especial_o be_v contrive_v in_o furnace_n beside_o in_o chase_v their_o stern_a be_v that_o part_n of_o the_o ship_n stern_a they_o most_o use_v in_o fight_n but_o in_o a_o man_n of_o war_n they_o fight_v most_o with_o their_o prow_n and_o it_o be_v very_o troublesome_a to_o the_o use_n of_o his_o ordnance_n and_o very_o dangerous_a lie_v over_o the_o powder_n room_n some_o do_v place_n it_o over_o the_o hatch_n way_n but_o that_o as_o the_o steward_n room_n be_v ever_o to_o be_v contrive_v according_a to_o the_o ship_n employment_n etc._n etc._n calking_n be_v beat_v okum_n okum_n into_o every_o seam_n or_o betwixt_o plank_n and_o plank_n and_o okum_n be_v old_a rope_n tear_v in_o piece_n like_o touse_v match_n or_o hurd_n of_o flax_n which_o be_v close_o beat_v into_o every_o seam_n with_o a_o calking-iron_n and_o a_o mallet_n which_o be_v a_o hammer_n of_o wood_n pay_v and_o a_o iron_n chissel_n be_v well_o pay_v over_o with_o hot_a pitch_n do_v make_v she_o more_o tight_a than_o it_o be_v possible_a by_o join_v plank_a to_o plank_n grave_v be_v only_o under_o water_n a_o white_a grave_v mixture_n of_o tallow_n soap_n and_o brimstone_n or_o train-oil_n rosin_n and_o brimstone_n boil_v together_o be_v the_o best_a to_o preserve_v her_o calk_n and_o make_v her_o glib_a or_o slippery_a to_o pass_v the_o water_n and_o when_o it_o be_v decay_v by_o weed_n or_o barnacle_n worm_n which_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o fish_n like_o a_o long_a red_a worm_n will_v eat_v through_o all_o the_o plank_n if_o she_o be_v not_o sheathe_v which_o be_v as_o case_a the_o hull_n under_o water_n with_o tar_n and_o hair_n close_o cover_v over_o with_o thin_a board_n fast_o nail_v to_o the_o hull_n which_o though_o the_o worm_n pierce_v she_o can_v endure_v the_o tar_n bream_v she_o be_v but_o wash_v or_o burn_v of_o all_o the_o filth_n carcene_n with_o reed_n or_o broom_n either_o in_o a_o dry-dock_n or_o upon_o her_o careene_a which_o be_v to_o make_v she_o so_o light_a as_o you_o may_v bring_v she_o to_o lie_v on_o the_o one_o side_n so_o much_o as_o may_v be_v in_o the_o calm_a water_n you_o can_v but_o take_v heed_n you_o overset_v she_o not_o and_o this_o be_v the_o best_a way_n to_o breame_a ship_n of_o great_a burden_n or_o those_o have_v but_o foursharp_a flores_n for_o fear_n of_o bruise_v or_o overset_a parsling_n parsling_n be_v most_o use_v upon_o the_o deck_n and_o half_a deck_n which_o be_v to_o take_v a_o list_n of_o canvas_n so_o long_o as_o the_o seam_n be_v you_o will_v parsle_v be_v first_o well_o calk_v then_o pour_v hot_a pitch_n upon_o it_o and_o it_o will_v keep_v out_o the_o water_n from_o pass_v the_o seam_n there_o remain_v nothing_o now_o as_o i_o can_v remember_v to_o the_o build_n the_o hull_n of_o the_o ship_n nor_o the_o definition_n of_o her_o most_o proper_a term_n but_o only_o feel_v the_o cabin_n and_o such_o other_o part_n as_o you_o please_v and_o to_o bind_v a_o end_n with_o all_o thing_n fit_v for_o the_o sea_n as_o you_o may_v read_v in_o the_o covenant_n betwixt_o the_o carpenter_n and_o the_o owner_n which_o be_v thus_o if_o you_o will_v have_v a_o ship_n build_v of_o 400_o tun_n she_o require_v a_o plank_n of_o 4_o inch_n if_o 300_o tun_n 3_o inch_n small_a ship_n 2_o inch_n but_o none_o less_o for_o clamp_n middle_a band_n and_o sleeper_n they_o be_v all_o of_o six_o inch_n plank_n for_o bind_v within_o the_o rest_n for_o the_o spar_n up_o of_o the_o work_n of_o square_a threâ—_n inch_n plank_n lay_v the_o beam_n of_o the_o orlope_n if_o she_o be_v 400_o tun_n at_o ten_o foot_n deep_a in_o howl_n and_o all_o the_o beam_n to_o be_v bind_v with_o two_o knee_n at_o each_o end_n and_o a_o stardard_n knee_n at_o every_o beam_n end_n upon_o the_o orlope_n all_o the_o orlope_n to_o be_v lay_v with_o square_a three_o inch_n plank_n and_o all_o the_o plank_n to_o be_v tree-nailed_n to_o the_o beam_n six_o foot_n shall_v be_v between_o the_o beam_n of_o the_o deck_n and_o orlope_n and_o ten_o poâ—ts_n on_o each_o side_n upon_o the_o low_a orlope_n all_o the_o bind_n between_o they_o shall_v be_v with_o three_o inch_n or_o two_o inch-plank_n and_o the_o upper_a deck_n shall_v be_v lay_v with_o so_o many_o beam_n as_o be_v fit_v with_o knee_n to_o bind_v they_o lay_v that_o deck_n with_o spruce_a deal_n of_o thirty_o foot_n long_o the_o sap_n cut_v of_o and_o two_o inch_n thick_a for_o it_o be_v better_a then_o any_o other_o then_o for_o the_o captain_n cabin_n or_o great_a cabin_n the_o steerage_n the_o half_a deck_n the_o round-house_n the_o forecastle_n and_o to_o bind_v a_o end_n with_o the_o capstern_a and_o all_o thing_n fit_v for_o the_o sea_n the_o smith_n work_n the_o carve_n join_v and_o paint_v except_v be_v the_o principal_a thing_n i_o remember_v to_o be_v observe_v for_o a_o charter-party_n betwixt_o the_o merchant_n the_o master_n and_o the_o owner_n you_o have_v precedent_n of_o all_o sort_n in_o most_o scrivener_n shop_n chap._n iii_o how_o to_o proportion_v the_o mast_n and_o yard_n for_o a_o ship_n by_o her_o beam_n and_o keel_n when_o a_o ship_n be_v build_v she_o shall_v be_v ma_v wherein_o over-masted_n be_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o experience_n to_o be_v use_v so_o well_o as_o art_n for_o if_o you_o over_o mast_n she_o either_o in_o length_n or_o bigness_n she_o will_v lie_v too_o much_o down_o by_o a_o wind_n and_o labour_n too_o much_o a_o hull_n and_o that_o be_v call_v a_o taunt-mast_n under-masted_n but_o if_o either_o too_o small_a or_o too_o short_a she_o be_v under-masted_n or_o low-masted_n and_o can_v bear_v so_o great_a a_o sail_n as_o shall_v give_v she_o her_o true_a way_n for_o a_o man_n of_o war_n a_o well_o order_v taunt-mast_n be_v best_a but_o for_o a_o long_a voyage_n a_o short-mast_n will_v bear_v more_o canvas_n and_o be_v less_o subject_a to_o bear_v by_o the_o board_n their_o rule_n be_v divers_a because_o no_o artist_n can_v build_v a_o ship_n so_o true_o to_o proportion_n neither_o set_v her_o mast_n but_o by_o the_o trial_n of_o her_o condition_n they_o may_v be_v impair_v or_o amend_v example_n suppose_v a_o ship_n of_o 300_o tun_n be_v 29_o foot_n at_o the_o beam_n if_o her_o main_a mast_n be_v 24_o inch_n diameter_n the_o length_n of_o it_o must_v be_v 24_o yard_n for_o every_o inch_n in_o thickness_n be_v allow_v a_o yard_n in_o length_n and_o the_o foremast_n 22_o inch_n in_o thickness_n must_v be_v 22_o yard_n in_o length_n your_o bowle-spret_a both_o in_o length_n and_o thickness_n must_v be_v equal_a to_o the_o foremast_n the_o mizzen_n 17_o yard_n in_o length_n and_o 17_o inch_n diameter_n but_o the_o rule_n most_o use_v be_v to_o take_v the_o â…˜_n part_n of_o the_o use_v breadth_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o multiply_v that_o by_o three_o it_o will_v give_v you_o so_o many_o foot_n as_o your_o mainmast_n shall_v be_v in_o length_n the_o bigness_n or_o thickness_n will_v bear_v it_o also_o allow_v a_o inch_n for_o a_o yard_n but_o if_o it_o be_v a_o made-mast_n or_o arme-mast_n that_o be_v mast._n great_a than_o one_o tree_n it_o must_v be_v more_o for_o example_n suppose_v the_o ship_n breadth_n 30_o foot_n four_o fifth_n of_o 30_o foot_n be_v 24_o foot_n so_o you_o find_v the_o main_a mast_n must_v be_v 24_o yard_n long_o for_o every_o yard_n be_v 3_o foot_n 24_o inch_n through_o allow_v a_o inch_n to_o every_o yard_n the_o foremast_n be_v to_o be_v in_o length_n â…˜_n of_o the_o main_a mast_n which_o will_v be_v 20_o yard_n want_v one_o â…˜_n part_n of_o a_o yard_n and_o 20_o inch_n through_o the_o boultspret_a must_v ever_o be_v equal_a with_o the_o foremast_n the_o misen-mast_n half_a the_o length_n of_o the_o mainmast_n which_o will_v be_v 12_o yard_n long_o and_o 12_o inch_n diameter_n now_o as_o you_o take_v the_o proportion_n of_o the_o mast_n from_o the_o beam_n or_o breadth_n of_o the_o ship_n so_o do_v you_o the_o length_n of_o the_o yard_n from_o the_o keel_n these_o mast_n have_v each_o their_o step_n in_o the_o ship_n and_o their_o partner_n partner_n at_o every_o dock_n where_o thorough_a they_o pass_v to_o the_o keel_n be_v strong_a timber_n bolt_v to_o the_o beam_n in_o circle_v the_o mast_n to_o keep_v they_o steady_a in_o their_o step_n fast_o wedge_v for_o row_v yet_o some_o ship_n will_v not_o sail_v so_o well_o as_o when_o it_o do_v play_v a_o little_a but_o that_o be_v very_o dangerous_a in_o foul_a weather_n their_o coat_n be_v piece_n of_o tar_v canvas_n or_o a_o tarpawling_a tarpawling_a put_v about_o they_o and_o the_o rudder_n to_o keep_v the_o water_n out_o at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o fore_a mast_n and_o mainmast_n be_v spliced_a cheek_n cheek_n or_o thick_a
prime_a iron_n to_o be_v two_o inch_n and_o by_o the_o table_n 3_o inch_n it_o show_v that_o the_o chamber_n differ_v from_o the_o true_a boar_n on_o each_o side_n one_o inch_n so_o that_o if_o the_o boar_n of_o the_o piece_n be_v six_o inch_n high_a the_o chamber_n be_v but_o 4_o inch_n high_a this_o the_o gunner_n ought_v to_o examine_v and_o inquire_v into_o that_o he_o may_v make_v his_o cartridge_n to_o load_v his_o piece_n withal_o according_o chap._n xi_o how_o to_o know_v whether_o a_o piece_n of_o ordnance_n be_v true_o bore_v or_o not_o when_o it_o be_v in_o its_o carriage_n and_o lie_v horizontal_o provide_v a_o pikestaff_n which_o let_v be_v about_o one_o foot_n long_o than_o the_o boar_n of_o the_o piece_n from_o the_o touch._n hole_n and_o at_o the_o end_n thereof_o fasten_v a_o rammer_n head_n that_o will_v just_o fill_v all_o the_o boar_n under_o the_o touchhole_n and_o at_o the_o other_o end_n of_o the_o staff_n bear_v a_o hole_n big_a enough_o to_o put_v through_o a_o rod_n of_o iron_n about_o 16_o or_o 18_o inch_n long_o and_o at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o rod_n hang_v a_o bullet_n or_o weight_n of_o about_o 7_o or_o 8_o pound_n for_o this_o weight_n thus_o dispose_v will_v cause_v the_o same_o part_n of_o the_o rammer-head_n to_o lie_v always_o with_o the_o same_o part_n uppermost_o put_v this_o instrument_n thus_o prepare_v into_o the_o piece_n let_v the_o iron_n rod_n and_o bullet_n hang_v perpendicular_o then_o put_v your_o priming-iron_n in_o at_o the_o touchhole_n make_v a_o mark_n upon_o the_o rammer-head_n this_o do_v draw_v your_o instrument_n out_o of_o the_o gun_n and_o lay_v it_o upon_o a_o long_a form_n or_o table_n let_v the_o rod_n and_o bullet_n hang_v over_o the_o end_n of_o the_o table_n as_o it_o do_v before_o out_o of_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o piece_n then_o observe_v whether_o the_o mark_v you_o make_v upon_o the_o head_n of_o the_o rammer_n when_o it_o be_v in_o the_o piece_n be_v just_a on_o the_o uppermost_a part_n of_o the_o same_o when_o it_o lie_v upon_o the_o table_n and_o if_o it_o be_v the_o boar_n of_o the_o piece_n lie_v neither_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n but_o if_o you_o find_v it_o to_o lie_v half_a or_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o inch_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n so_o much_o lie_v the_o boar_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a and_o the_o piece_n in_o shoot_v must_v be_v order_v and_o charge_v according_o by_o what_o be_v here_o say_v may_v be_v find_v whether_o the_o piece_n incline_v towards_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n but_o to_o know_v whether_o it_o lie_v also_o upward_o or_o downward_o and_o not_o in_o the_o middle_n then_o to_o find_v which_o way_n take_v the_o diameter_n of_o the_o piece_n at_o the_o touchhole_n as_o be_v before_o teach_v then_o take_v a_o piece_n of_o wyre_n and_o bend_v it_o a_o little_a at_o the_o end_n that_o it_o may_v catch_v at_o the_o metal_n when_o it_o be_v draw_v out_o at_o the_o touch_n hole_n this_o wire_n thus_o prepare_v put_v it_o in_o at_o the_o touchhole_n till_o it_o touch_v the_o bottom_n of_o the_o metal_n in_o the_o chamber_n and_o hold_v it_o there_o make_v a_o mark_n upon_o it_o just_o even_o with_o the_o touch_n hole_n then_o pull_v up_o the_o wire_n till_o it_o catch_v at_o the_o metal_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o chamber_n and_o make_v another_o mark_n upon_o it_o the_o distance_n between_o these_o two_o mark_n be_v the_o just_a diameter_n of_o the_o chamber_n and_o the_o distance_n between_o the_o first_o mark_n and_o the_o end_n of_o the_o wire_n half_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o chamber_n of_o the_o piece_n be_v substract_v will_v leave_v half_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o piece_n if_o the_o piece_n be_v true_o bore_v but_o if_o this_o number_n be_v more_o than_o half_a the_o diameter_n of_o the_o piece_n before_o find_v at_o the_o touch_n hole_n than_o the_o boar_n lie_v too_o far_o from_o the_o touchhole_n and_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o metal_n be_v the_o thick_a but_o if_o lesser_a than_o the_o under_o part_n of_o the_o piece_n have_v the_o most_o metal_n example_n suppose_v i_o find_v the_o diameter_n of_o my_o gun_n to_o be_v at_o the_o touchhole_n 12_o inch_n then_o with_o my_o wire_n i_o find_v the_o diameter_n of_o the_o boar_n to_o be_v 4_o inch_n and_o to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o metal_n it_o be_v 7_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a now_o half_a the_o diameter_n of_o the_o boar_n be_v 2_o inch_n that_o add_v to_o the_o second_o mark_n upon_o the_o wire_n or_o substract_v from_o 7_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a the_o first_o mark_n leaves_z 5_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a which_o be_v less_o than_o half_a the_o diameter_n of_o the_o gun_n at_o the_o touchhole_n first_o find_v by_o half_a a_o inch_n and_o therefore_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o metal_n be_v under_o the_o boar_n of_o the_o piece_n and_o the_o gun_n likely_o to_o break_v above_o and_o here_o note_n if_o you_o be_v to_o make_v a_o dispart_n for_o such_o a_o gun_n as_o this_o you_o be_v to_o make_v it_o half_a a_o inch_n short_a than_o it_o will_v be_v find_v to_o be_v by_o take_v the_o circumference_n and_o find_v the_o diameter_n of_o the_o ring_n at_o the_o base_a and_o muzzle_n and_o the_o like_a be_v to_o be_v observe_v if_o the_o difference_n be_v great_a or_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o metal_n have_v be_v great_a chap._n xii_o concern_v gun_n that_o be_v not_o true_o bore_v how_o to_o know_v what_o quantity_n of_o powder_n must_v be_v allow_v for_o their_o load_n suppose_v the_o diameter_n of_o the_o metal_n of_o a_o piece_n at_o the_o touchhole_n be_v 16_o inch_n and_o the_o diameter_n at_o the_o boar_n 5_o inch_n and_o a_o quarter_n the_o weight_n of_o the_o piece_n 4850_o pound_n now_o such_o a_o piece_n will_v require_v 11_o pound_n of_o powder_n for_o its_o load_n but_o i_o find_v the_o boar_n to_o be_v a_o inch_n out_o of_o its_o place_n thence_o i_o conclude_v the_o thine_v part_n of_o the_o metal_n be_v 4_o inch_n and_o half_a a_o quarter_n and_o the_o thick_a side_n 6_o inch_n and_o half_a a_o quarter_n by_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o one_o side_n be_v two_o inch_n thick_a than_o the_o other_o now_o to_o find_v what_o quantity_n of_o powder_n will_v be_v a_o sufficient_a load_n for_o such_o a_o piece_n it_o must_v be_v compute_v from_o the_o thine_v part_n of_o the_o metal_n which_o be_v here_o 4._o 375_o inch_n which_o double_v be_v 8._o 75_o inch_n to_o which_o add_v the_o diameter_n at_o the_o boar_n 5._o 25_o inch_n the_o sum_n be_v 14._o 00_o inch_n which_o call_v the_o lessor_n diameter_n and_o 16_o the_o great_a diameter_n and_o to_o find_v the_o quantity_n of_o powder_n by_o arithmetic_n this_o be_v the_o proportion_n as_o the_o cube_n of_o 16_o the_o great_a diameter_n 4096_o be_v to_o the_o cube_n of_o 14_o the_o lesser_a diameter_n 2744_o so_o be_v 11_o pound_n the_o powder_n to_o be_v allow_v if_o the_o piece_n have_v be_v true_o bore_v to_o 7._o 36_o pound_n the_o powder_n to_o be_v allow_v to_o the_o false_a bore_v piece_n for_o multiply_v 16_o by_o 16_o it_o produce_v 256_o and_o that_o again_o by_o 16_o and_o it_o produce_v 4096_o which_o be_v the_o cube_n of_o 16_o the_o great_a diameter_n also_o multiply_v 14_o by_o 14_o it_o produce_v 196_o and_o that_o again_o by_o 14_o produce_v 2744_o which_o be_v the_o cube_n of_o 14_o the_o lesser_a diameter_n then_o multiply_v 2744_o the_o cube_n of_o the_o lesser_a diameter_n by_o 11_o the_o powder_n to_o be_v allow_v if_o the_o piece_n have_v be_v true_o bore_v the_o product_n will_v be_v 30184_o which_o number_n divide_v by_o 4096_o the_o cube_n of_o the_o great_a diameter_n give_v in_o the_o quotient_a 7._o 36_o pound_n of_o powder_n which_o will_v be_v a_o sufficient_a charge_n for_o such_o a_o false_a bore_v gun_n chap._n xiii_o how_o to_o discover_v what_o crack_v flaw_n or_o honeycomb_n be_v in_o any_o piece_n of_o ordnance_n as_o soon_o as_o ever_o you_o have_v discharge_v any_o piece_n of_o ordnance_n let_v one_o be_v ready_a to_o cover_v the_o mouth_n of_o the_o piece_n close_o and_o stop_v the_o touchhole_n at_o the_o same_o time_n by_o which_o mean_v you_o may_v know_v if_o any_o crack_n or_o flaw_n do_v go_v through_o the_o metal_n for_o if_o any_o such_o be_v a_o visible_a smoke_n will_v come_v through_o those_o flaw_n or_o crack_n otherwise_o in_o a_o clear_a sun_n shine_v day_n with_o a_o piece_n of_o polish_a steel_n or_o plain_a looking-glass_n reflect_v the_o beam_n of_o the_o sun_n into_o the_o hollow_a cylinder_n of_o the_o piece_n so_o shall_v you_o have_v a_o clear_a shine_a
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drabler_z which_o we_o call_v lash_v the_o bonnet_n to_o lash_v the_o course_n or_o the_o drabler_z to_o the_o bonnet_n the_o loofe-hook_n be_v a_o tackle_n with_o two_o hook_n one_o to_o hitch_v into_o a_o chingle_a of_o the_o loofe-hook_n main_a or_o foresail_n in_o the_o bolt-rope_n in_o the_o leech_n of_o the_o sail_n by_o the_o clew_n and_o the_o other_o to_o strap_v spliced_a to_o the_o chestre_n to_o bouse_n bouse_n or_o pull_v down_o the_o sail_n to_o succour_v the_o tack_n in_o a_o stiff-gale_n of_o wind_n or_o take_v off_o or_o put_v on_o a_o bonnet_n or_o a_o drabler_z which_o be_v two_o short_a sail_n to_o take_v off_o or_o put_v to_o the_o fore_n course_n
course_n or_o the_o main_a which_o be_v the_o fore_a sail_n or_o mainsail_n the_o knaveline_n be_v a_o rope_n have_v one_o end_n fasten_v to_o the_o cross-tree_n and_o so_o come_v down_o by_o the_o tie_n to_o the_o ramshead_n knaveline_n to_o which_o be_v seize_v a_o small_a piece_n of_o wood_n some_o two_o foot_n long_o with_o a_o hole_n in_o the_o end_n whereunto_o the_o line_n be_v reeve_v and_o bring_v to_o the_o ship_n side_n and_o hale_v taut_n to_o the_o rail_n to_o keep_v the_o tie_n and_o halyard_n from_o turn_v about_o one_o another_o when_o they_o be_v new_a knettel_n be_v two_o rope-yarnes_a twist_v knettel_n together_o and_o a_o knot_n at_o each_o end_n whereunto_o to_o seize_v a_o block_n a_o rope_n or_o the_o like_a rope-yarns_a be_v the_o yarne_n of_o rope-yarnes_a any_o rope_n untwist_v they_o serve_v to_o serve_v small_a rope_n or_o make_v sinnet_n mat_n plait_n or_o caburns_n and_o make_v up_o the_o sail_n at_o the_o yards-arm_n sinnet_n be_v a_o string_n make_v of_o rope-yarn_n common_o of_o two_o sinnet_n four_o six_o eight_o or_o nine_o string_n plait_v in_o three_o part_n which_o be_v beat_v flat_a they_o use_v it_o to_o serve_v rope_n or_o mat_n that_o panch_n which_o we_o call_v a_o panch_n be_v broad_a clout_n weave_v of_o thrum_n and_o sinnet_n together_o to_o save_v thing_n from_o gall_v about_o the_o main_a and_o fore-yards_n at_o the_o tie_n and_o also_o from_o the_o mast_n and_o upon_o the_o boltspret_a loufe_v beak_n head_n or_o gunwaile_n to_o save_v the_o clewe_v of_o the_o sail_n from_o gall_v or_o fret_v caburne_n be_v a_o small_a line_n make_v of_o spun-yarn_n to_o make_v a_o bend_n caburne_n of_o two_o cable_n or_o to_o seize_v the_o tackle_n or_o the_o like_a seize_v seize_v be_v to_o bind_v fast_o any_o rope_n together_o with_o some_o small_a rope-yarne_n marline_n be_v any_o line_n to_o a_o block_n or_o any_o tackle_n pendant_n garnet_n or_o the_o like_a there_o be_v also_o a_o rope_n by_o which_o the_o boat_n do_v ride_v by_o 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you_o be_v to_o know_v seaman_n wall-knot_n use_v three_o the_o first_o be_v call_v the_o wall-knot_n which_o be_v a_o round_o knob_v so_o make_v with_o the_o stroud_n or_o lay_n of_o a_o rope_n it_o can_v slip_v the_o sheet_n tack_n and_o stopper_n use_v this_o knot_n the_o boling_n knot_n be_v also_o so_o firm_o make_v and_o fasten_v boling-knot_n by_o the_o bridle_n into_o the_o creengle_n of_o the_o sail_n they_o will_v break_v or_o the_o sail_n split_v before_o it_o will_v slip_v the_o last_o be_v the_o sheepshank_n sheepshanks-knot_n which_o be_v a_o knot_n they_o cast_v they_o upon_o a_o runner_n or_o tackle_n when_o it_o be_v too_o long_o to_o take_v in_o the_o good_n and_o by_o this_o knot_n they_o can_v shorten_v a_o rope_n without_o cut_v it_o as_o much_o as_o they_o list_v and_o present_o undo_v it_o again_o and_o yet_o never_o the_o worse_o chap._n vi_o what_o do_v belong_v to_o the_o boat_n and_o skiffe_n with_o the_o definition_n of_o all_o those_o thirteen_o rope_n 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that_o my_o staff_n cast_v its_o shadow_n to_o e_o where_o i_o make_v a_o mark_n as_o also_o another_o at_o c_o then_o measure_v my_o staff_n i_o find_v it_o to_o be_v 38_o inch_n long_o and_o measure_v the_o length_n of_o the_o shadow_n thereof_o ce_fw-fr i_o find_v that_o to_o be_v 46_o inch_n then_o imeasure_n the_o length_n of_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o castle_n wall_n ac_fw-la and_o i_o find_v that_o to_o be_v 30_o foot_n which_o be_v 360_o inch_n now_o for_o the_o height_n of_o the_o castle_n wall_n you_o must_v work_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o proportion_n thus_o say_v as_o ce_fw-fr the_o length_n of_o the_o shadow_n of_o my_o staff_n 46_o inch_n be_v in_o proportion_n to_o the_o length_n of_o staff_n cd_o 38_o inch_n so_o be_v ac_fw-la the_o length_n of_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o wall_n 360_o inch_n to_o 435_o 30_o â—8_o inch_n for_o the_o height_n of_o the_o castle_n wall_n which_o you_o may_v call_v 436_o inch_n for_o if_o you_o multiply_v 46_o the_o length_n of_o the_o 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c_o where_o i_o erect_v my_o staff_n cg_n and_o that_o cast_v its_o shadow_n to_o h_n i_o measure_v the_o length_n of_o my_o staff_n and_o i_o find_v it_o 4_o foot_n or_o 48_o inch_n and_o the_o length_n of_o the_o shadow_n thereof_o ch_z i_o find_v to_o be_v 32_o inch_n these_o two_o i_o note_v down_o then_o some_o time_n after_o when_o the_o sun_n be_v low_a i_o come_v again_o to_o the_o place_n and_o find_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o top_n of_o the_o tower_n to_o cast_v at_o d_o where_o again_o i_o erect_v the_o same_o staff_n of_o 4_o foot_n long_o and_o find_v that_o it_o cast_v its_o shadow_n to_o e_z and_o that_o the_o length_n of_o the_o shadow_n thereof_o de_fw-fr be_v 4_o foot_n 5_o inch_n or_o 53_o inch_n and_o somewhat_o better_a this_o i_o also_o set_v down_o and_o then_o i_o measure_v the_o distance_n between_o the_o two_o place_n where_o the_o tower_n cast_v its_o shadow_n at_o the_o first_o and_o second_o time_n of_o my_o observation_n namely_o the_o distance_n ce_fw-fr and_o find_v it_o to_o be_v 10_o foot_n or_o 120_o inch_n and_o now_o have_v all_o these_o number_n set_v down_o i_o come_v to_o find_v the_o height_n of_o the_o tower_n ab_fw-la by_o help_n of_o the_o rule_n of_o proportion_n as_o follow_v 1_o as_o de_fw-fr the_o length_n of_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o staff_n df_n at_o the_o second_o observation_n 53_o inch_n be_v to_o 48_o inch_n the_o length_n of_o the_o staff_n so_o be_v 10_o foot_n or_o 120_o inch_n the_o length_n of_o the_o shadow_n between_o the_o two_o place_n of_o observation_n c_o and_o d_o to_z 108_o inch_n or_o 9_o foot_n which_o number_n 9_o foot_n or_o 108_o inch_n set_v down_o and_o say_v again_o by_o proportion_n 2_o as_o 48_o inch_n the_o length_n of_o the_o staff_n gc_n be_v to_o 10_o foot_n or_o 120_o inch_n the_o distance_n between_o the_o two_o place_n of_o observation_n c_o and_o d_o so_o be_v 108_o inch_n the_o number_n before_o find_v to_o 270_o inch_n the_o height_n of_o the_o tower_n which_o reduce_v into_o foot_n be_v 22_o foot_n 6_o inch_n iii_o how_o to_o take_v the_o altitude_n of_o any_o upright_a building_n or_o the_o like_a by_o a_o bowl_n of_o water_n fig._n iii_o travelle_v a_o long_a the_o road_n i_o see_v a_o maypole_n as_o kl_n the_o height_n whereof_o i_o will_v glad_o know_v but_o have_v no_o geometrical_a instrument_n i_o procure_v a_o bowl_n of_o fair_a water_n which_o i_o set_v down_o upon_o the_o ground_n at_o m._n and_o then_o when_o the_o water_n be_v still_o in_o the_o bowl_n i_o go_v backward_o in_o a_o right_a line_n from_o the_o maypole_n till_o i_o see_v the_o shadow_n of_o the_o top_n of_o the_o maypole_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o water_n which_o i_o do_v when_o i_o come_v at_o n_o and_o at_o n_o i_o make_v a_o mark_n upon_o the_o ground_n then_o do_v i_o measure_v the_o distance_n from_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o maypole_n at_o l_o to_o the_o bowl_n of_o water_n at_o m_n and_o find_v it_o to_o be_v 175_o inch_n also_o i_o measure_v the_o distance_n from_o the_o bowl_n of_o water_n at_o m_n to_o the_o place_n of_o my_o stand_n at_o n_o and_o find_v that_o to_o be_v 72_o inch_n then_o i_o measure_v the_o height_n of_o my_o eye_n from_o the_o ground_n on_o and_o find_v that_o to_o be_v 60_o inch_n these_o thing_n know_v i_o say_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o proportion_n if_o 72_o inch_n distance_n mn_n give_v 60_o inch_n altitude_n no_o what_o altitude_n shall_v 175_o inch_n the_o distance_n lm_o give_v answer_v 145_o 60_o 72_o inch_n for_o if_o you_o multiply_v 175_o by_o 60_o the_o product_n will_v be_v 10500_o which_o
divide_v by_o 72_o the_o quotient_n will_v be_v 145_o 60_o â—2_n that_o be_v almost_o 146_o inch_n which_o be_v 12_o foot_n 2_o inch_n for_o the_o height_n of_o the_o maypole_n k_o l_o require_v iu._n how_o to_o take_v the_o height_n of_o any_o upright_a building_n that_o be_v approachable_a by_o two_o stick_n or_o ruler_n join_v together_o square-wise_a fig._n iu._n let_v p_o qui_fw-fr be_v some_o structure_n stand_v upright_o upon_o plain_a ground_n who_o height_n you_o require_v go_v unto_o some_o convenient_a court_n yard_n garden_n or_o other_o piece_n of_o level_a ground_n adjoin_v to_o the_o building_n to_o be_v measure_v then_o take_v your_o square_n in_o both_o your_o hand_n hold_v it_o perpendicular_a which_o you_o may_v do_v by_o have_v a_o thread_n and_o plummet_n as_o t_o v_n hang_v upon_o a_o pin_n near_o the_o top_n of_o the_o square_n at_o t_n then_o keep_v it_o in_o this_o posture_n go_v backward_o or_o forward_o as_o occasion_n require_v till_o your_o eye_n be_v at_o x_o you_o can_v see_v the_o other_o end_n of_o your_o square_n at_o t_n and_o the_o top_n of_o the_o building_n at_o p_o all_o in_o one_o right-line_n which_o when_o you_o do_v make_v a_o stand_n as_o at_o saint_n then_o measure_v the_o height_n of_o your_o eye_n from_o the_o ground_n x_o saint_n with_o a_o string_n and_o set_v that_o length_n upon_o the_o ground_n from_o the_o place_n of_o your_o stand_n at_o saint_n to_o r_o then_o measure_v the_o distance_n from_o r_o to_o q_o for_o that_o shall_v be_v equal_a to_o the_o height_n of_o the_o build_v ing_z p_o q_n and_o be_v here_o 210_o foot_n v._o how_o by_o help_n of_o this_o square_a stand_v upon_o a_o platform_n of_o a_o know_a height_n to_o find_v the_o distance_n from_o the_o platform_n to_o any_o tree_n river_n or_o other_o object_n that_o be_v remote_a from_o you_o fig_n five_o let_v a_o b_o be_v a_o platform_n who_o perpendicular_a height_n be_v 100_o foot_n be_v upon_o the_o top_n thereof_o at_o a_o i_o will_v know_v how_o far_o the_o oak_n at_o c_o be_v distance_n from_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o platform_n at_o b._n upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o platform_n at_o a_o i_o erect_v a_o pike_n or_o javeline_n 12_o foot_n long_o more_o or_o less_o upon_o which_o i_o hang_v the_o angle_n of_o my_o square_n and_o i_o look_v with_o my_o eye_n at_o d_o along_o the_o side_n of_o my_o square_n till_o i_o see_v the_o bottom_n of_o the_o oak_n at_o c_o and_o in_o this_o position_n i_o fix_v my_o square_n with_o a_o screw_n or_o the_o like_a to_o the_o head_n of_o the_o javeline_n then_o from_o d_o i_o extend_v a_o thread_n or_o line_n by_o the_o side_n of_o my_o square_n till_o it_o touch_v the_o platform_n at_o e_o and_o then_o i_o measure_v the_o distance_n upon_o the_o platform_n from_o a_o to_o e_o and_o find_v it_o to_o be_v 24_o foot_n 6_o inch_n then_o by_o proportion_n i_o say_v as_o 12_o foot_n the_o length_n of_o the_o javelin_n d_o a_o be_v to_o 24_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a the_o distance_n measure_v upon_o the_o plaform_n a_o e_o so_o be_v 112_o the_o height_n of_o the_o platform_n and_o javelin_n together_o b_o d._n to_o 228_o foot_n 8_o inch_n for_o the_o distance_n b_o c._n vi_o how_o to_o take_v the_o distance_n from_o the_o place_n of_o your_o stand_n upon_o level_a ground_n to_o any_o tree_n tower_n or_o other_o thing_n remote_a from_o you_o though_o you_o can_v come_v near_o the_o same_o by_o your_o square_n fig._n vi_o stand_v at_o f_o i_o see_v a_o coundit-head_n at_o g_o who_o distance_n from_o f_o where_o i_o stand_v i_o will_v know_v but_o i_o can_v come_v near_o it_o for_o a_o river_n between_o f_o and_o g_o however_o at_o f_o i_o erect_v a_o staff_n of_o 4_o foot_n high_a or_o 48_o inch_n as_o f_o h_n upon_o the_o end_n whereof_o i_o hang_v the_o angle_n of_o my_o square_n and_o i_o look_v by_o the_o side_n thereof_o till_o i_o see_v the_o foot_n of_o the_o coundit-head_n at_o g_o and_o fix_v my_o square_n there_o i_o extend_v a_o line_n from_o h_n by_o the_o side_n of_o the_o square_n till_o it_o touch_v the_o ground_n at_o k_o then_o measure_v the_o distance_n between_o f_o and_o k_n i_o find_v it_o to_o be_v 3_o foot_n or_o 36_o inch_n then_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o proportion_n i_o say_v as_o 36_o the_o distance_n k_n f_o be_v to_o f_o h_n the_o length_n of_o the_o staff_n 48_o inch_n so_o be_v 48_o inch_n the_o length_n of_o the_o staff_n f_o h._n to_o 64_o inch_n for_o the_o distance_n f_o g_o for_o as_o often_o as_o k_o f_o be_v contain_v in_o f_o h_n so_o often_o be_v f_o h_n contain_v in_o f_o g._n vii_o how_o to_o take_v the_o breadth_n of_o a_o river_n by_o the_o square_n fig._n vii_o there_o be_v a_o river_n m_o p_o o_o who_o breadth_n i_o desire_v to_o know_v upon_o the_o brow_n of_o the_o river_n at_o m_n i_o set_v up_o my_o staff_n m_o l_o which_o be_v 60_o inch_n or_o 5_o foot_n long_o and_o hang_v my_o square_n upon_o the_o end_n thereof_o at_o l_o i_o look_v by_o the_o side_n thereof_o till_o i_o see_v the_o brow_n of_o the_o river_n on_o the_o other_o side_n at_o o_o and_o there_o fix_v my_o square_n i_o extend_v a_o three_o by_o the_o side_n thereof_o from_o l_o to_o n_o then_o measure_v the_o distance_n l_o n_o i_o find_v it_o to_o be_v 15_o inch_n or_o 1_o foot_n 3_o inch_n than_o i_o say_v by_o proportion_n as_o n_o m_o the_o distance_n measure_v 15_o inch_n be_v to_o l_o m_o the_o length_n of_o the_o staff_n 6_o inch_n so_o be_v l_o m_o 60_o inch_n to_o m_n o_o 240_o inch_n or_o 20_o foot_n for_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o ri-river_n m_o o._n viii_o how_o to_o take_v the_o distance_n between_o two_o or_o more_o place_n without_o come_v near_o any_o of_o they_o by_o a_o two_o foot_n joint_a rule_n fig._n viii_o fig._n ix_o let_v the_o two_o remote_a place_n give_v be_v a_o and_o b_o who_o distance_n i_o will_v know_v but_o i_o can_v approach_v or_o come_v near_o either_o of_o they_o and_o i_o have_v no_o other_o instrument_n but_o my_o two_o foot_n joint_a rule_n however_o i_o make_v choice_n of_o a_o place_n at_o c_o from_o whence_o i_o can_v see_v both_o the_o place_n a_o and_o b_o and_o there_o i_o set_v up_o a_o staff_n whereon_o to_o rest_v my_o rule_n and_o open_v it_o to_o a_o square_a angle_n i_o look_v by_o one_o side_n of_o it_o till_o i_o espy_v my_o first_o place_n at_o a_o and_o there_o keep_v it_o fast_o and_o level_v i_o look_v by_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o ruler_n and_o cause_v a_o mark_n to_o be_v set_v up_o in_o a_o right_a line_n from_o c_o at_o a_o competent_a distance_n from_o c_o as_o at_z d_o 150_o foot_n then_o close_o in_o your_o rule_n till_o by_o the_o side_n thereof_o you_o see_v your_o second_o place_n at_o b_o keep_v your_o rule_n at_o that_o angle_n then_o have_v a_o sheet_n of_o paper_n or_o upon_o a_o board_n as_o figure_n ix_o draw_v two_o right_a line_n thereon_o as_o k_o l_o and_o l_o m_o make_v a_o right_n or_o square_a angle_n at_o l._n then_o bring_v your_o ruler_n it_o be_v still_o keep_v at_o the_o angle_n it_o be_v when_o you_o look_v to_o b_o and_o lay_v the_o centre_n of_o your_o ruler_n upon_o l_o and_o by_o the_o side_n of_o it_o draw_v a_o line_n l_o m_o and_o because_o your_o measure_a distance_n between_o c_o and_o d_o be_v 150_o foot_n take_v 150_o quarter_n of_o inch_n 150_o of_o any_o equal_a part_n that_o you_o have_v upon_o your_o ruler_n and_o set_v they_o down_o upon_o your_o paper_n or_o board_n from_o l_o to_z m._n then_o take_v your_o rule_n and_o go_v to_o d_o and_o set_v the_o centre_n of_o it_o upon_o the_o staff_n look_v by_o one_o side_n thereof_o to_o c_o and_o by_o the_o other_o to_o a_o then_o bring_v the_o rule_n to_o the_o board_n and_o lay_v the_o centre_n thereof_o on_o m_n and_o one_o side_n upon_o the_o line_n m_o l_o and_o by_o the_o other_o side_n draw_v a_o line_n at_o length_n as_o the_o line_n m_o o_fw-fr cross_v the_o line_n l_o k_o in_o o_o so_o shall_v o_o upon_o your_o board_n represent_v the_o place_n a_o in_o the_o field_n again_o take_v your_o rule_n and_o go_v to_o d_o and_o there_o rest_v it_o upon_o the_o staff_n look_v by_o one_o edge_n to_o a_o and_o by_o the_o other_o to_o b_o and_o keep_v it_o at_o that_o angle_n bring_v it_o to_o the_o board_n and_o lay_v one_o side_n upon_o the_o line_n m_o o_fw-fr and_o by_o the_o other_o draw_v the_o line_n m_o p_o cross_v the_o line_n l_o n_o in_o the_o point_n p_o so_fw-mi