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end_n cause_n efficient_a final_a 2,051 5 10.7317 5 true
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A12767 The art of logick deliuered in the precepts of Aristotle and Ramus. VVherein 1. The agreement of both authors is declared. 2. The defects in Ramus, are supplyed, and his superfluities pared off, by the precepts of Aristotle. 3. The precepts of both, are expounded and applyed to vse, by the assistance of the best schoolemen. By Tho: Spencer. Spencer, Thomas, fl. 1628-1629. 1628 (1628) STC 23072; ESTC S117789 95,773 326

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say_v rationalitie_n be_v the_o formal_a cause_n of_o man_n now_o 1._o rationalitie_n be_v the_o intrinsical_a part_n of_o man_n all_o other_o of_o his_o part_n be_v more_o overt_a and_o better_o know_v 2._o rationalitie_n have_v a_o force_n to_o bestow_v a_o be_v upon_o man_n for_o when_o god_n have_v draw_v together_o the_o dust_n of_o the_o earth_n man_n have_v not_o as_o then_o his_o be_v but_o he_o receive_v that_o when_o god_n breathe_v the_o breath_n of_o life_n into_o it_o at_o that_o time_n i_o say_v and_o not_o before_o man_n become_v a_o live_a soul_n 3._o rationalitie_n bestow_v upon_o man_n a_o be_v that_o be_v actual_a and_o determine_v unto_o one_o and_o active_a whereby_o he_o be_v fit_a to_o do_v the_o action_n of_o life_n 4._o there_o be_v nothing_o essential_a unto_o man_n but_o his_o rationalitie_n bestow_v it_o on_o he_o the_o body_n indeed_o do_v make_v he_o a_o singular_a man_n by_o retain_v and_o contract_v the_o soul_n unto_o one_o but_o in_o what_o respect_n he_o be_v a_o man_n that_o he_o receive_v whole_o from_o his_o soul_n and_o from_o hence_o the_o form_n be_v true_o say_v to_o be_v the_o beginning_n of_o difference_n that_o be_v hetweene_n one_o and_o another_o and_o not_o the_o difference_n itself_o thom._n 1._o do_v 25._o q._n 1._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 2m._o i_o say_v the_o difference_n of_o thing_n do_v flow_v from_o the_o form_n for_o as_o unity_n in_o substance_n do_v make_v two_o thing_n to_o be_v the_o same_o as_o okam_n do_v true_o teach_v 1._o do_v 19_o q._n 1._o lit_fw-fr b._n opinio_fw-la 1a._o and_o aristotle_n meta_fw-la lib._n 5._o cap._n 15._o text_n 20._o so_o difference_n in_o substance_n make_v two_o thing_n to_o differ_v the_o form_n be_v not_o the_o difference_n itself_o for_o a_o form_n be_v a_o subsistence_n in_o a_o unity_n but_o a_o difference_n be_v a_o dissent_v between_o the_o essence_n of_o two_o and_o thus_o much_o for_o the_o explication_n of_o the_o formal_a cause_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o final_a 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term_n of_o aristotle_n and_o thomas_n be_v more_o significant_a and_o fit_a i_o think_v it_o best_o to_o follow_v they_o of_o the_o essence_n by_o these_o word_n be_v set_v out_o such_o argument_n as_o be_v essential_a unto_o the_o thing_n of_o which_o they_o be_v predicate_v now_o all_o the_o cause_n be_v of_o this_o kind_n for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o effect_n be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n as_o thomas_n have_v teach_v we_o in_o 2._o do_v 27._o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 9m._o he_o say_v the_o effect_n be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n that_o be_v each_o one_o in_o its_o kind_n and_o manner_n of_o work_v for_o all_o of_o they_o do_v concur_v and_o bestow_v their_o force_n unto_o the_o procure_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v these_o argument_n be_v all_o comprehend_v in_o the_o 9_o place_n of_o argument_n viz._n to_o do_v chap._n v._o the_o definition_n of_o a_o cause_n a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o force_n whereof_o ramus_n ramus_n a_o thing_n be_v this_o 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1a._o 2d_o q._n 76._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la if_o we_o join_v okam_n unto_o thomas_n we_o shall_v find_v this_o matter_n full_o open_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n say_v okam_n 1._o do_v 2._o q._n 10._o light_v b._n h._n be_v that_o which_o work_v by_o a_o thing_n different_a from_o itself_o and_o a_o cause_n which_o work_v by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o cause_v the_o effect_n according_a to_o its_o proper_a nature_n and_o not_o according_a to_o some_o other_o thing_n which_o outward_o do_v befall_v it_o the_o efficient_a do_v work_v by_o itself_o in_o natural_a thing_n when_o it_o move_v according_a unto_o the_o instinct_n and_o inbred_a disposition_n of_o nature_n as_o when_o the_o live_a
it_o consist_v of_o thing_n true_a first_o immediate_a better_o know_v precede_a and_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n those_o be_v first_o and_o true_a which_o have_v force_v to_o argue_v not_o from_o other_o but_o of_o themselves_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v true_a because_o that_o which_o be_v not_o can_v be_v know_v they_o must_v be_v first_o because_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v indemonstrable_a and_o consist_v of_o their_o own_o proper_a principle_n we_o must_v not_o inquire_v of_o the_o principle_n of_o science_n wherefore_o they_o be_v so_o but_o every_o one_o of_o they_o even_o by_o itself_o aught_o to_o be_v worthy_a of_o credit_n the_o medium_n must_v contain_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n see_v we_o know_v nothing_o unless_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n the_o medium_n ought_v to_o consist_v of_o thing_n precede_v the_o conclusion_n both_o in_o nature_n and_o our_o knowledge_n therefore_o the_o principium_fw-la of_o ad_fw-la monstration_n be_v a_o immediate_a proposition_n viz._n that_o have_v none_o before_o it_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 4._o &_o 6._o top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 1._o whereupon_o demonstration_n be_v make_v by_o definition_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 33._o and_o they_o be_v the_o principle_n thereof_o poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o for_o a_o definition_n can_v no_o way_n be_v prove_v poster_n lib._n 2._o cap_n 4.5_o 6._o &_o 7._o lib._n 1._o cap_n 9_o by_o this_o whole_a discourse_n we_o have_v rule_n to_o know_v what_o syllogisine_n contain_v a_o truth_n simple_o necessary_a and_o we_o be_v send_v unto_o they_o only_o who_o three_o argument_n comprehend_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n and_o such_o cause_n also_o as_o be_v better_o know_v unto_o we_o then_o the_o conclusion_n itself_o wherefore_o for_o further_a explication_n hereof_o aristotle_n do_v show_v we_o what_o cause_v these_o be_v and_o how_o they_o concur_v in_o these_o word_n for_o as_o much_o as_o we_o do_v then_o know_v when_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n and_o these_o be_v four_o 1._o the_o form_n 2._o the_o matter_n 3._o the_o efficient_a and_o 4._o the_o end_n then_o the_o conclusion_n have_v a_o necessary_a truth_n when_o one_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v take_v and_o place_v as_o a_o medium_n in_o two_o proposition_n with_o that_o conclusion_n and_o by_o cause_n be_v mean_v not_o only_o the_o cause_n of_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v but_o also_o of_o those_o thing_n that_o have_v be_v or_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o post_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 11._o &_o 12._o now_o we_o do_v full_o understand_v where_o to_o find_v necessary_a truth_n in_o a_o syllogism_n our_o next_o labour_n must_v be_v to_o set_v out_o these_o scientifical_a syllogism_n by_o other_o property_n that_o we_o may_v know_v they_o the_o more_o easy_o and_o certain_o for_o that_o cause_n aristotle_n do_v distribute_v a_o demonstration_n after_o this_o manner_n a_o demonstration_n be_v universal_a particular_a affirmative_a negative_a poster_n lib._n 1._o cap_n 24._o a_o demonstration_n universal_a excel_v a_o particular_a and_o a_o affirmative_a be_v better_a than_o a_o negative_a cap._n 24.25_o this_o distribution_n follow_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o syllogism_n for_o every_o demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n though_o every_o syllogism_n be_v not_o a_o demonstration_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o and_o be_v very_o useful_a to_o give_v we_o knowledge_n where_o to_o find_v this_o necessary_a truth_n and_o the_o degree_n of_o it_o to_o conclude_v this_o matter_n of_o demonstrative_a science_n he_o say_v the_o first_o figure_n be_v fit_a for_o a_o demonstration_n yea_o chief_o proper_a unto_o this_o science_n and_o it_o be_v to_o be_v seek_v out_o only_o by_o that_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 14._o some_o perhaps_o will_v look_v that_o i_o shall_v give_v instance_n to_o open_v the_o use_n of_o these_o precept_n and_o it_o may_v seem_v the_o more_o needful_a because_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o no_o example_n can_v be_v give_v answerable_a to_o this_o rule_n i_o answer_v this_o conceit_n be_v very_o vain_a for_o can_v any_o of_o the_o cause_n or_o all_o of_o they_o together_o serve_v to_o prove_v a_o sentence_n that_o be_v call_v into_o question_n or_o can_v the_o cause_n be_v dispose_v with_o a_o question_n into_o two_o proposition_n without_o doubt_n they_o may_v also_o it_o be_v most_o certain_a that_o every_o proposition_n comprehend_v a_o necessary_a truth_n wherein_o the_o effect_n be_v argue_v by_o the_o cause_n for_o the_o effect_n be_v no_o more_o but_o a_o comprehension_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o when_o the_o cause_n do_v argue_v the_o effect_n the_o effect_n be_v resolve_v into_o the_o cause_n therefore_o when_o we_o know_v the_o cause_n we_o can_v but_o know_v the_o effect_n and_o consequent_o such_o proposition_n be_v necessary_a and_o what_o they_o be_v such_o the_o conclusion_n must_v be_v that_o be_v lawful_o infer_v from_o they_o if_o there_o may_v be_v premise_n and_o conclusion_n answerable_a to_o this_o rule_n than_o no_o doubt_n there_o be_v example_n of_o it_o and_o we_o may_v show_v they_o if_o need_n be_v but_o i_o will_v save_v that_o labour_n for_o this_o time_n for_o divers_a reason_n 1._o aristotle_n have_v do_v that_o already_o poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 11._o so_o as_o he_o that_o will_v may_v make_v use_n of_o they_o 2._o this_o kind_n of_o knowledge_n can_v easy_o be_v discern_v see_v it_o be_v very_o hard_a for_o we_o to_o understand_v those_o principle_n of_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v true_a first_o and_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n as_o aristotle_n do_v admonish_v poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 9_o difficile_fw-la autem_fw-la etc._n etc._n 3._o by_o a_o man_n own_o practice_n and_o observation_n he_o shall_v find_v they_o and_o their_o use_n in_o natural_a thing_n and_o in_o they_o only_o for_o in_o matter_n divine_a and_o spiritual_a such_o argument_n can_v have_v no_o place_n in_o they_o we_o understand_v by_o faith_n not_o by_o sense_n and_o faith_n have_v god_n authority_n for_o the_o principle_n thereof_o not_o the_o nature_n or_o cause_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o i_o say_v a_o man_n may_v find_v they_o by_o practice_n because_o by_o sense_n we_o get_v memory_n by_o the_o remember_v the_o do_v of_o the_o same_o thing_n often_o we_o get_v experience_n by_o our_o many_o time_n remember_v our_o experience_n be_v one_o among_o all_o these_o that_o we_o do_v remember_v there_o be_v one_o thing_n wherein_o man_n mind_n do_v rest_n satisfy_v above_o many_o that_o which_o be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o among_o the_o rest_n become_v a_o principium_fw-la of_o science_n if_o it_o belong_v unto_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v thus_o much_o we_o learn_v from_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 19_o exsensu_fw-la etc._n etc._n the_o medium_n of_o a_o demonstration_n whereby_o we_o know_v that_o a_o thing_n be_v consist_v in_o some_o of_o these_o that_o follow_v 1._o of_o the_o cause_n but_o not_o the_o first_o or_o immediate_a 2._o of_o thing_n mediate_v and_o no_o cause_n but_o such_o as_o be_v reciprocate_v or_o mutual_o refer_v to_o each_o other_o 3._o of_o a_o demonstration_n that_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v 4._o of_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o reciprocate_v yet_o it_o be_v better_a know_v and_o yet_o no_o cause_n 5._o of_o a_o superior_a science_n as_o geometry_n be_v to_o the_o optic_n and_o arithmoticke_a to_o music_n 6._o of_o other_o science_n whereof_o one_o be_v not_o place_v under_o another_o as_o surgery_n be_v unto_o geometry_n to_o know_v that_o a_o wound_n be_v heal_v soon_o or_o late_a belong_v to_o the_o surgeon_n but_o to_o know_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o be_v heal_v soon_o for_o latter_a belong_v to_o geometry_n 7._o in_o a_o demonstration_n that_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v sometime_o also_o the_o medium_n be_v place_v without_o the_o extreme_n as_o when_o we_o say_v why_o do_v not_o the_o wall_n breath_n we_o answer_v because_o it_o be_v not_o a_o live_a creature_n and_o these_o syllogism_n be_v always_o make_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n after_o this_o sort_n whatsoever_o do_v breath_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n but_o a_o wall_n be_v not_o a_o live_a creature_n therefore_o a_o wall_n do_v not_o breath_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 13._o thus_o far_o go_v aristotle_n precept_n to_o show_v we_o what_o syllogism_n contain_v necessary_a truth_n and_o the_o degree_n thereof_o if_o any_o expect_v example_n of_o these_o last_o i_o answer_v they_o may_v be_v give_v because_o we_o may_v have_v example_n of_o the_o former_a as_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v they_o may_v be_v give_v with_o more_o ease_n than_o the_o former_a because_o the_o thing_n contain_v in_o they_o be_v near_o to_o our_o understanding_n but_o i_o will_v save_v that_o labour_n lest_o i_o make_v my_o discourse_n over_o long_o and_o the_o reader_n too_o idle_a we_o
beast_n do_v differ_v in_o their_o proper_a be_v and_o god_n destination_n for_o the_o one_o be_v make_v to_o perish_v final_o the_o other_o to_o rise_v again_o these_o creature_n do_v differ_v also_o in_o their_o life_n or_o livelines_n the_o life_n of_o beast_n be_v no_o more_o but_o as_o breathe_v that_o do_v vanish_v at_o their_o dissolution_n man_n life_n be_v more_o for_o his_o soul_n be_v life_n be_v a_o live_n continue_a and_o spiritual_a substance_n and_o no_o doubt_n but_o that_o spiritual_a substance_n be_v inform_v by_o a_o livelihood_n differ_v therefrom_o though_o our_o understanding_n can_v but_o guess_v at_o it_o 1._o because_o we_o find_v a_o secret_a motion_n of_o man_n understanding_n and_o will_v in_o his_o soul_n differ_v from_o the_o spiritual_a substance_n thereof_o 2._o because_o man_n soul_n live_v when_o it_o be_v part_v from_o the_o body_n it_o may_v be_v some_o will_v object_v on_o this_o sort_n if_o the_o species_n contain_v no_o more_o than_o be_v in_o the_o genus_fw-la than_o the_o specifical_a difference_n be_v also_o contain_v in_o the_o genus_fw-la but_o this_o last_o be_v not_o true_a therefore_o the_o first_o be_v untrue_a also_o i_o answer_v i_o grant_v the_o assumption_n upon_o aristotle_n authority_n and_o proof_n allege_v before_o in_o the_o point_n of_o the_o genus_fw-la but_o i_o deny_v the_o consequence_n because_o it_o do_v suppose_v that_o the_o specifical_a difference_n be_v a_o real_a be_v constitute_v the_o species_n but_o that_o be_v utter_o untrue_a if_o that_o be_v so_o than_o it_o be_v a_o cause_n different_a from_o the_o matter_n form_n and_o end_n but_o the_o last_o be_v not_o true_a and_o this_o i_o take_v as_o grant_v therefore_o the_o first_o be_v untrue_a also_o and_o consequent_o the_o argument_n be_v so_o too_o that_o be_v found_v thereupon_o the_o specifical_a difference_n be_v a_o rational_a entity_n and_o no_o more_o namely_o our_o understanding_n do_v apprehend_v this_o kind_n to_o differ_v from_o another_o when_o they_o be_v both_o lay_v together_o now_o this_o apprehension_n be_v a_o verity_n no_o fiction_n for_o it_o have_v a_o foundation_n in_o the_o thing_n namely_o the_o specifical_a form_n our_o understanding_n do_v thus_o argue_v this_o have_v one_o kind_a of_o form_n that_o have_v another_o therefore_o this_o do_v specifical_o differ_v from_o that_o and_o thus_o the_o specifical_a difference_n do_v flow_v from_o the_o form_n it_o be_v not_o the_o specifical_a form_n itself_o hitherto_o we_o have_v show_v what_o argument_n be_v dispose_v in_o this_o kind_n of_o distribution_n and_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v dispose_v now_o i_o will_v declare_v that_o it_o contain_v a_o necessary_a truth_n and_o i_o may_v easy_o do_v that_o for_o it_o full_o agree_v with_o the_o rule_n of_o necessary_a truth_n set_v down_o chap._n 34._o as_o will_v appear_v by_o lay_v they_o hereunto_o 1._o the_o part_n do_v belong_v to_o the_o whole_a even_o to_o all_o of_o it_o and_o at_o all_o time_n there_o be_v no_o animalitie_n more_o than_o be_v comprehend_v in_o the_o creature_n reasonable_a and_o unreasonable_a we_o can_v conceive_v a_o time_n wherein_o the_o creature_n reasonable_a and_o unreasonable_a be_v not_o live_v creature_n and_o therefore_o the_o first_o rule_n agree_v with_o this_o distribution_n 2._o the_o creature_n reasonable_a and_o unreasonable_a be_v live_a creature_n even_o by_o themselves_o and_o their_o own_o nature_n there_o be_v no_o three_o thing_n that_o come_v between_o their_o nature_n and_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o live_a creature_n that_o make_v the_o one_o belong_v to_o the_o other_o but_o they_o be_v so_o live_v creature_n by_o themselves_o that_o the_o one_o be_v essential_a to_o the_o other_o therefore_o this_o distribution_n agree_v with_o the_o second_o rule_n 3._o the_o creature_n reasonable_a and_o unreasonable_a even_o in_o that_o thing_n wherein_o they_o be_v they_o be_v live_v creature_n so_o also_o even_o in_o that_o nature_n wherein_o their_o be_v do_v consist_v universal_o they_o be_v live_v creature_n yea_o and_o this_o their_o nature_n wherein_o they_o be_v they_o be_v the_o first_o thing_n in_o live_a creature_n we_o can_v conceive_v any_o thing_n in_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o creature_n reasonable_a and_o unreasonable_a that_o exceed_v the_o essence_n of_o a_o live_a creature_n neither_o can_v we_o imagine_v in_o any_o sign_n or_o moment_n of_o reason_n that_o there_o be_v any_o thing_n in_o the_o essence_n of_o a_o live_a creature_n which_o have_v the_o priority_n or_o be_v before_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o creature_n reasonable_a and_o unreasonable_a i_o say_v before_o either_o in_o nature_n or_o time_n but_o in_o the_o first_o moment_n wherein_o you_o conceive_v a_o live_a creature_n to_o be_v you_o conceive_v a_o creature_n either_o reasonable_a or_o unreasonable_a whereupon_o animalitie_n and_o these_o creature_n be_v convertible_a all_o live_a creature_n conceive_v as_o make_v one_o total_a sum_n be_v no_o large_a in_o number_n than_o the_o creature_n reasonable_a and_o unreasonable_a and_o contrariwise_o so_o also_o we_o may_v say_v if_o a_o creature_n reasonable_a or_o unreasonable_a than_o a_o live_a creature_n if_o a_o live_a creature_n then_o reasonable_a or_o unreasonable_a and_o consequent_o all_o the_o law_n of_o necessary_a truth_n agree_v unto_o this_o distribution_n if_o any_o desire_n to_o know_v when_o a_o distribution_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v false_a let_v he_o lay_v it_o to_o these_o rule_n and_o by_o they_o he_o shall_v know_v if_o it_o agree_v not_o with_o these_o rule_n but_o come_v short_a in_o any_o part_n than_o it_o be_v false_a and_o the_o more_o it_o disagree_v from_o they_o the_o less_o truth_n there_o be_v in_o it_o here_o i_o will_v end_v the_o distribution_n of_o the_o genus_fw-la into_o the_o species_n chap._n xl._n of_o the_o distribution_n of_o the_o whole_a into_o the_o member_n in_o this_o chapter_n we_o must_v see_v what_o a_o distribution_n of_o the_o integrall_a into_o the_o member_n be_v the_o integrall_n be_v distribute_v into_o the_o member_n when_o the_o comprehensive_a whole_a be_v part_v between_o the_o thing_n comprehend_v therein_o i_o must_v say_v of_o this_o precept_n as_o i_o do_v of_o the_o last_o the_o doctrine_n and_o practice_n of_o aristotle_n and_o ramus_n do_v patronize_v it_o therefore_o we_o may_v take_v it_o for_o a_o precept_n of_o art_n though_o they_o have_v it_o not_o in_o so_o many_o word_n the_o open_v thereof_o will_v say_v it_o come_v from_o they_o in_o this_o distribution_n 1._o the_o whole_a be_v a_o individual_a 2._o that_o whole_a be_v sever_v into_o piece_n as_o the_o timber_n be_v by_o the_o see_v or_o wedge_n 3._o the_o part_n have_v different_a and_o individual_a nature_n 4._o the_o whole_a be_v make_v by_o their_o meeting_n together_o therefore_o this_o second_o kind_n of_o distribution_n differ_v real_o from_o the_o former_a this_o one_o example_n will_v make_v the_o sense_n plain_a and_o easy_a a_o man_n have_v two_o part_n soul_n body_n this_o proposition_n be_v a_o simple_a axiom_n for_o one_o thing_n be_v attribute_v to_o another_o i_o say_v one_o because_o both_o member_n viz._n soul_n and_o body_n be_v one_o in_o reference_n to_o man_n though_o they_o be_v distinct_a in_o themselves_o 1._o man_n be_v the_o whole_a divide_v to_o wit_n a_o individual_a man_n 2._o this_o whole_a be_v share_v one_o piece_n to_o the_o body_n another_o to_o the_o soul_n 3._o the_o body_n and_o soul_n have_v distinct_a individual_a nature_n the_o one_o corporeal_a the_o other_o spiritual_a 4._o the_o meeting_n of_o these_o two_o part_n together_o do_v make_v man_n as_o he_o be_v a_o individual_a whole_a the_o soul_n in_o form_v the_o body_n and_o the_o body_n be_v inform_v by_o the_o soul_n this_o shall_v suffice_v to_o show_v what_o argument_n be_v in_o this_o distribution_n and_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v frame_v together_o this_o kind_n of_o distribution_n contain_v a_o necessary_a truth_n because_o the_o law_n of_o necessary_a truth_n agree_v to_o it_o 1._o soul_n and_o body_n be_v affirm_v of_o all_o man_n several_o and_o at_o all_o time_n without_o exception_n 2._o body_n and_o soul_n be_v refer_v unto_o a_o singular_a man_n by_o themselves_o and_o their_o own_o essence_n not_o by_o the_o force_n of_o any_o three_o 3._o the_o soul_n and_o body_n in_o what_o respect_n they_o be_v and_o in_o the_o very_a essence_n as_o they_o be_v they_o be_v affirm_v of_o a_o singular_a man_n i_o say_v affirm_v both_o universal_o according_a to_o the_o total_a nature_n of_o themselves_o and_o according_a to_o the_o essence_n of_o a_o singular_a man_n so_o as_o the_o essence_n of_o a_o singular_a man_n and_o the_o essence_n of_o soul_n and_o body_n be_v of_o equal_a extent_n the_o one_o be_v as_o large_a and_o no_o less_o large_a than_o the_o other_o so_o also_o this_o
their_o nature_n be_v affirm_v of_o man_n in_o the_o first_o instant_n and_o moment_n of_o his_o be_v and_o our_o apprehension_n whereupon_o this_o whole_a and_o part_n be_v in_o their_o nature_n convertible_a thus_o we_o may_v say_v if_o a_o man_n than_o soul_n and_o body_n if_o soul_n and_o body_n than_o a_o man_n these_o thing_n be_v so_o we_o may_v undoubted_o say_v this_o kind_n of_o distribution_n contain_v a_o necessary_a truth_n and_o therewithal_o put_v a_o end_n unto_o this_o precept_n in_o hand_n to_o conclude_v i_o have_v this_o to_o say_v joint_o of_o these_o precept_n touch_v a_o definition_n and_o distribution_n their_o use_n be_v not_o know_v to_o the_o negligent_a nor_o esteem_v of_o the_o ignorant_a but_o he_o that_o know_v they_o and_o have_v find_v the_o benefit_n of_o they_o will_v say_v they_o be_v worth_a the_o have_v for_o by_o they_o a_o man_n may_v know_v when_o a_o definition_n and_o distribution_n contain_v a_o necessary_a truth_n and_o a_o artificial_a form_n and_o consequent_o he_o have_v a_o good_a guide_n to_o lead_v his_o reason_n in_o the_o right_a way_n unto_o true_a knowledge_n and_o the_o avoid_n of_o error_n chap._n xli_o of_o contingent_a simple_a axiom_n that_o i_o may_v put_v a_o final_a conclusion_n to_o all_o the_o precept_n that_o belong_v unto_o simple_a axiom_n i_o must_v show_v what_o argument_n be_v dispose_v in_o they_o how_o they_o be_v dispose_v and_o what_o truth_n be_v contain_v in_o such_o simple_a axiom_n as_o be_v neither_o definition_n nor_o distribution_n and_o touch_v they_o we_o say_v in_o a_o simple_a axiom_n every_o argument_n may_v be_v dispose_v ramus_n ramus_n except_o full_a comparison_n those_o that_o consent_n be_v dispose_v affirmatine_o and_o they_o that_o dissent_v negative_o full_a comparison_n be_v just_o except_v out_o of_o simple_a axiom_n because_o they_o contain_v four_o term_n distinct_o lay_v the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o no_o way_n make_v one_o by_o any_o conjunction_n by_o argument_n be_v mean_v single_a argument_n for_o all_o the_o four_o cause_n together_o and_o essential_a property_n belong_v not_o to_o simple_a axiom_n of_o this_o sort_n they_o be_v proper_a to_o definition_n and_o distribution_n we_o shall_v find_v necessary_a truth_n or_o falsehood_n in_o all_o such_o axiom_n as_o pronounce_v of_o a_o thing_n either_o as_o it_o be_v in_o present_a be_v or_o as_o it_o be_v past_a i_o say_v necessary_a truth_n not_o simple_o but_o after_o a_o sort_n because_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v or_o be_v not_o that_o be_v or_o be_v not_o can_v but_o be_v when_o it_o be_v nor_o but_o not_o be_v when_o it_o be_v not_o as_o aristotle_n have_v true_o observe_v de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 9_o simple_n axiom_n that_o pronounce_v of_o a_o thing_n to_o come_v contain_v a_o certain_a truth_n or_o falsehood_n in_o respect_n of_o god_n for_o he_o foreknow_v all_o thing_n possible_a by_o his_o simple_a intelligence_n and_o all_o thing_n that_o shall_v be_v by_o his_o intuition_n or_o knowledge_n of_o vision_n in_o respect_n of_o man_n knowledge_n none_o of_o those_o axiom_n do_v contain_v a_o certain_a truth_n for_o unto_o man_n all_o future_a thing_n be_v contingent_a and_o consequent_o man_n knowledge_n of_o they_o must_v needs_o also_o be_v contingent_a unto_o man_n i_o say_v they_o be_v contingent_a for_o as_o much_o as_o their_o next_o cause_n whereupon_o they_o depend_v be_v contingent_a all_o humane_a action_n depend_v upon_o man_n will_n as_o their_o next_o cause_n and_o man_n will_n be_v a_o faculty_n free_a and_o indetermine_v unto_o one_o and_o therefore_o contingent_a all_o other_o thing_n not_o humane_a be_v also_o contingent_a because_o their_o next_o cause_n may_v be_v hinder_v in_o their_o execution_n man_n be_v at_o god_n dispose_n and_o all_o the_o other_o creature_n be_v at_o god_n and_o man_n these_o axiom_n may_v contain_v a_o contingent_a truth_n in_o respect_n of_o man_n and_o that_o be_v all_o he_o can_v have_v of_o they_o and_o here_o a_o final_a end_n for_o simple_a axiom_n chap._n xlii_o of_o compound_v axiom_n in_o general_n compound_v axiom_n come_v now_o to_o be_v handle_v their_o general_a nature_n may_v be_v express_v in_o this_o proposition_n a_o compound_n axiom_n be_v that_o ramus_n ramus_n the_o band_n whereof_o be_v a_o conjunction_n so_o ramus_n and_o thus_o aristotle_n a_o speech_n compound_v of_o simple_a axiom_n be_v make_v one_o by_o a_o conjunction_n de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr in_o which_o word_n he_o do_v acknowledge_v 1._o some_o axiom_n be_v compound_v axiom_n 2._o such_o axiom_n be_v compound_v of_o simple_a axiom_n 3._o they_o be_v make_v one_o by_o that_o composition_n 4._o their_o part_n be_v tie_v together_o by_o a_o conjunction_n therefore_o he_o deliver_v the_o same_o precept_n with_o ramus_n and_o unfold_v the_o meaning_n of_o it_o thus_o far_o aristotle_n go_v but_o never_o further_a for_o any_o thing_n that_o i_o can_v find_v yet_o may_v we_o not_o say_v therefore_o that_o his_o logic_n be_v a_o imperfect_a art_n because_o it_o may_v be_v all_o his_o writing_n be_v not_o come_v to_o our_o hand_n if_o that_o be_v so_o then_o time_n have_v do_v injury_n both_o to_o he_o and_o us._n i_o think_v rather_o he_o omit_v compound_a axiom_n of_o purpose_n if_o he_o do_v so_o he_o have_v good_a reason_n for_o it_o for_o the_o precept_n of_o simple_a axiom_n give_v light_a enough_o to_o show_v we_o how_o to_o judge_v of_o these_o for_o these_o be_v compound_v of_o they_o they_o must_v needs_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o these_o and_o consequent_o he_o that_o can_v judge_v true_o of_o they_o can_v be_v ignorant_a of_o these_o neither_o may_v we_o accuse_v ramus_n of_o a_o superfluity_n in_o art_n for_o reason_n avow_v his_o deed_n also_o because_o these_o precept_n be_v convenient_a and_o make_v the_o knowledge_n and_o use_v of_o this_o art_n more_o easy_a 2._o learned_a man_n of_o all_o age_n have_v use_v such_o axiom_n as_o he_o call_v compound_v therefore_o he_o may_v make_v the_o precept_n of_o they_o to_o be_v parcel_n of_o this_o art_n see_v use_n and_o experience_n be_v the_o mistress_n of_o art_n the_o one_o do_v well_o in_o omit_v because_o he_o tie_v himself_o to_o exactness_n the_o other_o do_v well_o to_o bring_v they_o in_o because_o he_o regard_v precedent_a custom_n and_o future_a ease_n we_o will_v go_v with_o ramus_n alone_o because_o we_o can_v have_v aristotle_n company_n axiom_n this_o word_n do_v put_v we_o in_o mind_n that_o these_o proposition_n 1._o have_v argument_n frame_v in_o they_o 2._o they_o be_v frame_v in_o these_o in_o a_o fashion_n differ_v from_o simple_a axiom_n from_o whence_o they_o be_v call_v compound_n 3._o they_o contain_v truth_n or_o falsehood_n for_o such_o be_v the_o condition_n of_o all_o axiom_n whatsoever_o that_o this_o word_n impli_v that_o a_o compound_a axiom_n be_v but_o one_o proposition_n or_o enuntiation_n as_o aristotle_n call_v it_o band_n this_o word_n give_v we_o to_o undestand_v that_o in_o compound_a axiom_n we_o shall_v find_v two_o distinct_a thing_n tie_v together_o and_o in_o this_o they_o join_v with_o simple_a axiom_n conjunction_n by_o this_o word_n we_o know_v the_o band_n of_o a_o connext_v axiom_n be_v a_o conjunction_n and_o herein_o stand_v a_o main_a and_o principal_a difference_n between_o simple_a &_o compound_v axiom_n they_o have_v a_o verb_n these_o have_v a_o conjunction_n to_o tie_v their_o part_n together_o in_o a_o simple_a axiom_n we_o find_v a_o predicate_a and_o subject_a in_o these_o we_o find_v part_n tie_v together_o but_o no_o name_n for_o they_o we_o must_v seek_v for_o that_o in_o the_o particular_a axiom_n themselves_o this_o be_v another_o real_a difference_n between_o simple_a and_o compound_v axiom_n thus_o far_o for_o their_o general_a nature_n this_o general_n be_v thus_o divide_v chap._n xliii_o of_o a_o copulative_a axiom_n a_o compound_n axiom_n be_v congregative_a copulatine_n connexive_a ramus_n ramus_n segregative_a discrete_a disjunct_n a_o copulative_a be_v that_o the_o conjunction_n whereof_o be_v copulative_a this_o definition_n do_v send_v we_o to_o seek_v a_o enuntiative_a sentence_n who_o part_n be_v tie_v together_o by_o this_o word_n and._n but_o a_o little_a labour_n will_v not_o find_v it_o yea_o it_o seem_v unpossible_a ever_o to_o be_v find_v for_o this_o word_n be_v very_o unfit_a so_o to_o tie_v the_o part_n of_o a_o sentence_n together_o that_o thereby_o one_o argument_n shall_v set_v out_o another_o and_o truth_n or_o falsehood_n be_v pronounce_v see_v it_o do_v neither_o affirm_v nor_o infer_v nor_o any_o way_n serve_v for_o those_o end_n it_o may_v be_v his_o copulative_a axiom_n be_v contain_v in_o such_o sentence_n as_o these_o be_v christ_n die_v and_o rise_v again_o without_o shall_v be_v dog_n and_o sercerer_n and_o murderer_n and_o whoremonger_n and_o idolater_n