o offend_v the_o enemy_n &_o for_o defence_n if_o the_o enemy_n think_v it_o not_o safe_a to_o buckle_v with_o they_o at_o hand_n but_o make_v more_o advantage_n to_o play_v upon_o they_o a_o far_o off_o with_o short_a it_o afford_v small_a safety_n to_o shake_v a_o long_a pike_n at_o they_o and_o stand_v fair_a in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o entertain_v a_o volleie_n of_o shot_n with_o the_o body_n of_o their_o battailion_n as_o i_o make_v no_o question_n but_o the_o pike_n in_o some_o service_n be_v profitable_a as_o behind_o a_o rampire_n or_o at_o a_o breach_n so_o i_o assure_v myself_o there_o be_v weapon_n if_o they_o be_v put_v to_o trial_n that_o will_v countervail_v the_o pike_n even_o in_o those_o service_n wherein_o it_o be_v think_v most_o profitable_a concern_v the_o target_n we_o see_v it_o take_v the_o hand_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o polybius_n of_o all_o other_o weapon_n whatsoever_o aswell_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o diverse_a and_o sundry_a sort_n of_o imbattail_v as_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o place_n whersoever_o for_o their_o use_n be_v as_o effectual_a in_o small_a body_n and_o century_n as_o in_o gross_a troop_n and_o great_a company_n in_o thin_a and_o spacious_a imbattail_v as_o in_o thick_a throng_v testudines_fw-la neither_o can_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o place_n make_v they_o unseruiceable_a for_o whether_o it_o be_v plain_a or_o covert_a level_v or_o unequal_a narrow_a or_o large_a if_o there_o be_v any_o commodity_n to_o fight_v the_o target_n be_v as_o necessary_a to_o defend_v as_o the_o sword_n to_o offend_v beside_o the_o conveniency_n which_o deny_v the_o target_n in_o any_o necessity_n impose_v upon_o a_o army_n whether_o it_o be_v to_o march_v through_o place_n of_o all_o nature_n to_o make_v a_o fast_a march_n or_o a_o speedy_a retreat_n to_o encamp_v themselves_o to_o possess_v place_n of_o advantage_n to_o besiege_v and_o to_o be_v besiege_v as_o polybius_n say_v with_o many_o other_o occasion_n which_o necessary_o accompany_v a_o army_n the_o use_n of_o this_o weapon_n have_v be_v too_o much_o neglect_v in_o these_o latter_a age_n but_o may_v be_v happy_o renew_v again_o in_o our_o nation_n if_o the_o industry_n of_o such_o as_o have_v labour_v to_o present_v it_o unto_o these_o time_n in_o the_o best_a fashion_n shall_v find_v any_o favour_n in_o the_o opinion_n of_o our_o commander_n concern_v which_o target_n i_o must_v needs_o say_v this_o much_o that_o the_o light_a target_n will_v prove_v the_o target_n of_o service_n whensoever_o they_o shall_v happen_v to_o be_v put_v in_o execution_n for_o those_o which_o be_v make_v proof_n be_v so_o heavy_a and_o unwieldie_a although_o it_o be_v somewhat_o qualify_v with_o such_o help_n as_o be_v annex_v to_o the_o use_n thereof_o that_o they_o overcharge_v a_o man_n with_o a_o unsupportable_a burden_n and_o hinder_v his_o agility_n and_o execution_n in_o fight_n with_o a_o weight_n disproportionable_a to_o his_o strength_n for_o our_o offensive_a weapon_n as_o namely_o the_o hargebusier_n and_o musketeer_n be_v strong_a in_o the_o offensive_a part_n than_o any_o arm_n of_o defence_n which_o may_v be_v make_v manageable_a and_o fit_a for_o service_n neither_o do_v the_o roman_n regard_v the_o proof_n of_o their_o target_n further_o then_o be_v think_v fit_a for_o the_o ready_a use_n of_o they_o in_o time_n of_o battle_n as_o it_o appear_v in_o many_o place_n both_o in_o the_o civil_a war_n and_o in_o these_o commentary_n for_o a_o roman_a pile_n have_v often_o time_n dart_v through_o the_o target_n and_o the_o body_n of_o the_o man_n that_o bear_v it_o and_o fasten_v they_o both_o to_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v more_o than_o a_o musket_n can_v well_o do_v for_o the_o bullet_n common_o rest_v in_o the_o body_n and_o although_o it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o this_o be_v not_o common_a but_o rather_o y_o e_o effect_n of_o a_o extraordinary_a arm_n yet_o it_o serve_v to_o prove_v that_o their_o target_n be_v not_o proof_n to_o their_o offensive_a weapon_n when_o they_o be_v well_o deliver_v and_o with_o good_a direction_n for_o i_o make_v no_o doubt_n but_o in_o their_o battle_n there_o be_v oftentimes_o some_o hindrance_n which_o will_v not_o suffer_v so_o violent_a a_o effect_n as_o this_o which_o i_o speak_v of_o for_o in_o a_o volley_n of_o shot_n we_o must_v not_o think_v that_o all_o the_o bullet_n fly_v with_o the_o same_o force_n and_o fall_v with_o the_o like_a hurt_n but_o as_o armour_n of_o good_a proof_n will_v hardly_o hold_v out_o some_o of_o they_o so_o slender_a arm_n and_o of_o no_o proof_n will_v make_v good_a resistance_n against_o other_o and_o to_o conclude_v in_o a_o battle_n or_o encounter_n at_o hand_n a_o man_n shall_v meet_v with_o more_o occasion_n suit_v the_o nature_n and_o commodity_n of_o this_o light_a target_n than_o such_o as_o will_v advantage_v the_o heavy_a target_n of_o proof_n or_o countervail_v the_o surplus_n of_o weight_n which_o it_o eari_v with_o it_o some_o man_n will_v urge_v that_o there_o be_v use_v of_o this_o target_n of_o proof_n in_o some_o place_n and_o in_o some_o service_n which_o i_o deny_v not_o to_o those_o that_o desire_v to_o be_v secure_v from_o the_o extremity_n of_o peril_n but_o this_o fall_v out_o in_o some_o place_n and_o in_o some_o particular_a service_n and_o hinder_v not_o but_o that_o the_o universal_a benefit_n of_o this_o weapon_n consist_v in_o the_o multitude_n of_o light_a targeteer_n who_o be_v to_o manage_v the_o most_o important_a occasion_n of_o a_o war_n this_o much_o i_o be_o further_a to_o note_v concern_v the_o sword_n of_o the_o targeteer_n that_o according_a to_o the_o practice_n of_o the_o roman_n it_o must_v always_o hang_v on_o the_o right_a side_n for_o carry_v the_o target_n upon_o the_o left_a arm_n it_o can_v be_v that_o the_o sword_n shall_v hang_v on_o the_o
the_o woman_n and_o such_o as_o be_v unmeete_a for_o the_o field_n they_o bestow_v in_o a_o place_n unaccessible_a for_o any_o army_n by_o reason_n of_o fen_n and_o bog_n and_o marsh_n upon_o this_o intelligence_n caesar_n send_v his_o discoverer_n and_o centurion_n before_o to_o choose_v out_o a_o fit_a place_n to_o encamp_v in_o now_o whereas_o many_o of_o the_o surrender_a belgae_n and_o other_o gall_n be_v continual_o in_o the_o roman_a army_n certain_a of_o these_o as_o it_o be_v afterward_o know_v by_o the_o captive_n observe_v the_o order_n which_o the_o roman_n use_v in_o march_v come_v by_o night_n to_o the_o neruij_fw-la and_o tell_v they_o that_o between_o every_o legion_n go_v a_o great_a sort_n of_o carriage_n and_o that_o it_o be_v no_o matter_n of_o difficulty_n assoon_o as_o the_o first_o legion_n be_v come_v into_o the_o camp_n and_o the_o other_o legion_n yet_o a_o great_a way_n off_o to_o set_v upon_o they_o upon_o a_o sudden_a before_o they_o be_v disburden_v of_o their_o carriage_n and_o so_o to_o overthrow_v they_o which_o legion_n be_v thus_o cut_v off_o and_o their_o stuff_n take_v the_o rest_n will_v have_v small_a courage_n to_o stand_v against_o they_o it_o much_o further_v this_o advice_n that_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o neruij_fw-la be_v not_o able_a to_o make_v any_o power_n of_o horse_n that_o they_o may_v the_o better_o resist_v the_o cavalry_n of_o their_o borderer_n whensoever_o they_o make_v any_o road_n into_o their_o march_n their_o manner_n be_v to_o cut_v young_a tree_n half_o asunder_o &_o bow_v the_o top_n down_o to_o the_o ground_n plash_v the_o bough_n in_o breadth_n and_o with_o thorn_n and_o brier_n plant_v between_o they_o they_o make_v they_o so_o thick_a that_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o see_v through_o they_o so_o hard_o it_o be_v to_o enter_v or_o pass_v through_o they_o so_o that_o when_o by_o this_o occasion_n the_o passage_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n must_v needs_o be_v hinder_v the_o neruij_fw-la think_v the_o foresay_a counsel_n not_o to_o be_v neglect_v caesar_n march_n where_o in_o every_o legion_n have_v his_o cariadge_n in_o front_n caesar_n march_n where_o the_o enemy_n be_v near_a at_o hand_n the_o place_n which_o the_o roman_n choose_v to_o encamp_v in_o be_v a_o hill_n of_o like_a level_a from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o bottom_n at_o the_o foot_n whereof_o run_v the_o river_n sabis_n and_o with_o the_o like_a level_n on_o the_o other_o side_n rose_z a_o other_o hill_n direct_o against_o this_o to_o the_o quantity_n of_o 200._o pace_n the_o bottom_n whereof_o be_v plain_a and_o open_a and_o the_o upper_a part_n so_o thick_a with_o wood_n that_o it_o can_v not_o easy_o be_v look_v into_o within_o these_o wood_n the_o neruian_o keep_v themselves_o close_o and_o in_o the_o open_a ground_n by_o the_o river_n side_n be_v only_o see_v a_o few_o troop_n of_o horse_n and_o the_o river_n in_o that_o place_n be_v about_o 3._o foot_n deep_a caesar_n send_v his_o horseman_n before_o follow_v after_o with_o all_o his_o power_n but_o the_o manner_n of_o his_o march_n differ_v from_o the_o report_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o the_o neruii_n for_o inasmuch_o as_o the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n caesar_n as_o his_o custom_n be_v lead_v 6._o legion_n always_o in_o areadines_n without_o burden_n or_o carriage_n of_o any_o thing_n but_o their_o arm_n after_o they_o he_o place_v the_o impediment_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n and_o the_o two_o legion_n which_o be_v last_o enrol_v be_v a_o rearward_n to_o the_o army_n and_o guard_v the_o stuff_n observation_n this_o treacherous_a practice_n of_o the_o surrender_a belgae_n have_v fortunatelie_o discover_v the_o manner_n of_o caesar_n march_n march_n as_o well_o in_o safe_a passage_n as_o in_o dangerous_a and_o suspect_a place_n which_o be_v a_o point_n of_o no_o small_a consequence_n in_o martial_a discipline_n be_v subject_a to_o so_o many_o inconvenience_n and_o capable_a of_o the_o great_a art_n that_o may_v be_v show_v in_o manage_v a_o war_n concern_v the_o discreet_a carriage_n of_o a_o march_n conveniency_n by_o this_o circumstance_n it_o may_v be_v gather_v that_o caesar_n principal_o respect_a safety_n and_o second_o conveniency_n if_o the_o place_n afford_v a_o secure_a passage_n and_o give_v no_o suspicion_n of_o hostility_n he_o be_v content_a in_o regard_n of_o conveniency_n to_o suffer_v every_o legion_n to_o have_v the_o oversight_n of_o their_o particular_a carriage_n and_o to_o insert_v they_o among_o the_o troop_n that_o every_o man_n may_v have_v at_o hand_n such_o necessary_n as_o be_v requisite_a either_o for_o their_o private_a use_n or_o public_a discipline_n but_o if_o he_o be_v in_o danger_n of_o any_o sudden_a attempt_n or_o stand_v in_o hazard_n to_o be_v impeach_v by_o a_o enemy_n he_o then_o omit_v convenient_a disposition_n in_o regard_n of_o particular_a use_n as_o disaduantageous_a to_o their_o safety_n &_o carry_v his_o legion_n in_o that_o readiness_n that_o if_o they_o chance_v to_o be_v engage_v by_o a_o enemy_n they_o may_v without_o any_o alteration_n of_o their_o march_n or_o encumbrance_n of_o their_o carriage_n receive_v the_o charge_n in_o that_o form_n of_o battle_n as_o be_v best_a approve_v by_o their_o military_a rule_n &_o the_o ancient_a practice_n of_o their_o fortunate_a progenitor_n the_o old_a roman_n observe_v likewise_o the_o same_o respect_n for_o in_o unsafe_a &_o suspect_a place_n quadratum_fw-la they_o carry_v their_o troop_n agmine_fw-la quadrato_fw-la which_o as_o livy_n seem_v to_o note_v be_v free_a from_o all_o carriage_n and_o impediment_n which_o may_v hinder_v they_o in_o any_o sudden_a alarm_n neither_o do_v that_o of_o gall._n hirtius_n any_o way_n contradict_v this_o interpretation_n where_o he_o say_v that_o caesar_n so_o dispose_v his_o troop_n against_o the_o bellovaci_fw-la that_o 3._o legion_n march_v in_o front_n &_o after_o they_o come_v all_o the_o carriage_n to_o which_o the_o 10._o legion_n serve_v as_o a_o rearward_n &_o so_o they_o march_v pene_fw-la agmine_fw-la quadrato_fw-la epistle_n seneca_n in_o like_a manner_n note_v the_o safety_n of_o agmen_fw-la quadratum_fw-la where_o he_o say_v that_o where_o a_o enemy_n be_v expect_v we_o ought_v to_o march_v agmine_fw-la quadrato_fw-la ready_a to_o fight_v the_o most_o material_a consequence_n of_o these_o place_n allege_v be_v that_o as_o oft_o as_o they_o suspect_v any_o onset_n or_o charge_n their_o order_n in_o a_o march_n little_a or_o nothing_o differ_v from_o their_o usual_a manner_n of_o imbattail_v and_o therefore_o it_o be_v call_v agmen_fw-la quadratum_fw-la or_o a_o square_a march_n inasmuch_o as_o it_o keep_v the_o same_o disposition_n of_o part_n as_o be_v observe_v in_o quadrata_fw-la acie_n for_o that_o triple_a form_n of_o imbattail_v which_o the_o roman_n general_o observe_v in_o their_o fight_n have_v respect_n to_o the_o distance_n between_o each_o battle_n contain_v almost_o a_o equal_a dimension_n of_o front_n and_o file_v and_o so_o it_o make_v aciem_fw-la quadratam_fw-la and_o when_o it_o march_v agmen_fw-la quadratum_fw-la polybius_n express_v the_o same_o in_o effect_n 6._o as_o often_o as_o the_o place_n require_v circumspection_n but_o alter_v it_o somewhat_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o carriage_n for_o he_o say_v that_o in_o time_n of_o danger_n especial_o where_o the_o country_n be_v plain_a and_o champion_n and_o give_v space_n &_o free_a scope_n to_o clear_v themselves_o upon_o any_o accident_n the_o roman_n march_v in_o a_o triple_a battle_n of_o equal_a distance_n one_o behind_o a_o other_o every_o battle_n have_v his_o several_a carriage_n in_o front_n and_o if_o they_o be_v by_o chance_n attack_v by_o a_o enemy_n they_o turn_v themselves_o according_a to_o the_o opportunity_n of_o the_o place_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o so_o place_v their_o carriage_n on_o the_o one_o side_n of_o their_o army_n they_o stand_v imbattail_v ready_a to_o receive_v the_o charge_n the_o contrary_a form_n of_o march_v where_o the_o place_n afford_v more_o security_n &_o give_v scope_n to_o conveniency_n agmenlongun_v they_o name_v agmen_fw-la longum_fw-la when_o almost_o every_o maniple_n or_o order_n have_v their_o several_a carriage_n attend_v upon_o they_o &_o strive_v to_o keep_v that_o way_n which_o they_o find_v most_o easy_a both_o for_o themselves_o &_o their_o impediment_n which_o order_n of_o a_o march_n as_o it_o be_v more_o commodius_fw-la than_o the_o former_a in_o regard_n of_o particularity_n so_o be_v it_o unsafe_a and_o dangerous_a where_o the_o enemy_n be_v expect_v and_o therefore_o caesar_n much_o blame_v sabinus_n and_o cotta_n for_o march_v when_o they_o be_v delude_v by_o ambiorix_n gallico_n longissimo_fw-la agmine_fw-la as_o though_o they_o have_v receive_v their_o advertisement_n from_o a_o friend_n and_o not_o from_o a_o enemy_n and_o albeit_o our_o modern_a war_n be_v far_o different_a in_o quality_n from_o they_o of_o
hand_n he_o do_v advance_v it_o ready_a to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n by_o which_o mean_v it_o follow_v that_o some_o of_o the_o pike_n do_v not_o only_o extend_v themselves_o before_o the_o second_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n but_o some_o before_o the_o foremost_a if_o the_o phalanx_n have_v his_o proper_a and_o due_a thickness_n according_a to_o his_o natural_a disposition_n both_o on_o the_o side_n and_o behind_o as_o homer_n make_v mention_v when_o he_o say_v that_o one_o target_n do_v enclose_v and_o fortify_v another_o one_o head-piece_n be_v join_v to_o another_o that_o they_o may_v stand_v unite_v and_o close_a together_o these_o circumstance_n be_v right_o and_o true_o set_v down_o it_o must_v follow_v that_o the_o pike_n of_o every_o former_a rank_n in_o the_o phalanx_n do_v extend_v themselves_o two_o cubit_n before_o each_o other_o which_o proportion_n of_o difference_n they_o have_v between_o themselves_o by_o which_o may_v evident_o be_v see_v the_o assault_n and_o impression_n of_o the_o whole_a phalanx_n what_o it_o be_v and_o what_o force_n it_o have_v consist_v of_o 16_o rank_n in_o depth_n or_o thickness_n the_o excess_n of_o which_o number_n of_o rank_n above_o five_o for_o as_o much_o as_o they_o can_v commodious_o couch_v their_o pike_n without_o the_o disturbance_n of_o the_o former_a the_o point_n of_o they_o not_o be_v long_a enough_o to_o enlarge_v themselves_o beyond_o the_o foremost_a rank_n they_o grow_v utter_o unprofitable_a and_o can_v man_n by_o man_n make_v any_o impression_n or_o assault_v but_o serve_v only_o by_o lay_v their_o pike_n upon_o the_o shoulder_n of_o those_o which_o stand_v before_o they_o to_o sustain_v and_o hold_v up_o the_o sway_v and_o give_v back_o of_o the_o former_a rank_n which_o stand_v before_o they_o to_o this_o end_n that_o the_o front_n may_v stand_v firm_a and_o sure_a and_o with_o the_o thickness_n of_o their_o pike_n they_o do_v repel_v all_o those_o dart_n which_o pass_v over_o the_o head_n of_o those_o that_o stand_v before_o will_v annoy_v those_o rank_n which_o be_v more_o backward_o and_o far_o by_o move_v forward_o with_o the_o force_n of_o their_o body_n they_o do_v so_o press_v upon_o the_o former_a that_o they_o do_v make_v a_o most_o violent_a impression_n for_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o the_o foremost_a rank_n shall_v give_v back_o this_o therefore_o be_v the_o general_a and_o particular_a disposition_n of_o the_o phalanx_n we_o must_v now_o speak_v on_o the_o contrary_a part_n touch_v the_o property_n and_o difference_n as_o well_o of_o the_o arm_n as_o of_o the_o whole_a disposition_n of_o the_o roman_a battle_n for_o every_o roman_a soldier_n for_o himself_o and_o his_o weapon_n be_v allow_v three_o foot_n to_o stand_v in_o and_o in_o the_o encounter_n be_v move_v man_n by_o man_n every_o one_o cover_v himself_o with_o his_o target_n and_o mutual_o move_v whensoever_o there_o be_v occasion_n offer_v but_o those_o which_o use_v their_o sword_n do_v fight_n in_o a_o more_o thin_a and_o distinct_a order_n so_o that_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o they_o have_v three_o foot_n more_o allow_v they_o to_o stand_v in_o both_o from_o shoulder_n to_o shoulder_n and_o from_o back_n to_o belly_n that_o they_o may_v use_v their_o weapon_n with_o the_o better_a commodity_n and_o hence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o one_o roman_a soldier_n take_v up_o as_o much_o ground_n as_o two_o of_o those_o which_o be_v to_o encounter_v he_o of_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n so_o that_o one_o romain_n be_v as_o it_o be_v to_o oppose_v himself_o against_o ten_o pike_n which_o pike_n the_o say_v one_o soldior_fw-la can_n neither_o by_o any_o agility_n come_v to_o offend_v or_o else_o at_o handy_a blow_n otherwise_o annoy_v and_o those_o which_o be_v behind_o he_o be_v not_o only_o unable_a to_o repel_v their_o force_n but_o also_o with_o conveniency_n to_o use_v their_o own_o weapon_n whereby_o it_o may_v easy_o be_v gather_v that_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o any_o battle_n be_v assault_v by_o the_o front_n of_o a_o phalanx_n shall_v be_v able_a to_o sustain_v the_o violence_n thereof_o if_o it_o have_v his_o due_a and_o proper_a composition_n what_o then_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o roman_n do_v overcome_v and_o that_o those_o that_o do_v use_v the_o phalanx_n be_v void_a of_o the_o hope_n of_o victory_n even_o from_o hence_o that_o the_o roman_a army_n have_v infinite_a commodity_n both_o of_o place_n and_o of_o time_n to_o fight_v in_o but_o the_o the_o phalanx_n have_v only_o one_o time_n one_o place_n and_o one_o kind_n whereto_o it_o may_v profitable_o apply_v itself_o so_o that_o if_o it_o be_v of_o necessity_n that_o their_o enemy_n shall_v encounter_v they_o at_o that_o instant_n especial_o with_o their_o whole_a force_n it_o be_v questionless_a not_o only_o not_o without_o danger_n but_o in_o all_o probability_n likely_a that_o the_o phalanx_n shall_v ever_o carry_v away_o the_o better_a but_o if_o that_o may_v be_v avoid_v which_o be_v easy_o do_v shall_v not_o that_o disposition_n then_o be_v utterlie_o unprofitable_a and_o free_a from_o all_o terror_n and_o it_o be_v far_a evident_a that_o the_o phalanx_n must_v necessary_o have_v plain_a &_o champion_n place_n without_o any_o hindrance_n or_o impediment_n as_o ditch_n uneven_a place_n valley_n little_a hill_n and_o river_n for_o all_o these_o may_v hinder_v &_o disjoin_v it_o and_o it_o be_v almost_o impossible_a to_o have_v a_o plain_a of_o the_o capacity_n of_o 20._o stadia_fw-la much_o less_o more_o where_o there_o shall_v be_v find_v none_o of_o these_o impediment_n but_o suppose_v there_o be_v find_v such_o place_n as_o be_v proper_a for_o the_o phalanx_n if_o the_o enemy_n refuse_v to_o come_v unto_o they_o and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n spoil_n and_o sack_v the_o city_n and_o country_n round_o about_o what_o commodity_n or_o profit_n shall_v arise_v by_o a_o army_n so_o order_v for_o if_o it_o remain_v in_o such_o place_n as_o have_v be_v before_o speak_v of_o it_o can_v neither_o relieve_v their_o friend_n nor_o preserve_v themselves_o for_o the_o convoy_n which_o they_o expect_v from_o their_o friend_n be_v easy_o cut_v off_o by_o the_o enemy_n while_o they_o remain_v in_o those_o open_a place_n and_o if_o it_o happen_v at_o any_o time_n that_o they_o leave_v they_o upon_o any_o enterprise_n they_o be_v then_o expose_v to_o the_o enemy_n but_o suppose_v that_o the_o roman_a army_n shall_v find_v the_o phalanx_n in_o such_o place_n yet_o will_v it_o not_o adventure_v itself_o in_o gross_a at_o one_o instant_a but_o will_v by_o little_a &_o little_o retire_v itself_o as_o do_v plain_o appear_v by_o their_o usual_a practice_n for_o there_o must_v not_o be_v a_o conjecture_n of_o these_o thing_n by_o my_o word_n only_o but_o especial_o by_o that_o which_o they_o do_v for_o they_o do_v not_o so_o equal_o frame_v their_o battle_n that_o they_o do_v assault_v the_o enemy_n altogether_o make_v as_o it_o be_v but_o one_o front_n but_o part_n make_v a_o stand_n and_o part_n charge_v the_o enemy_n that_o if_o at_o any_o time_n the_o phalanx_n do_v press_v they_o that_o come_v to_o assault_v they_o and_o be_v repel_v the_o force_n of_o their_o order_n be_v dissolve_v for_o whether_o they_o pursue_v those_o that_o retire_v or_o fly_v from_o those_o that_o do_v assault_v they_o these_o do_v disjoin_v themselves_o from_o part_n of_o their_o army_n by_o which_o mean_v there_o be_v a_o gap_n open_v to_o their_o enemy_n staud_v and_o attend_v their_o opportunity_n so_o that_o now_o they_o need_v not_o any_o more_o to_o charge_v they_o in_o the_o front_n where_o the_o force_n of_o the_o phalanx_n consist_v but_o to_o assault_v where_o the_o breach_n be_v make_v both_o behind_o and_o upon_o the_o side_n but_o if_o at_o any_o time_n the_o roman_a army_n may_v keep_v his_o due_a propriety_n and_o disposition_n the_o phalanx_n by_o the_o disadvantage_n of_o the_o place_n be_v not_o able_a to_o do_v the_o like_a do_v it_o not_o then_o manifest_o demonstrate_v the_o difference_n to_o be_v great_a between_o the_o goodness_n of_o their_o disposition_n and_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o phalanx_n to_o this_o may_v be_v add_v the_o necessity_n impose_v upon_o a_o army_n which_o be_v to_o march_v through_o place_n of_o all_o nature_n to_o encamp_v themselves_o to_o possess_v place_n of_o advantage_n to_o besiege_v and_o to_o be_v besiege_v and_o also_o contrary_a to_o expectation_n sometime_o to_o come_v in_o view_n of_o the_o enemy_n for_o all_o these_o occasion_n necessary_o accompany_v a_o army_n and_o oftentimes_o be_v the_o especial_a cause_n of_o victory_n to_o which_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n be_v no_o way_n fit_a or_o convenient_a forasmuch_o as_o neither_o in_o their_o general_a order_n nor_o in_o their_o particular_a disposition_n without_o a_o convenient_a