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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42668	The history of four-footed beasts and serpents describing at large their true and lively figure, their several names, conditions, kinds, virtues ... countries of their breed, their love and hatred to mankind, and the wonderful work by Edward Topsell ; whereunto is now added, The theater of insects, or, Lesser living creatures ... by T. Muffet ...; Historie of foure-footed beasts	Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625?; Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625? Historie of serpents.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 1. English.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 5. English.; Moffett, Thomas, 1553-1604. Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum. English.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1658 (1658)	Wing G624; ESTC R6249	1,956,367	1,026

so long and strangely that oftentimes the Countrey men begin to flea them and on the suddain their skins half taken off and the other half on they awake braying in such horrible manner that the poor men are most dreadfully affrighted therewith Their voice is very rude and fearful as the Poet said Quirritat verres tardus rudit uncat assellus And therefore the Grecians to express the same haved faigned many new words and call it Ogkethmos as the Latins Byders that is to utter forth a voice in a base and rude manner The Poets feign that at that time when Jupiter came to war with the Gyants Bacchus and Vulcan the Satyres and Sileni assisted and attended him being carryed upon Asses When the time came that the battell began the Asses for very fear brayed most horribly whereat the Gyants not being acquainted with such strange and unknown voices and cries took them to their heels and so were overcome In the sacrifice of the Godesse Vacuna an Asse was feasted with bread and crowned with flowers hung with rich Iewels and Peytrels because as they say when Priapus would have ravished Vesta being asleep she was suddenly awaked by the braying of an Asse and so escaped that infamy And the Lampsaceni in the disgrace of Priapus did offer him an Asse But this is accounted certain that among the Scythians by reason of cold an Asse is never heard or seen and therefore when the Scythians set upon the Persians their Horses will not abide the braying of Asses wondring both at the strangeness of an Asses shape and rudeness of his cry wherefore there are certain birds resembling in their chattering the braying of Asses and are therefore termed Onacratuli When an Asse dyeth out of his body are ingendred certain Flies called Scurabees They are infested with the same diseases that Horses be and also cured by the same meanes except in letting of bloud for by reason their veins be small and their bodies cold in no case must any bloud be taken from them Asses are subject to madness when they have tasted to certain herbs growing neer Potnias as are Bears Horses Leopards and Wolves they only among all other hairy beasts are not troubled with either tikes or lice but principally they perish by a swelling about the crown of their pasterne or by a Catarrhe called Malis which falling down upon their liver they die but if it purge out of their nostrils they shall be safe and Columella writeth that if sheep be stabled where Mules or Asses have been housed they will incur the scab There is great use made of the skins of Asses for the Germanes do make thereof a substance to paint and write upon which is called Eselshut The Arabians have a cloth called Mesha made of Asses and Goates hair whereof the inhabitants of their deserts make them tents and sacks It is reported that Empedocles was called Colysancmas because when the Agrigentines were troubled with winds by hanging about their City innumerable Asse skins he safe-guarded them from the winds whereupon some have thought but falsly that there was some secret in Asses skins against outragious Tempestes The bones of Asses have been used for pipes the Artificers made more reckoning of them then of the bones of Hartes and therefore Esop in Plutarch wondereth that so grosse and dull a creature should have such shrill and musical bones and the Busirites called the Philosophers Naucratites because they played musick upon Asses bones for they cannot abide the sound of a trumpet because it resembleth the voice of an Asse who is very hateful to them for Typhons sake Maecenus allowed the flesh of young Asses to be eaten preferring it before the flesh of wilde Asses and this custome also prevailed at Athens where they did eat the flesh of old Asses which hurteth the stomach having in it no good juice or sweetness and is very hard to be digested In like sort about the coasts of Alexandria men use to eat the flesh of Asses which begetting in their body much melancholick and adusted humor causeth them to fall into the Elephantia or spotted leprosie Asses are tamed at three years old and taught for those businesses which they must be applied unto some for the mill some for husbandry and the plough some for burthens and carriage some for the wars and some for draught Merchants use Asses to carry their wine oil corn and other things to the sea-side wherefore the Countrey man maketh principal account of this beast for his carriage to and fro being fit to carry both on his neck and on his back with them they go to market with their wares and upon them bring home their houshold necessaries Tardè costas agitator aselli Vilibus aut onerat pomis lapidemque revertens Incussum aut atrae massam picis urbe reportat They grind in their mils and fetch home their corn they plough their land as in Campania Lybia and Boetia where the ground is soft and in Byzantium that fruitful Countrey which repayeth the husbandmans labor with increase of an hundred and fifty times more then the seed and where in drie weather their ground is not arable with the whole strength of Buls yet after a little rain one Asse in one end of a yoak and an old woman at the other end do easily draw the plough and open the earth to sow their seed wherefore Cato said merrily that Mules Horses and Asses keep no holy-dayes except they be such Asses as keep within doors In like sort they draw from place to place the carts of Bakers or Carts laden with any other carriage if it be not over great The people Carmani by reason they want Horses use Asses in their wars so also do the Scaracori who never use them in mils or any such base works but upon them undertake all their martial perils There was a custome amongst the Cumani that when a Woman was taken in Adultery she was led to the Market and there set upon a bare stone afterwards she was set upon a bare Asses back and so carryed throughout the City then brought back again to the former stone for a publick spectacle to all the City whereby she remained infamous all her life after and was called Onobatis that is one that had ridden an Asse and the stone whereupon she stood was accounted an unlucky and an odious place for all posterity In like sort among the Parthians it was held a disgraceful thing to ride or be carryed upon a bare Asses back The dung of Asses is pretious for a garden especially for Cabages and if an Apple tree be dying it may be recovered by washing it in Asses dung by the space of six dayes and some have used to put into Gardens the skull of a Mare or she Asse that hath been covered in copulation with perswasion that the Gardens will be the more fruitful

do passe from them into the Bees But yet notwithstanding he this shall warily weigh and observe how they give out to every one his several task some to make Combs others to gather Honey dresse up their rooms cleanse their laystals to prop up and repair their ruin'd fences to cover their boxes to draw out the spirit of the Honey to doncoct it to bring it to their cells to serve those that are at work with water to give food at certain set hours to those that are bed-ridden feeble and aged with so great care to defend their King or Master-Bee to drive away Spiders and all other their invaders or annoyers to rid their Hives of their dead lest their work should be marred with stench or perefaction to be able every one to return to his particular cell in a word to seek their living as near home as they may when they have sucked dry the neighbouring herbs or flowers then to send our spies to 〈◊〉 for pasture farther off upon any night design or expedition to lye under the leaves of the trees lest their wings being wet with the dew their speed home the next day should be hindred in ●●oisterous weather to poise or ballance their light bodies with a little stone taken up into their mouthes and when the wind blowes hard to recover the windy side of the hedge to shelter themselvs and the like surely he will confesse of his own accord that their Common-wealth is wonderful well ordered and that there is very great discretion and understanding in them I had almost let passe that natural 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or affection that great constance seldome seen in Parents of this Age wherewith they care for their young ones in the Hive where they have laid them they sit upon them as birds do and never go abroad unlesse enforced with extreme hunger and when they do they presently return in again as if they were afraid lest the Spider if they tarried long which many times happen should cover the mouth of the cell with his web or their little ones being benumm'd with cold should be in danger to be starved But yet neither are their children delicate or nicely brought up for at three daies end 〈◊〉 as they have any wings they set them to work and have a strict care that they loyter not or take a 〈◊〉 of Idlenesse So much fore knowledge likewise have they that they can presage rains or cold weather to come And then by instinct of nature they never go far abroad but hover about their stocks or Hives and sit upon them as upon flowers When they go forth to pasture which is not at see times but only when it is fair weather then they labour and toyle so hard and so lade themselves with Honey that oftentimes through wearinesse they fail in their journey being notable to reach home and whereas some of them by reason of roughnesse and hairinesse become ●●apt for labour then they rub themselves against rugged stones or the like till they be smooth again and so they buckle to their work afresh as hard as they can drive The youth or middle aged Bees are imployed abroad and bring home those things which the King or Master-Bee gives them in charge the elder sort take care of the family at home and doo orders and dispose of the Honey which the middle aged Bees gather and make abroad In the morning they are all still and silent till such time as the Master-Bee gives three hums and miseth them up and then every one makes haste out to his several imployment In the evening when they return home they at the first make a great noyse and 〈◊〉 and within a while afterward by little and little cease till at length the Captain of the watch flies about and makes a buzzing as it were commanding them to their rest after which signal given they are all so husht and still that if you lay your ear to the Hives mouth you cannot perceive the least noise they make so subject are they to their rulers and governors and at their beck and nod are presently quach't CHAP. III. Of the Creation Generation and Propagation of Bees FOrasmuch as Philosophers have given out that Bees for the first sin of mankinde are begotten of putrefaction there are not wanting those that deny they were created in the first week of the world I leave the question wholly to be determined by others although some Divines especially Dubravius and Danaus do abundantly affirm that they were created with the perfect Bodies Of the first Generation of Bees Aristotle hath a long discourse The Philosophers following him have rightly determined in my opinion that their Generation doth proceed from the corruption of some other body as of a Bull Oxe Cow Calf very excellent and profitable beasts the which not only worthy men and without all exception do report but even rustical and common experience doth confirm They say that out of the brains of these beasts are bred the Kings and Nobility and of their flesh the common sort of ordinary Bees There are likewise Kings that are bred out of the marrow of the chine-bone but then those that come of the brains do far excell the other in feature or comlinesse in largenesse in prudence and in strength of body Now the first transformation of this flesh into these Creatures as it were by a kinde of conception you shall then perceive to be when as these little imperfect creatures appear in great numbers about the Oxe Lion c. in a small white hew and as yet without motion but increasing by degrees and their wings by little and little growing out they come to their proper colour flying to and hovering about their King or Master-Bee but yet with short wings and trembling as unaccustomed to flight and by reason of the weaknesse of their limbs Now what countreys do most conduce to the generation of Bees and what are most hurtful to them we shall afterwards handle when we come to treat of Honey But in general there are very few places in the world to be found unlesse it be in a very barren countrey and unwholsome air and where no food fit for them can be had in which Bees cannot breed and very well live But where there is perpetual frost and snow as in Scanzia or where the countrey is barren of herbs and trees as in Thule there they are neither able to breed nor live As also for the poisonous condition of the airs and nature of the soil some sort of Bees do not endure to live there as in the Isle of Myoonos it is reported that if Bees be carried thither if Aelian be to believed they presently dye But whereas Munster saith of Ireland and Solinus of Great Britain that those Countreys are altogether without and that they cannot live there if they had not spoke rather by hearsay then of their own knowledge they would have written

as Martin saith is cured thus Take a round hot iron somewhat sharp at the end like a good big bodkin and let it be somewhat bending at the point then holing the sore with your left hand pulling it somewhat from the sinews pierce it with the iron being first made red-hot thrusting it beneath in the bottom and so upward into the belly to the intent that the same jelly may issue downward out at the hole and having thrust out all the jelly tent the hole with a tent of Fla● dipt in Turpentine and Hogs grease molten together and also anoint the outside with Hogs grease made warm renewing it every day once until the hole be ready to shut up making the tent every day lesser and lesser to the intent it may heal up Of the Curb THis is a long swelling beneath the Elbow of the hough in the great sinew behind and causeth the Horse to halt after that he hath been a while laboured and thereby somewhat heated For the more the sinew is strained the greater grief which again by his rest is eased This cometh by bearing some great weight when the Horse is young or else by some 〈◊〉 or wrinch whereby the tender sinews are grieved or rather bowed as Russius saith whereof it is called in Italian Curba 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say of bowing for anguish whereof it doth swell which swelling is apparent to the eye and maketh the leg to shew bigger then the 〈◊〉 The cure according to Martin is thus Take of Wine-lees a pinte a porringer full of Wheat flowre of Cumin half an ounce and stir them well together and being made warm charge the sore three or four dayes and when the smelling is almost gone then draw it with a hot iron and cover the burning with Pitch and Rosen molten together and lay it on good and warm and clap thereon some flocks of his own colour or so nigh as may be gotten and remove them not until they fall away of themselves And for the space of nine dayes let the Horse rest and come in no wet Another of the Curb A Curb is a sorance that maketh a Horse to halt much and it appears upon his hinder legs straight behind upon the cumbrel place and a little beneath the Spaven and it will be swoln as big as half a Walout The cure followeth Take a small cord and bind his legs hard above it and beneath it then beat it and rub it with a heavy stick till it grow soft then with a fleam strike it in three or four places and with your thumbs crush out the filthy bruised matter then loose the cord and anoint it with Butter uutil it be whole Of the Pains THis is a kind of Scab called in Italian Crappe which is full of fretting matterish water and it breedeth in the pasterns for lack of clean keeping and good rubbing after the Horse hath been journyed by means whereof the sand and dirt remaineth in the hair fretteth the skin and flesh and so breedeth a Scab And therefore those Horses that have long hair and are rough about the feet are soonest troubled with this disease if they be not the cleanlier kept The signes be these His legs will be swollen and hot and water will issue out of the Scab which water is hot and fretting as it will scald off the hair and breed Scabs so far as it goeth The cure according to Martin is thus First wash well all the pasterns with Beer and Butter warmed together and his legs being somewhat dryed with a cloth clip away all the hair saying the s●wter locks Then take of Turpentine of Hogs grease of Hony of each like quantity mingle them together in a pot and put thereto a little Bole-armony the yolks of two Egges and as much Wheat flowre as will thicken the things aforesaid and make it plaister like and for that cause it had need to be very well wrought and stirred together Then with a slice strike some of the plaister upon such a piece of linnen cloth as will serve to go round about the pastern and bind it fast on with a roller renewing it once a day until it be whole and let not the Horse be travelled nor stand wet Another of the Pains PAins is a sorance that cometh of hot ill humors of ill keeping it appeareth in the Fetlocks and will swell in the Winter time and will send forth a sharp water the hair will stare and the cure is thus Wash them every day twice or thrice with gunpowder and Vinegar and they will be whole in one week at the most Of Mules or Kibed heels called of the Italians Mule THis is a kind of Scab breeding behind somewhat above the neather joynt growing overthwart the fewter lock which cometh most commonly for being bred in cold ground or else for lack of good dressing after that he hath been laboured in foul mire and dirty wayes which durt lying still in his legs fretteth the skin and maketh scabby rifts which are soon bred but not so soon gotten away The anguish whereof maketh his legs somewhat to swell and specially in Winter and Spring time and then the Horse goeth very stifly and with great pain The sorance is apparent to the eye and is cured according to Martin in this sort Take a piece of linnen cloth and with the salve recited in the last Chapter make such a plaister as may cover all the sore place and bind it fast on that it may not fall off renewing it every day once until the sore leave running and beginneth to wa● dry then wash it every day once with strong water until it be clean dryed up but if this 〈◊〉 be but in breeding and there is no raw flesh then it shall suffice to anoint it with Sope two or three dayes and at the three dayes end to wash them with a little Beef broath or dish water Of Frettishing FRettishing is a sorance that cometh of riding a Horse till he sweat and then to set him up without litter where he taketh suddenly cold in his feet and chiefly before it appears under the heel in the heart of the foot for it will grow dun and wax white and crumbly like a 〈◊〉 and also in time it will show by the wrinkles on his hoof and the hoof will grow thick and 〈◊〉 he will not be able to tread on stones or hard ground nor well to travel but stumbl● and fall The cure is 〈◊〉 Take and pare his feet so thin as may be then lost two or three Egges in the Embers very hard 〈◊〉 being extreme hot taken out of five trush them in his foot and then clap a piece of Leather there 〈◊〉 and splint it that the Egges may not fall out and so let him run and he will be sound Of sorances or griefs that be common to all Fore-feet HItherto we have declared unto you the causes signes and cure of all such

to be fed by hand and if by covetousness or negligence one withdraw from them their ordinary food he shall be penny wife and pound foolish that is suffer a great loss in his cattel for saving from them a little meat Every one of them all the Winter long were fed with three pintes of Barley or Pease or Beans three times a day beside dryed Ewe-leaves or Vine leaves or Hay late mown or fitches or chaff Besides there cannot be any milk taken from the dams for at the first yeaning there is no more then to serve the little or least Lambs and after a few days even while they smell and taste of their dams belly they were to be killed for want of suck that every Lamb which was to be preserved for breed might have two dams or Ewes to suck and so the poor Ewe was forced to a double miserie first to loose her young one and afterward to lend her paps and milk to a stranger And moreover they were forced to nourish more males then females for that at two year old they were gelded or killed to sell their beautiful skins to the Merchant for their wool was most pretious by reason that never or seldom they went abroad to the fields Their custody in the house from Serpents and other annoyances is thus described by the Poets Disce odoratam stabulis incendere cedrum Galbaneoque agitare graves nidore chelydros Saepe sub immotis praesepibus aut mala tactu Vipera delituit coelumque exterrita fugit Aut tecto assuetus coluber In consideration whereof and of all the pains about the housing of these tender Sheep the Poet teacheth the shepheard or Sheep-master to kill the Serpents and dash out the brains of snakes saying Cape saxa manu cape robora pastor Tollentemque minas sibila colla tumentem Dejice Concerning the ancient forms of their Sheep-stables I finde this to be recorded by the ancients First they made them low and not of any high or lofty building so stretching them out in length and not in height that it may be warm in the Winter time for although there be no creature better cloathed by nature then a Sheep yet is there not any more impatient of cold nor more apt to take harm thereby It must not be over-broad yet so as the Ewe and her Lamb may lie both together and the breathing place not left open at the top of the house or the sides for that will let in too much air but at the door or porch of their entrance and that very low that so the fresh air may quickly and easily come to their low heads and bodies and also their breath the better avoid out of the stable They also had a care to cover all the floor with straw or dry boared boards or some such other matter whereby they might stand continually dry and warm and also clean and sweet to the end they might not be annoyed in their own standings and therefore the floor was made shelving or falling low on the one side or else of hurdles like baskets to let out their urine for they often make water and these were often changed cleansed and turned In this stable there ought to be divisions or partitions wherein in time of necessity and sickness they may easily abide alone and be parted from the residue and feed without annoyance of one another and especially that one may not ride another and during the time of the Winter they did not let their cattel drink above once a day And these were the cures of the Ancients about their flocks of Sheep For upon them they lived they bought and sold and herein also it is profitable to observe the ancient manner of their bargains about these creatures for when a man came and bought Sheep he made this protestation to the seller Tanti sunt mihi emptae To whom the seller answereth sunt Then the buyer draweth his mony with these words Sic illasce oves qua de re agitur sanas recte esse uti pe●●s ovillum quod recte sanum est extra luscam minam 1. ventre glabre neque de pecore morboso esse habereque recte licere haec si recte fieri respondes c. First the Buyer saith shall I buy these Sheep for thus much money and so draweth his money to whom the Merchant or seller answereth you shall Then saith the chapman or buyer again to him Do you promise to me then that these Sheep are as sound as Sheep should be without fault of winde or limb without blindeness without deafness without pield bellies not coming out of any infected flock and so as it shall be lawful for me to injoy them without all mens contradiction If these things be true then I will strike up the bargain and yet doth not the seller change the property of his sheep nor lose his Lordship over them until the mony be paid And hereupon it cometh to pass that the buyer may condemn the seller if the cattel be not so good as his bargain or if he do not deliver them even as the buyer is subject to the same judgement if he do not deliver the price And concerning shepheards and custody of flocks I may adde a word or two more First of all for the number of the Sheep how many may safely be kept in every flock There is no need that I should give any rules about this business for the Ancients were wont to set one shepheard over a hundred rough or course woolled Sheep and two shepheards over a hundred fine woolled Sheep the common flocks were seaventy or fourscore and the shepheard that followed them was charged to be both vigilant and gentle and therefore his discipline was Duci propior esse quam domino in cogendis recipiendisque ovibus adclamatione ac baculo minetur nec unquam telum emittat neque ab his longius recedat nec aut recubet aut concidat na● nisi procedit stare debet quoniam grex quidem custodis officium sublimem celsissimamque oculorum veluti speculam desiderat ut neque tardiores gravidas dum cunctantur neque agiles foetas dum procurrunt separari à c●teris sinat ne ●ur aut bestia hallucinantem pastorem decipiat saith Collumella He must rather be a guide unto them then a Lord or Master over them and in driving them forward or receiving them home after they have stragled he must rather use his chiding voice and shake his staffe at them then cast either stone or dart at them neither must he go far from them at any time nor sit down but stand still except when he driveth them because the flock desireth the direction of their Keeper and his eye like a lofty watch-tower that so he suffer not to be separated asunder either the heavy Ews great with young because of their slow pace nor yet the light and nimble ones which give suck and

it is easily cured and kept safely from the flies The quantity of wool upon our Sheep is more then in any other Countrey of the world for even the least among us such as are in hard grounds as in Norfolk the uppermost part of Kent Heitfordshire and other places have better and weightier fleeces then the greatest in other Nations and for this cause the forain and Latin Authors do never make mention of any quantity of wool they shear from their Sheep but of the quality The quantity in the least is a pound except the Sheep have lost his wool in the middle sort of Sheep two pounds or three pounds as is vulgar in Buckingham Northampton and Leicester shires But the greatest of all in some of those places and also in Rumney marsh in Kent four or five pounds and it is the manner of the Shepherds and Sheep-masters to wet their Rams and so to keep their wool two or three years together growing upon their backs and I have credibly heard of a Sheep in Buckinghamshire in the flock of the L. P. that had shorn from it at one time one and twenty pound of wool After the shearing of our Sheep we do not use either to anoint or wash them as they do in other Nations but turn them forth without their fleeces leaving them like medowes new mowen with expectation of another fleece the next year The whole course of the handling of our Sheep is thus described by the flower of our English Gentlemen husbands Master Thomas Tusser Wash Sheep ' for the better where water doth run And let him go cleanly and dry in the Sun Then shear him and spare not at two days an end The sooner the better his corps will amend Reward not thy Sheep when ye take off his coat With twitches and slashes as broad as a groat Let not such ungentleness happen to thine Lest flie with her gentles do make him to pine Let Lambs go unclipped till June be half worne The better the fleeces will grow to be shorne The Pye will discharge thee for pulling the rest The lighter the Sheep is then feedeth it best And in another place of the husbandry of Sheep he writeth thus Good farme and well stored good housing and dry Good corn and good dairy good market and nigh Good shepherd good till-man good Jack and good Gill Makes husband and huswife their coffers to fill Let pasture be stored and fenced about And tillage set forward as needeth without Before you do open your purse to begin With any thing doing for fancy within No storing of pasture with baggagely tit With ragged and aged as evill as it Let carren and barren be shifted away For best is the best whatsoever you pay And in another place speaking of the time of the year for gelding Rams and selling of wool which he admonisheth should be after Michaelmas he writeth thus Now geld with the gelder the Ram and the Bull Sew ponds amend dams and sell Webster the wool But of the milking of Sheep he writeth thus Put Lamb fro Ewe to milk a few Be not too bold to milke and fold Five Ewes allow to every Cow Sheep wrigling tail hath mads without fail And thus far Tusser besides whom I finde little discourse about the husbandry of Sheep in any English Poet. And for the conclusion or rather farther demonstration of this part concerning the quality of our English wool I can use no better testimony then that of worthy Mr. Camden in his Britannia for writing of Buchinghamshire he useth these words Haec tota fere campestris est solo item argillacto tenaci foecundo Pabulosis pratis innumeros ovium greges pascit quarum mollia tenuissima vellera ab Asiat●cia usque gentibus expetuntur that is to say The whole County of Buckingham is of a clammy champain fertile soil feeding innumerable flocks of Sheep with his rich and well-growen pastures or medowes whose soft and fine fleeces of wool are desired of the people of Asia For we know that such is the trade of Merchandise and transportation of English cloth the rare finenesse and smoothnesse thereof is admired in Asia namely in Palestina and other Kingdoms of the Turk and therefore they have English houses of Merchants both at Altppo ●●ripoli and other places Again speaking of Lemster ore or Lemster wool in Herfordshire he writeth thus Sed ei praecipua bodie gloria est a lana in circum vicinis agris Lemster ore vacant cui excepta Apula Tarentine palmam deferunt Europaei omnes The greatest glory of that soil is in their wool which ariseth from Sheep feeding in the fields and pastures adjoyning thereunto which wool they call Lemster ore and all Christendom yeeldeth praise and price unto it next after the Apulian and Tarentinian wool And indeed so sweet is the gain that cometh by Sheep that in many parts of the Land there is a decay of tillage and people for their maintenance and therefore the said Mr. Camden saith most worthily even like himself that is honest and unpartial in all his writings for in the beginning of his description of Northamptonshire where I think above all parts depopulation and destroying of Towns is most plentiful so that for Christians now you have sheep and for a multitude of good house-holders you shall have one Shepheard swain and his Dog lying upon forty shillings a year or little more he writeth in the words of Hythodaeus after the commendation of the Sheep and wool of that Countrey Ovibus otpleta quasi obsessa quae ut Hythodaeus ill● dixi● tam 〈◊〉 esse tamque exi●uo ali solebant nunc uti fertur tam edaces atque indomitae esse coeperunt ut homines d●vo●ent ipsos agros domos oppida vastent ac depopulentur which worlds I cannot better English then in the words of an Epigrammatarian in our age for to this effect according to my remembrance he writeth Sheep have eat up our pastures our medowes and our downes Our Mountains our Men our Villages and Towns Till now I thought the common proverb did but just That sayes a black sheep is a biting beast Concerning the goodness of English Wool and the difference of it from others the reason is well given by Gesner and Cardan Lanae earum molles crispae sunt ideoque nunc ut olim Milesia celebratur nec mirum cum nullum animal venenatum mittat Anglia sins luporum metu 〈◊〉 vagetur nulli enim in Anglia hodie lupi reperiuntur Rore caeli sitim sedant greges ab omni alio potu arcentur quod aquae ibi ovibus sint exitiales that is to say The wool of English Sheep is soft and curled and therefore it is now commended as highly as ever was the Milesian wool in ancient time and not without just cause for they are neither annoid with the fear of any venemous Beast nor yet troubled with Wolves and therefore the strength

never used but in the temple of Fortune and that that garment afterwards continued 500 and 60 years being neither consumed by moths nor yet growing threadbare to the great admiration of all which either saw it or heard it And thus much I thought good to adde in this place concerning the diversity of Wool distinguished naturally according to several regions or else artificially after sundry tinctures Likewise of the mixing and mingling of Wool one with another and diversities of garments and lastly of the lasting and enduring of Wool and Garments for it ought to be no wonder unto a reasonable man that a woollen garment not eaten by moths nor worn out by use should last many hundred years for seeing it is not of any cold or earthly nature but hot and dry there is good cause why it should remain long without putrifaction and thus much in stead of many things for the Wool of Sheep As we have heard of the manifold use of the Wool of Sheep so may we say very much of the Skins of Sheep for garments and other uses and therefore when the Wool is detracted and pulled off from them they are applyed to Buskins Brest-plates Shooes Gloves Stomachers and other uses forthey are also dyed and changed by tincture into other colours and also when the Wool is taken off from them they dresse them very smooth and stretch them very thin whereof is made writing parchment such as is commonly used at this day in Eng●and and I have known it practised at Tocetour called once Tripontium in the County of Northampton and if any part of it will not stretch but remain stiffe and thick thereof they make writing tables whereon they write with a pencil of Iron or Brasse and afterward deface and rase it out again with a spunge or linnen cloth Hereof also I mean the skins of Sheep cometh the coverings of Books and if at any time they be hard stubborn and stiffe then they soften it with the Sheeps sewet or ●allow The bones of Sheep have also their use and employment for the ●asting of knifes The Rhaetians of the urine of Sheep do make a kinde of counterfeit Nitre And Russius faith that if a man would change any part of his Horses hair as on the forehead take away the black hairs and put them into white 〈◊〉 him take a ●innest cloth and wet it in boyling milk of Sheep and put it so hot upon the place that he would have changed so oftentimes together till the hair come off with a little rubbing afterward set him wet the same cloth in cold Sheeps milk and lay it to the place two or three days together and the hair will arise very wh●●e thus saith he and there are certain flies or moths which are very hurtful to gardens if a man hang up the panch of a Sheep and leave for them a passage or hole into it they will all forsake the flowers and ●●erbs and gather into that ventricle which being done two or three times together make a quit riddance of all their hurts if you please to make an end of them The Swallows take off from the backs of Sheep flocks of Wool wherewithal the provident Birds do make their nests to lodge their young ones after they be hatched With the dung of Sheep they compasse and fat the earth it being excellent and above all other dung necessary for the benefit and encrease of Corn except Pigeons and Hens dung which is hotter and the sandy land is fittest to be amended with Sheeps dung also plants and trees if you mingle therewith ashes Now we are to proceed to the gentle disposition of Sheep and to express their inward qualities and moral uses and first of all considering the innocency of this Beast I marvel from whence the G●●tynia● Cretian custom proceeded which caused Adulterers Por their punishment to ride throughout the whole City crowned with Wool except that so they might signifie his tender and delicate effeminacy and therefore as some are crowned with gold in token of virtue and valiant acts so vice especially the wantonness of the flesh deserveth to be crowned with Wool for the looseness and beastliness thereof not because such a crown was a sufficient punishment for an opprobry and continual badge of ignominy even as forgerers and perjured persons ride with papers on their heads upon bare horse backs and so forth By the behaviour of Sheep at their Rutting or Ramming time the Shepherds observe tempests rains and change of weather If they be very lustful and leap often upon their females but if they be slow and backward then is the poor naked man glad for that thereby he conceiveth hope of a gentle Winter and temperate weather Also if in the end of Autumn they stamp upon the ground with their feet it betokeneth hard weather cold Winter much Frost and Snow about the time of the first rising of the Pleiades of seven Stars Which thing is thus Poetically expressed by Avienus Si denique terram Lanigerae fodiant caput aut tendantur in arcton Cam madidus per marimora turbida condit Ple●adas occ●sus cum brumae in frigoracedit Frugifer Autumnus ruet aethera concitus imber Concerning the simplicity of Sheep I must say more and also of their innocency yet the simplicity thereof is such and so much that it may well be termed folly or Animal ineptisstmum for Aristotle writeth thus of it Repit in deserta sine causa hyeme obstante ipsum saepe egreditur stabulo occupatum a nive nisi pastor compulerit abire non vult sed perit desistens nisi mares a pastore ducantur ita enim reliquus grex sequitur that is Without cause it wandereth into desert places and in the winter-time when the air is filled with cold winds and the earth hardened with hoare frostes then it forsaketh and goeth out of his warm coat or stable and being in the cold Snow there it will tarry and perish were it not for the care of the Shepherd for he taketh one of the Rams by the horns and draweth him in adoors then do all the residue follow after They are also very obedient to the voice and call of the Shepherds and to the barking and cry of their Dogs and no lesse is their love one toward another every way commendable for one of them pityeth and sorroweth for the harm of another and when the heat of Sun offendeth them Albertus writeth that one of them interposeth his body to shadow the other Their Dam or Ewe loveth her Lamb and knoweth it by smelling to the hinder parts and if at any time the Dam do not love or make reckoning of her young one they give her the herb Penny-wort or Water-wall to drink in water and then as the Schollast affirmeth natural affection increaseth in her Of the foolishness of Sheep there was an Emblem to signifie by a man riding upon a golden Fleece one ruled by

and out it never stayeth long but death followeth Wherefore Aetius saith well that sometimes it killeth within the space of seven houres and sometimes again within the space of three daies and that respite of time seemeth to be the longest if remedie be not had with more effectual speed The signes or effects of the Vipers biting are briefly these first there issueth forth a rotten matter sometimes blou dy and sometimes like liquid or molten fatnesse sometimes again with no colour at all but all the flesh about the sore swelleth sometimes having a red and sometime a pale hiew or colour upon it issuing also forth a corrupted mattery matter Also it causeth divers little blisters to arise upon the flesh as though the body were all scorched over with fire and speedily after this followeth putrefaction and death The pain that cometh by this Serpents wounding is so universal that all the body seemeth to be set on fire many pitiful noyses are forced out of the parties throat by sense of that pain turning and crackling of the neck also twinckling and wrying of the eyes with darknesse and heavinesse of the head imbecillity of the loynes sometimes thirsting intolerably crying out upon his dry throate and again sometimes freezing at the fingers ends at least so as he feeleth such a pain Moreover the body sweating a sweat more cold then snow it self and many times vomiting forth the bilious tumors of his owne belly But the colour going and coming is often changed now like pale lead then like black and anon as green as the rust of brasse the gums flow with bloud and the Liver it self falleth to be inflamed sleepinesse and trembling possesseth the body and several parts and difficulty of making urine with Feavers neezing and shortnesse of breath These are related by Aetius Aegineta Grevinus and others which work not alwaies in every body generally but some in one and some in another as the humors and temperament of nature doth lead and guide their operation But I marvail from whence Plato in his Symposium had that opinion that a man bitten and poisoned by a Viper will tel it to none but onely to those that have formerly tasted of that misery for although among other effects of this poison it is said that madness or a distracted mind also followeth yet I think in nature there can be no reason given of Platoes opinion except he mean that the patient will never manifest his grief at all And this howsoever also is confuted by this one story of Grevinus There was as he writeth a certain Apothecary which did keep Vipers and it happened one day as he was medling about them that one of them caught him by his finger and did bite him a little so as the prints of his teeth appeared as the points of needles The Apothecary onely looked on it and being busied either forgot or as he said afterward felt no pain for an hours space but after the hour first his finger smarted and began to burn and afterward his arm and whole body fell to be suddenly distempered therewith so as necessity constrayning him and opportunity offering it self he sent for a Physitian at hand and by his good advise thorow Gods mercy was recovered but with great difficulty for he suffered many of the former passions and symptoms before he was cured Therefore by this story either Plato was in a wrong opinion or else Grevinus telleth a fable which I cannot grant because he wrote of his own experience known then to many in the world who would quickly have contradicted it or else if he had consented to the opinion of Plato no doubt but in the relation of that matter he would have expressed also that circumstance Thus then we have as briefly and plainly as we can delivered the pains and torments which are caused by the poison of Vipers now therefore it followeth that we also briefly declare the vertue of such Medicines as we find to be applied by diligent and careful observations of many learned Physitians against the venom of Vipers First of all they write that the general rule must be observed in the curing of the poison of Vipers which is already declared against other Serpents namely that the force of their poison be kept from spreading and that may be done either by the present extraction of the poison or else by binding the wounded member hard or else by cutting it off if it be in finger hand or foot Galen reporteth that when he was in Alexandria there came to the City a Countryman which had his finger bitten by a Viper but before he came he had bound his finger close to the palm of his hand and then he shewed the same to a Physitian who immediatly cut off his finger and so he was cured And besides he telleth of another country-man who reaping of Corne by chance with his sickle did hurt a Viper who returned and did raze all his finger with her poisonfull teeth The man presently conceiving his own peril cut off his own finger with the same sickle before the poison was spred too far and so was cured without any other Medicine Sometime it hapneth that the bite is in such a part that it cannot be cut off and then they apply a Hen cut in sunder alive and laid to as hot as can be also one must first wash and anoint his mouth with oyl and so suck out the poison Likewise the place must be scarified and party fed and dieted with old Butter and bathed in milk or Seawater and be kept waking and made to walk up and down It were too long and also needlesse to expresse all the medicines which by naturall meanes are prepared against the poison of Vipers whereof seeing no reasonable man will expect that at my hands I will onely touch two or three cures by way of history and for others refer my Reader to Physitians or to the Latine discourse of Caronus In Norcheria the country of that great and famous Gentilis who translated Avicen there is a fountaine into which if any man be put that is stung or bitten by a Serpent he is thereof immediatly cured which Amatus Lusitanus approveth to be very natural because the continual cold water killeth the hot poison The same Author writeth that when a little maid of the age of thirteen yeeres was bitten in the heel by a Viper the legge being first of all bound at the knee very hard then because the maid fell distract first he caused a Surgeon to make two or three deeper holes then the Viper had made that so the poison might be the more easily extracted then he scarified the place and drawed it with cupping-glasses whereby was exhausted all the black blood and then also the whole leg over was scarified and blood drawn out of it as long as it would run of it own accord Then was a plaister made of Garlick and the sharpest Onions rosted which being mixed

curiosity endure the sting of the Spider Phalangium avoid the nastiness of Lice take a Gnat out of thy throat sleep when Fleas or Wiglice bite fiercely keep thy trees safe from Caterpillers drive away Weevils Trees-worms Vine-worms and Timber-worms wherefore as God shews his power more in this more notable Artifice of Insects so his great mercy it more apparent because there is hardly any disease of the minde or body but a remedy may be fetcht from this store-house to cure them both If men should deny that they contribute very much to feed and fat and cure many other creatures Birds and Fishes would plead for them and the brute beasts that feed on grass would speak in their behalf wherefore though with many every thing that is new or hard to obtain is most valued and this is accused by the perverseness of wicked men and ignorance of unlearned men to be a work of curiosity ostentation and of no profit Yet see its shape of things that are so small Nature and Fate and great originall Wherefore I exhort those chief men which I named at the beginning who have deserved excellent well in the History of Insects by communicating both the things themselves and their pictures that with that humanity they have been assisting to me and to Pennius hitherto they would continually proceed in the same for the augmenting of this work for so shall they be truly accounted as they are Physicians sons and shall most amply set fortl the glory of God and Nature To which if I may appear to have had as much regard as I have had to the certain profit of men by this work I shall not regard the envy of any man for I never studied to please all men and yet I alwaies endevoured to offer unto the Creator of all things some part of thankfulness THE THEATER OF INSECTS OR Of lesser living Creatures CHAP. I. Of the Names Description and Differences of Bees OF all Insects Bees are the principal and are chiefly to be admired being the only creature of that kinde framed for the nourishment of Man but the rest are procreated either to be useful in physick or for delight of the eyes the pleasure of the ears or the compleating and ornament of the body the Bee doth exceed them all in every one of these They are called by the Hebrewes Deborah Arabians albara Nahalea Zabar Illyrians Weziela Italians ape api una sticha moscatella ape a scoppa pecchi Spaniards Abeia French mousches a miel Germans ein ymme bynle English Bee bees been Flandrians Bie Polonians Pztzota Irish Camlii The Grecians give divers names to Bees according to the diversity of Nations Countreys and places for divers nations do attribute divers names to them But the most common and vulgar name is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but Hesiod cals the Bee 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they are busied in their work 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or because of their sweetnesse or rather 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in regard of their honey in making of which the Bee is a cunning artificer For they are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because there is no Insect more studious more industrious and laborious Hesiod calls them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gesner had rather read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for it is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But Suidas Aristotle and others do rather make it a Hornet or a Wasp Although Gaza's interpretation and the Poets do call it Apis a Bee Stephanus calleth them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is I do hive Bees Hesychius calleth one kinde of Bee 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and others call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from its framing They are called also from their destroying of flowers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is destroy-flowers or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is yellow from their natural soyl and seed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in regard they have blunter stings than Wasps 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and from the sound and buzzing noise of their wings 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 though some in Isocrates do interpret the name by Gnats when he writeth that some have writ in the praise of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But Bombus is properly the noise Bees make 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 among so many significations saith Hesychius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a kinde of stinglesse Bee Isidorus calleth him the King or Emperor of the Honey-tents In respect of his common inheritance he is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an airy inhabitant in respect of its countrey 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it were the Trojan wood pecker The Bees receive also divers appellations and names from their offices and imployments as some are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from their command some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from their sweet singing some from their work 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and some are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Potters in regard of fashioning of their combs or their emplaistring of their waxen 〈…〉 whereon the Bees do secure themselves from the injury of the wind and rain The Latines call these Insects by one name Apes or Bees Varro calleth them sometimes Birds but improperly for they are flying creatures but not Birds Some think they are called Bees because their swarmes do cleave together by the feet like a bunch of grapes And beside the most conceive that this name of Apes is compounded of a a privative particle and pes a foot as if they were produced without feet as Virgil saith Trunca pedum primo that is lame or deprived of feet Servius is of the same opinion And truly the new fresh brood which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 do want feet but in the time appointed by nature out of the crusty and waxy comb the Bee doth creep forth But in regard it keepeth not this analogie of the name of Bipes edis Tripes edis compes edis the name is more simple from whence comes the Diminutive Apicula or a little Bee The Bee is an Insect living creature four-winged bloudlesse skilful only in his artificial making of honey For he that writ the Garden of Health seemed to dote much by confidently affirming that Bees were four-footed beasts for Nature only bestowed on them four feet that they might go upright and not more lest it might hinder their flying But omitting this futile Author let us more amply describe this most profitable and wi●e Insect Their eyes are horney and made inwardly and so is their sting neither do they want tongue and teeth they have four wings which are dry as those of all other Insects shining and fastned or joyned to their shoulders the last whereof are the least that they might not hinder their flying two clawes as it were growing forth of the ends of their little feet between which in

Vlieghe the English Butterfly The Butterfly is a volatile Insect having four wings not two as Constantinus Friburgensis dreamed six feet two eyes standing forth of his head and two lither Cornicles growing forth from before his eyes the Butterfly hath a two forked beak or bill and within those forks is couched another little bill or beak with which they suck in some the day dew others the night They couple sometime with their tails averse sometimes reflex and continue long in the act of Copulation They lay and fasten their Eggs not little worms as Arist imagined on the top and under the leaves some great some small yellow blew blackish white green some lesser then Millet seed some twice as big others just as big according to the colour and natural magnitude of each Butterfly These eggs being laid in a warm place or being cherished and caused to grow in the day time with the heat of the Suns beams shoot forth a Palmer or canker-worm at the first all of one and the same colour with them but afterwards as they grow bigger they change their colour Out of some eggs the Caterpillars appear at four daies end others do not hatch before fourteen daies which by little and little get strength and fly but weakly yea some of them being kept from the injuries of cold and hard weather endure all the winter as experience doth sufficiently confirm in the Silk-worm After copulation all the Butterflies do not presently die but live in a languishing condition till winter and some to the winter solstice the lesser and weaker sort of them are very short lived the more strong and hardy continue longer they appear in the Spring time out of the Canker-worms Aureliae growing by the heat of the Sun and by the temper of the air being in stead of a Midwi●e to them they are brought forth The coming of them is for the most part a sign of the Spring coming on but yet not alwaies nor in all places For although they be very weak and not long lived yet while we were writing thus saith Pliny it was observed that their issue was thrice destroyed by cold weather coming again and strange Birds about the 6. of the Kalends of February gave notice of the Springs approach but a while after with a cruel bitter winter weather that succeeded they were all destroyed We ought not to wonder that those foolish Icarian Astrologers having no ground for what they say do tell us that which is false whereas it doth appear by this that Nature her self is inconstant and we being more addicted to second causes than we should and being unmindful of the first Mover are deceived by her Pennius reports of two swarms of Butterflies in one Autumn Now although I do not deny with long and sharp frosts they may all die yet they are able to endure moderate cold and do live in warm places even in very cold seasons For how commonly are they found in houses sleeping all the Winter like Serpents and Bears in windowes in chinks and corners where if the Spider do not chance to light on them they live till the Spring Arist saith that they all take their colour from the worm they are bred of but yet if this be granted they have other colours besides as will appear in their particular Descriptions and Histories They most abound in the time of Mallowes blowing out of whose flowers when they have thrust in their snout or proboscis they suck a sweet juice with whichthey refresh their bodies Columella in his Book de Nat. rerum l. 9. c. 11. speaketh of the Butterflies thus coupling and beginning on this manner The Butterflies couple after August after they have coupled the male straight-way dies out of their dung come forth worms But all these things are so horribly strange that they have no shew of truth For their chief time of coupling is in May and July neither doth any Male of them die immediately after copulation unless it be of that kinde of Butterflies of which those Caterpillars come which are called Silk-worms To conclude those things he supposeth to be dung are indeed eggs out of which come not worms but a great many little Cankers out of whose cases come Butterflies There are so many kindes of Butterflies as there are of the Cankerworms out of whose Aureliae they proceed They differ generally in that some fly abroad especially by night these are called Phalenae Others only by day which are called therefore 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Day-flies The name Phalaina is a Rhodian and Cyprian word for so they as Nicander the Scholiast witnesseth call that creature which flies to the candle viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Turnebus out of Nicolaus and Lycophron will have 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be taken for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of whom because with the motion and force of its wings it oftentimes puts out the candles is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the roughnesse and the bran and meal which seems to be spread upon it it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And because some of them are so far taken with the love of the light that they burn themselves with the flame they are called Pyraustae There are those that interpret this Phalaina to be the Cicindela or Glow-worm but not rightly forasmuch as the Glow-worm never desires the candle at all but delights generally and chiefly in a dark night The Germans call it ein Leight m' ucken ein Leight flugen the Helvetians Flatterschen the Italians Farfalla Paviglione and Poveia our North as also the West countreymen call it Saule i. e. Psychen Animam the soul because some silly people in old time did fancy that the souls of the dead did fly about in the night seeking light Nicander describes a Phalaina thus which Hieremias Martius interprets thus Consider what strange beasts rude Memphis breeds One like a flying worm by candle light Wherein he playes as if he took delight Driven from meats whereon at night he feeds His wings are narrow of pale hue not green But more like ash-coloured to be seen From these things therefore we may gather this description of the Phalena that it is a kinde of Butterfly flying in the night most desirous of enjoying the light from whence it takes its name of a body rough its wings powdered or sprinkled as it were with a fine kinde of ashes or dust lying hid all the day time under leaves or in some obscure place of recesse in the night flying about the candles and by its too much desire of them reducing it self into ashes seldome or never it flies but with the wings standing upright on the back as on the contrary the day Flies keep their wings even with their body Horns they have for the most part either rough and large or very little and short but the day Flies more long and tuberous in the extremity of them The Phalenae come out of the

stormy weather they carry a stone to poise and ballance their light bodies lest the impetuous violence of the wind should drive them from their houses and therefore we need not give credit to Lucian that they ought to be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 footlesse creatures They do not breath by Pliny's favour but pant and are refreshed by transpiration Their stomach is framed of the most thin membrane wherein they not only conserve and keep their collected honey but concoct and purifie it which is the reason that Bees honey may be kept longer then any Manna or aerial body or rather is altogether incorruptible as we will shew hereafter Aristotle 9. Hist cap. 10. saith that there are nine kindes of Bees six whereof are sociable and do live together as Bees the Kings of Bees Drones Wasps Hornets Moths Also three solitary and insociable the greater Siren the lesser Siren and the Bumble-Bee of which kinde Simius Albertus does reckon up nine but gives them such harsh and barbarous names that it seems he rather faigned them than knew them Lib. 8. tract 4. cap. 2. But Bees do differ and are distinguished in regard of their matter form wit disposition and office and these are all their genuine and natural differences which I have collected out of infinite Authors Concerning their matter if we may credit the curious searchers into the works of nature some of them are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Lions brood others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Bulls brood and some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Oxe brood and some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Calves brood But the best and noblest bees are generated and bred out of the Lion and the Kings and Princes of them do derive their pedegree and descent from the brain of the Lion being the most excellent part of his body it is no wonder therefore if they proceeding and coming from so generous a stock do assail the greatest beasts and being endued with a Lion-like courage do fear nothing The noblest Bees next unto these are those that are generated out of the Bull being also a strong and valiant beast the excellency both of their disposition and bodies being equal to their stock and pedegree The next are the Cow-Bees or Oxe-Bees which are indeed very industrious laborious and profitable but of a milder disposition and lesse inclinable to anger The Calves carkasse doth generate more soft and tender Bees excellent makers of honey but not able to endure labour in regard of their tendernesse and in regard of the weaknesse of their matter short lived Some also do write that Bees may be bred out of their own ashes sprinkled with honey and laid forth in the sun or some warm place which sort may be called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Self-begetters Bees of the best shape are small variously coloured round and bending the worser shaped are long The difference of their formes and shapes ariseth from four causes Nature place sexe and age For some are domestick or house Bees others are wilde or wood Bees these delight in the familiarity and company of men but not the other which do exercise themselves in making honey in trees clefts and crannies of the earth and in the rubbidge of old houses and walls Again some of the tame and gentler sort of Bees do live in pleasant gardens decked and beautified with all sorts of flowers these are great soft fat and large bellied others are kept in villages going far for their food and feed on flowers they light upon by chance The lesser more hairy yet for their work industry and skill they exceed the other Of both kindes some are bred with stings as all true Bees are and others without stings as the bastard Bees which have a greater and softer belly throat and body but not famous either for manners or ingenuity They call this kinde of Bee the Drone because they seem to be laborious and are not or because under the colour of labour for they sometimes carry wax and diligently fashion their combs they devour the honey And these are of a black shining colour and larger bodied Moreover some bees are descended from their Kings and Dukes whereof Aristotle maketh two kindes The yellow which is the best and the black streaked Others do reckon three Kings differing in colours black red and spotted or streaked Menecrates doth report that the divers coloured are an inferior sort of Bees but those streaked and diversified with black are the better All of them are twice as big as other Bees He that is elected Monarch or King of the whole Swarm is alwaies of an excellent shape and twice as big as any of the rest his wings are shorter his thighs straight and strong his gate loftier his aspect more stately and majestical and on his forhead a white spot like a shining Diadem or Crown differing much from vulgar Bees in regard of his shining colour But the place doth alter sometimes their form and sometimes their nature sex also and age do change them in both respects For in the Molucco Islands Bees are like to winged Ants but some-what lesser than the greater sort as Maximilianus Transylvanus in his Epistle to the Bishop of Salispurg eloquently relateth In America near the Rivers of Vasses and Plate the Bees are not like ours being no bigger than those small flies which trouble us in summer they build their nests in hollow trees and they make far greater combs and fuller of holes the end or tip of their wings as Oviedus and Thevetus relate seem to be bitten or cut off in the middle whereof they have a white spot and they have no offensive stings The wax which they make is of a duskish pitchy colour and they are for the most part evil conditioned Aristotle lib. 5. hist cap. 22. mentioneth a certain kinde of Bee that is of a soft industrious nature which maketh honey twice in a moneth being of a gentle pleasing disposition and busied only in making of honey Such there are also in the Countrey of Peru which do make a soft and melting kinde of honey which do stop their doors so close with wax that they leave but a very small hole for their ingresse or egresse But almost all our Bees in Europe are of a blackish colour not so much in regard of the easie concoction of thin substance than that they seem to be of a grosser diet and of a thicker composure and therefore the thicker matter doth remain within the skin which the Bees of Peru and Pontus by reason of their thin skins and the finenesse of their dewy nourishment do easily thrust forth unlesse that be the cause we must ascribe the variety of colour to wanton nature as we do for white bears and white black-birds which seeing she her self is various and of many shapes it is no wonder since she delights in variety of colours that she hath not made all Bees of