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end_n draw_v line_n perpendicular_a 3,095 5 14.0786 5 true
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A24159 Essayes of natural experiments made in the Academie del cimento, under the protection of the Most Serene Prince Leopold of Tuscany / written in Italian by the secretary of that academy ; Englished by Richard Waller ... Accademia del cimento (Florence, Italy); Waller, Richard. 1684 (1684) Wing A161; ESTC R6541 101,627 224

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in_o a_o great_a number_n of_o they_o may_v at_o last_o happen_v to_o be_v sensible_a it_o be_v think_v good_a to_o apply_v the_o pendulum_n to_o the_o movement_n of_o the_o clock_n a_o thing_n which_o galileo_n first_o invent_v and_o his_o son_n vincenzio_n galilei_n put_v in_o practice_n in_o 1649._o so_o the_o pendulum_n be_v move_v by_o the_o force_n of_o the_o spring_n or_o weight_n and_o still_o carry_v to_o the_o same_o height_n each_o way_n with_o this_o great_a benefit_n that_o not_o only_o the_o length_n of_o the_o vibration_n become_v exact_o equal_a but_o in_o a_o manner_n all_o the_o defect_n in_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o clock_n be_v correct_v and_o regulate_v that_o we_o may_v be_v able_a to_o make_v use_n of_o such_o a_o instrument_n in_o several_a experiment_n which_o require_v the_o time_n some_o more_o some_o less_o subtle_o divide_v we_o make_v divers_a ball_n of_o metal_n fasten_v to_o small_a iron_n wire_n of_o different_a length_n each_o to_o be_v insert_v 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outward_a and_o make_v smooth_a for_o the_o more_o easy_a fasten_n on_o of_o the_o lens_n then_o fill_v the_o vessel_n with_o mercury_n we_o make_v the_o vacuum_n and_o incline_v the_o tube_n we_o tie_v it_o to_o the_o rest_n as_o in_o the_o figure_n and_o have_v make_v the_o room_n dark_a and_o bring_v a_o candle_n near_o it_o we_o observe_v in_o the_o lens_fw-la the_o two_o image_n of_o the_o object_n as_o be_v usual_a one_o of_o these_o be_v lesser_a but_o very_o vivid_v and_o always_o direct_a which_o be_v reflect_v from_o the_o convex_a outward_a superficies_n the_o other_o be_v indeed_o large_a but_o more_o obscure_a and_o languid_a and_o invert_v which_o nevertheless_o be_v not_o lose_v though_o the_o imagine_a foil_n of_o air_n be_v want_v on_o the_o concave_n inward_a superficies_n of_o the_o lens_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o vacuum_n make_v in_o make_v this_o experiment_n we_o always_o use_v to_o put_v three_o or_o four_o finger_n depth_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n upon_o the_o mercury_n that_o when_o the_o vessel_n be_v invert_v to_o make_v the_o vacuum_n the_o spirit_n get_v uppermost_o may_v wash_v and_o cleanse_v the_o lens_n from_o all_o foulness_n leave_v there_o by_o the_o mercury_n lest_o that_o shall_v give_v some_o occasion_n to_o imagine_v it_o may_v serve_v instead_o of_o the_o foil_n of_o air._n but_o nevertheless_o as_o we_o say_v the_o appearance_n of_o the_o two_o image_n be_v the_o very_a same_o and_o when_o we_o permit_v the_o air_n to_o fill_v the_o void_a space_n it_o give_v not_o the_o least_o difference_n a_o experiment_n to_o know_v whether_o amber_n or_o other_o electrick_a body_n require_v the_o medium_fw-la of_o air_n to_o make_v they_o attract_v prepare_v a_o vessel_n of_o thick_a glass_n big_a enough_o to_o stir_v and_o turn_v the_o hand_n within_o the_o upper_a part_n thereof_o ab_fw-la let_v it_o have_v three_o mouth_n a_o c_o and_o de_fw-fr let_v a_o be_v open_o close_v c_o with_o a_o bladder_n 3._o and_o rest_v it_o upon_o a_o little_a bundle_n of_o cotton_n or_o some_o soft_a cushion_n float_v upon_o the_o mercury_n in_o the_o basin_n fg_v that_o so_o the_o great_a weight_n of_o mercury_n to_o be_v pour_v in_o may_v not_o burst_v the_o ligature_n or_o break_v the_o cane_n the_o mouth_n de_fw-fr mad_a large_a enough_o to_o receive_v a_o man_n hand_n must_v have_v a_o edge_n or_o lip_n of_o glass_n round_o it_o about_o which_o must_v be_v tie_v very_o close_a and_o fast_o a_o large_a bladder_n open_v each_o way_n as_o de_fw-fr he_o through_o this_o the_o hand_n be_v to_o be_v put_v into_o the_o vessel_n with_o a_o small_a piece_n of_o the_o best_a yellow_a amber_n have_v first_o place_v in_o the_o vessel_n a_o little_a light_a bit_n of_o paper_n or_o straw_n where_o the_o amber_n may_v ready_o approach_v it_o when_o it_o have_v be_v rub_v and_o heat_v upon_o a_o piece_n of_o cloth_n k_o fix_v for_o that_o purpose_n within_o the_o glass_n then_o bind_v the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o bladder_n he_o round_o the_o wrist_n a_o little_a above_o the_o pulse_n that_o so_o the_o hand_n may_v move_v free_o in_o the_o vessel_n and_o let_v the_o place_n where_o the_o ligature_n be_v make_v be_v arm_v with_o a_o ring_n of_o leather_n bind_v fast_o to_o the_o skin_n of_o the_o arm_n upon_o which_o ligature_n the_o bladder_n may_v be_v cement_v to_o the_o arm_n which_o do_v fill_v by_o the_o mouth_n a_o and_o the_o vessel_n with_o mercury_n take_v care_n in_o fill_v it_o that_o the_o fold_n and_o wrinkle_v of_o the_o bladder_n be_v all_o fill_v with_o mercury_n that_o as_o little_a air_n be_v leave_v as_o be_v possible_a when_o quite_o fill_v close_o also_o the_o mouth_n a_o with_o a_o bladder_n and_o untie_v the_o low_a ligature_n c_o beneath_o the_o stagnant_a level_n fg_v let_v the_o mercury_n fall_v to_o make_v the_o vacuum_n then_o hold_v the_o amber_n between_o your_o finger_n rub_v it_o strong_o upon_o the_o cloth_n k_o and_o present_v it_o to_o the_o paper_n or_o straw_n and_o observe_v whether_o it_o attract_v it_o as_o it_o do_v in_o the_o air._n tab._n 9_o p._n 45._o 1._o yet_o still_o desire_v some_o fruit_n of_o this_o experiment_n we_o think_v of_o make_v another_o vessel_n as_o abc_n persuade_v ourselves_o that_o therewith_o we_o may_v more_o easy_o obviate_v the_o inconvenience_n of_o the_o air_n enter_v and_o also_o the_o difficulty_n of_o move_v the_o wooden_a instrument_n forward_o and_o backward_o wherefore_o fill_v at_o the_o mouth_n a_o this_o vessel_n have_v first_o close_v its_o other_o mouth_n c_o and_o rest_v it_o as_o in_o the_o former_a experiment_n upon_o the_o cushion_n as_o be_v direct_v we_o then_o bind_v the_o bladder_n abc_n about_o the_o piece_n of_o wood_n 2._o and_o thrust_v it_o into_o the_o mercury_n so_o as_o the_o end_n thereof_o whereto_o the_o amber_n be_v fasten_v may_v reach_v a_o piece_n of_o cloth_n stick_v to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n then_o we_o throw_v in_o some_o small_a bit_n of_o straw_n and_o turn_v down_o the_o bladder_n we_o bind_v it_o fast_o down_o the_o neck_n a_o the_o vacuum_n make_v by_o move_v the_o wood_n or_o handle_v which_o stand_v out_o we_o rub_v the_o amber_n upon_o the_o cloth_n and_o when_o we_o think_v it_o may_v be_v hot_a we_o apply_v it_o to_o several_a piece_n of_o straw_n which_o in_o the_o descent_n of_o the_o mercury_n stay_v to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n but_o we_o can_v never_o perceive_v that_o any_o be_v attract_v by_o the_o amber_n but_o note_v that_o this_o experiment_n be_v not_o to_o be_v much_o account_v of_o nor_o the_o effect_n to_o be_v attribute_v absolute_o to_o the_o want_n of_o air_n for_o in_o such_o a_o vessel_n at_o least_o a_o small_a quantity_n always_o get_v admission_n nor_o can_v we_o ever_o so_o bind_v the_o ligature_n but_o by_o some_o unseen_a way_n it_o deceive_v we_o which_o it_o may_v be_v happen_v from_o the_o motion_n require_v in_o this_o experiment_n to_o heat_v the_o amber_n so_o that_o we_o may_v almost_o judge_v it_o impossible_a but_o the_o ligature_n must_v be_v relax_v at_o least_o so_o much_o as_o be_v needful_a to_o let_v in_o the_o subtle_a air._n it_o be_v observe_v also_o that_o when_o the_o vessel_n be_v full_a of_o air_n though_o we_o rub_v the_o amber_n with_o great_a force_n upon_o the_o piece_n of_o cloth_n b_o yet_o it_o have_v no_o attraction_n a_o thing_n which_o at_o first_o make_v we_o suspect_v that_o some_o dregs_o of_o the_o mercury_n adhere_v to_o the_o cloth_n whence_o the_o amber_n by_o rub_v may_v acquire_v some_o foulness_n to_o close_v and_o stop_v up_o the_o imperceptible_a pore_n of_o those_o passage_n by_o which_o the_o attractive_a virtue_n issue_v out_o which_o suspicion_n seem_v more_o probable_a because_o we_o already_o know_v some_o liquor_n wherewith_o the_o amber_n be_v wet_v or_o any_o other_o electric_n substance_n refuse_v to_o attract_v but_o since_o we_o after_o find_v that_o the_o same_o amber_n rub_v upon_o a_o piece_n of_o cloth_n often_o dip_v in_o mercury_n do_v nevertheless_o draw_v with_o great_a force_n we_o think_v the_o humidity_n of_o the_o gum_n make_v use_n of_o to_o fasten_v it_o to_o the_o glass_n be_v imbibe_v by_o the_o cloth_n might_n impede_fw-la the_o effect_n we_o therefore_o seal_v a_o piece_n of_o chamois_n instead_o of_o cloth_n with_o wax_n to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o all_o manner_n of_o suspicion_n of_o any_o wet_a soak_v up_o may_v be_v avoid_v nevertheless_o all_o this_o diligence_n be_v in_o vain_a for_o whether_o the_o vessel_n be_v full_a or_o empty_a of_o air_n the_o amber_n attract_v not_o which_o be_v all_o we_o can_v with_o truth_n report_n of_o a_o experiment_n attempt_v so_o many_o way_n unsuccessful_o a_o experiment_n examine_v what_o may_v be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o invisible_a effluvia_fw-la of_o fire_n in_o vacuo_fw-la be_v already_o satisfy_v by_o many_o experiment_n that_o the_o heat_n of_o fire_n be_v not_o equal_o carry_v every_o way_n but_o diffuse_v itself_o and_o have_v great_a virtue_n upward_o than_o any_o other_o way_n comparative_o it_o be_v imagine_v that_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o it_o be_v experiment_a in_o vacuo_fw-la some_o variation_n may_v happen_v from_o whence_o some_o probable_a conjecture_n may_v be_v draw_v of_o the_o principle_n of_o the_o natural_a motion_n of_o fire_n and_o that_o by_o such_o a_o instrument_n brac._n let_v the_o cane_n ab_fw-la be_v about_o 46_o inch_n long_o into_o which_o be_v open_a at_o a_o put_v a_o thermometer_n of_o 50_o deg_n from_o one_o end_n to_o the_o other_o make_v flat_a at_o that_o end_n where_o seal_v to_o stand_v fast_o at_o the_o strait_a place_n of_o the_o tube_n cd_o and_o lest_o when_o the_o quicksilver_n come_v to_o be_v pour_v in_o
insensible_o be_v compress_v as_o tin_n silver_n and_o gold_n itself_o become_v more_o compact_a by_o be_v hammer_v but_o at_o last_o observe_v that_o whereas_o the_o ball_n before_o freeze_a be_v flat_v so_o that_o it_o will_v stand_v upon_o the_o bottom_n when_o it_o be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o freeze_a mixture_n it_o will_v not_o stand_v upright_o every_o one_o be_v well_o satisfy_v whence_o this_o happen_v and_o because_o it_o seem_v to_o we_o perfect_o spherical_a to_o be_v the_o better_o assure_v thereof_o whether_o it_o will_v remain_v of_o its_o first_o size_n if_o it_o do_v not_o burst_v in_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n or_o whether_o it_o will_v stretch_v big_a ottone_v we_o make_v a_o ring_n of_o brass_n exact_o fit_v to_o the_o vessel_n great_a circle_n all_o along_o in_o the_o freeze_a by_o examine_v it_o with_o this_o ring_n we_o still_o find_v it_o grow_v big_a and_o big_a that_o pure_a metal_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o softness_n and_o pliantness_n still_o dilate_v and_o stretch_v itself_o and_o perhaps_o if_o it_o have_v be_v make_v of_o cast_a metal_n the_o effect_n will_v have_v be_v more_o conspicuous_a but_o be_v make_v of_o two_o piece_n it_o at_o last_o burst_v at_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v soder_v with_o silver_n and_o the_o crack_v beginning_n at_o the_o soder_n ranslant_v down_o into_o the_o gold_n also_o a_o experiment_n to_o measure_v how_o great_a the_o force_n of_o rarefaction_n may_v be_v in_o water_n shut_v up_o in_o close_a vessel_n to_o frieze_n ottone_v to_o obtain_v this_o we_o think_v of_o make_v a_o metal_n ball_n of_o brass_n like_o the_o former_a but_o perfect_o round_a and_o according_a to_o our_o estimation_n so_o much_o thick_a that_o the_o force_n of_o rarefaction_n shall_v be_v unable_a to_o break_v it_o and_o fill_v it_o with_o water_n to_o set_v it_o to_o freeze_v as_o before_o the_o cover_v be_v fast_o screw_v down_o this_o be_v do_v and_o at_o first_o we_o find_v that_o the_o water_n be_v freeze_v without_o any_o run_v out_o or_o crack_v the_o vessel_n wherefore_o we_o put_v in_o the_o lare_z and_o keep_v it_o as_o near_o as_o possible_a of_o the_o same_o figure_n there_o be_v take_v off_o every_o where_o a_o thin_a coat_n of_o metal_n and_o than_o it_o be_v set_v to_o freeze_v the_o second_o time_n with_o water_n and_o not_o be_v burst_v also_o although_o it_o be_v freeze_v we_o again_o turn_v off_o a_o thin_a skin_n from_o the_o ball_n this_o experiment_n we_o repeat_v with_o three_o ball_n the_o thick_a whereof_o be_v represent_v by_o the_o 4._o fig._n which_o seem_v to_o we_o the_o great_a thickness_n the_o force_n of_o rarefaction_n in_o freeze_a water_n can_v overpower_v have_v proceed_v so_o far_o 4._o we_o be_v desirous_a to_o reduce_v this_o to_o the_o force_n of_o dead_a weight_n and_o the_o most_o probable_a mean_n we_o think_v of_o be_v to_o cast_v a_o ring_n of_o the_o same_o metal_n and_o hardness_n and_o exact_o of_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o ball_n turn_v the_o inside_n conical_a and_o fit_v thereto_o a_o iron_n cone_n so_o that_o the_o iron_n may_v rise_v about_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o ring_n above_o the_o upper_a edge_n thereof_o be_v thus_o prepare_v we_o think_v of_o put_v the_o ring_n over_o a_o hole_n make_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o a_o thick_a stone_n table_n something_o large_a than_o the_o bear_v of_o the_o ring_n we_o than_o think_v to_o proceed_v to_o lay_v on_o weight_n upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o iron_n cone_n or_o at_o least_o force_v it_o down_o with_o weight_n hang_v to_o a_o hook_n make_v at_o the_o low_a end_n thereof_o that_o so_o the_o force_n be_v perpendicular_a it_o may_v equal_o drive_v the_o iron_n into_o the_o ring_n and_o then_o leisurely_o add_v small_a leaden_a weight_n we_o may_v know_v the_o least_o weight_n capable_a of_o burst_v the_o ring_n and_o to_o be_v secure_v that_o the_o bear_n of_o the_o ring_n upon_o the_o roughness_n of_o the_o table_n may_v be_v no_o hindrance_n to_o its_o break_n we_o think_v to_o fasten_v round_o the_o hole_n of_o the_o table_n a_o plate_n of_o polish_a steel_n and_o smooth_a the_o under-side_n of_o the_o ring_n that_o it_o may_v upon_o the_o least_o touch_n slip_v upon_o the_o steel_n but_o because_o a_o immense_a weight_n be_v but_o sufficient_a to_o conquer_v so_o great_a a_o resistance_n we_o think_v to_o obtain_v our_o end_n by_o make_v the_o experiment_n with_o several_a much_o small_a ring_n but_o of_o different_a size_n and_o with_o more_o managable_a weight_n and_o so_o by_o examine_v the_o resistance_n of_o these_o ring_n and_o compare_v the_o repeat_v trial_n to_o come_v near_o the_o knowledge_n of_o what_o will_v break_v the_o first_o ring_n of_o the_o same_o thickness_n of_o the_o ball_n and_o by_o consequence_n the_o force_n of_o rarefaction_n in_o freeze_a these_o be_v our_o thought_n but_o still_o find_v upon_o cut_v our_o ball_n that_o be_v crack_v in_o the_o freeze_a several_a inequality_n and_o defect_n in_o the_o sound_n proceed_v either_o from_o the_o wind_n or_o dregs_o of_o the_o metal_n when_o infusion_n we_o be_v discourage_v from_o prosecute_a the_o experiment_n upon_o so_o many_o uncertainty_n nevertheless_o we_o forbear_v not_o to_o relate_v our_o intention_n free_o though_o we_o come_v short_a of_o our_o end_n yet_o it_o may_v serve_v for_o a_o advertisement_n to_o other_o not_o to_o take_v a_o wrong_a path_n and_o perchance_o excite_v the_o ingenious_a to_o find_v out_o a_o mean_n to_o obviate_v these_o difficulty_n or_o a_o happy_a journey_n another_o way_n experiment_n to_o measure_v the_o utmost_a expansion_n of_o water_n in_o freeze_a the_o first_o experiment_n we_o make_v this_o experiment_n two_o way_n by_o measure_n and_o by_o weight_n that_o by_o measure_n be_v after_o this_o manner_n we_o procure_v a_o glass_n cane_n draw_v as_o equal_a as_o possible_a we_o seal_v it_o at_o one_o end_v and_o fill_v it_o to_o a_o certain_a mark_n with_o water_n we_o set_v it_o in_o ice_n very_o well_o powder_v and_o incorporate_v with_o salt_n to_o freeze_v then_o compare_v the_o height_n of_o the_o cilind_a freeze_v with_o that_o of_o the_o cilind_a fluid_n have_v the_o same_o base_n the_o proportion_n be_v find_v to_o be_v as_o nine_o to_o eight_o the_o second_o experiment_n we_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o rest_v satisfy_v with_o this_o one_o experiment_n judge_v it_o little_o less_o than_o impossible_a to_o find_v a_o glass_n cane_n which_o have_v no_o other_o rule_n to_o draw_v it_o by_o than_o the_o equal_a breath_n of_o the_o artificer_n so_o true_o cilindrical_a as_o to_o take_v away_o all_o scruple_n of_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o cilinder_n of_o water_n contain_v therein_o wherefore_o to_o have_v a_o more_o regular_a vessel_n we_o take_v the_o barrel_n of_o a_o pistol_n and_o turn_v it_o within_o to_o the_o true_a cilindrical_a figure_n attainable_a by_o a_o material_a instrument_n shut_v the_o touchhole_n with_o a_o steel_n screw_n and_o cover_v that_o with_o a_o polish_v steel_n 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it_o like_o milk_n whence_o some_o have_v pretend_v to_o prove_v water_n with_o some_o of_o the_o abovenamed_a liquor_n for_o thereby_o be_v discover_v the_o more_o hide_a quality_n of_o they_o and_o so_o their_o goodness_n or_o badness_n find_v if_o at_o any_o time_n the_o thickness_n and_o turbidness_n of_o the_o water_n be_v very_o great_a and_o not_o to_o be_v clarify_v by_o the_o ordinary_a proportion_n of_o liquor_n it_o may_v be_v increase_v by_o some_o drop_n still_o agitate_v the_o water_n till_o you_o see_v it_o become_v clear_a the_o second_o experiment_n of_o alter_a wine_n oil_n of_o tartar_n not_o only_o in_o water_n but_o also_o in_o wine_n produce_v the_o same_o effect_n for_o through_o its_o natural_a cleanse_v quality_n as_o be_v know_v it_o make_v a_o separation_n in_o all_o liquor_n of_o what_o ever_o be_v mix_v with_o they_o from_o the_o pure_a part_n by_o a_o sediment_n that_o it_o let_v fall_v whence_o that_o which_o show_v like_o a_o white_a cloud_n high_a or_o 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ounce_n of_o this_o put_v ten_o or_o twelve_o drop_n of_o oil_n of_o tartar_n and_o afterward_o as_o much_o spirit_n of_o sulphur_n which_o suffice_v to_o produce_v the_o relate_a effect_n the_o four_o experiment_n of_o the_o tincture_n of_o saffron_n safferano_n water_n tinge_v with_o saffron_n help_v a_o little_a with_o the_o tincture_n of_o rose_n but_o not_o so_o as_o to_o lose_v its_o golden_a colour_n change_v green_a with_o oil_n of_o tartar_n and_o again_o yellow_a with_o spirit_n of_o sulphur_n the_o five_o experiment_n of_o green_n vinato_n water_n colour_a with_o iris_n green_n mix_v with_o spirit_n of_o sulphur_n make_v a_o purplish_a colour_n and_o with_o oil_n of_o tartar_n take_v its_o own_o again_o this_o green_a be_v a_o tincture_n take_v from_o the_o