This done he went to Florence to see Pope Eugenius and thence into France After his departure Abruzzo Apulia and all other Places submitted to the Aragonians and thus Italy was in part pacify'd In Spain the Troubles did not cease the Nobility slighting the Government D. Luis de Guzman Master of Calatrava lay desperately Sick and was given over John Ramiroz de Guzman Chief Commendary of that Order and Ferdinand de Padilla the Master's Deputy contended who should succeed him The latter had secur'd the Votes of the Chapter that was to Elect. Therefore D. John resolv'd to obtain that Dignity by Force securing the Towns that belong'd to that Order D. Ferdinand with 400 Horse met him at Barajas defeated and took him Prisoner with his Son and two Brothers and by that means obtain'd the Mastership which yet he enjoy'd not long For the King design'd that Dignity for Alonso Bastard Son to the King of Navarre who Besieg'd Calatrava There the New Master was unluckily kill'd by a Stone one of his own Men was throwing at the Enemy After his Death D. Alonso was made Master of the Order In Biscay Tumults were rais'd upon two accounts One was that certain Societies that had been confirmed by the King fell upon the Estates of the Nobility Among the rest Peter de Ayala was Besieg'd in his Town of Salvatierra and reliev'd by his Cousin the Earl of Haro who having receiv'd a Letter in which he begg'd his Assistance swore he would not enter into a House till he had reliev'd him Another cause of these Troubles was the wicked Heresy of the Fratricelli newly started at Durango Many were put to the Wrack upon that account and others Burnt Alonso Mela a Franciscan Fryar the Ring-leader of them fled to Granada with several young Wenches where they liv'd lewdly among the Moors but at last he was put to Death by them This Man had a Brother call'd John Mela then Bishop of Zamora and afterwards a Cardinal In Portugal about the end of October dy'd Prince John the King's Uncle aged 43 years He was Constable and Master of Santiago By his Wife the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to his Brother D. Alonso Duke of Bragança he left a Son called James who inherited his Honours and Three Daughters Elizabeth Beatrix and Philippa from whom sprang great Princes D. Alvaro de Luna resided at Escalona and contriv'd to regain his former Power His Brother the Archbishop of Toledo dy'd at Talavera on the 4th of February which was a great Loss to him There only remain'd D. Roderick de Luna his second Cousin whom afterwards he promoted to the Archbishoprick of Santiago In that Confusion of times every noble Man seized upon what he could get and among them Peter Xuarez secur'd Talavera scarce admitting the King who came to quel those Disorders The Archbishop was bury'd in a beautiful Chappel of the Cathedral built by D. Alvaro After much Contention D. Gutierre de Toledo Archbishop of Sevil was promoted to the See of Toledo He was a Man too upright for those times and enjoy'd that Dignity but three Years The Bishop of Oviedo was Translated to Sevil he of Orense to Oviedo To conclude the Bishoprick of Orense was given in Commendam to John de Torquemada a Dominican afterwards Cardinal of S. Sixtus a Person of great Learning as appears by his Works His Contemporary was Alonso Tostado born at Madrigal renowned for his many Writings He came in process of time to be Bishop of Avila At Siena in Tuscany he put up several Propositions in Divinity offering to defend them in the Schools Some of them were dislik'd and the Cardinal Torquemada writ against him Tostado answered him not sparing the Pope's Authority to defend his Opinions He dy'd on the 3d of September 1455. The End of the One and Twentieth Book THE History of SPAIN The Two and Twentieth BOOK CHAP. I. The Success of the Aragonians in Italy The Rebellion in Castile The Death of the Queens of Portugal and Castile The Battle of Olmedo and Death of Prince Henry of Aragon THE Affairs of the Spaniards succeeded better in Italy than in Spain There was no great Difference betwixt the Castilians and Aragonians but their Fortune was different according to the Quality of them that govern'd The King of Aragon was an active and ambitious Prince and spar'd no Labour to advance his Glory Besides his Goodness and Bounty gain'd him the Affections of all his Subjects as well Italians as Aragonians In Castile the Power of D. Alvaro continu'd tho his Person was remov'd The King of Navarre endeavour'd net to redress what was amiss but to make himself Master of the King who always left the Government to another The King of Castile had some good Qualities but the bad were more prevalent He was addicted to Poetry and Musick and had a Genius that way lov'd Hunting and Sports but could not endure Business and therefore gave little attention to it and answer'd short His first Minister did what he would in his Name The King of Aragon having taken Naples and subdu'd all the Faction of Anjou on the 26th of February 1443 entred that City in Triumph after the manner of the antient Romans on a Chariot drawn by 4 White Horses another of the same sort being led before him All the Nobility and Gentry of the Kingdom follow'd the Chariot afoot and the Clergy went before singing Praises to Almighty God The People with loud Acclamations wished him a long and happy Reign He would not be crown'd saying That Honour was due to the Saints who assisted him to gain the Victory All the Streets were strew'd with Flowers and richly hung and all Places full of sweet Odours It only remain'd to gain Pope Eugenius with whom a Treaty was set afoot at Siena where he then was On the 15th of July they agreed upon these Articles That the Kingdom of Naples should remain to the King of Aragon and after him to his Son Ferdinand whom tho Illegitimate he appointed his Heir as to that Crown only That the King of Aragon should pay yearly to the Pope 8000 Ounces a sort of Coin then in use That he should endeavour to quel Francis Sforcia who proud that he had marry'd the Duke of Milan's Daughter had gain'd a great part of Marca Ancona The King perform'd more than he had promis'd for he in Person recover'd all Sforcia had taken in Marca Ancona and restor'd it to the Pope Peace was also concluded with the Genoeses they promising every Year whilst the King liv'd to present him with a great Bason of Gold But because this Act was perform'd in the sight of the People as a memorial of his Victory they continu'd it but 4 Years In Castile the King of Navarre using immoderately the Power he had unjustly acquir'd enjoy'd it but a short time He kept the King of Castile Prisoner placing People to watch his Words and Actions The Admiral and
of restoring them The Earl of Benavente made his Escape out of Prison by the Assistance of Alonso de Leon whom he bribed and the Governour of the Castle trusted 30 Horse were hid in a Wood and with them the Earl fled to Benavente where as soon as he came the Townsmen turned out the King's Garrison Then marching out relieved Alva de Liste besieged by the King's Party and took some small Towns The King alarmed at this News left D. Alvaro at Ocana to make Preparations for War and went himself in great haste to Benavente but that Town being well provided he passed into Portugal That Kingdom was then full of Joy for the Marriage of the King with Elizabeth Daughter to Prince Peter the King's Uncle and Governour of the Kingdom to whom he had been 7 Years Contracted This Lady was very Virtuous and Beautiful Of her was born D. John who dyed a Child and Joanna who also dyed and another D. John who lived many Years and succeeded his Father The King was young and Prince Peter had the whole Power of the Government which some great Men highly resented Among them the chiefest was D. Alonso Earl of Barcelos the Prince's Brother and by him created Duke of Bragança He perswaded the King to take upon him the Government and put to Death his Uncle for the wrong done to his Mother in depriving her of it The King contrived how to put this advice in Execution and Prince Peter having notice of it fled and made himself strong in Coimbra From thence he held Correspondence with some of the Citizens in order to possess himself of Lisbon Having layed his Design which could not be kept secret he set out but being attack'd in the way by a Party that lay in wait for him was killed with most of those that attended him in the Year 1449. Authors do not agree in what Month. He was a Man of a great Spirit and very wife It is said the King was much concerned at his Death but that is not likely since he lay long unburyed but at last was honourably Interred at Aljubarrota the Burial Place of the Kings His Son James was taken went afterwards to Flanders and his Aunt the Dutchess Elizabeth made Interest at Rome to have him chosen a Cardinal His Sister Beatrix went also to Flanders and was married to Adolphus Duke of Cleves After this Portugal enjoy'd Peace a long time and the King being come to Age governed prudently but was more Fortunate in the War he made with the Moors whilst young than in that with Castile in his latter Years He spent much of his Treasure in redeeming of Captives that were in Africk and is only censured for having been too much governed by his Courtiers and Favourites D. Alvaro being left at Ocan̄a as has been said to make the necessary Preparations for War found himself much streightned for Mony and therefore by way of Loan demanded a Million of Maravedles of Toledo a rich and large City Alonso Cota a considerable Citizen was employed to Collect this Mony but the Citizens opposed him saying it was contrary to their Charter D. Aloaro being informed of it order'd the Collection of the Mony to go on Hereupon the Town mutiny'd and gave the Alarm with a Bell from the great Church John Alonso and Peter Galvez two Canons were they that stirred up the People A Fellow that made Skins to carry Wine whose Name is not known headed the Rabble They fired the House of Alonso Cota and the Flame spreading all the Quarter of St. Mary Magdalen was consumed where most of the rich Merchants lived whose Houses were plundered This happen'd on the 26th of January The greatest Sufferers were those they call New Christians because descended from Jews Peter Sarmiento the Governour and his Lieutenant Marcos Garcia whom in contempt the People to this Day call Marquillos de Maçarambro◠that ought to have quell'd the Mutiny encouraged the Rabble This done fearing the Punishment they had well deserved they shut their Gates and their Joy was soon turned into Sorrow D. Alvaro of himself not being strong enough to appease those Tumults because Peter Sarmiento was his Enemy gave advice to the King who having taken Benavente repaired to Toledo and the Gates being shut against him took up his Quarters in the Hospital of S. Lazarus Several Cannon-shot were made at him from the City Peter Sarmiento put some Citizens upon the Rack plundered their Houses and executed them for Corresponding with the King The King removed to Torijos thither came Deputies to him from Toledo to tell him if he did not remove D. Alvaro de Luna and preserve their Franchises that and other Cities would proclaim Prince Henry King These Deputies were dismissed without any Answer The King besieged the City but Prince Henry coming to its Relief the Siege was raised yet the People would not deliver the Keys of the City or Castle to the Prince On the 6th of June the Citizens made an Order that none descended of Jews should be capable of any publick Employment A Dean of Toledo writ a Treatise to shew the illegality of that Ordinance and offered to defend his Opinion by publick Dispute He also writ largely about it to the Bishop of Cuenca shewing that many very noble Families were related to Jews So far he proceeded herein that Pope Nicholas by his special Bull condemn'd that Act or Ordinance This Bull bares date September the 24th 1449. Two years after he put out another Bull to the same effect The Archbishops of Toledo D. Alonso Carrillo and the Cardinal D. Peter Gonzales in two Synods one held at Alcala the other at Vitoria condemned it also Our Historians have omitted this Tumult of Toledo as I suppose for fear of making themselves odious but I would not omit it having found it in very authentick Manuscripts The King of Navarre ceased not to stir up the Nobility of Castile to Rebellion The Cities of Murcia and Cuenca were ill affected towards the King which was no small Encouragement to the Navarrois and his Adherents Many Incursions were made by the Aragonians into Castile and they took a great Booty of Cattle about Requena defeating a Body of the Townsmen who ventured out to recover it Nevertheless their Design of securing Murcia failed them Cuenca was attempted by the Aragonians invited thither by the Governour of the Castle which was then in the highest part of the City now only the Ruins of it remain Here also they were disappointed for Bishop Barrientos defended the City with great Resolution In Aragon the Admiral of Castile being returned out of Italy the King's Orders were read in a full Assembly of the States and some were for raising Forces and declaring War with Castile But the Commons oppos'd it and therefore other Methods were thought of It was propos'd to marry the Prince of Viana with the Earl of Haro's Daughter It was also laboured that
great Virtue and Ability and had this Dignity conferred on him as a Reward for his good Services D. Ynigo Manrique Bishop of Jaen was translated in his stead to the Archbishoprick of Sevil. In Navarre a great Joy was allayed by a greater Sorrow King Francis who during the Troubles of Navarre had resided in France at last as had been agreed came to Pamplona with his Mother Uncles and a great Retinue of Nobility of France and Navarre He was received with great Pomp and a general Applause Crowned in the Cathedral and Proclaimed King on the 3d of October He was then in the flower of his Youth being 15 years of Age wonderful Beautiful and well inclined The first thing he did was to forbid upon Pain of Death any Persons whatsoever calling themselves Biamonteses or Agramonteses the hateful Names of those Factions which had so long distracted that Kingdom He made Luis Earl of Lerin Constable and gave him Larraga and other Towns to oblige him because he was powerful This done he took a Progress through the Kingdom punished Malefactors and secured the Authority of Magistrates It was proposed to Marry him to secure the Succession King Ferdinand offered his Daughter the Princess Joanna The King of France advised him to take to Wife the other Princess Joanna Daughter to King Henry then a professed Nun in Portugal thinking by this means to have an opportunity of subduing Castile Magdalen the young King's Mother an Ambitious Woman was more inclinable to this Match and therefore lest any Violence should be offered her Son persuaded him to repass the Mountains where he had large Dominions He was no sooner come to the City Pau or S. Paul in Bearne but he fell sick and died on the 30th of January 1483. His Body was buried in Lescar a City in Bearn His Sister Catherine succeeded him in the Throne as was her due By her Marriage soon after that Kingdom fell under the Dominion of the French who enjoyed it not long In Portugal King John punished some of the Nobility who had conspired to Murder him and with their Blood revenged their wicked Designs against his Person These Nobles were offended at the King 's Austere Temper his Severity in punishing Offenders and for his great freedom in declaring his Mind But above all they resented that contrary to ancient Custom the King's Alguaziles or Officers by his special Command apprehended and punished Malefactors upon their Estates They consulted together and expecting no Redress by fair Means resolved to use Force The Heads of this Conspiracy were the Dukes Ferdinand of Bragança and James of Viseo the most Powerful Men in the Kingdom and of the Blood Royal. Many others joined with them as the Marquess de Montemor the Earl of Haro the Duke of Braganca's Brothers D. Garcia de Meneses Bishop of Ebora his Brother Ferdinand and D. Lope du Albuquerque Earl of Penamacor This Conspiracy was discovered after this manner The Cortes sate at Ebora Some good Laws were Established and among other things it was provided that the Nobility should not have the Power of Oppressing the People This the Duke of Bragança complained was a Breach of the ancient Priviledges of the Nobility and offered to produce the Grants of Kings to his Predecessors Lope de Figueredo his Comptroller searching for these Papers found among them others which made out that the Duke held Correspondence with the King of Castile to the prejudice of the Crown of Portugal He carried them privately to the King who having viewed them ordered him to Copy them and return the Originals to the place where he found them It hapned the Queen in the Spring of the year 1483 was sick at Almarin after Lying in Her Brother the Duke of Viseo and her Brother in Law the Duke of Bragança came to visit her The King Entertained them kindly desiring to put a stop to that Mischief without hazarding a War At length one morning after hearing Mass he took the Duke of Bragança aside there he told him how he was informed of all his Designs and Treasonable Correspondence with Castile that he was with much difficulty induced to believe it and yet being convinced of the truth was willing to Pardon and bury it in oblivion advising him to consider none could be more his Friend than he that was so near a Kinsman and that if any thing had been amiss he ought to have advised him better or winked at any Error in the Government This Discourse of the King 's surprized the Duke He begged the King would not give Credit to Informers who strive to rise upon the Ruins of others assuring him he would not lay the stain of Disloyalty upon his Family and affirming with great Imprecations upon himself that all he said was true The King went away to Santarem the Dukes to their Estates no way departing from their Designs Mean while F. Ferdinand de Talavera Prior of Prado a Monastery of the Order of S. Hierome near Valladolid and the King's Confessor was sent to Portugal to Ratifie the late Peace and Propose that the Prince and Princess given as Hostages might be restored to their Parents which was accordingly done Only this Alteration was made in the former Articles that Prince Alonso should Marry the Princess Joanna the youngest Daughter of King Ferdinand because they were both of an Age. In May the Princess Elizabeth returned to Castile and Prince Alonso to his Father the Duke of Bragança accompanying him to Ebora where the Court was There he was apprehended upon Intelligence given by Gaspar Jusarte that he still held Correspondece with King Ferdinand by the means of Peter Jusarte Both Brothers were Rewarded for the Discovery The Duke was impeached of High Treason Tried and Condemned to Death His Execution was on the 22th of June With him suffered 6 other Fidalgos or Noblemen found guilty of the same Crime The Constable of Portugal the Dukes Brothers and others fled The Dutchess as soon as she received the News of her Husband's Death sent her 3 Sons Philip James and Denis to Castile Philip died there a Batchelor James was Pardoned and returned to Portugal Denis Married the Heiress of the Earl of Lemos in Castile His youth saved the Duke of Viseo the King only giving him a Reprimand the day after the Execution of the other Neither the Punishment of the one nor the Mercy extended to the other Duke had influence enough to prevail with the other Conspirators to desist They complained that no Man was safe and that the Duke of Bragança had been wrongfully put to death Therefore it was resolved the King should be murdered and the Duke of Viseo set up in his place They only waited an opportunity to give the Stroke but before it could be performed all the Conspiracy was detected after this manner James Tinoco had a Sister who was Mistress to the Archbishop of Ebora She having found out what was contrived discovered
Brother who call'd himself Hercules He after having imbroil'd France making himself Head of the Hereticks repair'd to the Low Countries and there at his first coming possessed himself of Cambray which till then continued Loyal This was not all for the following Year he went to Antwerp and there caused himself to be declar'd Duke of Brabant which was but a meer shadow the Prince of Orange having all the Power His Authority lasted not long being at the same time disappointed of Marrying the Queen of England Anno 1582. At Antwerp a youth a Biscainer call'd John de Xauregui resolv'd to kill the Prince of Orange To this intent one day after dinner he fired a Musket at him yet killed him not but gave him a dangerous Wound in the Cheek The young Man was presently torn to pieces and all that knew of the design executed A Burgundian managed his Business more successfully for being admitted into the Prince's Family he soon after killed him in Holland At Toledo was held a Provincial Synod in which were 7 Bishops and 2 Abbots and D. Gaspar de Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo presided the Marquis de Velada assisted at it in the King's Name This Year Pope Gregory cut off 10 days in October to reduce the Solsticies and Equinoxes to their former place Besides the Golden Number was taken from the Calendar and in its place was substituted the Epact all to regulate the Observation of Times for the future better than it was before Mary the Empress came to Spain and went to Lisbon where the King her Brother was settling the Affairs of that Kingdom and with him Cardinal Albertus Son to the Empress a Prince of extraordinary Parts Antony who called himself King of Portugal after he was overthrown fled into France and having gathered a Fleet there sailed over to the Islands Terceras otherwise called Açores which still held out for him Near the Island of S. Michael he was vanquished in a Sea Fight by D. Alvaro Baçan Marquis of Santa Cruz. Philip Strozzi one of the Admirals of the French Fleet was killed the Count de Brissac the other Admiral together with Antony the pretended King saved themselves by flight All the Prisoners of Note to the number of 80 and many others the Marquis put to death the King of France consenting to it Nevertheless the People of Tercera would not submit Anno 1583. This Year the Marquis return'd and fully subdu'd them D. Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo Duke of Alva departed this Life at Lisbon aged 74 Years Soon after him died there also Sancho de Avila of the kick of a Horse on the 8th of June He was of the House of Velada and born at Avila Prince James Son to King Philip deceased at Madrid on the 1st of February for which reason the Three Estates in Portugal swore his Brother Prince Philip Heir to that Crown This Parliament being dissolv'd and Cardinal Albertus the King's Nephew constituted Governour of Portugal King Philip return'd to Castile to provide for the necessary Affairs there Anno 1584. The Duke of Alençon having obtain'd his Brother's Pardon return'd into France after he had been in England and Flanders but going from Paris soon died either of Sickness or Poisoned as some would have it Death put an end to his aspiring Thoughts which had compassed the Sovereignty of England France and Flanders The Prince of Orange was killed with a Musket-shot on the 10th of June by a young Burgundian call'd Baltasar who had entred into his Service to that purpose Such was the death of the Author of so many Mischiefs but this did not pacify the Flemmings King Philip had by his Wife Queen Elizabeth two Daughters Elizabeth and Catherine It was reported the eldest was kept for her Cousin the Emperor Rodulphus The youngest was contracted to Charles Duke of Savoy Zaragoça the principal City of Aragon was the place appointed for celebrating of the Nuptials Before the King set forward upon this Journey the Three Estates of Castile at Madrid swore Prince Philip Heir to the Crown This Ceremony was perform'd on the 11th of November being Sunday and the day of S. Martin in the Monastery of S. Hierome near that Town Quiroga Cardinal of Toledo sang the Mass Anno 1585. This Solemnity being performed the King set out for Zaragoca in very rough Weather the Winter Season not being yet past Thither came also the Duke of Savoy by Sea and was received with great Honour by the King his Father-in-Law The Marriage was celebrated with great Pomp and Ostentation on the 18th of March News was brought not long after that Pope Gregory being very aged and famous for his great Wisdom departed this Life at Rome the 12th of April In May following Cardinal Felix Montalto who had first bin General of the Recolet Franciscans then Bishop and afterwards Cardinal was lastly promoted to S. Peter's Chair He took the Name of Sixtus the Fifth governed the Church five Years and four Months and had many good Qualities but as there is no Man without a fault he is blamed for being too severe and covetous and for promoting of his Kinsmen more than was justifiable He Canonized S. James of Alcala a Franciscan whose Body is kept and Honour'd in the Monastery of that Order at Alcala The Prince of Parma made War against the Rebels in the Low Countries and having recover'd Gent and many other Places after a long and streight Siege he kept upon Antwerp forced it to surrender in August This Siege was very famous for the many extraordinary Devices used on both sides as also for the obstinacy of the Defendants but the Conduct of the General and Valour of the Spaniards overcame all Difficulties King Philip accompanied the new-Married Couple as far as Barcelona whence they sailed for Italy In his return at Monçon he held the Cortes or Parliament of Aragon which sate long many difficulties arising among them The violent heat of Summer and Autumn which proved sickly was the cause that many died there especially of the Strangers and Courtiers At last this Parliament swore Prince Philip Heir of all those Domimions Pope Sixtus at his first Accession to the Papacy published his Bull in which he declared Henry King of Navarre a Heretick and Excommunicated and deprived him of the Right of Inheriting the Kingdom of France as he did also Henry Prince of Conde his Cousin-German in case King Henry Brother-in-Law to him of Navarre died without Issue which was likely because till then the Queen had never been with-Child Anno 1586. Nevertheless the King of France labour'd to secure the Succession to the King of Navarre without regarding the Pope's Threats whereupon many of the French Nobility conspir'd to raise a Rebellion under the Colour of Religion The Ringleader was the Duke of Guise which much perplexed the King seeing three powerful Factions on foot which he feared would again
the Carthaginians and gives them a great Overthrow First Nero then Publius Scipio comes into Spain and takes Carthagena p. 26 Chap. VII Publius Scipio Routs Asdrubal and drives the Carthaginians quite out of Spain other notable Actions of his there Cornelius Lentulus and Lucius Manlius succeed him and overthrow the Spaniards that had Revolted p. 28 Chap. VIII The Spaniards Revolting are again Subdu'd by the Romans Cato being Consul comes into Spain Several Pretors succeed him Their Government and Actions p. 30 The Third BOOK Chap. I. THE first War of Numantia and Peace concluded with that City The War in Lusitania and other parts and Treachery of the Pretor Sergius Galba p. 33 Chap. II. Viriatus 's Original and Actions against the Romans The Government of several Roman Generals and among them of Metellus and Pompey and Death of Viriatus p. 35 Chap. III. The second War betwixt Rome and Numantia The Consul Mancinus concludes a dishonourable Peace with that People and is therefore delivered up to them Scipio Africanus sent against them The City destroy'd p. 38 Chap. IV. Other Occurrences in Spain after the War of Numantia The beginning of the War of Sertorius His Actions Defeat and Death p. 40 Chap. V. Pompey appeases the Tumults in Spain Julius Caesar comes into Spain The beginning of the Civil Wars there Pompey 's General defeated the whole Country reduc'd by Julius Caesar who returns to Rome p. 44 Chap. VI. Longinus Governs Spain His Actions The War betwixt Caesar and Pompey 's Sons The famous Battle of Munda Caesar returns Victorious to Rome p. 46 Chap. VII Other Commotions in Spain after the Death of Caesar The beginning of the Empire of Augustus and War of Cantabria p. 48 The Fourth BOOK Chap. I. THE Birth of Christ our Lord. The Death of Augustus and Reigns of the Emperors Tiberius Caligula and Claudius With an Account of the coming of St. James the Apostle into Spain and first Preaching of the Gospel p. 51. Chap. II. The Reigns of the Emperors Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian and Titus With an Account of the Colonies Free-Towns and Courts of Judicature then in Spain p. 53 Chap. III. The Reigns of the Emperors Domitian Nerva Trajan Adrian Antoninus Verus Marcus Aurelius and Commodus the Persecutions under them The building of the City Leon and rise of the Heresie of the Gnosticks p. 55 Chap. IV. The Reigns of the Emperors Pertinax Severus Caracalla Macrinus Heliogabalus Alexander Severus Maximinus Gordianus Philip Decius Tribonianus Gallus and Aemilianus p. 57 Chap. V. The Reigns of the Emperors Valerianus Galienus Flavius Aurelianus Tacitus Flavianus Probus Carinus Dioclesian and Maximian Constantius and Galerius Maximinus and Licinius p. 58 Chap. VI. The Reign of the Glorious Constantine the Great the first Christian Emperor The Arian Heresie The first General Council of Nice p. 60 Chap. VII The Reigns of the Emperors Constantine Constantius and Constans Julian the Apostate Jovianus Valentinian and Valens p. 62 Chap. VIII The Reigns of the Emperors Gratianus Valentinian Theodosius Arcadius and Honorius p. 64 The Fifth BOOK Chap. I. THE coming of several Barbarous Nations into Spain as the Vandals Alans Suevians Silingians and Goths Their Original and where they setled p. 67 Chap. II. The Goths vanquish and subdue all the other Barbarous Nations in Spain The Vandals after this Successful go over into Africk The rise of the Kingdom of the Suevians p. 69 Chap. III. The Reigns of the Kings Theodoredus Torismund and Theodorick Attila King of the Huns twice routed The General Council of Chalcedon p. 71 Chap. IV. The Death of King Theodorick and Reigns of Euricus and Alaricus The Goths twice overthrown by the Franks p. 73 Chap. V. The Reigns of the Kings Gesaleycus Theodorick and Amalaricus Several Spanish Synods Defeat of the Franks And Tryal by Ordeal p. 74 Chap. VI. The Reigns of Theudiselus Agila and Athanagildus A great Plague The 5th General Council An Interregnum And the Conversion of the Suevians p. 76 Chap. VII Of the two Sisters Galsuinda and Brunechilda The Reigns of the Kings Liuva and Leuvigildus This last makes his two Sons his Companions in the Throne p. 77 Chap. VIII Ermenegildus Son to Leuvigildus Marries the Lady Ingundis is Converted to the Catholick Faith is Besieg'd by his Father in Sevil and put to Death by him p. 79 Chap. IX The remaining part of the Reign of King Leuvigildus He Persecutes the Catholicks Subdues the Suevians his Death and causes of his Conversion p. 81 Chap. X. The Reign of Recaredus his and Peoples Conversion Conspiracies against him detected and punish'd He overthrows the Franks The third Council of Toledo p. 82 The Sixth BOOK Chap. I. THE remaining Actions of King Recaredus He Marries Clodosinda Sister to Childebert King of Lorrain His Death Original of Dukes and Counts p. 84 Chap. II. The Reigns of the Kings Liuva Witericus Gundemarus Sisebutus and Recaredus II. Several Synods the Jews banish'd Spain p. 86 Chap. III. The Reigns of the Kings Suinthula Rechimirus Sisenandus and Chintila The Romans quite expell'd Spain Three Synods at Toledo p. 87 Chap. IV. The Reigns of the Kings Tulga Chindasuinthus and Recesuinthus Several Synods of Toledo Increase of the Mahometan Power The Election and Coronation of King Wamba p. 89 Chap. V. The War with the Rebels in Gallia Gothica Paul Wamba 's General joyns with them The King marches against them and reduces all the Country to his Obedience p. 91 Chap. VI. Wamba returns into Spain Punishes the Heads of the Rebels His Publick Works Eleventh Council of Toledo A great Fleet of Sarazens destroy'd Wamba depos'd Ervigius Vsurps the Crown p. 93 Chap. VII The Reigns of the Kings Ervigius and Egica p. 94 Chap. VIII The Reign of King Witiza Roderick ascends the Throne Ravishes Count Julian 's Daughter and breaks open an old Castle at Toledo said to be Inchanted p. 96 Chap. IX The first coming of the Moors into Spain They prove successful and flock over in great Multitudes King Roderick overthrown in a great Battle His Death The Moors over-run the greatest part of Spain p. 98 Chap. X. The Moor Muza comes over with Supplies His Actions The Moorish Computation of Years call'd Hegira Abdalasis Son to Muza his Actions End of Count Julian and his Family Deplorable state of Spain p. 100 The Seventh BOOK Chap. I. PRince Pelayus or Pelagius takes up Arms against the Moors Is declar'd King and Miraculously Vanquishes the Infidels The Death of Muza Alahor Governs Spain p. 102 Chap. II. Pelayus 's Power increases he takes several Towns His Death The short Reign and Death of Favila Several Moorish Governours in Spain Actions of the Infidels in France p. 104 Chap. III. The Reign of D. Alonso the Catholick His Conquests and Death Several Moorish Governours in Spain Affairs of the Mahometans both in Spain and Africk p. 105 Chap. IV. The Reigns of the Kings Froyla Aurelius Silon Alonso Mauregatus and Veremundus or Bermudo Monarchy
Queen Mother joyns them the King gets the better and Executes many of them p. 272 The Seventeenth BOOK Chap. I. THE beginning of the War in Aragon many Rebellious Nobles in Castile put to Death The War betwixt Castile and Aragon carry'd on by Sea and Land p. 275 Chap. II. The Kings of Castile and Aragon both call the Moors to their assistance The War is carry'd on vigorously on both sides The Castilians treacherous to their King He punishes many of them The Computation of Time in Aragon altered p. 277 Chap. III. The Death of Queen Blanch and D. Maria de Padilla Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon The War with the Moors and Death of their King The King of Aragon 's Daughter Marry'd to the King of Sicily p. 278 Chap. IV. Castile and Navarre joyn in League The War is carry'd on successfully against Aragon by King Peter of Castile who declares the Lady Mary de Padilla to have been his lawful Wife The Death of John King of France and Constance Queen of Aragon p. 281 Chap. V. Count Henry Proclaim'd King of Castile King Peter expell'd the Kingdom Refus'd Entertainment in Portugal gathers a Fleet in Galicia and flyes into France to the Protection of the English p. 282 Chap. VI. The War betwixt France Navarre and Aragon King Peter of Castile supported by the English in France is brought into Spain by the Prince of Wales with an Army Overthrows Henry the Vsurper and recovers his Kingdom p. 284 Chap. VII King Peter Excommunicated and Absolv'd Count Henry returns into Spain is again receiv'd by many Places Toledo opposes him and is Besieg'd King Peter comes to its relief is overthrown betray'd to and murder'd by Henry the Bastard p. 286 Chap. VIII Several Foreign Princes pretenders to the Crown of Castile War with Aragon Portugal and Granada Affairs of Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The League betwixt Portugal and Aragon p. 288 Chap. IX The Siege of Carmona The King of Portugal Marries the Lady Ellenor de Meneses Peace betwixt Castile Portugal and Navarre p. 289 Chap. X. Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Several Matches of Princes French and Spaniards Besiege Bayonne in vain The Papal Chair restored to Rome Death of Frederick King of Sicily p. 292 The Eighteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE Wars of Navarre Matches of some of King Henry 's Children The Schism in the Church caused by the Election of the two Popes Urban and Clement The Death of the King of Castile and of Mahomet the Moorish King of Granada p. 294 Chap. II. King John succeeds his Father in the Throne of Castile Charles King of France dies Charles VI. succeeds him Pope Clement own'd in Spain thro' the French Interest p. 296. Chap. III. Charles Duke of Durazzo Crown'd King of Naples The War with Portugal Peace concluded The King of Portugal dies Actions of the Aragonians and Catalonians in Greece and of the former in Sardinia p. 297 Chap. IV. Portugal full of Divisions about the Succession to the Crown King John of Castile having been Proclaim'd at Lisbon enters that Kingdom has many places deliver'd to him Besieges Lisbon but is forced to raise the Siege and return to Castile p. 299 Chap. V. John the Bastard Master of Avis Proclaim'd King of Portugal King John of Castile sends his Fleet then enters Portugal himself with an Army The famous Battle of Aljubarrota and rout of the Castilians p. 301 Chap. VI. The Portugueses make an Inroad into Castile and defeat a Body of Castilians The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corun̄a and takes several Towns The Death of the Kings of Naples Aragon and Navarre p. 303 Chap. VII Peace concluded with the English The Heir of Castile in imitation of the Prince of Wales in England is created Prince of Asturias A Truce with Portugal and the Moors King John of Castile kill'd by a Fall from his Horse p. 304 Chap. VIII John King of Aragon upon complaint of his Subjects complies with their demands Irruptions of the French into Aragon Henry III. Proclaim'd King of Castile The Form of Government appointed there during his Minority p. 307 Chap. IX The Contentions betwixt the Nobility of Castile about the Government They agree on a Settlement then alter it The Affairs of the Moors at Granada War renew'd with Portugal King Charles VI. of France runs distracted p. 308 Chap. X. The Divisions among the Nobility of Castile continue A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal for 15 Years The Nobility at length pacify'd Sicily brought under the Aragonian Yoke p. 310 The Nineteenth BOOK Chap. I. KIng Henry takes upon him the Government The Cortes at Madrid Discontents among the Nobility The Death of the Master of Alcantara The Biscainers invade the Canary-Islands The Plague at Madrid p. 313 Chap. II. Another Rebellion in Castile quell'd by the King Pope Clement dies and Benedict XIII is Elected which continues the Schism The strange Death of John King of Aragon p. 315 Chap. III. The Queen of Navarre returns to her Husband The Earl of Faux invades Aragon The War betwixt Castile and Portugal renew'd Joseph King of Granada dies Mahomet his second Son Vsurps The Turks come over into Europe p. 317 Chap. IV. Two Franciscans Preaching to the Moors of Granada suffer Martyrdom The Truce with Portugal renew'd Two great Plagues in Spain and France The Year of Jubilee 1400. p. 319 Chap. V. The Death of the Queen of Sicily Of Tamerlan and Bajazet Pope Benedict again receiv'd in Castile The King of Castile has a Son born Pope Boniface dies Innocent VIII chosen at Rome p. 321 Chap. VI. Great Tumults in Aragon appeas'd by the Cortes A Battle betwixt the Castilians and the Moors The Cortes of Castile meet at Toledo and King Henry dies there A Notable Action of his p. 322 Chap. VII The Crown offer'd to Prince Ferdinand be refuses it John II. Proclaim'd King of Castile The Death of the Queen of Aragon The War of Granada Several Places taken by the Christians who also obtain a Victory at Sea p. 324 Chap. VIII The Murder of the Duke of Orleans by him of Burgundy The War carry'd on with the Moors and a Truce concluded Original of D. Alvaro de Luna Continuation of the Schism p. 326 Chap. IX The Death of Martin King of Sicily Several Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Their several Claims Martin King of Aragon prefers that of his Nephew Prince Ferdinand of Castile tho' unjust p. 328 Chap. X. The Moors having done much harm in the Christian Territories Prince Ferdinand marches against them defeats them and takes Antequera and other Places Martin King of Aragon dies A Love Adventure p. 329 The Twentieth BOOK Chap. I. THE State of Christendom Nine Judges appointed in Aragon to decide the dispute about the Succession Arguments us'd by each of the Candidates The Government of King John of Portugal p. 332 Chap. II. Ferdinand Prince of Castile declar'd King of Aragon by the Judges and afterwards Proclaim'd at
Zaragoâ—a He settles the Kingdom Besieges and takes the Earl of Urgel who aspir'd to the Grown p. 333 Chap. III. The Christian Princes all Combine with the Emperor to put an end to the Schism in the Church In order to it King Ferdinand of Aragon has a Conference with Pope Benedict The Council of Constance The two Popes John and Gregory Abdicate p. 335 Chap. IV. The Portugueses pass over into Africk and take Ceuta All endeavours us'd to move Pope Benedict to resign the Papacy prove vain Ferdinand King of Aragon 's Death The Council of Constance puts an end to the Schism in the Church p. 337 Chap. V. The Death of the Queen of Castile Marriages of Princes Prince Henry of Aragon seizes the King of Castile Tumults in that Kingdom Strange Prodigies Many Colleges built in Castile p. 339 Chap. VI. Original of the Portuguese Discoveries King Alonso of Aragon adopted Heir to the Crown of Naples The King of Castile escapes from his Confinement and suppresses many of the Rebels D. Alvaro de Luna made an Earl p. 341 Chap. VII The Death of the Moorish King of Granada A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal The Interest of the Aragonians decays at Naples The Death of the pretended Pope Benedict p. 343 Chap. VIII The pretended Pope Benedict dying another is supported by the King of Aragon who plunders Marseilles prepares to make War upon Castile but comes to an Accommodation yet loses all his Interest at Naples p. 344 Chap. IX The Death of King Charles of Navarre King John Proclaim'd D. Alvaro de Luna Banish'd the Court of Castile Villanous Practices of the Nobility The King of Granada depos'd p. 347 Chap. X. D. Alvaro de Luna returns to Court greater in the Kings favour than ever The banish'd King of Granada restor'd Some Affairs of France and final end of the Schism in the Church p. 348 The Twenty First BOOK Chap. I. THE War betwixt Aragon and Navarre on the one side and Castile on the other The King of Navarre Crown'd John King of Castile breaks into Aragon with a powerful Army and does much harm there p. 351 Chap. II. Actions of the Aragonians against Castile Several Assemblies of the Cortes The Estates of the Princes of Aragon in Castile Confiscated A Truce concluded with that Crown for 5 Years War with the Moors p. 353 Chap. III. The Death of Pope Martin V. Eugenius IV. succeeds him The Moors of Granada overthrown in Battle Peace concluded with Portugal A Truce with the Moors Prince Peter of Aragon made Prisoner p. 354 Chap. IV. The declining posture of the Aragonians at Naples Yet that King is again invited thither and adopted anew by the Queen He agrees with Castile King John of Portugal dies Edward succeeds p. 356 Chap. V. The Council of Basil The Affairs of Naples And Death of the Duke of Anjou and Queen of Naples The Nobility of that Kingdom incline to favour the Aragonians The Pope expell'd Rome and restor'd p. 358 Chap. VI. Mighty Inundations throughout Spain A great Victory over the Moors The further Actions of the Aragonians at Naples The Kings of Aragon and Navarre taken by the Genoeses and set at liberty by the Duke of Milan p. 360 Chap. VII The Affairs of Italy after the King of Aragon was releas'd Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon The Prince of Castile Marries the Princess of Navarre The Portugues loss in Africk p. 362 Chap. VIII The State of Spain and of the Catholick Church under great apprehensions of Troubles Actions of the Argonians at Naples King Edward of Portugal dies The Rebellion in Castile p. 364 Chap. IX The King of Castile and the Rebels agree The Rebellion breaks out again The King taken Prisoner Blanch Queen of Navarre dies Her Son Charles succeeds The Council at Basil deposes Pope Eugenius and choses Felix p. 365 Chap. X. The Progress of the Aragonians in Naples That City taken by them New Disorders in Spain The Archbishop of Toledo dies Of some Men famous for Learning p. 368 The Twenty Second BOOK Chap. I. THE success of the Aragonians in Italy The Rebellion in Castile The Death of the Queens of Portugal and Castile The Battle of Olmedo and Death of Prince Henry of Aragon p. 369 Chap. II. The Marriage of Ferdinand Bastard Son to the King of Aragon and appointed Heir to the Kingdom of Naples Mahomet King of Granada depos'd D. Alvaro de Luna chosen Master of the Order of Santiago p. 371 Chap. III. Disorders continue in Spain The Florentine War Pope Eugenius dies Nicholas V. succeeds him The Breach betwixt Castile and Aragon continu'd Several Noblemen of Castile apprehended Others fly p. 373 Chap. IV. The Earl of Benavente escaping raises new Tumults The Affairs of Portugal The Mutiny of Toledo Fresh Tumults among the Nobility of Castile The Mutiniers of Toledo punish'd p. 374 Chap. V. The Mutiny of Segovia The Affairs of the Crown of Aragon The Civil War in Navarre The Factions of the Agramonteses and Biamonteses there The Emperor Frederick Marries Ellenor Sister to the King of Portugal The Moors twice defeated by the Christians p. 376 Chap. VI. D. Alvaro de Luna the King of Castile 's great Favourite's Character and fatal end Mamet the Turk takes Constantinople Mahomet King of Granada depos'd Cruzadoes coin'd in Portugal p. 378 Chap. VII The Designs and Death of King John of Castile Discoveries of the Portugueses along the Coast of Africk Prince Henry Proclaim'd King of Castile Peace concluded betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre The Character of Henry the new King of Castile p. 380 Chap VIII The great League made in Italy The Death of Pope Nicholas Calixtus succeeds him War of Granada King Henry of Castile Marries Joanna Sister to the King of Portugal Earthquakes in Italy p. 382 Chap. IX The Prince of Viana flies to Naples The Kings of Castile and Navarre meet and conclude a Peace The War with the Moors The Death of Alonso King of Aragon His Character and Will John King of Navarre Inherits the Crown of Aragon p. 384 Chap. X. The new War at Naples upon the Death of King Alonso and Succession of his Bastard Son Ferdinand Pope Calixtus dies Pius II. succeeds him Alcazar on the Coast of Africk taken by the King of Portugal Prodigies in Spain p. 386 The Twenty Third BOOK Chap. I. THE Council of Mantua Beginnings of Tumults in Castile War at Naples betwixt the Aragonians and House of Anjou Scanderberg Prince of Epirus comes to the assistance of Ferdinand King of Naples p. 401 Chap. II. War renew'd with the Moors of Granada The Prince of Viana Imprison'd and Releas'd His Death The Rebellion of Catalonia also in Navarre The Kings of France and Castile meet p. 402 Chap. III. The Catalonians send for Peter Constable of Portugal and Proclaim him Earl of Barcelona The Kings of Castile and Portugal meet The Rebellion in Castile D. Beltran de la Cueva great Favourite to King
time the Carthaginians were possest of some Towns near the Promontory Libybaeum not far from Trepana which was a great Eye-sore to the People of Agrigentum now Gergento It hap'ned the Carthaginians went out into a Wood near the City Minoa to offer Sacrifice which the Agrigentines who watch'd their Opportunity laying hold of fell upon and slaughter'd all but some few that fled and lurk'd about the Woods This News being come to Carthage the People resolving to take Revenge sent over 2000 Carthaginians a like Number of Spaniards and 500 Mallorquines with Slings With these Supplies the Carthaginians took the Field and coming to a Battle not only Vanquished their Enemies but Besieged them in the City Agrigentum whither they were fled and after a Siege of two Years made themselves Masters of it in the Year after the building of Rome 346. The end of this War was the beginning of a greater for Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse taking into his Protection those that fled from Agrigentum and on the other side the Carthaginians having to do with so powerful an Enemy raised an Army of 15000 African Foot and 5000 Horse besides 10000 Spaniards to oblige whom they restor'd Cadiz and withdrew all their Garrisons except from the Temple of Hercules and some other small Forts Himilco Cipo was appointed General of these Forces who at his first Landing in Sicily took the City Camarina which he Burnt and put all the Inhabitants to the Sword The People of Gela terrifi'd at this Cruelty abandon'd the Town Dionysius was not idle but having gather'd a great Force meets the Carthaginians and at first put them so hard to it that their Horse began to give way till Himilco coming up with a Reserve of 2000 fresh Men obliged the Sicilians to betake themselves to Flight Night prevented the Pursuit but Morning being come Himilco Attacks the Enemy in their Camp and after a great slaughter makes himself Master of it Dionysius saving himself by flight But to see how uncertain Humane Prosperities are after all this Success so violent a Plague rag'd among the Carthaginian Forces that Himilco returned Home with a very small Number where for Grief of this Loss he Slew himself After this some will have it that Dionysius endeavour'd by his Embassadors to withdraw the Spaniards from siding with the Carthaginians but they with Kindness and all manner of Courtesie kept them in their Friendship About the same time certain Carthaginians sailing from Spain whether designedly or forced by bad Weather is not known having travers'd the vast Ocean discover'd a large rich and beautiful Island which being Uninhabited some of those People stay'd and Planted there the rest return'd and gave an Account of what they had seen to the Senate where as Aristotle says it was agreed this Discovery ought to be Conceal'd and to that purpose the Discoverers put to Death lest the Citizens allur'd by the Riches of the Island and weary of War should abandon the City Some are of Opinion this Island was one of the Canaries others that it was Hispaniola or some part of the Continent of America The Carthaginians burning with the desire of renewing the War in Sicily raised Men in Spain and Africk but the Spaniards were averse to the War by reason of the distance because of the two great Losses sustain'd there and for that as they said they had received no wrong from the Sicilians This oblig'd the Carthaginians to lay aside that design till a fitter Opportunity which was soon offered for a great Famine hap'ned in Spain and after it as usual a Plague the Spaniards became more inclinable to take up Arms to fly from the Miseries of their own Country 20000 Spanish Foot 1000 Horse and 300 Sling Men of Majorca were raised Hanno was appointed General for this War who with these Forces and 10000 Africans sailed over into Sicily Dionysius who was then in Italy at the Siege of Cotron a Greek City having received Intelligence of the Storm that threatned him was forced to haste back to secure his own His Fleet which served to Transport his Army from Rhegio into Sicily was Defeated by the Carthagians and several Ships taken in which was his own Equipage Among the other things taken were found some Letters written in Greek by one Sunniatus a Carthaginian giving Dionysius an Account of the Preparations made against him which he did in Revenge for that he had not been appointed General but it cost him his Life and it was Enacted that for the future no Carthaginian should ever learn the Greek Language that they might not have the opportunity of Conversing with an Enemy without an Interpreter After this Victory at Sea many Places submitted themselves to Hanno and the War was continu'd with various Success till the sixteenth Year thereof which according to Eusebius was from the Foundation of Rome 336. or rather according to others the second of the 99th Olympiad which was of Rome 371. Then Dionysius the Elder dying Dio who Govern'd the Young Dionysius made a Truce with the Carthaginians yet the Quiet of Sicily lasted not long but it is time to return to Spain It has been already said how the Carthaginians at the beginning of the War of Sicily in part restored those of Cadiz to their Liberty This War being ended they sent Bostar to Govern the Balearick Islands with Orders to endeavour to gain the Good Will of the People of Saguntum but they fearing all his fair Words tended to deprive them of their Liberty would never entertain any Correspondence with him Hanno was sent to Govern Cadiz but he being Covetous oppress'd the Natives and by violent means seiz'd upon all the Treasure as well of private Persons as what belong'd to the Publick which provok'd the Spaniards to Conspire against the Carthaginians All on a sudden they appear'd in Arms slew many of their Enemies and Plundred their Goods Hanno having lost many of his Men and being forsaken by his Allies in Spain sent into Africk for Succour These Auxiliaries committed great Cruelties and made Havock in that part of Spain now called Andaluzia What had hap'ned being known at Carthage they sent another to succeed Hanno but we have no account of his Name or any thing he did in that Government his coming was about the Year of Rome 398. The War which employed the Carthaginians in Sicily gave Peace to Spain for some time but the joy and satisfaction of this Tranquility was allayed by great Floods which destroyed infinite Numbers of Cattle and bore down many Buildings The Year following the Earthquakes were so violent that many Cities on the Coast of the Mediterranean suffered extreamly more especially Saguntum by how much it exceeded all the others in Beauty and Grandeur The third Year which was 405. after the building of Rome was noted for mighty Storms at Sea which caused extraordinary Shipwracks The Governour that succeeded Hanno Dying one
the Province Betica or Andaluzia where they totally Subverted a Colony of the Phocencians the Name of it is not known but it was the first that raised the Commotions in that Province as also the first that suffered for them At Carthage upon the news of the Death of Hamilcar the City was divided betwixt the Edi and Barcini about Naming him a Successor but at last by the Interest of Hannibal Asdrubal was appointed for that Command in the Year of Rome 524. Asdrubal having settled the Affairs of Spain the Year following returned to Carthage hoping to get the whole Government of the Common-Wealth into his own hands but being disappointed was glad to reassume his Command in Spain He found the Province in Peace and therefore resolved to Build in the Province of the Contestani on the Sea-coast a City which was called New Carthage to distinguish it from that Founded by Hamilcar on the River Ebro This City has a good Harbour secured from all Winds by high Hills which encompass it round leaving only a narrow Channel to pass into it opposite to which is a small Island first called Herculea then by the Latins Scombraria of a certain sort of Fish whereof there is great plenty thereabouts formerly the City was inferiour to none for the strength of its Walls beauty of the Buildings Nobility and Riches of the Citizens at present it is reduc'd to a small Number of Inhabitants yet retains some Footsteps of its Grandeur and is called Carthagena The Romans understanding what was doing in Spain and being Jealous of the Carthaginians endeavour'd by means of the People of Marseilles to settle some Alliances in Spain It was no difficult Task for them to compass their Design all the People being Jealous of the Proceedings of the Carthaginians Ampurias was the first City that made a League with the Romans it is seated among the People then called Indegetes that Bordered on the Laletani on the one side and the Ceretani on the other and reached from the River then Sameroca now Sambucha to the Ryrenean Hills At the Instance of those of Ampurias Saguntum and Denia came into the League which gave occasion to the bloody War that soon after ensued between the Romans and Carthaginians Asdrubal was not ignorant of these Proceedings but he thought fit to wink at them till all things were ready for the War he designed in order to which tho' with much difficulty he obtain'd of the Senate to send Hannibal into Spain At his Arrival the Soldiers and his Friends received him with great Demonstrations of Joy and Asdrubal declared him his Lieutenant in the Year after the building of Rome 528. At this time came into Spain Embassadors from Rome who proposed That whereas the Romans and Carthaginians were Friends and Confederates and that there was of late Alliances between the said Romans and some of the People of Hispania Citerior therefore to prevent all Misunderstandings and that neither might incroach upon the Territories of the other the River Ebro should be the Bounds of the Carthaginian Province and that notwithstanding Saguntum was on the other side of that River they should not intrude upon their Liberties In fine that none should offer any wrong to the Friends and Allies of the other This Embassy was very ungrateful to the Carthaginians thinking it too great a Presumption in the Romans to give Laws to the Conquerors in their own Province However they thought fit to submit to the Necessity of Times till they were better provided to carry on a War and therefore agreed to all the Embassadors demanded and the more because they understood the Gauls had been Defeated by the Romans and 40000 of them Slain in the Battle besides 10000 taken The Embassadors being gone Asdrubal spent three Years in providing all Necessaries for the War he designed But Death put a stop to his Proceedings for he was Kill'd by a Slave in Revenge of the Death of his Master whose Name was Tagus a Noble Spaniard that had been slain by Asdrubal the second Year of the 139 Olympiad and 532. of the building of Rome So great was the satisfaction this Slave receiv'd in Killing of Asdrubal at the Altar as he was offering Sacrifice that tho' he was taken and put to exquisite Torments he never expressed the least sense of Pain but bore all with a chearful and smiling Countenance CHAP. III. The beginning progress and end of the Saguntine War with the utter Extirpation of that City ASdrubal being Slain as above the Government of Spain by the general Consent of the Soldiers and Approbation of the Senate and People was Conferred upon his Brother-in-law Hannibal He was then in the Prime of his Youth being 26 Years of Age of great Courage and Resolution endow'd with excellent Natural Parts but no less inclin'd to Vice of Body hardy as inur'd to Labour his Mind generous and more covetous of Honour than Ease his Boldness was extraordinary his Prudence and Secrecy nothing inferiour All these Virtues were darkned by his Treachery Cruelty and Irreligion yet was he Esteemed and generally Beloved by all Being possess'd of the Government and fearing lest Death should cut him off as had hap'ned to Asdrubal his only Study was how to carry on a War against the Romans It was requisite to find some Colour and Pretence and therefore he resolv'd first to break with Saguntum to revenge some Injuries done to his Allies Before he entred upon this great Undertaking he thought fit to Celebrate his Nuptials with Himilce a Native of Castulon then a Noble City where now stand the poor Cottages of Cazlona not far from the City Baeza where are still some footsteps of its Greatness This Lady was of the Race of Milico an ancient King of Spain and it was said that Cyrrheus the Phocensian from whom also she was Descended had Founded that City and given it the Name of his Mother Castulona Her Dower was very great and the Power of Hannibal hereby much increased because the People look'd upon him as their Country-man and Friend In his time also and by his order were discover'd several Mines of Gold and Silver which were call'd Hannibal's Wells We may guess at the Treasure these Mines yielded by one of them call'd Bebelus out of which it is Recorded there was Dayly taken 300 pound Weight of pure Silver Hannibal's first War was against the Carpetani that is the Kingdom of Toledo a Fierce and Warlike Nation and which in Number of Men exceeded any other in Spain Of these the Olcades where now Ocan̄a stands tho' Stephanus places them near the River Ebro were the first Subdu'd Then near unto Tagus was Fought a bloody Battle in which the Natives were Defeated At the same time there arose Differences among the People of Saguntum which serv'd to make way for their Enemy who let slip no Opportunity To quell these Tumults the wiser Sort had recourse to Rome whence at their
Portugal gave Viriatus a great Overthrow but he gathering his Forces returned upon him with such Vigour that the Victors having receiv'd much damage tho' it was the middle of Autumn were glad to retire to Cordova as if it had been Winter where they Fortified themselves without taking any care of the Spaniards their Confederates or the other Romans who were in weak Garrisons and left exposed to eminent Danger Metellus subdu'd the Celtiberi Pliny says he overcame the Arevaci nevertheless he was continued in his Command the Year 612. and the Consul Q. Fabius Servilius was sent against Viriatus with 18000 Foot and 1500 Horse Besides those Forces Micipsa the Son of Massinissa sent him 10 Elephants and 300 Horse out of Africk Notwithstanding all this mighty Army joyn'd to what was before under the Roman Pay Viriatus who lay hid in the Mountains of Andaluzia with frequent Excursions did great Damage and obtain'd many Advantages till the Romans remov'd their Camp to Vtica formerly a City of Andaluzia Then Viriatus for want of Provisions retir'd with his Army into Lusitania The Consul being rid of that danger marched to the Cunei where he overcame two Captains of Robbers call'd Curio and Apuleyus and carried some Towns by Force that were held for Viriatus with strong Garrisons A great Booty was taken and a multitude of Prisoners 500 whereof that were found most Guilty he put to Death 10000 more were sold as Slaves Metellus at the same time gain'd much Honour by entirely reducing the Celtiberi and taking the famous Cities Contrebia Versobriga and Centobriga Then hearing that the Consul Quintus Pompeius was appointed to succeed him he was so offended at it that to weaken his Forces he dismissed the Soldiers neglected the Magazines and starved the Elephants for which reason the Triumph he had otherwise well deserv'd was refus'd him at Rome Q. Pompeius came to Spain in the Year 613. Servilianus was continu'd by order of the Senate in his Command where he receiv'd into favour Canoba a Captain of Robbers who submitted himself and forced Viriatus who lay before the City Vacia to raise his Siege and fly away whereupon many neighbouring Towns submitted themselves to him As he was Active and Vigilant so was he no less Severe or rather Cruel for he cut off the Hands of all Canoba's Men and 500 other Prisoners because they had deserted from his Camp This Action in stead of terrifying the Natives put them upon desperate Counsels The Romans laid Siege to the City Erisana Viriatus without being discovered got in by Night and the next Morning made such a furious Sally that he put the Enemy to flight killing many of them those that escaped drew up in a place of no Strength where they were in great danger of perishing but Viriatus laid hold of this Opportunity to obtain an advantageous Peace which was concluded and by virtue thereof the Romans sav'd their Lives Viriatus was called a Friend of the People of Rome and all that his Men had plunder'd was allow'd them A great shame and dishonour to the Majesty of the Roman Empire Quintus Pompeius held the Government of Hispania citerior two Years but because the Province was in Peace and Metellus had left all things in disorder had not the opportunity of doing any Action of note On the contrary Servilius who by order of the Senate had vacated the Peace he made before near the City Arsa put Viriatus to the rout and pursu'd him into Carpetania where by a Stratagem he got away He drew out his Men as if intending to give Battle placing his Horse in the Front and whilst the Romans were forming their Body caused his Foot to slip away thro' the Woods that were near that done the Horse with the same swiftness got off The Consul despairing of taking so subtle an Enemy marched to the Vectones in Estremadura and thence without stopping into Galicia where all was in Disorder and full of Murders and Robberies Viriatus tired with so lasting a War and fearing his Men should make their Peace with the price of his Head sent three Embassadors to Treat with the Consul The means he chose to secure himself prov'd his ruin for Servilius corrupted the Embassadors who at their return murder'd Viriatus as he lay sleeping His Funeral was honour'd with the Tears of his Soldiers afterwards with Sports and the Sacrifice of much Cattle The Murderers petitioning the Senate at Rome for a Reward of their Service receiv'd answer That the Senate and People of Rome did not approve of Soldiers killing their General To Viriatus succeeded in the Command one Tantalus but he not being of equal Authority Valour and Conduct soon submitted himself to the Consul and was receiv'd to Grace These and the other Lusitani were disarm'd and Lands allotted them to the end that being employ'd in Tilling and the care of their Cattle they might be more inclinable to live in subjection and want the Power of Revolting CHAP. III. The second War betwixt Rome and Numantia The Consul Mancinus concludes a dishonourable Peace with that People and is therefore deliver'd up to them Scipio Africanus sent against them The City destroy'd THE very Year that Viriatus was murder'd by his own Men which was of Rome 614. the Numantians again Revolted The occasion of it was thus Metellus having subdu'd the Celtiberi there remain'd only the Numantians and Termestini who by former Treaties were declar'd Friends and Allies of the People of Rome and consequently preserv'd their Liberty The Termestini are suppos'd to be about nine Leagues from Numantia where now stands a Chappel call'd of our Lady of Tiermes Pompey intending to bring them under Subjection took for a Pretence to fall out with them that they had receiv'd into their City the Segedani who had sided with Viriatus Segeda is reckoned to be among the Beli and at this Day there is a Town betwixt Soria and Osma believ'd to be the Remnant of that City This Crime was not great yet the Numantians sent Embassadors to excuse it whom Pompey turned back with disgrace Still the Numantians sent others renouncing their Friendship with the Segedani and desiring to renew the Peace and Alliance they had made with Gracchus Pompey reply'd It was in vain to Treat of Peace unless they laid down their Arms. All hopes of an Accommodation being thus out off the Numantians provided for War and to this effect raised 8000 Foot and 2000 Horse a small number but of great Courage and Resolution Megara a Man of great Experience was appointed to command these Men. Pompey was not idle but incamp'd near Numantia with 30000 Foot and 2000 Horse The Numantians kept them in continual alarm yet so that they always avoided coming to a Battle which Pompey perceiving sate down before Termancia whence he was also forced to retire in great disorder by a Sally the Besieged made Next day they came to a Battle the
the Fire Scipio caused to be cast down the Lands he divided among the neighbouring People and having settled all things according to his mind returned to Rome where he Triumphed as his great Actions had deserved and to the rest of his Titles added that of Numantinus Not long before Decius Brutus had Triumphed over the Gallaici and as was beforesaid obtained the Name of Gallaicus CHAP. IV. Other Occurrences in Spain after the War of Numantia The beginning of the War of Sertorius His Actions Defeat and Death THE War of Numantia thus happily concluded there ensued a lasting Peace and Tranquility in Spain For some time after it was Governed by ten Legates every one of which had his particular Province The Mallorquins were become Pirates and committed Rapine all along the neighbouring Coasts The Consul Q. Cecilius Metellus subdued them in the Year 631. And thereby gained the Sirname of Balearicus Caius Marius who at the same time governed Hispania Vlterior mended and cleared the Roads then much infested by Robbers He also put the Laws in Execution and supported the Authority of the Judges Twelve Years after that Province revolting Calpurnius Piso first and then Sulpicius Galba appeased those Commotions Much Coin is often found in Spain with the Name of Piso stampt upon it Peace being restored by the Conduct of Piso and Galba the Government was again committed to ten Legats at the time that the Cimbri a Northern People like an impetuous Torrent having spread themselves thro' many Provinces of the Roman Empire passed over into Spain Here by the Valour of the Romans and Natives they were obliged to turn back again into France and Italy in the Year 645. This same Year Q. Servilius Cepio gave the Lusitani a great Overthrow in what quality he commanded does not appear but certain it is that three Years after the same Cepio being Consul the Lusitani were revenged of the Romans giving them a greater Defeat than that they had received Two Years after this being 650. after the Building of Rome the Cimbri mixed with the Germans broke into Spain a second time and were again Repulsed by the Celtiberi and drove back into France Lucius Cornelius Dolabella being Proconsul in that Province quieted the Lusitani in the Year 655. No sooner was that Province appeased but the following Year another War broke out among the Celtiberi the Consul Titus Didius was sent to command there The Armies met and came to a Battle which lasted the whole Day till Night parted them without deciding the Success the loss being equal on both sides The Consul made use of Policy and caused all his own Dead to be taken up and buryed by Night Next Day the Spaniards imagining all the loss had fallen on their side despairing of Success submitted themselves upon such Conditions as the Romans would impose In that War 20000 of the Arevaci are said to have been slain a great number if Authors mistake not Because the Termestini often revolted confiding in the strength of their City it was ordered to be destroyed and laid level with the Ground and the Inhabitants to come down into the Plain and live in Villages without presuming to Fortifie them An entire Company of Robbers submitted themselves and upon promise of Pardon delivered themselves up to the Consul with their Wives Children and Goods all whom nevertheless he put to the Sword A base Action yet it seems not much disapproved of at Rome since for his other Actions they allowed Didius to Triumph Quintus Sertorius served in this War as a Tribune or Colonel and gained great honour by saving the Romans that were in Garrison at Castulon from being all murdered as was agreed betwixt those Citizens and the Geriseni supposed to be the People of Jaen Sertorius hearing the uproar for they had began to put their Design in execution ran out and gathering such as had escaped the slaughter fell upon the Townsmen and revenged the Death of those that had been slain Thence he marched to the Geriseni who being deceived by the Cloaths of the People of Castulon which he had caused his Soldiers to put on received him with joy a great number of them were killed the rest sold as Slaves All these things happened in Hispania Citerior during the five Years Government of Didius For in the Year 657. the Consul Publius Licinius Crassus came into Hispania Vlterior and in the sixth Year of his command obtained a Triumph at Rome for the Actions he had performed there It is thought there he gathered those Riches which made his Son Marcus Crassus the richest Citizen in Rome During the time that Crassus was in Spain Fulvius Flaccus by his good conduct quieted some stirs that happened among the Celtiberi in the Year 660. At which time Italy was all in a flame with the Civil Wars kindled by Marius and Cinna against Sylla and many of the Nobility were by them put to Death Marcus Crassus whose Father and Mother had been put to Death fled into Spain where he had many Friends on account of Favours they had received from his Father but most Towns being of Marius's Faction he durst not appear in publick and therefore hid himself in a Cave which was in the Land of one Vibius Paciecus an intimate Friend of his Who being informed of his coming lest his going to see him might cause some suspicion ordered a Slave every day to leave such Provision as he would give him upon a certain Rock threatning him with Death if he durst go to see who it was for or disclose the secret In this manner Crassus lived for some time till the News was brought that Marius and Cinna were overthrown by Sylla Then coming out of the Cave by fair means he drew to his Party many Cities of Spain and among them Malaga which nevertheless was plundered by the Soldiers against his will as he pretended but perhaps he only counterfeited and had permitted it to gain the good Will of the Army The Cave where Crassus lay hid is shown to this day betwixt Ronda and Gibraltar near a Town called Ximena in which 't is said are all the marks that Plutarch gives of it From those Civil Wars at Rome sprang another in Spain which tho' at first it appear'd inconsiderable yet for the space of nine Years it withstood and often foiled the Roman Power but at last ended to their satisfaction Quintus Sertorius was the Man that managed it he was by Birth an Italian of mean Parentage at Narsium a Town near Rome His Valour was great as has before been hinted In the Civil Wars of Italy he sided with Marius lost an Eye and was by Sylla Proscribed which is the same as Outlawed To save his Life and believing that in this confusion every one would keep whatever he could possess himself of he being well beloved both by the Soldiers and Natives fled
Pompey's Legate or Lieutenant Thus the Besieged having lost all hopes of Relief were forced to surrender upon Condition their Lives should be spared and they might carry away their Goods This being performed the City was fired rather in scorn to the Roman Generals who looked on than thro' malice Orosius says Pompey was gone before Laurona was taken that the Townsmen were either put to the Sword or sold as Slaves and the Town plundered Moreover it is said the Roman Army consisted of 30000 Foot 1000 Horse whereas Sertorius had double the number of Foot and 8000 Horse Nothing more was done this Year Metellus and Pompey went to Winter near the Pyrenean Mountains Sertorius returned to Lusitania where his greatest strength lay As soon as the Season would allow it in the Year 677. both Armies took the Field The Romans divided their Forces Pompey took the City Segeda by storm Metellus fought with Hirtuleyus Sertorius's General killed 20000 of his Men and he himself escaped by flight Metellus was so proud of this Success that he wore Embroidery at Feasts and at his entry into any City suffered Incense to be offered to him as a God Some imagine that one of the two Bulls at Guisando that are cut in Stone was set up in memory of this Victory because it has this Inscription in Latin To Q. Metellus Conqueror twice Consul Pompey after taking Segeda adventured to give the Enemy Battle which was very bloody and he had certainly been lost but that Metellus who was near at hand came in and rescued him so the Armies parted with equal loss on both sides and no visible advantage as to point of Honour After this Battle Sertorius for some time was extreamly Melancholy for the loss of his Doe which he feared was taken by the Enemy and he looked upon as an ill Omen but she on a sudden again appearing he resumed his usual Mirth and applyed himself to the care of the War Another Battle was fought about the same place near the River Turia which runs thro' the Country of Valencia and is now called Guadalaviar Both Parties fought with great Resolution but Pompey got the day and Sertorius's Army was entirely Defeated Hirtuleyus and his Brother as also Caius Herennius were killed In the heat of this Fight one of Pompey's Men slew his own Brother that served on the other side which when he found as he was about stripping of him it so sensibly touched him that after sheding many Tears and laying the dead Body on the Funeral Pile he fell upon his own Sword Sertorius was at Calahorra gathering new Forces which when Pompey understood he marched to Besiege him in that place but he broke thro' and escaped tho' with the loss of 3000 Men and having got together a mighty Army offered his Enemy Battle which he avoided and marched into Winter Quarters Metellus beyond the Pyreneans and Pompey in Old Castile Sertorius was naturally of a sweet Temper had not Jealousies altered his good Inclinations and prevailed with him to slight the Romans who were disobliged for that he committed the Guard of his Person to the Celtiberi Besides he became Cruel and killed several of his Friends and some of those Youths he had sent to Osca to Study the rest he sold as Slaves and thus he alienated the Affections of the Natives which were his only support Metellus in the Spring took in several Towns On the contrary Pompey was forced by Sertorius to raise the Siege he had laid to Valencia but having increased his Forces constrained the Enemy to retire and pursued him as far as Cape St. Martin near Denia formerly called Prom. Hemeroscopeum where there happen'd a Skirmish betwixt them and nothing else considerable both Parties being unwilling to come to a Battle by reason of the smallness of their Forces In short the affairs of Sertorius went to decay till at length all fell to the Ground by his Death He was killed at Osca by one Anthony a Man of note who stab'd him as they sate together at a Feast This Design was laid by Perpenna and tho' in part discovered for which some were put to Death yet that very thing hastned the others to put it in execution This was the end of Sertorius by the Spaniards called the Roman Hannibal He left no Children and died in the Year 681. It is supposed his Body was buried at Ebora because a Tomb was found in that City as they were digging the Foundations of St. Lewis's Church with an Inscription in Latin to that effect but for this we have no Authority but that of Ambrose de Morales our Spanish Antiquary besides whom no Author of Credit mentions any such thing nor is any such Inscription to be heard of tho' it was inserted in my Latin History upon the bare Authority of the aforesaid Morales CHAP. V. Pompey appeases the Troubles in Spain Julius Caesar comes into Spain The beginning of the Civil Wars there Pompey's Generals defeated and the whole Country reduced by Julius Caesar who returns to Rome THE Death of Sertorius being known caused great Grief among his Men and they were highly Enraged when they understood Perpenna had been the Author of it and that he was by Sertorius's Will appointed one of his Heirs and sole Successor in the Government Perpenna what with Gifts and what with fair Promises soon appeased them which was the easier because the fear of the Romans tyed the Hands of many that meditated Revenge Perpenna being possessed of the Command and still suspecting the Fidelity of his Soldiers carefully avoided coming to a Battle with Pompey who laboured to put an end to that War Metellus being gone to Rome But the conduct of Pompey out-did the wariness of Perpenna for he fell into an Ambush where many of his Men were cut off the rest put to flight and he himself was taken out of the Bushes where he had hid himself He begged to be carried to Pompey having still some hopes in the Roman mercy but was deceived in his Expectation for he caused him presently to be killed as is thought for fear he should make any Discoveries whereby others might suffer for which same reason he burnt the Letters of those that invited Sertorius into Italy Sertorius and Perpenna being dead the Troubles of Spain were soon appeased Huesca Valencia and the Termestini presently submitted to the Conqueror Osma offering to stand out was taken by storm and destroyed Afranius kept such a streight Siege upon Calahorra that the Townsmen lived for some time upon the flesh of their Wives and Children which gave occasion to the Romans to call any great Famine Fames Calagurritana In conclusion it was entered by Assault the Town Demolished and the Inhabitants put to the Sword All the other Towns terrified by this Example submitted themselves The War being ended Pompey raised many Trophies upon the Pyrenean Mountains in memory of the Victories obtained and Towns he
their Actions belongs not to this History but in Conclusion Vitellius was slain at Rome in the ninth Month of his Reign and 57th Year of his Age. Vespasian leaving his Son Titus to Command in Asia came by the way of Alexandria into Italy and so to Rome in the Year of our Lord 72 and was receiv'd with the general applause and satisfaction of the Senate and People He govern'd the Empire ten Years with such prudence and Virtue that he seemed to want nothing but the knowledge of the Christian Faith Titus having subdu'd the Jews and destroy'd Hierusalem Triumph'd with his Father at Rome and having brought over with him a vast number of Captive Jews part of them were sent into Spain where they setled in the City Merida as their Writers affirms At his first coming to the Empire Vespasian granted to the Spaniards the priviledges of Latium or Italy the more to incline them to his Party they at that time favouring Vitellius Licinius Larius now governed Hispania Citerior as Pretor a Man given to Learning and great Friend to Pliny then Questor there for whose natural History and some other Works he offered a great sum of Money This Licinius is supposed to have built the Bridge of Segovia a Work so lofty and wonderful that the commonalty are perswaded it was built by the Devil Others Attribute the building of this Bridge to the Emperor Trajan but there are no sufficient grounds to assert either Opinion It is much more credible that the Town in Galicia now called Betanços formerly Flavium Brigancium the other now called Padron then Iria Flavia also the Town Municipium Flavium Axaritanum now Lora and other places of that name were built by the Family of Vespasian who were all called Flavij or else they took those names in Honour of the Emperor or one of his Sons The Emperor Vespasian lived to be 70 Years of Age and then dyed at Rome on the 24th of June in the Year of our Lord 80. He was as happy in his Death as his Life for that he left behind his Son Titus to succeed in the Empire who equal'd his Father in all his Virtues and far exceeded him in Affability Sweetness of Temper and Liberality to which he was so inclin'd he was used to say none ought to go from his Princes presence dissatisfyed and remembring one Night that he had bestowed no favour that day said to those about him My Friends we have lost a day These good qualities gained him the Affections of all Men so intirely that he was called the Ornament and delight of Mankind But Death cut him off very untimely for he was not above 42 Year of Age reigned only two Years two Months and twenty Days and deceased on the 13th of September in the Year of Christ 82. Nothing of note appears to have hap'ned during this time in Spain It was Governed by three Pretors in the three Provinces Tarraconensis Betica and Lusitania In Betica there were eight Roman Colonies and as many Municipiums which enjoyed less priviledges than the others and four Courts to determine Law suits that were held at Cadiz Sevil Ezija and Cordova In Lusitania were Five Colonies one Municipium which was Lisbon called by another name Felicitas Julia and three Courts at Merida Badajoz and Santaren then called Scalabis In Hispania Citerior or Tarraconensis there were Fourteen Colonies some say more Thirteen Municipiums and Seven Courts at Cartagena Tarragona Zaragoça Clunia now Corun̄a Astorga Lugo and Braga The Pretors now when the time of their Command was expired and they waited for one to succed them called themselves Legates or Lieutenants and not Propretors as was used before CHAP. III. The Reigns of the Emperors Domitian Nerva Trajan Adrian Antoninus Verus Marcus Aurelius and Commodus the Persecutions under them the building of the City Leon and rise of the Heresie of the Gnosticks THE virtues and good qualities of Titus were set off and received the greater Luster by the disorders and extravagancies of his Brother and Successor Domitian a Man so vicious he rather resembled the Neros than the Flavij His madness was such that he caused his Wife to be called Augusta which none of his predecessors had done and himself to be stiled Lord and God He persecuted the Christians banished St. John the Evangelist to the Island Pathmos killed Marcus Aelius Glabrio and Flavius Clemens who had both been Consuls and banished Flavia Domicilla Wife to the latter into the Island Ponza without regard to the Kindred he with had both of them This his cruelty to the Christians is thought to have shortned his Days his death being foretold by Flashes of Lightning that continually fell for the space of eight Months His Avarice made him the more odious for he seized upon the Estates of the Martyrs therefore some to please him accused Domicilla's Steward that he had concealed her Riches The Steward whose name was Stephanus having notice of it to avoid that danger ventured upon a greater for with some others he conspired to kill the Tyrant which he put in Execution within his own Palace on the eighth of September in the Year 97. He dyed at the Age of 45 having Reigned 15 Years and 5 Months his Death was pleasing to all Men except the Soldiers to whom he denyed nothing that they might stand firm to him In Spain he put out an Edict by which it was forbid to plant any more Vines About the same time Eugenius Disciple to Dionysius Areopagita sent by him to Preach in Spain and first Archbishop of Toledo shed his blood in defence of the Faith of Jesus Christ in France whither he went to visit his Master At this time three Famous Spanish Poets Flourished at Rome viz. M. Valerius Martialis born at Bilbilis now Calatayud Caius Canius at Cadiz and Decianus at Merida The Senate upon the Death of Domitian chose Caius Nerva Emperor He was a Person of great Authority but very Ancient and therefore the more exposed to contempt which he being sensible of adopted M. Vlpius Trajanus a Spaniard born at Italica near Sevil a Man much in Esteem and of great parts and appointed him his Companion and Successor He repeal'd all the Decrees and Edicts made by Domitian whereupon many returned from bannishment and among the rest St. John the Evangelist from the Island Pathmos to his Church at Ephesus Nerva was Emperor only sixteen Months and then upon his Death M. Vlpius Trajanus his adopted Son undertook the Government in the Month of February and the Year of Grace 99. His great virtues were answerable to the hopes had been conceived of him His good natural parts being much Cultivated by the instructions of so good a Master as was the great Philosopher Plutarch Trajan built two Bridges of wonderful structure the one in Germany over the Danube the greatest River in Europe the other in that part of Spain we
in the List of those that were to be slain she conspired with the Eunuch Narcissus and they gave him a dose of Poison but finding it did not Work fast enough they stifled him He lived but Thirty Two Years whereof he Reign'd Twelve Eight Months and Fifteen day It is reported he kept Three hundred Concubines and a like number of the Beautifulest Youths that could be found to satisfy his beastly Lust Some Authors say it was at this time that the holy Martyrs Facundus and Primitivus suffered at the Banks of Cea a River that runs down from the Mountains of Asturias into Old Castile Here the Christians built a Church in honour of them In the time of the Moores they were remov'd into Asturias and thence returned to the same place and a Monastery of Benedictine Monks built there near that of Sahagun and is one of the chiefest places of Devotion in Spain CHAP. IV. The Reigns of the Emperors Pertinax Severus Caracalla Macrinus Heliogabalus Alexander Severus Maximinus Gordianus Philip Decius Trebonianus Gallus and Aemilianus THE Emperor Commodus was killed in the Year 193. Helvius Pertinax born of a Libertine or which is all one descended from Slaves succeeded him and ruled only two Months and Twenty eight days The Murderers of Commodus procur'd him the Crown for his approved goodness and the Pretorian Soldiers deprived him of it and his Life within his own Palace No sooner was Pertinax Murdered but Sulpicianus and Didius Julianus repaired to the Pretorian bands like Merchants to buy the Empire as if it had been exposed to sale Julianus carryed it by promising each Soldier Twenty five Sestercies which amounts to 625 Crowns an extravagant sum and not being able afterwards to pay it the Souldiers forsook him and he was killed by the contrivance of Septimius Severus Six Months after he undertook the Government For this good service Severus was declared Emperor by the Legions of Sclavonia He was born at Leptis or Tripoli in Barbary punished the Pretorian bands for the Murder of Pertinax by disarming and banishing them a Hundred Miles from Rome vanquished Pescennius Niger who called himself Emperor in the East destroyed the City Bizantium because it shut the Gates against him defeated Albinus that was revolted in France then passed over into Great Britain appeased the Commotions that were raised there resolved to build a Wall betwixt England and Scotland to curb the incursions of the Scots but was cut off by Death which seized him in the City of York when he had Reign'd Seventeen Years and Eight Months and three days In the Ninth Year of his Reign he raised a persecution against the Christians in which much blood was spilt Severus left two Sons by two Wives Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla the Eldest at his first coming to the Crown slew his Brother Gela by the Father's will appointed his Companion in the Empire This bloody Action made him odious to the People and he increased their hatred by Marrying Julia Geta's Mother and as some will have it his own He stopped not here but put to Death all that were any ways inclined to his Brother But his Barbarities could not be lasting for he was stabbed by one Marcialis a Soldier as he sate easing his Body when he had Reigned Six Years Two Months and five days Opilius Macrinus Commander of the Pretorian bands by the free consent of Audentius a Noble Man whom the Soldiers would have preferred was declared Emperor He did nothing of note and his time was so short he can scare be counted in the Number of Emperors Mesa the Sister of Julia prevailed with the Soldiers to kill him at Chaleedon together with his Son Diadumenus on the 7th of June 219. His power lasted but Three Months and Twenty Eight Days Aurelius Antoninus Varius who was Priest of the Sun in Phaenicia as is signifyed by the name Heliogabalus and for the Beauty of his Person and gracefulness which seemed to be the Tokens of a fair Soul and above all by the help of his Mother Mesa was by the unanimous consent of the Soldiers saluted Emperor His Life and manners were vicious beyond measure so wholly addicted to Lust that he acted and suffered things not to be named and raved to that excess of brutality that he endeavoured to change his Sex to the shame and disgrace of the Roman Empire and of all Mankind The World could not endure such a Monster his own Guards killed him on the Tenth of March in the Year of our Lord 223 the Eighteenth of his Age and when he had Reign'd Three Years nine Months and four days Alexander Severus Cousin-german to Heliogabalus succeeded him in the Empire his Virtues equalled the Vices of the other and he had proved one of the most glorious Emperors had he not been cut off by Death He was so far a favourer of Christians as to cause the Image of Christ to be placed among those of his other Gods he overcame the Parthians and then waging War in Germany was basely Murdered by Maximinus in the Twenty Ninth Year of his Age when he had Reigned Thirteen Years and nine days equal to the best for Justice Clemency Prudence and Meekness There is no Memory of any thing remarkable that happen'd in Spain in the days of these Emperors At Guadix is the Pedestal of a Statue erected in honour of Mammea the Mother of Alexander the Emperor the inscription of it is as follows To Julia Mammea Augusta Mother to the Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander pious happy Augustus Mother of the Army the Colony Julia Gemina Accitana devoted to her Deity and Majesty This Lady is supposed to have been a Christian at least she was Familiarly acquainted with Origen About this time Pope Anterus who then governed the See of Rome writ a Letter to the Bishops of Andaluzia and Kingdom of Toledo in which among other things he tells them that Bishops cannot lawfully be Translated from one See to another for their own ease or advantage Julius Maximinus born in Thracia of base Parentage remarkable for his extraordinary Stature of Body Strength and Swiftness passed thro' all the Degrees from a private Soldier till by force he possessed himself of the Empire after the Death of Alexander Severus in the Year of Grace 239. After quieting the Revolted Germans he prepared to make War upon Samartia now Poland when News was brought him to the City Sirmo that the Soldiers in Africk had saluted Gordianus the Governour of that Province Emperor and the Senate approved of their choice Inflamed with the desire of Revenge he marched towards Rome but stopp'd at Aquileia that City having shut the Gates against him Here he was inform'd that Gordianus and his Son of the same Name had been killed in Africk and that the Senate had in his stead chosen Balbinus and Pupienus Great was the danger that threatned had not the
Walls They likewise mention Metropolitans before called Bishops of the first Chair To return to Constantine he Rebuilt the City Bizantium destroyed by the Emperor Severus and removed the Imperial Court thither calling it of his own Name Constantinople He instituted four Praefecti Pretorii two to command in the East and two in the West one of these over Italy the other over France and Spain the Residence of the latter was in France and under him a Vicar Governed Spain Constantine having settled all things to his mind dy'd in the Year of our Lord 337. having Reigned 30 Years 9 Months and 27 Day His putting to Death his Son Crispus and Wife Fausta gave occasion to some to slander this great Monarch and many other Calumnies have been raised to deface the memory of his glorious Actions But many Learned Pens have writ of him in particular and it belongs not to us to enlarge upon this Subject CHAP. VII The Reigns of the Emperors Constantine Constantius and Constans Julian the Apostate Jovianus Valentinian and Valens COnstantine left three Sons by his second Wife to wit Constantine Constantius and Constans all three at several times during his Life named Caesars and at his Death he divided the Empire among them in this manner To Constantine the eldest he assigned the West beyond the Aples to Constantius the second Son the East and to Constans the youngest Italy Africk and Sclavonia The same he confirmed by his last Will and Testament and ordered moreover that Dalmatius Cousin-germain to the Emperors should have the Title of Caesar in the East Him Constantius caused tobe killed in a Mutiny of the Soldiers in the first year of his Reign Constantine the Eldest of the three Brothers the third year after the Death of his Father was Treacherously slain near Aquileia having marched so far in order to deprive his Brother Constans of the Empire upon pretence it all belonged to him and that he had been wronged in the distribution of the Provinces Some have writ that Constantine was an Arian but the contrary appears in that through his means his Brother Constantius recalled St. Athanasius from banishment The Emperor Constans was a great support to the Catholicks and they soon found a great miss of him for he ended his days on the way to Spain at the City Erna in the county of Roussillon He was killed by Magnentius who was in Rebellion and possessed of France and Spain Constantius resolving to revenge the Death of his Brother before he set out named Gallus his Cousin Caesar Both Armies met near the City Murcia in Sclavonia where they came to a battle which proved very bloody for of the usurpers side 24000 Men were killed and 30000 of Constantius yet he got the day but the forces of the Empire where much weakned by so great a slaughter The Tyrant after the Fight fled to Lions in France there he and his Brother Decentius by him appointed Caesar despairing of making head again killed themselves By this Victory all the Provinces of the Empire were again brought under one Monarch Nevertheless the Germans broke into France doing great harm there The Emperor besides his other faults was jealous of all Men and gave ear to Court-Whisperers the Plague of all Courts whereby he had been prevailed upon some time before in the East to kill his Cousin Gallus Notwithstanding that he might at once oppose the Persians and quiet France he took Gallus his own Brother Julian out of a Monastery and declared him Caesar and to bind him the faster to his interest marryed him to his Sister Helen Julian was sent into France whilst the Emperor prepared for the War against the Persians At this time St. Athanasius for fear of being kill'd absented himself again and lay hid till the death of Constantius which hap'ned in this manner The event of the Persian War was unfortunate and met with several disasters at which the Emperor was highly concerned At the same time the Soldiers in France pleased with the conduct of Julian saluted him Emperor at Paris This was a fresh cause of grief to Constantius who resolved to march against him but was prevented by death which overtook him at Antioch There he was baptized after the manner of the Arians either that he had deferred it till then or that he was rebaptiz'd at they also used His death hap'ned on the 3d of November 361. In Spain about the same time certain Pages bringing Lights at night came in saying Let us Conquer Let us Conquer whence it may be supposed the Custom of saluting one another when lights are brought in had its Original among us A certain Roman that was present imagining this word had carryed some farther meaning drew his Sword and kill'd the Master of the House with all his Family This Ammianus Marcellinus relates without any other Circumstance About this time also Flourished Clemens Prudentius a Soldier and Lawyer in his Youth in his riper years a Poet famous for the verses he writ in praise of the Holy Martyrs Also Juvencus a Spanish Priest writ the like of Christ in Heroick verse and Pacianus Bishop of Barcelona employed his Talent in writning against the Novatians The Emperor Constantius left never a Son and therefore appointed him he would have Persecuted whilst living his Successor at his death that is his Cousin Julian a Man of Learning and good natural endowments that might have been compared to the best of Emperors had he still adhered to the true Religion and not suffered himself to be perverted by his Master Libahus so as to forsake Christianity by which he got the name of Apostate As soon as possest of the Empire to gain the good will of all Men he gave full Liberty to every one to follow the Religion they pleased He revoked the Sentence of banishment that had passed against Catholicks excepting Athanasius whom because after the death of Constantius he returned to his Church he ordered to be apprehended and so forced him again to abscond To the Jews he gave Liberty to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem but such Flames issued out of the foundations they were oblig'd to desist The Gentiles were permitted to open their Temples shut up since the time of Constantine His hatred to the Christians was great yet he thought better to weaken them by Policy than open force and therefore forbid their being admitted to any places of honour or trust or their Childrens to be taught in the Greek Schools which stirred up many Christians to write Learnedly in Verse and Prose particularly the two Apollinarii Father and Son Persons of great Learning This Emperors end was suitable to his beginning He undertook the War against the Persians was at first successful but thereupon advanced so far that all his Army was in danger of perishing and he himself slain with a Dart as some say accidentally thrown by his own Men or
the Enemies others say he was struck by the Martyr St. Mercurius with a Spear which was then found bloody upon his Tomb. He lived 32 Years and Reign'd one year 7 months and 27 days The whole Army upon his death offered the Empire to Flavius Jovianus a Person of very Excellent parts who refused it saying He was a Christian and would not govern those wh owere not such but they all declaring themselves to be Christians he condescended to their request Being invested in the Imperial dignity he made peace with the Persians tho' not advantageous yet such as was requisite to deliver himself and Army from the danger into which the rashness of Julian had run them Catholicks were restored to their honours and dignities the revenues to Churches St. Athanasius and others recalled from banishment and all things seemed to be again in a flourishing Condition but this happiness was not to be lasting for the Emperor in his way to Rome betwixt Galatia and Bithynia was stifled to death by a pan of Coals that was left in the Room where he lay which was newly whitened He dyed at the Age of 40 Years and Reigned only 7 months and 22 days By him it was made death to offer wrong to any Virgin consecrated to God tho' upon pretence of Matrimony Flavius Valentinianus an Hungarian succeeded Jovianus His first education had been mean but being Wise and Valiant he ran through all Commands in the Army at length attained to be prefect of the Pretorian Bands was by the Army chosen Emperor and proved always a zealous Christian as appeared in the time of the Emperor Julian when for refusing to deny his Religion and giving a Box on the Ear to a Pagan Sexton that sprinkled him with their Lustral or cleansing Water he quitted the â—ngulum which was laying down his Commission As soon as elected he appointed his Brother Valens his Companion in the Empire to govern the East and went away himself to Italy where with much zeal he quieted the City or Rome than in an uproar about choosing a Pope For the Electors being divided upon the Death of Liberius one party had named Vrsinus but the more Numerous and better made Chose of Damasus a Spaniard some will have him born at Egita now Guimaraens in Portugal betŵixt the Rivers Duero and MinÌ„o others at Tarragona and others at Madrid Certain it is he was a Spaniard and a Person excellently qualifyed Upon this occasion there hap'ned so great a Mutiny that as Ammianus Marcellinus a Heathen Author who lived at that time relates it 137 Men were killed one day in the Church of Sicininum and the same Author blames the Popes for going in Coaches and making more than Kingly Banquets The Emperor quieted this Tumult sending Vrsinus to be Bishop of Naples Yet the contrary party desisted not but accused Damasus of Adultery and obliged him to call a Council of Bishops to clear himself He declared the Council of Ariminum to be void and of no force as gathered without the consent of the Pope deposed Auxentius Bishop of Milan as being an Arrian ordered the Psalms of David should be Song in Churches with the verse Gloria patri c. at the end instituted saying the Confiteor at the beginning of Mass built two Churches at Rome the one in honour of St. Laurence the other of St. Peter and Paul ad Catacumbas in the Via Ardeatina where he buryed his Mother and Sister and was a great Friend to St. Hierom whom he much resembled in his Life and Learning The Empire was not altogether in a peaceable Condition for in the East one Procopius a Kinsman of Julian called himself Emperor and raised new troubles Valens presently moved towards and overcame him in Phrygia where he was deliver'd up to him by his own Men. At the same time Valentinian was succeessful in the War against the Germans and Saxons which is the first time any mention is made of the latter in the Roman History Besides he drove the Goths out of Thracia and Persians out of Siria checked the Scots who made iucursions into England And the Sarmatians who infested Pannonia He was an excellent Emperor had he not sullied his fame by marrying Justina a Lady belonging to his Wife Severa she being still alive and what is worse made a Law by which all Men were permitted to have two Wives Marcellinus says he gave Liberty of Conscience to all Men to live in what Religigion the pleased He dyed at Brigecium a Town in Germany where he was busy making War upon the Quadi having Reigned 11 Years 8 Months and 22 days his Death was on the 17th of November 375. By his Wife Severa he left Gratianus and Valentinian by Justina Valens in the East persecuted the Catholicks his Wife Dominica and Eudoxus Bishop of Constantinople by whom he was baptized after the manner of the Arrians distracted him to such a degree that he had resolved at the City Edessa to enter the Church with Armed Men to disturb the People that were there Celebrating the Divine Service But Modestus Governour of the City diverted him from putting it in Execution for he told him that upon the rumouring of this his intention more People than ordinary were gathered in the Church with such a resolution to suffer death for their Religion that a Woman half undrest for hast led a child she had thither least either herself or he might miss the Opportunity of sheding their blood for the Faith Hereupon Valens gave over that design but banished many Priests among others Eusebius Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia as famous for his resolution and constancy as the other of Caesarea in Palestine for his Learning and Writings The great St. Basil succeeded him of Cappadocia in the Bishoprick and had enough to do with the Emperor Jamblichus the Master of Proclus had great influence over Valens he taught him the way to find out the name of him that was to succced in the Empire which the Emperor much desired The manner was thus they writ all the Letters of the Alphabet upon the ground and placed on every one a grain of Corn then turning loose a Cock whilst the diviner muttered some words they observed which Letters the Cock eat the corn off first and those they supposed to express the name sought for Another way was to blind a Man and observe the Letters he pointed to Foolish and vain inventions However by those means they found out the name Theodosius whence the Emperor Valens took occasion to Persecute and kill all those whose names began with the same Letters as Theodotus Theodorus and Theodulus Among the rest was slain Honorius Theodosius a Spaniard born at Italica of the Family of the Emperor Trajan This Gentleman had appeased certain tumults in Africk and was therefore raised to be General of Horse and received Baptism before death No human Policy is of force against
publishing and notifying this Sentence to them St. Isidorus only says he was a Spanish Bishop and Sigibertus that he was of Lamego He was a passionate and talkative Man reproved those that fasted and was much given to read the Holy Scripture This Itacius and Idacius obtained an Edict from the Emperor Gratian then living whereby those Hereticks were ordered to be expelled all Churches and Cities Instancius Salvianus and Priscillian then by the assistance of his Adherents made Bishop of Avila went to Rome to answer for themselves but could not obtain Audience of Pope Damasus They returned to Milan where the Emperor Gratian was St. Ambrose would not give ear to them for all Men were offended at that new Doctrine Yet they were no way dismayed but Bribed Macedonius the Emperor's Steward and by his means the former Edict was vacated and Priscillian and Instancius restored to their Churches for Salvianus dy'd at Rome In this manner they returned to Spain so encouraged that they accused Itacius as a Seditious Person Volventius the Vicar caused him to be Apprenhended but he Appealed to France Thence being not well received by Gregory the Prefect he went on to Treves to seek Favour with Clemens Maximus who stil'd himself Emperor with whom he so far prevailed that the business was again referred to a Council of Bishops who by his Command met at Bourdeaux Priscillian and Instancius appearing the latter was Deposed the other Appeal'd to Maximus The Appeal was allowed of so the Cause of the Hereticks was again put into the hands of Lay-men a thing then very new The Cause being try'd at Treves and managed by Itacius Priscillianus was Convicted of Sorcery and of entertaining scandalous Meetings of Men and Women by Night under colour of Religion for which Crimes he received Sentence of Death and was Executed and with him Felicissimus Armedius and Latronianus who is reckoned among the Poets of that Age. Instancius submitting to the Judgment of the Bishops was banished into an Island on the North of England St. Martin Bishop of Tours opposed all these Proceedings saying That Hereticks ought not to be put to Death especially at the instance of Bishops A meekness perhaps suitable to those times but which experience has taught is not at all agreeable with ours These Evils did not cease by the Death of Priscillian the dead Bodies were brought to Spain and by the Followers of that Doctrine honoured as Martyrs among whom it was held the most sacred Oath to swear by the Name of Priscillian On the other side Itacius and Idacius Isidorus calls him Vrsacius were accused of what they had done and Condemned to Banishment These Hereticks not to speak of the corruptness of their Lives confounded the Divine Persons allowed of Divorces held it a Crime to eat Flesh said that the Souls proceeded from the Divine Essence and descended thro' seven Heavens by the help of certain Angels as it were by steps to the combat of this Life and there fell into the power of the Prince of Darkness the maker of this World They made Men wholly subject to the Stars and taught they were governed by the 12 Signs Pope Siricius who succeeded Damasus in the Government of the Church wrote a Letter to Himerius Bishop of Tarragona in answer to many Questions he had put to him concerning Baptism Matrimony Virgins and Men Consecrated to the Service of God and Holy Orders He commands him to communicate it to the Bishops of the Provinces Carthaginiensis Betica and Galicia In the fifth Year after the Election of Siricius Theodosius and Maximus came to a Battle near Aquileia The Tyrant lost the day and soon after was taken and killed Thus Valentinian the younger who was fled for fear into the East again recovered the Empire of the West The beginning of this War was good and God prospered them accordingly for on the 14th of June Theodosius being Consul the second and Cynegius the first time in Stobis a City of Macedonia they enacted a Law forbiding Hereticks to have Meetings or Communicate out of the Church and on the 27th of August the same Year was gained that remarkable and important Victory Thus far the Emperor Theodosius showed himself very Religious but used great cruelty at the City Thessalonica where because in a Mutiny the Citizens had killed Butercius an Officer in the Army and some others of the Emperor's Servants he caused 6000 of them to be slain Ambrose Bp. of Milan having notice of it shut the Church Doors upon Theodosius Excommunicated and Reproved him severely for what he had done and shewed him there was no way to appease God but by Penance Theodosius took all with as great Patience as Ambrose did it with Resolution He returned home and some Months after thro' the persuasions of his Favourite Rufinus returned to try if the Bp. would admit him it being then the Feast of Christmas Ambrose again received him at the Door with no less severe Language than before but being sensible of his Repentance admitted him upon Condition that for the future none should be put to Death till 30 Days were passed after the Sentence He also enjoyned him whensoever he was Angry he should not speak one word till he had run over the Greek Alphabet all this tended to gain time that the heat of his Passion might cool These Instructions were soon after of great use for what hap'ned at Antioch The Emperor's Officers had laid some new and heavy Tax on that City the People Mutinying raged to such a degree that they dragged a Statue of the Empress Placilla about the Streets Theodosius resented this Affront in the highest degree as well in regard his Wife was dead as because she had been so Holy and Virtuous that she used with her own Hands to feed the Sick in Hospitals and put her Husband in mind of what he had been that he might not grow proud For these Reasons he had inflicted a most exemplary Punishment on that City had not the Advice of Ambrose softned his Heart together with the coming of Embassadors from thence who whilst the Emperor was at Dinner caused certain Children to sing a Song made for that purpose set to a doleful Tune whereby he was moved to compassion Theodosius now returned into the East which gave Arbogestes an opportunity to Drown the young Emperor Valentinian at Vienne in France and with his assistance Eugenius of a School-master presumed to take upon him the Style of Emperor in the Year 392. This looked rather like a Jest yet was a great affront to the Empire and so far was Theodosius concerned that he had recourse to the holy Hermits in the Desarts to beg they would be mindful of him in their Prayers One of those Fathers called John by Letter gave him assurance of the Victory and at the same time acquainted him he should never return from Italy He marched towards the Enemy who was not unprovided at
Mean while the Tyrant Constantine and his Son Julian as also Jovius and Sebastianus who had Rebelled in France were killed by Constantius and all France reduced under the obedience of Honorius in the Year 413. Two Years after by the Emperor's consent the Goths possessed themselves of the Country about the Pyrenean Mountains and chose Narbonne for the Court of their Kings in the Year 415. whence that part of the Country came afterwards to be called Gallia Gothica the Bounds whereof were often changed according to the various Success they had in their Wars with the neighbouring Franks and Romans CHAP. II. The Goths Vanquish and Subdue all the other Barbarous Nations in Spain The Vandals after this Successful go over into Africk The rise of the Kingdom of the Suevians SPain was divided into several Kingdoms differing in Laws Customs and Religion The Romans and Spaniards were Catholicks the Goths Arians the other barbarous Nations had not yet embraced Christianity but follow'd the Superstitions of their Fore-fathers Each desiring to secure to themselves that part they had seized in the time of Confusion laboured to settle Peace and Amity with the Romans Godigisius King of the Vandals was the first that concluded an Agreement upon these Terms That his People should live peaceably in Spain without wronging the Natives and should at no time plead Prescription of 30 Years to retain what they had unjustly and violently taken from the Romans The Alans being a more sierce People than the others assaulted the Vandals and Silingians obliged them to quit all the Province Betica and retire into Galicia that with the assistance of the Suevians they might be inabled to recover their Lands from whence they were drove But the Alans turned their fury against Celtiberia and Carpetania and took many Towns from the Romans The Goths also the next Year after they had settled in France passed over into Spain Ataulfus their King either weary of the War or being better affected towards the Romans as being the Emperor's Brother-in-law inclined to Peace This no way suited with the furious Nature of the People who hereupon Conspired and Murdered him at Barcelona by the means of one Vernulfus his Favourite In the place of Ataulfus they chose Sigericus a Man of known Courage and Conduct but he also following the Footsteps of Ataulfus in his inclination to Peace was killed by his own People within the first Year of his Reign Walia a restless and turbulent Man succeeded him He at the beginning of his Reign gathered a great Fleet in order to pass over into Africk which was so shattered by a Storm in the narrowest part of the Streight that he was forced to return into Spain and come to an Agreement with Constantius The Conditions were that he should deliver up Placidia the Widdow of Ataulfus that by her Brother the Emperor was promised to the said Constantius And that the Goths should make War upon the other barbarous Nations in Spain all that they gained to belong to the Roman Empire and they to be content with what was assigned them upon the Borders of France and Spain This was concluded in the Year 418. according to Paulus Orosius Priest of Tarragona well known for his Learning who lived at this time and writ the Roman History which he continued to the following Year Honorius besides Marrying Constantius to his Sister made him his Companion in the Empire To Walia he freely added the Dominion of Guienne for having subdued as was agreed the barbarous Nations For the Goths having taken in hand that War fell upon the Alans who proud with their late Success aspired to the Sovereignty of all Spain slew their King Ataces and a great number of them in Battle and forced the rest to quit Lusitania and fly into Galicia where mixing with the Suevians the Name of their Nation and Kingdom was quite lost The Silingi were also defeated in a Battle near Tarifa and so entirely brought under that they received Gothish Governours The Vandals and Suevians terrified at this Success submitted themselves to the Romans in whose name the War was made tho' at the expence and danger of the Goths The Suevians offered to serve under the Romans but they refused lest being in Arms they might have power to Mutiny Walia having concluded so great a War and pacified Spain returned into France where he dy'd in the Year 419. Having Reigned only 3 Years in which small time he performed Actions that added much to his own and his Nations honour and increased their Territories with the addition of Guienne After the Death of Walia two things fell out very fatal one that the new Emperor Constantius returning into Italy after quieting Spain and France dy'd at Ravenna in the Year 421. leaving by his Wife Placidia a Son an Infant named Valentinian whom his Uncle Honorius took care to see Educated as his Successor in the Empire The other was that the barbarous Nations in Spain began again to Revolt and resumed their former Authority especially the Vandals whose King Gundericus designed to possess himself of all Spain To this effect they fell upon the Suevians and forced them to retire to the Mountains Ervasi supposed by some to be those now called Arvas betwixt Leon and Oviedo But because they refused to come to a Battle the Vandals despairing of doing any good upon them gathered a great Fleet and passed over to the Islands Mallorca and Minorca which they destroyed with Fire and Sword Returning thence to the Continent they utterly demolished Carthagena some time before taken from the Alans and restored to the Romans It continued in Ruins a long time till at length for the conveniency of the Port it began to be Rebuilt and in our days scarce contains 600 Families This destruction hap'ned 600 Years after it was built by the Carthaginians Gundericus King of the Vandals after taking Carthagena assaulted the Silingi who were subject to the Romans wasted the Country and having entred Sevil by force and plundred it offered to Rob the Church of St. Vincent a place of great Devotion and Riches but was by a just Judgment of God struck dead at the very Door His Bastard Brother Gensericus by others called Guntharis succeeded him All this hap'ned the same Year the Emperor Constantius dy'd at the same time also Jovinus and Maximus called themselves Emperors in Spain which obliged Honorius to send Castinus an able Commander with fresh Forces as well to suppress those Usurpers as to quell the Vandals Jovinus and Maximus were soon taken and put to Death but to subdue the Vandals was more difficult Castinus therefore not confiding in his own strength called over into Spain the Earl Bonifacius a Man much known for his great Abilities in Peace and War as also for his Friendship with St. Augustin He came over from Africk where he was Governour but Divisions falling out among them as
Head at a Horses tail without any Compassion shown by the People in regard they said ten Kings and a vast number of Men had dy'd by her wicked Machinations I 'm apt to believe this is all a mistake in those Authors who have attributed the Crimes of Fredegunda to Brunechilda for St. Gregory writ a Letter to her full of her Praises besides there are many Churches in France built by her and many Captives were redeemed Much more might be said both for and against her but it is not our business to reconcile the different Opinions of Historians in a matter of so small moment to the History in hand After the Death of Athanagildus who deceased at Toledo as was said before Liuva so his Name is writ upon ancient Coins a powerful Man who till then had been Viceroy of Gallia Gothica was Proclaimed King of Narbonne This was in the second Year of the Emperor Justin the Younger who was the first that sent Longinus with the Title of Exarchus to Govern Italy Liuva began his Reign in the Year 567. Nothing of Note is found in History of this King save that in the second Year of his Reign he declared Leuvigildus his Brother his Companion in the Kingdom with equal Power to himself He continued in Gallia Gothica as being the place he had most been used to and D. Lucas de Tuy says he Reigned in France 7 Years before he was King of Spain All the other Provinces that were under the Dominion of the Goths he left to his Brother's charge hoping by his care they would be restored to their former Grandeur For at that time they were at War with the Romans who possess'd a great part of Spain and maintained it not only with their own Power but the Assistance of many Goths who put themselves under their Protection Leuvigildus had two Sons by his Wife Theodosia the Daughter of Severianus Duke and Governour of the Province of Carthagena their Names were Ermenegildus and Recaredus After the Death of Theodosia Leuvigildus Marry'd Gosuinda the Widow of Athanagildus at the same time that he was called by his Brother to be his Associate in the Kingdom As soon as he came to the Crown being a Man of great Courage he made War upon the Romans They came to a Battle among the Bastetani where now stands the City Baça the Romans were Defeated and by that means expelled the whole Province The Country about Malaga was laid waste with Fire and Sword Medina Sidonia near the Streights Mouth was taken by Night being betrayed by Framidancus Cordova was in Rebellion and would own no Superior since the Defeat of King Agila Thither Leuvigildus marched and brought it under with many other Places in the Neighbourhood and great destruction of People and the Country The Neighbourhood of Sabaria not knowing in what part of Spain it lay was also Ravaged and spoiled Whilst Leuvigildus was thus employed his Brother Liuva dy'd in France in the Year 572. Having Reign'd but 5 Years some say only 3. All the Province of Andaluzia being brought under and the Romans totally expelled Leuvigildus returned towards Biscay where he took Amaya by Assault others call it Aregia and others Varegia a City as is supposed betwixt Burgos and Leon. All the rest of that Country was pillaged and spoiled and many that were in Arms killed Hence he passed over into Aquitain where he took Aspidius who was Revolted in the City Agen with his Wife Children and Riches The same Year that Liuva dy'd Myrus or as others call him Ariamirus was King of the Suevians by Succession his Father dying two Years before At the same time was held the second Council of Braga by which the Suevians were confirmed in the Catholick Religion Leuvigildus having quieted the Affairs of Aquitain returned into Spain with a resolution to destroy the Kingdom of the Suevians which had lasted so many Years Mirus fearing the Power of the Goths who began to break into Galicia sent Embassadors to sue for Peace but could only obtain a Cessation of Arms for some time The Goth was the more willing to condescend because he had no just Cause to make War upon the Suevians unless their change of Religion for the better as also for that he was to oppose a Roman Army sent by Justin the Emperor upon the Frontiers of Spain At first Leuvigildus marching thro' the Mountains of Orospeda which rise at the foot of Moncayo and passing by Molina Cuenca and Segura end near Cadiz subdued certain Mountain People who confiding in the strength of the Country refused to obey him Thus the Power of the Goths was increased and that of the Romans diminished for they had left them only a small Tract of Land near the Sea as I suppose the Mediterranean Before Leuvigildus undertook this War to take away the Custom the great ones had instituted of chusing their Kings and to secure the Succession in his own Family he declared his two Sons Ermenegildus and Recaredus his Companions in the Royal Authority and to this purpose divided the Kingdom into three parts To Ermenegildus he assigned Sevil tho Gregory of Tours says It was Merida To the City Reccopolis he gave that Name being the first Founder in honour of his Son Recaredus this was in that place where the River Guadiela falls into Tagus not far from Pastrana as the Moor Rasis testifies This City was Founded in the Year 577. Others will have it that Reccopolis was in Celtiberia and is the same with Almonacir commonly called Zorita Leuvigildus chose the City Toledo for to keep his own Court in and so did the Kings of the Goths his Successors whereas till then it had been kept at Sevil. From this beginning that City by degrees came to be the Metropolitan See of all Spain as shall appear in its place Pope Benedict Successor of John III. now Governed the Church and Tiberius II. the Roman Empire About this same time Mirus King of the Suevians made War upon the People of Rioja upon what occasion is not known but it appears that he overcame and subdued them These People were formerly called Ruccones at least the Archbishop D. Rodrigo calls them so The Country is fruitful and pleasant so proper to bear Corn it often yields twenty for one CHAP. VIII Ermenegildus Son to Leuvigildus Marries the Lady Ingundis is Converted to the Catholick Faith is Besieg'd by his Father in Sevil taken Prisoner and put to Death by him INgundis Daughter to Sigibert King of Lorrain and Brunechilda his Queen was Married to Ermenegildus in the Year 579. She was Grandchild to Athanagildus and Gosuinda by these means those two Royal Families were United and Levuigildus thought thereby to secure the Kingdom to his Posterity Ingundis came out of France with a great Retinue Her Grandmother Gosuinda for some time used her with all possible kindness in hopes to prevail with her to forsake
conduced much to gain him the respect and Love of his Subjects wherefore living he was held in great Veneration and when dead his Memory was grateful to succeeding Ages It is impossible but such a change in Religion should cause some Commotions yet Recaredus his good management caused them not to be lasting or dangerous during his Reign besides that the severity he used in punishing Offenders being absolutely necessary was so far from being odious that it met a general approbation from both great and small The first that opposed the King's designs was the Bishop Athalocus in Gallia Narbonensis who was so addicted to the Arian Heresy as to suffer himself commonly to be called Arius In the same Province the two Earls Granista and Bildigernus joined with him This storm was not lasting for Athalocus soon dy'd with Grief to see his Party decay and for that the generality of the People being well inclined to the Catholick Religion he could not persuade them to Revolt The two Earls were overthrown in Battle by the Forces of Recaredus and all the harms they had done to the Catholicks reveng'd on them This Revolt hap'ned and was queil'd in Gallia Narbonensis in the 10th Month of the King's Reign at such time as he publickly abjured the Arian Heresie and embraced the Catholick Religion To the Churches he restored all their Revenues and Possessions whereof they had been deprived by his Father and Built and Endow'd many Churches and Monasteries with Royal Magnificence Many Subjects he restored to their Lands and Honours of which they had been stripp'd by his Father whose Severity he out-did in Goodness Thus the King was employed and God prospered his Affairs King Guntrandus had sent his General Desiderius with a great Army to revenge the harms done him by the Goths on their Lands in France Recaredus's Forces drew together and gave them Battle near the City Carcassonne At first the Goths were worsted and fled into that City but rallying and drawing up there they Sallied out a fresh upon the Franks who pursued in Disorder with such resolution that the Fortune of the Day was changed their Enemies totally Routed and they obtained a compleat Victory The General of the Franks was killed and more of his Men remained in the Field dead than escaped This was in the first Year of the Reign of Recaredus which was of Christ 587. as appears by an Inscription on a Stone found lately in Toledo and set up in the Cloister of the Cathedral the Words on it are these In nomine Domini consecrata ecclesia Sanctae Mariae in Catholico die primo idus Aprilis Anno feliciter primo Regni Domini nostri gloriosissimi Fl. Recaredi Regis Era DCXXV That is In the Name of the Lord the Church of St. Mary in the Catholick quarter or after the Catholick manner was Consecrated on the 13th of April in the happy first Year of the Reign of our Lord the most Glorious King Flavius Recaredus Era 625 which is the Year of Grace 587. exactly The Year following was discovered a Conspiracy against the King upon account of the change in Religion in this manner Mausona the Catholick Bishop before Banished upon this Revolution returned to his Bishoprick of Merida Sunna the Arian Bishop who was to fall from that Dignity contriv'd with some of his own Party to Murder Mausona The attempt was desperate because Duke Claudius Governour of Lusitania a Zealous Catholick resided there with a strong Garrison Whereupon the Conspirators being sensible of their danger resolved to kill Claudius as well as Mausona Witericus a Noble Youth who was bred in the House of Claudius and came afterwards to be King of the Goths was employ'd to put this in Execution It was requisite to find some good opportunity to perform this wicked Act. In order to it Sunna desired to have a time and place appointed where he might visit Mausona who suspecting the Arian desired Claudius to be present at their meeting thinking his Power and Authority might prevent any evil design This the Conspirators thought a proper opportunity to execute their Design in The appointed time being come after the first Salutations the Plotters made a sign to Witericus who stood behind Claudius but notwithstanding he endeavoured it he could never draw his Sword However they were no ways dismay'd but resolved at a publick Procession that was to be made to the Church of St. Eulalia in the Suburbs to kill the Bishop and all that accompanied him To this effect they hid a great number of Swords in certain Carts they brought in loaded with Corn. Providence prevented the Execution for Witericus altering his mind discovered the whole Contrivance Claudius immediately fell upon Sunna and his Party killed such as made resistance secured the rest gave the King an account of what he had done and by his order Banished the Offenders and Confiscated all their Goods Sunna tho' undeserving having his choice given him either to depart Spain or abjure his Heresie being obstinate went over into Africk Witericus was Pardon'd for discovering Vacrila one of the Conspirators having taken Sanctuary in the Church of St. Eulalia was Condemned to serve there as a Slave all his Life time Count Paul Sega another of the Principals had his Hands cut off and was Banished to Galicia These Examples quelled that Commotion and tho' they were sufficient to terrifie others yet a greater Storm ensued Queen Gosuinda at first in compliance with her Son-in-law feigned she embraced the Catholick Religion and proceeded so far as to spit out the blessed Sacrament she received in the Church the same was done by the Bishop Vldida her great Favourite This could not be long hid therefore they resolved to murder the King which being discovered Vldida was Banished and Gosuinda soon after dy'd a natural Death About the same time being the Year of our Lord 588. King Guntrandus sent an Army of 60000 Men under the Command of his General Bosus to break into Gallia Gothica in revenge of the Death of Desiderius Against him Recaredus sent Duke Claudius of ancient Roman Extraction who passing by the Pyrenean Mountains met the Enemy near Carcassonne In that place he resolv'd to give Battle as being of good Omen for the late Victory obtained there The Fight was bloody but the Goths at last were Victorious a vast number of Franks were slain and their Camp taken In the following Year another Conspiracy against the King was discovered contriv'd by Argimundus his Chamberlain the Accomplices were apprehended and after being Rack'd put to Death the Principal had first his Hair shav'd off which was a token of degrading him from the Nobility then his right Hand being cut off he was carried about the Streets of Toledo upon an Ass a pleasing spectacle to all good People who intirely loved the King Some time after his Head was chopt off After Montanus Julian Bacauda Peter and Euphimius were
Foreign Enemies remov'd there hap'ned no War at least none of note The good Government of the King and Authority of the Bishops kept the Subjects from offering at any Revolt Chintila dy'd in the Year of our Lord 639. when he had Reign'd three Years eight Months and nine Days CHAP. IV. The Reigns of the Kings Tulga Chindasuinthus and Recesuinthus Several Synods of Toledo Increase of the Mahometan Power The Election and Coronation of King Wamba INstead of Chintila by the unanimous consent of the Nobility was chosen Tulga young in Years but old in Virtue particularly Justice Zeal for Religion Prudence Military Experience and Bounty towards the Needy a quality most requisite in Kings who ought to think they were intrusted with the Treasures of Kingdoms to relieve the wants of such as are in distress His Perfections seem'd still to be in their increase when Death cut him off at Toledo in the Year 641. when he had Reign'd only two Years and four Months Sigibertus Gemblacensis says Tulga was a debauch'd Youth and on that score Deposed by his own People but it is more reasonable to believe St. Ildefonsus who writes as an Eye Witness than a Stranger that either writ maliciously or was imposed upon After the Death of Tulga Flavius Chindasuinthus who being General of the Army was before in Rebellion against the King with the assistance of the Soldiery mounted the Throne none of the Nobility daring to oppose him that had all the standing Forces of the Kingdom on his side It must be granted that tho' he Usurp'd the Crown Tyrannically yet afterwards he Governed with great Moderation as if he design'd that way to make good his bad Title to it The first thing he did was to settle the Common-wealth by Establishing wholsome Laws and Ordinances for the better Administration of Justice and the publick Good In the 6th Year of his Reign he called together to Toledo all the Bishops in his Kingdom whereof 30 met on the 28th of October and this is counted the 7th Council of Toledo Before this time the King had Banish'd Theodiselus Archbishop of Sevil for that he sow'd scandalous Doctrines and to gain himself the greater Authority had corrupted the Works of his Predecessor St. Isidorus Theodiselus went over into Africk and there turn'd Mahometan so blind is Man when once he strays from the right way Those Authors that write in favour of the See of Toledo and particularly the Archbishop D. Rodrigo will have it that upon this occasion King Chindasuinthus made Toledo the Metropolitan See of all Spain whereas before Sevil had enjoy'd that preheminence but they have not the Testimony of any ancient Writers to confirm their Opinion and therefore we shall not lay much stress upon it About these times Theodorus and his Successor Martin I. Govern'd the Catholick Church Chindasuinthus being desirous to enrich Spain with good Books and Learning sent Tajus Bishop of Zaragoça to Rome to obtain of Theodorus then Pope St. Gregory's Books upon Job which are full of Allegories and excellent Morality and to bring them into Spain The King thought those Books would be useful to Propagate and Confirm the Catholick Religion and be a great Addition to the Ecclesiastical Library as believing now he had Peace on all sides nothing could add more to the Glory of his Kingdom than the increase of Religion and Learning Tajus having delivered his Embassy the Pope was very willing to oblige the King But those Books thro' the Ignorance and Negligence of the times were so hid among other Papers that it was hard to find them Much time was spent in searching and the Bishop seeing little hope of Success had recourse to God and spent the Night in Prayer begging of God not to suffer the good Intentions of the King to be frustrated He fail'd not of Success for that Night God revealed or as he says in a Letter St. Gregory appear'd to him and discover'd where those Books were Now it was that Fructuosus began to be famous in Spain he being of the Royal Blood of the Goths left the World to go live in a Desart and in time at his own Expence near Coplutica at the Foot of the Mountain Irago in the place now call'd Vierço built a Monastery of Monks of the Invocation of the Martyrs Justus and Pastor The King was assisting to him in building of this Monastery and afterwards the number of Monks being too great not far off in a rough and uncouth place Founded another Dedicated to St. Peter Fructuosus Founded a third Convent in the Island of Cadiz and a fourth on the Continent nine Leagues from the Coast besides many others as well of Men as Women This was the Posture of Affairs in Spain in the latter Years of Chindasuinthus at which time he to secure the Succession of the Crown he had obtained by force in his Family chose his Son Flavius Recesuinthus his Companion in the Throne in the Year of our Lord 648. after he had Reigned alone 6 Years 8 Months and 20 Days It is true he lived three Years after but that time is allotted to the Reign of his Son because by reason of his great Age he left the whole charge of the Government to him Chindasuinthus dyed at Toledo according to some of Sickness but as others will have it was poisoned His Body and that of his Wife Riciberga were buryed in the Monastery of S. Romanus now called de Hormisda betwixt Toro and Tordesillas on the Banks of the River Duero founded by himself for his place of Burial as was accordingly performed In the Reign of Recesuinthus Eugenius the Third was Archbishop of Toledo a Person of great Learning as appears by many of his works still extant and by some reckoned among the Number of Saints In his time and by his procurement 52 Bishops met at Toledo which is counted the eighth Council held in that City This was rather a Parliament than Synod all the Nobility of the Kingdom being present at it and signing to all the Decrees which rather respected the Temporal than Spiritual Power Two Years after by the King's Order there met 16 Bishops who Celebrated the 9th Council and published 17 Acts upon several Articles The following Year 656. 20 Bishops met again in the same City and this is reckoned the tenth Council of Toledo The Acts of all these Councils as also the Lives of St. Isidorus and St. Ildefonsus whereof F. Mariana here Treats at large I thought would not be so acceptable to most Readers nor so pertinent in this as the Ecclesiastical History which I do not pretend to write and have therefore purposely omitted them In the Year 660 Twelve Bishops of Portugal held a Synod at Merida and published 23 Decrees most relating to the Celebration of Divine Service At the same time the power of the Mahometans grew formidable in Africk for Abdalla Duke of Moabia
Ecclesiastical Persons to Marry Another Law was also Established disowning the Pope To give the greater force to these Laws a Council of Bishops met at Toledo but the Decrees of it are not placed among those of the other Councils as being contrary to the Canons of the Church From this time all things began to fall into confusion for tho' many were pleased with Libertinism yet some were Zealous for the Observation of the Laws and ancient Customs and began to think of restoring the Family of King Chindasuinthus as the only Remedy against so many evils Witiza was not ignorant of it and from it took occasion to prosecute what he had began in his Father's days which was to embrue his Hands in the Blood of that Family There were living two Sons of Chindasuinthus Brothers to K. Recesuinthus the one called Theodofredus the other Favila Thedofredus was Duke of Cordova where he built a Palace then and long after very famous He had resolved not to go to Court as being jealous of the King Favila was Duke of Cantabria or Biscay and whilst Witiza in his Father's time resided in Galicia had bore him Company with the charge of Captain of his Guards which the Goths then called Protospatarius Witiza slew him with a stroke of a Club as some think on account of his Wife These were the first Works of his Cruelty and Hatred to that Noble Family before he came to the Crown Favila left a Son called Pelayus or Pelagius who afterwards began to restore Spain after its general Desolation and at that time was Lieutenant to his Father but upon his Death retired to his Estate in Cantabria and Count Julian Marry'd to Witiza's Sister had the charge of Protospatarius Witiza being come to the Crown turned his Rage against Pelagius and his Uncle Theodofredus The latter he caused to have his Eyes put out Pelagius escaped out of his reach as did Roderick Son to Theodofredus who was afterwards King It is said Pelagius went in Pilgrimage to Jerusalem as a Testimony whereof the Staves used by him and his Companion were shown long after at Arraria a Town in Biscay These Cruelties and his other Vices made Witiza odious to his People he despairing of gaining their Affections resolved to keep them under by Terror and to this end caused the Walls of almost all the Cities in Spain to be Demolished I say almost all because some were exempted as Toledo Leon and Astorga Besides he destroy'd all the Arms of the Kingdom pretending it was to secure the Peace He Persecuted Gundericus the Archbishop of Toledo and some Priests that still preserved their Innocence and would not approve of his Enormities Sinderedus Successor to Gundericus overcome by Witiza's cruelty comply'd with him and consented that Oppas his Brother or as some will have it his Son should be Translated from the Archbishoprick of Sevil to that of Toledo The Death of Witiza was suitable to his Life yet Authors differ in the manner of it D. Roderick the Archbishop says He was killed by the contrivance of Roderick whose Father ended his Days at Cordova in perpetual Imprisonment and Darkness Other good Authors affirm Witiza dy'd a natural Death at Toledo in the 12th Year of his Reign which was of Christ 711. He left two Sons whose Names were Eba and Sisebutus Some People favouring these two Youths and others their Adversary there arose great Contests and Confusions which ended in a greater Destruction than could have been imagined Since the Division of the Goths about these two Families brought on their total Desolation it will not be amiss to declare the Descent of them both Chindasuinthus by his Wife Riesberga left Recesuinthus who succeeded him in the Crown Theodofredus Favila and one Daughter whose Name is not known Recesuinthus dy'd without Issue therefore the Nobles chose Wamba to succeed him Chindasuinthus's Daughter was Marry'd to Ardebastus who tho' a Greek for his Valour and Birth merited the King's Daughter and had by her Ervigius he that was the Beginner of all those Calamities Usurping the Kingdom and Deposing Wamba by wicked means Ervigius by his Wife Liubigotona had a Daughter called Cixilona Marry'd to King Egica a Kinsman of Wamba this Marriage being designed to cut off all Animosities by uniting these two Houses Of this Marriage were born Witiza that was King Oppas Bishop of Sevil and a Daughter as grave Authors say Marry'd to Count Julian Witiza as was said above had two Sons Eba and Sisebutus Theodofredus the second Son of Chindasuinthus by his Wife Ricilona a noble Lady had Roderick the Plague and Ruin of Spain Favila the third Son of Chindasuinthus had Pelayus no way like his Cousin for by his Valour the Christians in Spain began to make Head after they had been cast down and oppress'd thro' the madness of Roderick Spain being in this condition Roderick excluding the Sons of Witiza ascended the Throne of the Goths by choice as is believed of the Nobles The Kingdom was full of Distractions by reason of the several Interests the People were grown Effeminate giving themselves up to Feasting Drink and Lewdness the Military Discipline was quite lost and the Kingdom of the Goths was now running headlong to Destruction The new King had good natural Parts and seemed to be well inclined He was hardy resolute bountiful and had excellent ways of gaining of Men. Such he was before his Accession to the Crown but no sooner put into possession of it than he sullied all these Vertues with no less Vices Above all he was implacable when offended wholly given up to Lust and had no Discretion in his Undertakings and in fine was more like to Witiza than to his Father or Grandfather There are Pieces of Money of his to be seen with his Name and Effigies armed and with a stern Countenance on the reverse these Words Igeditania Pius a Motto he merited not but was given to Flatter him King Roderick enlarged and beautified the Palace built by his Father near Cordova which the Moors afterwards called Roderick's Palace He called home his Cousin Pelayus and made him Captain of the Guards the greatest Trust at Court Witiza's sons he treated so ill that they for fear of worse Consequences fled into that part of Barbary that was subject to the Goths called Mauritania Tingitana At that time Count Requila Governed that Province as Lieutenant I believe to Count Julian a Man in such Power that besides it he had the Government of that part of Spain about the Streight of Gibraltar whence is a short cut into Africk Besides all this he held a great Estate of his own about Consuegra inferior to none in the Kingdom Hence sprung all the Mischiefs that ensued for Witiza's Sons before they went over into Africk had sowed the Seeds of a Rebellion and were assisted by Oppas the Bishop who was of the Blood Royal and very Powerful These Beginnings which ought to have been
Almaguer was compounded At present there are no Fountains in that Town but all the People make use of Wells There is no doubt but there has been as great a change in the Names of Places as in other things which causes great Confusion for the Moorish Generals to perpetuate their Memory gave their own Names and Sirnames to Towns There is no certainty of what became of Count Julian but it is a received Opinion without the Testimony of any Author to back it that his Wife was Stoned to Death a Son of his cast Headlong from a Tower at Ceuta and that himself was Condemned to perpetual Imprisonment by the Moors he so much laboured to serve In a Castle called Loharri near the City Huesca is shown a Stone Tomb without the Church of the Castle where it is reported he was Bury'd The Archbishop D. Roderick and D. Lucas de Tuy affirm That both he and the Sons of King Witiza were deprived of all they possessed and he put to Death Certain it is Spain was now in a deplorable condition almost all brought under the Dominion of the Moors There was no sort of Misery but the Christians endured Women were Ravished from their Husbands Children from their Parents and all they possessed taken from them without any Redress to be hoped for The Country yielded not its usual Product both in regard of the unseasonableness of the Weather and for want of Labourers The Churches were Prophaned and Burnt dead Bodies lay about the Streets and High-ways and nothing was to be seen or heard but Sighs and Tears Nor was there any Calamity but what Spain groaned under God permitting the Innocent to suffer with the Guilty to punish the horrid Wickedness of those Times Nevertheless in some part of Biscay Navarre Galicia and Asturias the Christians still held out rather because the Places were almost inaccessible and the Moors sleighted them than that they had any sufficient Force to make head Those who were subject to and mixed with the Moors began to be called Mixti Arabes and afterwards corruptly Mozarabes They had the free Exercise of Christian Religion with Churches and Monasteries of Men and Women as before The Bishops lest they should be scornfully treated retired with many of the Clergy into Galicia and the Bishop of Iria Flavia that is el Padron assigned many of them Tyths and other Ecclesiastical Revenues to live upon Thus Spain was destroy'd and thus ended the Kingdom of the Goths The Kingdom and Nation of the Goths were thus Subverted in my Opinion by a peculiar Providence that out of their Ashes might rise a New and Holy Spain greater in Strength and Dominions to be the Defence and Bulwark of the Catholick Religion This was the Opinion of F. Mariana and not without reason for he writ when Philip II. of Spain was Lord of the East and West-Indies by the Addition of the Kingdom of Portugal as he mentions in this place To what a low Ebb the Affairs of Spain are reduced since will appear by the Sequel of the History when we draw near our Times Let us conclude this Book to begin another with the Resurrection of Spain after these mortal Calamities The End of Book VI. THE History of SPAIN The Seventh BOOK CHAP. I. Prince Pelayus or Pelagius takes up Arms against the Moors Is declared King and miraculousty Vanquishes the Insidels The Death of Muza Alahor Governs Spain TWO Years were not quite elapsed since the Africans had commenced the War and Desolation of Spain when a numerous Army of Moors passed over the Pyrenean Mountains which pà rt France and Spain and broke into that Province with a resolution to Conquer all that was subject to the Goths in France The miserable Remains of the Goths that had escaped into Asturias Galicia and Biscay and reposed more confidence in the natural Strength of those Places than in any Force they had the Infidels being employed in the War in France had now time to Consult about recovering their lost Liberty Nothing was wanting but a General who with the hazard of his Life and good Example would stir up the Christians that remained in Spain to attempt so great an Enterprise Most of the Nobility of the Goths had perished in the War only Prince Pelayus as descended of the Royal Family was known and applauded for his great Valour and Magnanimity and looked upon by all Men as the only Person capable of such an Enterprize It fell out opportunely that he came out of Biscay whither he withdrew after the loss of the Kingdom to Asturias Whether he was called or came voluntarily to be ready upon any occasion that should offer for the publick Good is not known Perhaps there was some Dispute about the Lordship of Biscay for I find three Dukes of that Province mentioned in the Records of those Times which were Eudo Peter and Pelayus No sooner was he come to Asturias but all Men cast their Eyes upon him as the only Man that could Relieve them in that Distress if he would take upon him to be their Chief and Protector Many weighing the greatness of the Danger and their own Weakness were terrified but what fear disswaded an accident forced them to attempt Pelayus had a Sister in the prime of her Age and of an extraordinary Beauty Munuza who tho' a Christistian was Governor of Gijon for the Moors passionately loved that Lady and desired to obtain her for his Wife but being too mean could not so much as hope to gain the Consent of Pelayus Therefore under colour of Friendship he sent him to Treat about important Affairs with the Moorish General Tarif who was not then gone into Africk and during his absence easily compassed his ends Pelayus returning and understanding how his Family was disgraced was incensed to a high degree but nothing so much afflicted him as the difficulty of compassing his revenge against a Man in so great Power He thought it the best way for the present to dissemble and seem pleased at what was done By this means he found an opportunity of recovering his Sister and fled with her to the neighbouring parts of Asturias where he had many Friends and the generality were well Affected towards him Munuza frighted at this accident and fearing the Consequences might prove more dangerous than as yet appeared gave advice to Tarif of what had hap'ned Tarif sent a Party from Cordova who had infallibly taken Pelayus then wholly unprovided if he understanding the danger had not fled in haste and clapping Spurs to his Horse forced him to take the River Pionia at that time much swollen and very rapid which sav'd his Life for they that pursued him at the Heels durst not or thought it not worth while to expose themselves to such eminent danger to Apprehend him In the Valley now called Cangas then Canica he set up his Standard and beat a Drum Poor banished People resorted to him from all Parts many
Voluntarily took up Arms for the love of their Country others for fear of the Enemies and even of their own People who threatned them if they forsook the common Cause The Asturians in general all appeared Pelayus calling together the Heads of them made a Speech exhorting and encouraging them to behave themselves Manfully and Repulse their cruel Enemy Whilst he spoke the Sighs of his Auditory were so loud they often interrupted him but being somewhat animated with his Words they all swore to stand by one another and expose themselves to all dangers in opposing of the Moors Then they consulted of choosing a Chief and by the unanimous Consent of all Pelayus was pitched upon and Proclaimed King of Spain in the Year 716. some to this Number add 2 Years Thus at the time that Impiety and Tyranny were predominant in Spain a new and lasting Kingdom was erected and a Standard was set up for Relief of the oppressed Natives The People of Galicia and Biscay who like those of Asturias in some measure preserved their Liberty were invited to joyn in this Enterprize The same was done underhand to the neighbouring Towns that were subject to the Moors Some People resorted to Pelayus but many despising the new King would not leave their Houses nor expose themselves to such eminent danger Pelayus understanding how necessary it is to settle a good Reputation at first wasted the Frontiers of the Moors destroying all that stood in his way He visited the Towns of Asturias encouraging the Fearful and commending the Resolute Besides he laid up Stores of all things necessary for his Defence with great Labour and Industry as knowing it would not be long before the Insidels would be upon him He was Active and Courageous his Age fit to endure hardship his Presence not gay but such as became a Soldier One of the most noted Commanders that came out of Africk with Tarif was Alcama who was in the nature of a Major General This Man understanding what passed in Asturias speedily repaired thither from Cordova with a good Army of Moors and Christians and carried along also D. Oppas the Bishop of Sevil hoping he might be instrumental in persuading Pelayus and his Party to desist from what they had undertaken At the News of Alcama's coming the Christians dismay'd and it was thought they would never sustain so much as the sight of the Enemy In this confusion nothing but the special Hand of God and the Valour and Prudence of Pelayus could have protected those People wholly for saken by themselves It were a madness to oppose a handful of unarmed heartless Men against a disciplin'd and furious Enemy Therefore Pelayus having dispersed most of his Men into the neighbouring Towns he with 1000 of the choicest betook himself to a large Cave on the Mountain Ausena now called the Cave of St. Mary de Cobadonga He laid in Provision for a long time and furnished Arms offensive and defensive either to make good his Ground if Attack'd or Sally out if occasion offered The Moors pursued him to the very mouth of the Cave and being desirous to prevent Bloodshed for they must expect in those narrow places to receive much damage resolved to try whether Persuasions and fair Promises could prevail to reduce those People D. Oppas took this Employment upon him and having obtained liberty to Speak with Pelayus used all his Rhetorick to bring him to an Accommodation but understanding by his Answer he and all his Men were resolved to die in defence of their Liberty the Event was remitted to the decision of the Sword The Insidels attack'd the mouth of the Cave powring in a Shower of Stones and Darts Here the Hand of God appeared in defence of the Christians for all the Weapons cast against them flew back upon the Moors with great slaughter of them At this Miracle the Insidels stood astonished and the Christians taking heart rusht out upon them the Fight was Disorderly but the Enemy amazed at what they had seen turned their Backs and fled 20000 were killed in the Battle and Pursuit the rest after halting upon the top of Mount Fusena fled to the Field Libanensis thro' which runs the River Deva There another Miracle was wrought which was that near a Farm called Causegadia part of a Mountain with all that were upon it fell into the River by which a great number of Barbarians perished For many Years after Bones and pieces of Armour were dug out of that place especially when the Floods wash away the Banks Few of all that Army escaped Alcama was killed in the Fight D. Oppas the Bishop being taken it is supposed was put to Death tho' Historians do not relate it for they make no farther mention of him Munuza not thinking himself safe in Gijon attempted to make his escape but was killed by the Country People near the Village Oralie This Battle was fought in the Year of our Lord 718. At the same time Muza in Africk was Impeached before the Miramaniolin by Tarif his Enemy and being called to account could not well clear himself whereupon a great Fine was laid upon him for grief of which Disgrace he soon after dy'd His Son Abdalasis having Governed Spain three Years became Odious as well to the Natives as his own People for that he ravished their Daughters and was therefore killed in a Mosque in the Year 719. Some say he was killed by procurement of his Wite Egilona on account that he was kinder to other Women than to her others say the cause of his Death was his Pride and his taking upon him the Regal Authority by her persuasion The chief of the Murderers was his Kinsman Ajub who took upon him and held the Government of Spain the space of 1 Month. D. Roderick the Archbishop says it was he that built Calatayud a noted Town a little beyond the Borders of Aragon Vlit dying his Brother Zuleyman succeeded him in the Empire of the Moors By him instead of Abdalasis the Government of Spain was given to Alabor a Man fierce and cruel no less to the Moors than Christians for he took their Goods from the Inhabitants of Cordova only to satiate his Avarice He proceeded against all the Moors that came first into Spain only upon pretence they had wrongfully taken to themselves all the Riches of the Country This is he that translated the Seat of the Moorish Empire in Spain from Sevil to Cordova and is said to have put to Death Count Julian and the Sons of Witiza imagining the Disaster that hap'ned in Asturias had been contrived by them A just Judgment of God that Traitors to their Country should be thus used by those they served and had called to their assistance CHAP. II. Pelayus his Power increases he takes several Towns His Death The short Reign and Death of Favila Several Moorish Governours in Spain Actions of the Infidels in France PElayus having obtained that glorious Victory
great compass with the Light-Horse and before he could be discovered fell upon the Enemy in the rear which put them all into Confusion This Fortunate Battle was fought in the Year of our Lord 734. one and twenty after the destruction of Spain Abdelmelich succeeded Abderhaman and Governed the Moors in Spain and its dependencies the space of four Years without being remarkable for any thing but his Cruelty and Avarice He had Orders to invade France but was forced to turn back after losing many Men in attempting to pass the Pyrenean Mountains At the same time which was in the Year of our Lord 737. Pelayus the first King of Spain after its Desolation being of a great Age and renowned for his Exploits departed this Life at Cangas His Body was Buryed in the Church of Saint Eulalia Velaniensis which he himself had founded in the Country of Cangas There also his Wife Queen Gaudiosa was interred His Son Favila by Consent of all the People succeeded him and Reigned two Years being more famed for his Unfortunate Death and dissolute Life than for any good Actions he performed For notwithstanding the mighty War he had in hand and that his Kingdom was still tottering as subsisting rather by the Confusion of the times than the strength of the Christians yet he apply'd himself not to the cares of the Government but was wholly devoted to his Pleasures neglecting the Publick good Particularly he was addicted to Hunting and at this Sport pursuing a Bear was killed by it inglorious both in his Life and Death His Body was interred in the Church of the Holy Cross built by himself in the Territory of Cangas in which formerly was to be seen the Tomb of his Wife Froleud About this time one Julian a Grecian and Deacon Learned in the Greek and Latin Tongues wrote the Antiquities of Spain and Actions of Pelayus at Toledo Vrban Bishop of Toledo Evancius Archdeacon of the same Church and Fredoarius Bishop of Guadix Men of singular Sanctity and Learning flourishing in those Days of darkness and ignorance John Archbishop of Sevil was their Contemporary he Translated the Bible into Arabick for the good of the Christians and Moors because Latin was then little used some Copies of that Translation are to be seen to this Day in Spain CHAP. III. The Reign of D. Alonso the Catholick His Conquests and Death Several Moorish Governours in Spain Affairs of the Mahometans both in Spain and Africk FAvila dying without Issue D. Alonso and Ormisinda his Wife as Pelayus had ordained in his Will were Proclaimed King and Queen with great Satisfaction of the People and to the great good of the Kingdom D. Alonso was equally qualified in the Arts of Peace and War of a wonderful Constancy in Adversity fortunate in all his Undertakings and so very Religious that on that account the Title of Catholick was given to him as had been before to King Recaredus by the Third Council of Toledo when renouncing the Heresie of Arius he was reconciled to the Church This Title was afterwards laid aside till Pope Alexander the sixth bestowed it on Ferdinand of Aragon King of Spain to be perpetuated in his Successors Spain at that time enjoyed the Fruits of Peace Africk and France were consumed with Civil Wars Charles Martel upon the Death of Eudo seized all his Dominions in France Eudo's three Sons Aznar Hunnoldus and Vayferus sought to maintain their right by Arms. Aznar in that part of Spain which lies near Navarre took from the Moors the City Jaca with many other Towns and Castles and became the Founder of the Kingdom of Aragon a name taken from the River Aragon which runs through that Country and together with the River Ega falls into Ebro Hunnoldus and Vayferus did great harm and spread their terror throughout France The Moors desiring Revenge for their late Overthrow and being invited by Maurice Earl of Marseilles and Hunnoldus and Vayferus renewed the War in France At this time Aucupa Governed Spain at his first coming he put Abdelmelich upon his Tryal and pretending he could not clear himself laid him in Prison Aucupa was of Noble Extraction and so Zealous in his Superstition that he punished no Crimes so severely as those that related to it Having agreed with Maurice Earl of Marseilles and the Sons of Eudo with their assistance and his own Forces he pierced so far into France as to take Avignon a noble City upon the River Rhosne burning and pillaging all the Country about All this hap'ned five Years after the famous Battle of Tours that is in the Year 739. which was the first of the Reign of D. Alonso But the Valour of Martel relieved France for he drove the Enemy over the Pyrenean Hills and took Avignon and Narbonne so that nothing was left either the Goths or Moors in all France In Africk the War continued more obstinate for Belgius Abenbexius a famous Commander among the Moors Rebelled against the Emperor Ischam Several Battles were fought for the most part with Success to the Rebels whereupon Belgius resolved to pass over into Spain Abdelmelich was then again possessed of the Government for Aucupa dying ordered he should be taken out of Prison and restored to his Command This was his Ruin for Abderhaman sent before by Belgius with a great Army took him in Cordova and put him to Death with all manner of Torments in the Year of our Lord 743. The same Year dy'd the Emperor Ischam and Alulit the Son of Izit succeeded in the Empire as had been agreed We must not run too far into the Affairs of Africk Alulit at his Accession to the Crown sent Albuelcatar a Noble and Wise Man to Govern Spain who by his good Management and sending the Mutinous to the War in Africk appeased the Tumults in Spain Soon after he was killed by the contrivance of Zimael and Roba Zimael's Companion and the head Conspirator took upon him the Government and Usurp'd the Crown of Spain without any opposition for the Emperor Alulit dy'd in the second Year of his Reign which was of our Lord 744. Ibrahim his Brother succeeded him and was no longer liv'd nor fortunate for Matoan tho' his Kinsman and of the most Noble Family of the Humeyas killed him in his Palace the second Year of his Reign and made himself absolute Lord of all In this Emperor's time Roba being killed in a Battle Toba Governed Spain and he also dying within a Year Juseph a Man of great Parts was sent out of Africk to succeed both Tho' of a great Age he was much addicted to Women but made some amends for this Fault by his great Valour and the fame of his Exploits Whilst he Governed Spain Abdalla of the Noble Family of the Alavecines killed Matoan in Africk in the Year 750 Usurp'd the Crown and the better to secure himself destroyed most of the Family of the Humeyas
Favour seizes upon a Town call'd St. Christina two Leagues from Lugo King Alonso was immediately upon him and coming to a Battle slew him and 50000 of his Men. In the mean while dy'd Alhaca King of Cordova in the Year of our Lord 821 of the Arabs 206 of his Reign 27. He left 19 Sons and 21 Daughters His Son Abderhaman succeeded him being 41 Years of Age and Reigned 31. About this time says Zonaras the Moors of Spain pass'd into Candia and Planted there Much is now spoke of the Prowess of Bernard del Carpio and his Rebellion but these are things more like Romance than History and therefore I pass them by The King being very old and upon his Death-bed appointed D Ramiro the Son of D. Bermudo to succeed him and dy'd Aged 85. years having Reign'd 52 Years five Months and thirteen Days and in the Year of our Lord 843. according to the Chronicle of King Alonso the Great and the most ancient Records He deceas'd at Oviedo and was Buried in the Church of St. Mary in that City The Reign of King Ramiro as to time was short but glorious and full of honourable Exploits For to him under God is due the honour of restoring the Spanish Monarchy to its former lustre His Government in all respects was excellent but above all in Martial Exploits Wizards and Conjurers he caus'd to be burnt and Robbers that then were in great numbers to have their Eyes put out At the time of King Alonso his Death D. Ramiro was among the Varduli a part of Old Castile or Biscay His absence gave an opportunity to Count Nepotianus to possess himself of Asturias and assume the Title of King All mutinous and turbulent Persons follow'd him and he rais'd a considerable Army King Ramiro was not idle but met him with an equal force the Battle was fought in Galicia near the River Narceya where Nepotianus being forsaken by his Army was forc'd to fly but in the flight taken by two of his own Chief Officers called Somna and Scipio and deliver'd up to the King After these civil dissentions ensu'd the War with the Moors at first terrible but in the conclusion most fortunate to the Christians Abderhaman was King of the Moors a Prince fierce by nature and haughty with his continual success for he had not only expell'd his Uncle Abdalla who endeavour'd to recover the Kingdom but had taken the City Barcelona This done he resolv'd upon the War against King Ramiro and upon this account sent to demand of him the Tribute of 100 young Maids Mauregatus had formerly consented to pay His Embassadors were dismissed with scorn and protected only by the Law of Nations from suffering for their presumption Next all that were of Age in the Kingdom except some few left to till the ground for fear of a Famine were listed the very Bishops and Persons Consecrated to God follow'd the Christian Camp To gain a reputation and be thought the Aggressors they broke into the Territory of Rioja then possess'd by the Moors Abderhaman on the other side having made mighty preparations of all things necessary advanc'd towards the Christians The two Armies met near Alvelda or Albayda a Town then of strength now almost unpeopled but famous once for a Monastery built there by Sancho King of Navarre of the Invocation of S. Martin the Revenue and Library whereof was afterwards translated to the Church of St. Mary the Round in the City Logron̄o two Leagues distant from Alvelda In that place the Battle was fought and prov'd one of the bloodyest of that Age. Our Army being compos'd of Men gather'd in hast was no way to compare to the Enemy for Discipline All must have been lost had not the Commanders still appear'd where the danger call'd encouraging the Men not only with words but their Example Night put an end to the Battle The smallest Accidents in War often prove of the greatest Consequence so now the approach of the Night saved the Christians from utter Destruction The King retired to a rising ground that was near with his broken Forces fortified himself the best the time would permit and caused the wounded to be taken care of whilst all the Army almost despairing of their safety offered their Vows and Tears to Heaven Sorrow and Care so oppressed King Ramiro his Thoughts that he fell into a slumber in which he thought he saw the Apostle St. James bidding him be of good Heart and assuring him of the Victory This vision or dream so revived him that he started up and calling into his Presence all the Prelates and Chief Men of the Army related at large what he had seen and exhorted them to put their Confidence in God and not doubt of the Victory This done he Ordered his Battle and gave the Signal to fall on Our Men Encouraged with what they had heard attack the Enemy furiously calling upon S. James whence sprang the Custom to this Day in use among Spaniards of invoking that Saint when they Charge The Infidels surprized at the boldness of our Men whom they thought vanquished and struck with terror from Heaven could not bear the brunt of that Charge but fled and were so sharply pursued that 60000 of them were killed It was said the Apostle St. James was seen in the heat of the Fight leading our Men upon a White Horse in his hand a White Banner with a Red Cross in the middle After this Victory the Christians regained many Towns among them Clavijo from which this Battle took Name Alvelda and Calahorra This Memorable Battle was fought in the Year 844. being the second of the Reign of King Ramiro Having returned Thanks to Almightly God the Victorious Army by vow obliged all Spain tho' the greatest part was subject then to the Moors to pay for ever yearly a certain Measure of Wine or Corn for every Akre of Land as also that whensoever any Booty was divided St. James should have his share as a Horse Man Of the spoils taken this War the King caused a Stately Church to be Built in honour of our Blessed Lady which is to be seen to this day half a League from Oviedo on the side of Mount Naurancius and near it was Built another Dedicated to St. Michael The Queen whom some call Vrraca others Paterna Mother to D. Ordon̄o and D. Garcia furnished those Churches with all things necessary for she used to spare all that was possible of her own Expence and lay it out upon Churches especially that of the Apostle St. James The joy and advantage of this great Victory was not lasting or considerable as might have been expected by reason of another War that ensued Our Nation had scarce began to shake off the Yoke laid upon them by the Moors who came from the South when it Laboured under another Plague sent from the North. Such were the Normans who drove by necessity or rather the desire
of doing mischief now ranged the Seas under the Command of their General Rollo At first they had wasted and destroyed all the Coasts of France till the Emperors Ludovicus Pius and Carolus Crassus gave them the Province of Neustria from them afterwards called Normandy to hold in Feof of them These same People gathering a vast Fleet in France now grew very Obnoxious to the Christians of Spain They over-ran and Pillaged all the Coast of Galicia till near Corun̄a King Ramirus overthrew and put to Flight all that had Landed of them Besides in a Sea Fight 70 of their Ships were either taken or sunk by ours Those that escaped turning Cape Finisterre came to the Mouth of the River Tagus and distressed Lisbon at that time in the hands of the Moors The Year following which was of our Lord 847. having gathered news Forces they laid Siege to Sevil plundered the Territories of Cadiz and Medina Sidonia taking great numbers of Men and Cattle and putting many Moors to the Sword In fine after spending much time in that Neighbourhood understanding that Abderhaman was fitting out a powerful Fleet against them they left Spain having gained much Honour and great Riches Now followed other Commotions among the Christians Count Alderedus and Piniolus two powerful Men one after another revolted but were soon defeated Alderedus had his Eyes put out Piniolus and Seven Sons he had were Executed by the King's Command in the 5th Year of his Reign Two Years after he dyed at Oviedo having Reigned 7. he and his Wife Paterna were buryed in St. Maries Church of that City where the King's Tomb is still to be seen with an Inscription to this effect Ramiro of happy memory dy'd on the first of February I desire all that shall Read this to pray for his rest D. Ordono Son to D. Ramiro the late King succeeded his Father in the Year of our Lord 850. CHAP. VII The Persecution raised by the Moors at Cordova The Reign of D. Ordonno over the Christians and Mahomet over the Moors A Mighty Persecution was now raised against the Christians and much Blood shed at Cordova When first the Moors over-ran Spain they allowed the Christians the free Exercise of their Religion whereupon in all Cities and especially at Cordova as the Metropolis there were Priests Nuns and Monks publickly in their Habits They had also their Churches and Monasteries and the People were called to Divine Service by Ringing of Bells as formerly without receiving the least Affront or Molestation All the restraint laid upon them was that they should not offer to Revile Mahomet nor enter into the Mosques By degrees the Moors began to lay new Taxes upon the Christians to revile them and by all means find out ways to Extirpate their Name This made the Christians uneasie so that first they complained then fell to railing and inveighing against the Moors and their Superstition Hereupon King Abderhaman many Christians siding with him in Condemning their Brethren as was done by a Synod of Bishops that met at Cordova put to Death during the space of 10 Years great numbers of Christians who are reckoned as Martyrs for that their greatest Crime was the Profession of the true Faith and their Perseverance in the same In the Year 852. dy'd King Abderhaman The Christians said It was a just Judgment of God for the Blood he had spilt and it was the more likely because he fell down and dy'd suddenly without speaking one word as he stood looking upon the Bodies of the Martyrs that hung rotting on Gibbets This hap'ned the beginning of the 32d Year of his Reign He left 44 Sons and 42 Daughters In his time the Streets of Cordova were Paved and Water brought to the City from the Mountains in Leaden Pipes By him it was first Established as Law that the Sons should inherit without any regard of the other Kindred which was not till then punctually observed In pursuance of this Law his Son Mahomet succeeded him and Reign'd 35 Years and an half In the first Year of his Reign he Banished all the Christians from Court and not so satisfied the second Year raged against their Lives which he continued to the end of the 10 Years above-mentioned After the Solemnity of the Interment of D. Ramiro the late King his Son D. Ordon̄o entered upon the Government He was Mild Affable and Modest which gain'd him the Affections of all Men but being very Zealous for Justice some ill-designing Men made of this Vertue a Bait to draw him into some Miscarriages Four Slaves belonging to the Church of Compostella accused their Bishop Athaulphus of a grievous Sin the History of Compostella says it was Sodomy Being sent for to Court to answer for himself he first said Mass and went to the King in his Pontifical Robes At which instead of being appeased the King was so incensed that he caused a wild Bull anger'd by the Dogs to be let lose at him The Bishop making the sign of the Cross the Bull came tamely and suffered him to lay hold of his Horns which dropt off into his Hands At this sight the King and Nobles were so astonished that they fell down at his Feet begging Pardon for the wrong they had done him which he most readily granted Some write he Excommunicated his Accusers and retired to Asturias where he led a most holy Life having resigned his Bishoprick The Horns hung for many Years on the roof of the Church of Oviedo as a Memorial of this Miracle This F. Mariana says Was at the beginning of the Reign of King Ordonno Others will have it to have hap'ned above 100 Years after in the time of King Bermudo II. It is hard to decide which is in the right as to point of Time for since they vary in that point it is no good Authority to oblige us to believe there ever was any such Passage In the second Year of this King's Reign one Muza of the Blood of the Goths but by Profession a Moor well skilled in Warlike Affairs stirred up against himself the Arms of both Christians and Infidels for he openly Rebelled against the King of Cordova and with incredible Celerity possessed himself of Toledo Zaragoça Huesca Valencia and Tudela Then he over-ran the Frontiers of France where he took two Generals that offered to oppose him This struck such a terror in that Country that the King of France Charles the Bald thought fit to gain his Friendship with Presents Proud with Success he turns his Force against King Ordon̄o with whom and the King of Cordova he called himself the third King of Spain Breaking into the Territory of Rioja he took Alvelda and Fortify'd it King Alonso's Chronicle says he built and called it Albayda D. Ordon̄o gathering his Forces left a part before that Town and with the rest marched towards the Enemy who he was informed lay upon Mount Latursus At the first sight the two Armies
Encountred casting their Darts and Javelins and that done fell to their Swords The Christians fought resolutely for their Country and Religion and tho' the Battle was obstinately maintained they remained Victorious killing 10000 of the Enemies among them many of note and particularly one Garcia Son-in-law to the Tyrant Muza escaped with difficulty being much wounded whereof I suppose he afterwards dy'd All the Camp of the Moors with a rich Booty fell into the hands of the Christians At the same time Mahomet King of Cordova was making Preparations against the common Enemy and resolved first to attack Toledo as being the first that had Revolted and might be a means to reduce the rest Lupus the Son of Muza held that City for his Father and understanding the Defeat of his Army to prevent farther mischief entred into a League with King Ordono to the end to be supported by his Forces The King sent him a number of Soldiers of Navarre and Asturias under the command of his Brother D. Garçia Mahomet not relying on open Force had recourse to Stratagem He lay Encamp'd near the City and therefore lays an Ambush at Guadacelete a Brook near Villaminaya This done he in Person with a small Party came up to view the City The Besieged seeing that small number rushed out as if they went to a certain Booty not to Fight and so were easily drawn into the Ambush where being charged in Front and Rear many of them were lost the rest fought their way thro' to the Town 12000 Moors and 8000 Christians were slain in that Action Only the natural Strength of the place sav'd it from falling into the Hands of the Victors after such a loss For two Years after the Enemy wasted the Country about Toledo and burnt all the Corn upon the Ground The Townsmen desirous of Revenge marched as far as Talavera but were worsted by the Commander there and drove back with loss At length tired with so many Sufferings they submitted to Mahomet in the Year of our Lord 857. This same Year the Normans with a Fleet of 60 Sail ran round the whole Coast of Spain doing much harm but particularly the Islands of Majorca and Minorca they destroy'd with Fire and Sword in hatred of the Moors for they were better affected towards Christians by being continually among them tho' they were Heathens themselves Thence they sailed over into Africk and did no less harm there In Spain Mahomet made an Incursion into Navarre towards Pamplona and that part of Biscay called Alava but nothing was done worth relating Merida in Estremadura Rebelled against the King of Cordova for which fault by his Order it was Dismantled In the mean while King Ordon̄o enjoying Peace without sparing any cost or trouble Rebuilt several Cities ruined and destroyed by the Wars such were Tuy Astorga Leon and Ainaya The Moors after the late Civil Wars were divided into Factions whereupon many Governours of Towns presumed to Revolt and stile themselves Kings which was of great advantage to the Christians who could not so well have dealt with the Power of the Infidels if united Reith had possessed himself of Coria Mozara of Talamanca or as others say Salamanca both of them were Vanquished by King Ordon̄o their Cities taken the Garrisons put to the Sword and all the Inhabitants sold for Slaves This great Success was check'd by the King's Death which happened in the 11th Year of his Reign some Authors add 6 Years to this number He dy'd at Oviedo of the Gout and was Bury'd in St. Mary's Church then the Burial place for the Kings This King was Successful in all his undertakings except the loss of his Men at Toledo By his Queen Munia a Person of high Birth he left D. Alonso the eldest Son D. Bermudo D. Nun̄o D. Odoario and D. Fruela Some write his Death was on the 27th of May there is no doubt it was in the Year 862. as appears by the Inscription of a beautiful Cross which his Son D. Alonso presented to the Church of Oviedo the Words of it are these May this Gift be acceptable to the honour of God Given by the Prince Alonso Servant of Christ and his Wife Ximena May any that presumes to take away these our Gifts perish by God's lightning By this sign the Religious is defended by this sign the Enemy is overcome This Work was finished and delivered to S. Saviour the Cathedral of Oviedo It was made in the Castle of Guazon in the 17th Year of our Reign and of the AEra of Augustus 916. Thus it appears the Year 878. was the 7th after the Death of King Ordon̄o The same D. Alonso being at Compostella confirmed a Grant made by his Father by a new one which extends the Territory of Santiago to 6 Miles about whereas before it was but three Let us go on to his other Actions CHAP. VIII The Reign of King Alonso the Great He is Expell'd and Restor'd His Brothers Conspire against him and are Punish'd The Church of St. James the Apostle made an Archbishoprick Mahomet the Moorish King dies D. Alonso who for his excellent Natural Parts and the many Victories he obtained over his Enemies was called The Great immediately upon the news of his Father's death for he was then absent repaired to Oviedo to perform the Funeral Rites and take Possession of the Kingdom For good Inclinations he was inferior to none of his Predecessors of Body tall his Countenance pleasing very Affable Merciful Valourous and Meek In Warlike Exploits he was Singular and very Liberal to the Poor spending upon them not only what his Father left him but what he got himself He was Zealous of Religion and beautified Churches but particularly that of St. James the Apostle which had only Mud Walls he built from the Ground of Free-stone with Marble Pillars a thing in those days wonderful as well for the want of curious Workmen as of Money He Reign'd 48 Years according to Sampyrus Asturicensis The beginning of his Reign was somewhat troublesome for D. Fruela Son to King Bermudo Usurped the Title of King in Galicia D. Alonso being as yet wholly unprovided to withstand him thought fit to retire to that part of Biscay called Alava but the Usurper making use of the Power he had to oppress the People was killed by the Citizens of Oviedo Hereupon D. Alonso returns to Asturias is received with the good liking of all the People settles his Affairs and punishes the Guilty That part of Biscay called Alava was subject to the Kings of Oviedo the rest to Zenon the chief of the Family of Eudo late Duke of Aquitain Eylon a Kinsman of Zenon governed Alava for the King He relying upon the Confusion of the times or the Assistance of Zenon Revolted against his Master who came in Person from Leon to appease those Commotions which he did without Bloodshed took Eylon and kept him Prisoner at Oviedo as long
Abarca MOst part of that Province which we call Old Castile the Romans named the Vacei it is divided from Leon by the Rivers Carrion Pisuerga Heva and Regamon on the other side it borders on Asturias Biscay and Rioja on the South its Bounds are the Mountains of Segovia and Avila which about the same time we are speaking of were the limits of the Dominions of the Moors and Christians The Country is plentiful of Corn and Wine but scarce of Oil and better Watered than other parts of Spain In this Province tho' at first they did not possess it all some powerful Men began to defend themselves against the Moors and enlarge their Territories They took the Stile of Counts or Earls by consent of the Kings of Oviedo whom they were obliged to assist in their Wars and to come when called to their General-Assemblies or Parliaments In former times as we have before more particularly related Counts or Earls were only Governours of Provinces for a time afterwards they were made so for Life and at last the Title became Hereditary Yet even to this Day many Dukes Marquesses and Earls in Spain after the Death of their Fathers do not take upon them the Title till they have obtained the King's leave It is not known for what term the first Earls of Castile enjoyed that Honour but it may be imagined they had the same beginning as all others in Christendom The first of these Counts is D. Roderick who lived in the time of King Alonso the Chast Next to him the best Authors place D. James Porcellos his Son as the Chronicon Alveldense has it This Earl lived in the time of Alonso the Great King of Oviedo He Married his Daughter Sulla Bella to Nun̄o Belchides a German that came in Pilgrimage to S. James This Gentleman being thus Allied to D. James together with him built the City Burgos that the People who before lived dispersed in Villages might form one Body of a City and it took the Name from Burg the German word for a Town Besides D. James there were at the same time other Earls of Castile for the Province was divided as were Ferdinand Anzules Almondar and his Son D. James But the greatest of them all was Nun̄ez Fernandez who had for his Son-in-law D. Garcia Brother to D. Ordon̄o II. King of Leon afterwards King himself Upon this account and because he had forced King Alonso the Great to resign the Kingdom he was grown more insolent than D. Ordon̄o cared to bear besides many underhand blew the Coals they saw begin to take Fire The King thus incensed sent for the Earls to Court upon pretence of Consulting with them about most important Affairs The place appointed for the meeting was a Town called Regular upon the mid-way on the Borders of Castile and Leon. The Earls came without any Guard and were Apprehended by the King's Order and sent Prisoners to Leon. Soon after they were also put to Death to the great Grief of the People of Castile who had been concerned at their Imprisonment King Ordon̄o was making all necessary Preparations for War as fearing the Revolt of that Province when Death took him off He dy'd at Zamora in the Year 923. and was buryed at Leon in the Church of our blessed Lady which he had caused to be Consecrated His Funeral was performed with great Solemnity Nun̄o Belchides by his Wife Sulla Bella had two Sons Nun̄o Rasura and Gustio Gonzalez Nun̄o Rasura was Grandfather to the Earl Fernan Gonzalez whom our Historians extol and raise to the Skies for his great Exploits The Infants or Princes of Lara were Grandsons to Gustio Thus the Blood of D. James Porcellos mixed with the Royal Family is derived to many Noble Houses in Spain and Abroad and its Succession has not fail'd even to our Days D. Fruela II. Succeeded his Brother D. Ordon̄o in the Throne of Leon not by Right but Force Such as the beginning was the end and his Power lasted not long for he Reign'd only 14 Months He was remarkable only for Baseness and Cruelty and therefore was called The Cruel The Sons of a Nobleman called Osmundus were by him put to Death and his Brother Fruminius Bishop of Leon Banished for that he durst not lay violent hands upon him being an Ecclesiastical Person By his Wife Munia he had D. Alonso D. Ordon̄o and D. Ramiro and out of Wedlock D. Fruela Father of D. Pelayus called the Deacon To whom was afterwards Marry'd Da. Aldonca or Alfonsa Grandchild to King Bermudo Sirnamed the Gouty D. Fruela was buryed in Leon his Fame and Memory are stained not so much for his dying of the Leprosie as for his Cowardize and the Rebellion that in his time cut off Castile from the Crown of Leon. The People there were offended at the Death of the Earls killed by D. Ordon̄o's Command this disgust was heightned by forcing them to come to Leon to all Law Suits and the Parliament They had no fair opportunity of Revolting before and therefore did it in the time of D. Fruela For their Governors they chose two Nobles with only the Title of Judges The first named was Nun̄o Rasura and Lain Calvo Men in great Power at that time Lain was the youngest and Married to Nun̄a Bella his Colleague's Daughter To him for his Valour was given the charge of Martial Affairs Nun̄o Rasura being a Person of known Prudence and Experience was to take care of the Civil Government and Admistration of Justice which he commonly performed at Burgos and sometimes in other parts of the Province Two Leagues from Medina de Pomar is a Town called Bijudico and in it an ancient Judgment Seat on which the People there have a Tradition these two Judges used to sit and hear Causes They were Governed by the ancient Laws of Castile which continued till King Alonso the Wise abrogated them and Instituted those called Las Partidas It is not known how long these two Judges lived or what Acts they performed From them descended very notable and brave Men for Lain Calvo was 5th Grandfather to the famous Cid Ruy Diaz Gonzalo Nun̄o was Son to Nun̄o Rasura and held the same Employ with no less Honour His Wife was Da. Ximena Daughter to the Earl Nun̄o Fernandez who was put to Death among the other Earls of Castile by Kind Ordon̄o Of her was born the Earl Fernan Gonzalez a Person inferior to none of the ancient Heroes for Virtue Valour and Constancy we shall speak of him in its proper place Let us return to the Kings It is most certain that the Histories of Navarre are full of Fables and Lies insomuch that they look more like Romances invented to divert idle Persons than true Relations and Records of Antiquity This appears plainly throughout all Ages but particularly in this we now write of They say that King Garci In̄iguez being slain in a Battle by the Moors his Wife Da.
whom Ambition often distracted to the advantage of the Christians In the Year 976 dyed Alhaca King of the Moors at Cordova The same Year the Moor Rasis sent his Commentaries writ in Arabick of the affairs 〈…〉 to Balharab Miramamolin of Africk by whose order they were composed Alhaca left Eight Sons all very Young and the Moors not agreeing which of them should succeed referred it to the Miramamolin of Africk who appointed Hissem tho' not above ten Years of Age. He Reigned 34 Years only in show for all the Power was in the hands of Mahomet Alhagib that is the Viceroy who took the name of Almanzor for the many Victories he obtained Hence sprang civil Wars among those People as is usual when Kings give themselves up to their ease and so far they went that Hissem lost the Crown Our affairs were in no better Posture for the King being bred among Women was effeminate besides that his Queen Da. Vrraca managed him as she pleased without any regard to the prudent advice of his Mother or his Aunt He seldom gave ear to his Subjects and for the most part returned harsh Answers which highly offended the Nobility of Galicia a People naturally fierce who finding all the Commonalty dissatisfied rebelled D. Bermudo the Kings Cousin and Son to D. OrdonÌ„o the third headed the Rebels in hopes to recover his Fathers Kingdom which he pretended was wrongfully kept from him This danger awaked the King out of his Lethargy The War was begun and lasted two Years with various success the People being divided betwixt the two parties At length a Battle was fought near a Town called Portela Arenaria many were killed on both sides and they parted upon equal Terms After this Fight D. Bermudo remained Master of Galicia and placed his Court at Compostella Pelayo the Son of Earl Roderick was made Bishop of Compostella but for his Wicked Life deposed and Peter Mansorius a Monk and Abbot of approved Vertue put in his place Earl Roderick to restore his Son brought in the Moors who took the City Compostella and threw down one side of the Church of S. James This Sacrilege went not unpunished for the greatest part of that Army perished by the Flux Almançor himself asking the cause of this distemper and being told by a Moor that one of the Disciples of the Son of Mary was there buryed resolved to desist from that enterprize but dyed in his return home at Medina Celi upon the Borders of Aragon On the other side also the Moors took many Towns as Guzman Atiença and Simancas where D. Ramiro who came to relieve it was defeated Never was Spain in a more desperated Condition After the departure of the Moors by the industry of the King and Archbishop the Wall of S. James his Church was repaired and the Church reconciled for it had been profaned by the Infidels Pelayo a wicked Prelate succeeded Peter and he for his Scandalous Life being depos'd his Brother Wimara was substituted who prov'd no better and was drown'd in the River MinÌ„o In those days the Clergy was very debauch'd not only in Spain but most parts of Christendom In Rome there was a Schism Boniface Benedict and John striving for the Chair Let us return to D. Ramiro who spent his Life in Ease and Idleness Thus Death seiz'd him at Leon in the Year 982. His Body was Interr'd in the Monastery of Destriana built by his Grandfather D. Ramiro in the Valley Ornensis by the Invocation of St. Michael Thence 200 Years after by Order of King Ferdinand the Second he was Translated to the Cathedral of Astorga Sampyrus Bishop of Astorga of whom we have made much use hitherto ended his History in this place Pelagius Bishop of Oviedo goes on he lived in the time of D. Alonso the Emperor The Credit of both these Authors is great because they write of things they were Eye Witnesses to but Sampyrus is most Esteemed and looked upon as the Gravest Author CHAP. VI. The Reign of Bermudo the Second called the Gouty King of Leon. Discord betwixt him and the Earl of Castile Leon and Barcelona taken by the Infidels Garcia King of Navarre dies His Son Garci Sanchez succeeds him UPon the Death of D. Ramiro the Crown fell to D. Bermudo as well in regard to his right being the King 's Cousin-German as that he possessed himself of it by Force of Arms. He Reigned 17 Years was sickly and Subject to the Gout for which reason he was called the Gouty By him the Laws of the Goths were confirmed and the Canons and Decrees of the Popes ordered to be of Force in secular Causes Before we Treat of this King it is requisite to speak of the Earl Garci Sanchez of Castile At his first Accession to the Government he Fought a Battle with the Moors near Santistevean de Gormaz on the Banks of the River Duero and killed a great Number of them putting the rest to Flight In this Battle there hap'ned a wonderful Accident Fernan Antolinez was hearing of Mass when the Fight began and being loath to leave his Devotions stayed it out Then fearing to be shamed as a Coward kept close in his House But whilst he was in the Church one like him doubtless his good Angel was seen in the heat of the Battle behaving himself so bravely that it was believed through his means the Victory was obtained To confirm this fresh bruises and spots of Blood were seen upon his Horse and Armour by which his Credit was miraculously saved Authors say the Earl Garci Fernandez had two Wives the one called Argentina a Frenchwoman with whom he fell in Love as she went in Pilgrimage to Compostella Six Years after she ran away with a Frenchman whilst her Husband â—â—â— Sick but he recovering followed her into France and being admitted into the House by a Sister-in-Law of hers called Sancha in hopes to Marry the Earl he killed Argentina and her Gallant in Bed and then returning with Sancha into Spain was Marryed to her with great Pomp and Solemnity at Burgos Many look upon this story as Romantick and affirm the Earls Wife was called OnÌ„a and that the Monastery of S. Salvador de OnÌ„a Built by him had the Name of her Others say her Name was Abba as appears by their Tombs at Arlança and CardenÌ„a There is also another relation which says that during the Earls absence in France the Moors pierced as far as Burgos and destroyed the Monastery of S. Peter of CardenÌ„a killing all the Monks which others say was 100 Years before this time unless the same thing hap'ned twice At this time the Moors put to Death many for the Faith and there wanted not some Examples of Divine Justice on them for their Cruelty whereof Alcortexi King of Sevil was one He in the time of D. Burmudo breaking into Galicia destroyed the City Compostella but his impiety passed not unpunished for such a violent Plague
The Siege was carried on with Vigour and all sorts of Engines then in use apply'd against the Works so that the Citizens being streightned began to waver and think of a Surrender Such was the condition of the Town when a treacherous Fellow called Vellido Delphos whether of his own design or by advice of others is not known resolved to Murder the King and by that means put an end to the Siege He got admittance to the King upon pretence of discovering the designs of the Besieged and showing him the weakest part of the Wall Men easily believe what they desire so the King went out with only that Man to view what he promised to show him but when he least thought of it Velledo Dolphos threw a Spear he had in his hand at him which pierced thro' his Body No sooner was this done but the Murderer fled to the City pursued by several of the King's Soldiers who being at some distance could not overtake him the Guards letting him in at the Gate This gave occasion to the Besiegers to believe all or most of the Townsmen had consented to the Murder The Troops of Leon and Galicia who were not well affected to the King immediately quitted the Field and returned home Those of Castile being the ancienter Subjects divided themselves part went to carry his Body to the Monastery of On̄a where it was Bury'd without any Pomp the greater number stay'd to carry on the Siege and revenge his death They threatned to subvert the City and put all the Inhabitants to the Sword as Traitors Particularly James Ordon̄ez of the Family of Lara a Youth of great strength and valour appeared before the City armed at all points and a Horse-back and standing on a high Ground to be the better heard rent the Skies with loud cries threatning Ruin and Destructions The Citizens between fear and shame durst not open their Mouths Only Arias Gonzalo tho' he might well have been excused by his great Age offered himself and his Sons to fight that Gentleman for the Honour of his Country It was the Custom of Castile that whosoever charged a City with Treason was obliged to fight five one after another to make good his charge The three Sons of Arias Gonzalo Peter James and Roderick entered the Lists one after another and were all three killed by D. James Ordon̄ez Yet the last tho' mortally wounded striking at his Enemy wounded his Horse and cut his Reins so that the Horse affrighted carryed D. James out of the Lists which according to the Law of Arms was a token he was beaten The Judges could not determine the case one side Insisting upon the Custom and Law of Arms and the other pleading this was meer accident and thus ended that much celebrated Dispute CHAP. VII King Alonso returns from among the Moors and recovers his Brother's Kingdoms The first part of his Reign Actions of Roderick de Bivar King Sancho of Navarre Murdered by his own Brother D. Vrraca being in care for her Brother D. Alonso sent away a Messenger to him to Toledo acquainting him with the unfortunate death of his Brother and advising him to come away with all speed and take possession of the Crown The Moorish King wanted not Intelligence having Spies in the Christian Army At length the Messenger from the Princess arrived and gave D. Alonso an account of all that had hap'ned Count Peranzules advised him to get away privately without acquainting the Moorish K. for fear he should stop him yet D. Alonso acquainted the King with the news he had received and desired his leave to go take possession of the Kingdom that was fallen to him The Moor was pleased with this sincere dealing assured him the ways were laid in case he had attempted to steal away caused him to renew his Oath to be a Friend to him and his Son Hissem and that done not only lent him Money for present use but accompanied him a considerable space This I look upon to be more likely than what D. Lucas de Tuy writes that he was let down over the Walls and made his escape having Horses provided for that purpose Being come to Zamora he consulted with the Princess what was best to be done and dispatched Expresses to all Parts to give notice of his being there The People of Leon without any difficulty admitted and proclaimed him King Galicia was dubious D Garcia upon this Revolution having broke Prison and endeavouring to recover his Crown D. Alonso sent Persons of note to treat with him and he being fair conditioned and easie was easily prevailed upon so that without any further security asked he came away to his Brother not doubting to obtain what he desir'd But he was deceived being presently seized and sent back to Prison where he continued the rest of his life with good usage if any could be thought such where a Crown and Liberty were lost at once Thus Galicia was brought under The Nobility of Castile being assembled at Burgos agreed to admit D. Alonso for their King if he would first swear he had no hand in the Murder of his Brother D. Alonso hearing of it went thither and every Body fearing to tender him this Oath Roderick Diaz called Cid undertook it The Oath being solemnly taken he was Proclaimed with great Joy For the present he connived at this affront but reserved a grudge in his Heart against Roderick Diaz D. Alonso was 37 Years of Age when he returned to his Crown and for his Military Exploits was called the Brave Besides he was Prudent Temperate Modest and Bountiful The death of D. Sancho and Restauration of D. Alonso hap'ned in the Year 1073. At this time Gregory VII was Pope and the same Year dy'd in Spain S. Dominick de Silos a Monk of Cluni famous for sanctity of Life The beginning of D. Alonso's Reign was not free from some troubles which were soon appeased and ended well In the second Year of his Reign which was 1074. the Kings of Cordova and Toledo were at War about the limits of their Kingdoms D. Alonso as being so much obliged to him of Toledo gathered a good Army to assist him King Almenon at first feared this Preparations was against him but being better informed both Kings joyn'd their Forces and in that manner entred the Territory of Cordova where they wasted all the Country and brought away great numbers of Cattle and Prisoners No Battle was fought because the King of Cordova shunned it About this time dy'd the first Wife of D. Alonso her Name was Agnes He Married a French Lady called Constantia by whom he had one only Daughter whose Name was Vrraca and who afterwards inherited all her Father's Dominions as shall be seen in its place At the instance of this Queen as I suppose an Embassy was sent to Rome to desire the Pope to send a Legate into Spain with full Power to Reform the Clergy grown very
Brother Hiaya Aldirbil much unlike to his Father and Brother He was a Coward and unfit for Government Lewd in his Life and spar'd not the Wives and Daughters of his Subjects whereby he became odious as well to the Moors as Christian Inhabitants of Toledo Upon the death of Hissem D. Alonso was discharged of the Oath he had taken at Toledo to be Friend to the Father and Son Both Moors and Christians weary of the Tyranny of that new Prince solicited King Alonso to free them from that Slavery and possess himself of that City These were the first inducements to undertake the Conquest of that most Noble City the Metropolis of all that Kingdom D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona dy'd in that City and was bury'd in the Cathedral thereof which he had built from the Ground with all suitable Pomp and Grandeur He divided his Dominions betwixt his two Sons D. Berenguel and D. Ramon called Cabeça de Estopa or Flaxen-Head This last according to Mariana the Younger but according to several Testimonies brought in Opposition to him by Peter Mantuanus in his Animadversions on his History the elder Brother Marry'd a Vertuous Lady Daughter to Robert Guiscard a Norman but then very Powerful in Italy as Zurita lib. 1. cap. 1. relates At this time the Normans were possessed of the extreme parts of Italy and Sicily This Lady built two Monasteries one of the Invocation of S. Daniel in the Valley of S. Mary in the Territory of Cabrera the other near Girona where after the death of her Husband she spent the remainder of her Life in much Sanctity Both Monasteries were given to the Nuns of S. Benedict D. Ramon Arnaldo or Berenguel who succeeded his Father in that Earldom was Son to this Lady About the same time Armengaud Earl of Vrgel made War upon the Moors in those Parts and William Jordan Earl of Cerdagne prosecuted the Arian Hereticks who now began again to appear in those parts after having been so long suppressed He Banished them Confiscated their Goods made them Infamous and put the Obstinate to death Thro' the Valour of Armengaud many Towns along the River Segre were taken from the Moors and particularly the City Balaguer the Metropolis of the Earldom of Vrgel Since we have above mentioned the Normans it will not be amiss to add a few Lines in relation to them their Conquests in Italy being parts we shall have much occasion to speak of in this History It has been already said how they being a Northern People possess'd themselves of that part of France before called Neustria and from them Normandy This they did under Rollo their Chief and General The 7th Duke from him was William called the Conqueror for that having defeated and slain Harold he made himself King of England Another Army of Normans went thro' France into Italy which was then divided into several small Principalities and much wasted with intestine Wars Here they first served in the Wars of Lombardy and Tuscany then passing into the Kingdom of Naples where they received Pay of the Prince of Capua and soon after for better Pay went over to him of Salerno who with their assistance obtained the Victory over his Enemy This War being ended thro' the persuasions of Maniacus Governor of Apulia and Calabria for the Grecian Emperor they undertook the Conquests of Sicily then possess'd by the Moors Their success was such that in a short time they drove the Infidels out of the Island then falling at variance with the Greeks expelled them also Thus they laid the Foundations of a mighty Monarchy in Italy and Sicily for at the fame of their success many more resorted to them out of Normandy All that was taken was divided among the Conquerors but the others soon dying all was devolved upon Robert Guiscard and Roger. Robert called himself Duke of Apulia and Calabria Roger was Earl of Sicily Robert by two Wives had these Children Boamundus Roger and one Daughter who if what the Catalonians say be true was Married to D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona as has been above related Roger had a Son also called Roger whâ—â— hanged the Title of Earl for that of King and at last became sole Lord of all that the Normans held both in Italy and Sicily Besides Italy and Greece were Tributary to him This is taken out of Gaufridus the Monk who writ the Actions of the Normans in Italy at the request of the said Earl Roger. But let us leave Italy and return to Spain The Citizens of Toledo ceased not to Sollicite the Christians to undertake the Conquest of that City Exaggerating the Calamities they endured begging relief and protesting if they were not speedily delivered from the Tyranny of their King they must have recourse to other Moors for Assistance King Alonso was perplexed and knew not what to do fearing on the one hand what might be said of him and considering on the other the great advantage of gaining that City Therefore he resolved to put it to the Votes of the Chief Nobility and Persons of most Understanding Opinions as is usual in such cases were various The most bold and daring were for undertaking that War shewing the great advantage that would Accrew to the King and to Christianity in General Others more wary said there could be no reason to attempt such a Conquest it being contrary to Conscience and Honour to break the Peace Established with those Kings where the King had received such Obligations The King having heard all their Opinions at length yielded to the desire he had of Conquering that Noble City and having positively declared his intention to be such the whole Council easily agreed to it and it was unanimously decreed to make War upon the Moors This being resolved the King applyed himself to gather store of Arms Provisions Horses and all other Necessaries He made new Levies and offered rewards to such of the Old Soldiers who were dispersed about the Kingdom as would serve All things were furnished with the more speed because News was brought that the Moors having called the King of Badajoz to their Assistance he was preparing to relieve them Such was their expedition that both Armies arrived together in sight of Toledo but the Moors perceiving King Alonso had a Gallant Army returned without attempting any thing Yet the City could not be taken at that time for that the King of it was well provided against a Siege and the natural strength of the place deterred all Men. The Christians wasted the Country burnt the Corn drove the Cattle and many Prisoners and then returned home This destruction was began in the Year 1079. and continued the next and several Years afters Canales and Olmos two Towns near that City were taken well Garrisoned and thence all the Country continually infested Thus by degrees the City began to be straitned and suffered much want Toledo is for the most part furnished with Provisions brought from
afar because the Country about it is barren being Sandy and Stony there is also much scarcity of Springs and it rains but seldom it being very remote from the Sea and the highest Land in Spain Only along the Meadows through which Tagus runs the Land is Fruitful and Pleasant At the same time the Conquest of Toledo was undertaken Roderick Diaz continued the War in Aragon with great success taking several strong holds from the Moors and wanted nothing to perfect his happiness but to be restored to his Prince's favour which he much desired It fell out very opportunely that in the Year 1080. the Moors of Andaluzia fell at variance for that a Man of note among them had seized the Castle of Grados Adofir the rightful Owner had recourse to King Alonso for Assistance to recover his Castle The King finding it advantageous to himself granted the Moors request sent a Body of Troops before and followed with a greater Force in Person but the Enemy being subtle protracted the War so that the King feared Slipping the Season of going to Toledo This moved him to send for Roderick Diaz who was then in Aragon and to whom he gave that Command having received him with great affection and the more to oblige him ordained that for the future no Gentleman should be obliged to go into Banishment under Thirty days warning whereas before they had but Nine The King marched to Toledo and Roderick Diaz put an end to the War in Andaluzia recovering the Castle of Grados and taking the Moor that had seized it whom he sent to the King Thus much in Andaluzia this Year The next which was 1081. D. Garcia the King's Brother departed this Life having caused his Veins to be opened in the Prison where he was kept so highly did he resent the loss of his Kingdom and Liberty His Body was carryed to the City Leon and there honourably buryed in the Church of St. Isidorus his two Sisters many Bishops and Nobles attending the Solemnity He dyed ten Years after he had been a Prisoner and fifteen after his first Accession to the Crown Roderick Diaz having settled Andaluzia returned to the War in Aragon where in Battle he overthrew the Moorish King of Denia and D. Sancho King of Aragon who assisted him This Victory was so considerable that King Alonso sent for him did him much honour and gave to Him and his Heirs the Three Towns of Briviesca Berlanga and Arcejona Alfagio the Moorish King having recruited his Forces after the defeat entred Castile wasting the Country as far as Consuegra Tho' King Alonso was then busy before Toledo he â—â—eedily marched to oppose the Infidel Both Armies met a great number of Moors was slash and their King escaped by flight to a Castle The joy of this Victory was much allayed by the unfortunate Death of James Rodriguez de Bivar Son to Roderick Diaz a Youth of great hopes who began to follow his Father's Footsteps His Body was buryed in the Monastery of St. Peter de CardenÌ„a where his Tomb is still to be seen Alfagio the Moor tho' twice defeated gave not over but still gathering a fresh Army broke into Castile without stopping till he came to Medina del Campo Alvaryanez Minaya a brave Man related to Roderick Diaz met and defeated him the Third time This hap'ned in the Year of our Lord 1082 at which time D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona was basely Murdered near a Town called Percha betwixt Ostalric and Girond His Brother Berenguel was the contriver of his Death and was therefore so hated by the People that he went away to the holy War and at Jerusalem is said to have lost his Speech and there Dyed His Body was buryed in the Cathedral of Girona His Son D. Ramon Arnaldo succeeded him being not full a Year old but famous for the time he enjoy'd that Principality for the greatness of his Actions inferior to none of his Predecessors and for that he enlarged his Dominions not only by the addition of Besalu and Vrgel which for want of Heirs devolved to him as Feifs of the Earldom of Barcelona but also by Marrying D. Aldonça whom others call Dulcis Daughter and Heiress of Gilbert Earl of Provence with whom he had that large Province in Dower By her he had two Sons D. Ramon and D. Berenguel and three Daughters one called D. Berenguela or Berengaria Marry'd to D. Alonso stiled the Emperor The Names of the others are not known but both were Marry'd in France This Prince was long at variance and held War against Alonso Earl of Toulouse and after much contention they agreed among themselves to adopt one another's Families so that whichsoever was first Extinct the other should Inherit But this hap'ned long after the time we are now writing of Let us return to the War of Toledo CHAP. IX The famous City Toledo closely Besieged and Surrendred Many other Places taken King Alonso stiles himself Emperor THE continual waste the Christians made in the Country about Toledo burning plundering and driving all before them had reduc'd the Moors of that City to great streights The Christian Inhabitants ceased not to press King Alonso to sit down before it promising they would soon open the Gates to him That lasting War had exhausted the Subjects yet the King's resolution overcame all difficulties Great Levies were made and all things provided with a full design never to desist till the City were taken It is naturally strong and so seated that there was a necessity of dividing the Army into several Bodies and consequently a greater Force was requisite It is a matter of great consequence to have the good Will of neighbouring Princes as appeared in this War for besides the King 's own Subjects of Castile Leon Biscay Galicia and Asturias Sancho King of Aragon and Navarre brought a good Body of Men to the Siege Supplies also came from Italy and Germany and the French as being nearer came in greater numbers Because the latter served well in this War and upon other occasions great Privileges were granted to such of them as would stay in Spain whence as I suppose such as are free from Taxes are among us called Franc. Of all these Nations was formed a mighty Army which marched without delay towards Toledo full of hopes of speedy success The Moorish King made all the necessary Preparations to endure a Siege but most of all rely'd on the natural Strength of the Place encompassed with high and craggy Rocks thro' which the River Iagus in a wonderful manner breaks his way and runs almost round the City except on the North side where is a steep and difficult ascent defended by two strong Walls one above the other To Besiege this Place the Army was divided into seven Brigades which took up all the Avenues so that no Relief could be carried in The King with the best of the Army Encamp'd and Entrench'd himself
Aragon resigns and his Son-in-Law Raimund Earl of Barcelona assumes the Crown THese Elections brought great troubles upon the Kingdoms of Aragon and Navarre and the more for that D. Garcia was weak and D. Ramiro old The King of Castile pretended to have a better right than either of them as being descended from D. Sancho the Greater of Navarre and he had the greatest Power on which King's ground their chiefest right As for the Military Orders appointed by the late King to inherit no Body took notice of them That he might not seem careless in seeking his advantage the King of Castile entred the Territory of Rioja and recover'd all that his Father-in-law King Alonso of Aragon had taken from him by force at first and afterwards upon Capitulation Then he laid Siege to Victoria in Biscay but could not carry it tho' he had all the Towns about Thus the River Ebro came to part the Dominions of Castile and Navarre Many great Men as well as of the Clergy as Laity follow'd and assisted the King who had no sooner regain'd Rioja and Biscay but he bent his Force against Aragon so effectually that by the Month of December he was possess'd of all that part of the Kingdom which lies on this side Ebro King Ramiro being wholly unprovided and not well assur'd of the Affections of his People retir'd to Sobrarve hoping the natural strength of that Country might protect him till Fortune chang'd or some Composition could be made Oldegarius Archbishop of Taragona went betwixt both Parties labouring to bring them to an Accommodation but his endavours seemed Fruitless neither Competitor contenting himself with part as aspiring to the whole Garcia King of Navarre being resolved to condescend to some Agreement upon safe Conduct given him came to Castile where in a General Assembly or Parliament at which were present King Alonso of Castile Berengaria his Queen Sancha his Sister and Garcia King of Navarre besides a great number of Nobles it was resolved that the King of Castile should take the Title of Emperor Accordingly on Whit-Sunday in the Year 1135. as an Author then living writes and it appears by the Acts of that Assembly he was Crowned in the City of Leon by the Hands of the Archbishop of Toledo the King of Navarre standing on his right Hand and the Bishop of Leon on his Left Our Historians say Pope Innocent II. consented to this Act but it is scarce credible he would do that Affront to the Emperor of the Romans After this the new Emperor was again Crowned at Toledo These two Coronations gave occasion to the dispute there is about the place where that Ceremony was performed An Author then living says he was Crown'd three times in imitation of the German Emperors first at Toledo then at Leon and lastly at Compestella with a Crown of Gold The other Kings of Spain before this assum'd the Title only this preserv'd it and is call'd Alonso the Emperor Besides it is manifest that from his time the City Toledo began to use the Arms it still retains which are An Emperor in his Robes on a Throne the Globe in his left Hand and a naked Sword in his Right The Arms of that City before were first two Stars and after that a Lion rampant Hence also it took the stile of the Imperial City As soon as the new Emperor had taken upon him that Title he nam'd his two Sons Kings Sancho the eldest of Castile and Ferdinand the youngest of Leon. The Nobility and Clergy labour'd to compose the differences above-mention'd No good could be wrought upon Aragon therefore the two Kings of Castile and Navarre had another Conference at Paradilla on the River Ebro Here it was agreed that D. Garcia should possess Navarre and all that part of Aragon that had been Conquered but should do Fealty and Homage to the Crown of Castile for the same and also that both Kings should joyn their Forces against him of Aragon Thus the Argonians and Navarrois were intangled in War till some Bishops interposing they appointed three Arbitrators on each side by whom it was decreed That the Bounds of Navarre and Aragon should be the same they had been in the time of D. Sancho the Greater but that the King of Navarre should hold his Dominions of the Crown of Aragon which was the same thing he had promised to Castile So little did they regard Promises To ratifie this Contract the two Kings met at Pamplona but he of Aragon being inform'd the Navarrois design'd to kill him fled and thus the Breach was made wider than at first D. Ramiro for his great Age and Weakness being grown contemptible to the Commonalty as well as the Nobility in revenge call'd together all the great Men to Huesca upon pretence of Consulting with them about weighty Affairs and there put to Death 15 of the chief of them in the Year 1136. Many things are reported of his Insufficiency scarce credible but there is no doubt he was not fit for such a troublesome Government He himself at length growing weary of so many cares and resolving to ease himself of them having now a Daughter call'd Petronilla declar'd his intention at that meeting at Huesca and admonish'd all there present that their chief study ought to be to establish Friendship with D. Alonso the Emperor without thinking of any revenge against the Navarrois Raymund Earl of Barcelona was the chief Instrument in concerting matters betwixt Castile and Aragon as being Ally'd to both those Princes and having some intimation that he should Marry the Princess Petronilla and be declar'd King of Aragon At Alagon a Town three Leagues above Zaragoça on the River Ebro the two Kings met and agreed that Zaragoça should be restored to the Crown of Aragon Calatayud Alagon and the rest on this side Ebro should remain to Castile King Ramiro's Daughter was given as an Hostage for performance of Articles but they could not agree about her Marrying D. Sancho the Emperor's eldest Son for that she was promised to the Earl of Barcelona So far were both Parties from having any regard to their Alliances made with Navarre that they Articl'd to joyn their Forces against that King He having notice of it and being a Man of great Spirit provided to meet that Storm and durst not only make good his own but endeavour'd to enlarge the narrow bounds of his Dominions He Marry'd Margaret Daughter of Rotron Earl of Perche and had the City Tudela with her in Dower The Records of those times mention that he Reign'd over Pamplona Najara Alava Biscay and Guipuscoa He was supported by the French Luis their King looking upon it as a thing Honourble to protect this new Prince The Armies of Castile and Navarre encamp'd near and Towns of Galur and Cortes but came not to a Battle both sides being unwilling to hazard all for this is more likely than that they forbore in respect
or were taken by force and Toledo it self did not escape for it appears that City submitted to King Ferdinand so that a very small part remain'd to the young King On the other side the King of Navarre thinking this a good opportunity to recover his losses having first made Peace with Aragon broke into the Dominions of Castile and possess'd himself of Logron̄o Entren̄a Briviesca and other Towns Thus all the Country was filled with confusion Whilst Castile was thus rent with intestine Divisions the Moors of Andaluzia enjoy'd perfect Peace Only the Forces of Portugal and Aragon kept them in aw Raymund Prince of Aragon was in great renown for his perpetual good Fortune which was such that Lope the Moorish King of Murcia was subject to him and in France he had taken above 30 Strong-Holds and the Town of Trencataye which he destroy'd from the Family of Beauce who invaded Provence The Emperor Frederick who had favoured his Enemies sought his Friendship and a League was concluded betwixt them Raymund had brought out of Castile Rica the Widow of the Emperor Alonso and his Daughter Sancha contracted to his own Son At the instance of the Emperor Frederick it was agreed that Rica who was his Kinswoman should Marry Raymund Berengarius Earl of Provence who thereupon should possess all the said Earldom of Provence and the City Arles with its Territory To ratifie this Agreement it was resolv'd both Raymunds should meet the Emperor at Turin on the first of August in the Year 1162. On the way thither at S. Dalmacius a Town at the foot of the Alps Raymund Prince of Aragon fell sick and dy'd the 6th day of the same Month. Notwithstanding his Death Raymund Earl of Provence obtained of the Emperor all he desired Prince Raymund's Body was brought to his Country and buried in the Monastery of Ripoli as he had ordered Cortes or a Parliament being held at Huesca Raymund's last Will left by word of Mouth was repeated whereby he declared his Son Raymund his Successor who took possession of his Father's Principality by the name of Alonso To Peter his second Son he left Cerdagne Carcassonne and Narbonne Sancho the youngest was to succeed Peter in case he died without Heirs He made no mention of his Daughter Dulcis who was after Queen of Portugal nor of his Bastard Son Berengarius who was Bishop of Taraçona and Lerida and Abbot of Montaragon The King's Minority he being but 11 years old gave an opportunity to turbulent Spirits to raise Commotions An Impostor now openly affirmed he was King Alonso who as has been said was killed 28 years before at the Battle of Fraga He said he had been till then in Asia serving against the Infidels in the Holy-Land His Age and Features but most of all the Love the Multitude has for Novelties gained him some Reputation Great mischiefs might have ensued had not the Impostor been taken at Zaragoça and put to Death in the very beginning of the Tumult In the Year 1163. the Assembly of States or Parliament of Aragon was held at Barcelona The Queen Petronilla by the advice of the Nobility resigned over the Crown of Aragon to her Son then 13 years of Age. Raymund Earl of Provence who had some time governed Catalonia for his Cousin returned home and died in the Year 1166. King Alonso receiving the News at Girona by advice of the Nobility called himself Marquess of Provence for they pretended by the Emperor's Grant that Country was not only given to the late Earl of Provence but to Raymund Prince of Aragon and his Heirs which occasioned Wars in France CHAP. IV. Alonso the young King of Castile takes upon him the Government recovers most of his Dominions joins in League with the Aragonian and Marries Ellenor Daughter to Henry II. King of England Some Actions of Ferdinand King of Leon. IN Castile the People growing weary of the King of Leon invited their young King Alonso to take upon him the Government promising all would declare for him These invitations and the persuasions of the Nobility prevailed and he resolved to depart from Avila and visit the principal places of the Kingdom This was in the Year 1168. as some write I rather believe two years sooner by the computation of time for when his Father died he was 4 years of age and at this time 11. He was not deceived for many Cities received him with Joy and furnished all Necessaries for him and his Retinue which at first consisted of only a few Nobles and a Guard of 150 Horse furnished by the City Avila This was a small Force to recover so many Places as the King of Leon held with strong Garisons The King encouraged by Success resolved to try Toledo but feared Ferdinand Ruiz de Castro who held it would not be prevailed upon to deliver that City Stephen Illan a Citizen of note had built the Church of S. Romanus in the highest part of the City and adjoyning to it a Tower which served as well for Strength as an Ornament He was an Enemy to Ferdinand de Castro and therefore getting privately out of the City he conveyed the King disguised into the Tower Then setting up the Royal Standard he gave notice the King was there whereupon the Citizens running to Arms Ferdinand de Castro fled to Huete a Town then very strong as lying upon the Frontiers exposed to the Moors The People of Toledo as well those who had been against admitting the King as the most Loyal expressed great Joy and nothing resounded but God save the King Stephen Illan for his good Service was much honoured and made Governour of the City After his death the Citizens caused his Picture on Horse-back to be drawn on the Roof of the Cathedral behind the High Altar where it is still to be seen The King entred Toledo upon Friday the 26th of August On Michaelmass-day following died John Archbishop of Toledo when he had governed that Church with much applause 16 years Cerebrunus or Cenebrunus succeeded him a Man grateful to King Alonso having taught him the first Rudiments of Learning He had been Arch-deacon of Toledo and Bishop of Siguença and it is thought was a Frenchman The King after securing Toledo at the instigation of Manrique Earl of Lara his General marched against Ferdinand de Castro who refused not to meet him being supported by the People of Huete that stood firm to him Two Leagues from that Town at a place called Garcinaharro they came to a Battle Ferdinand de Castro fought in a disguise D. Manrique with all his might charged a Gentleman that was armed like a General and killed him believing it had been Ferdinand but was himself soon after slain by one of the said Ferdinand's Followers The General being killed the King's Forces were put to flight Nun̄o Brother to Manrique understanding the deceit used by Ferdinand de Castro laid Treachery to his charge
and challenged him as was then usual but some Persons of Piety interposing the business was mitigated yet the hatred betwixt those two Families could not be rooted out Many Towns and Places of strength adhered to Ferdinand de Castro therefore the King forbore for the present contending with him and bending his Force another way recovered many places that were not Garrisoned It was thought convenient to try the Castle of Zurita seated on a Hill at the foot whereof runs the River Tagus Lope Arenas held it as Lieutenant to Ferdinand de Castro Being summoned he excused himself saying The King was not yet at the age appointed by his Father's Will and that he was but Lieutenant and could not surrender without leave of his Lord. No hopes remaining of a surrender it was resolved to use force D. Lope de Haro came from the farthest part of Biscay to serve at that Siege Provisions growing scarce the Besieged resolved to use Fraud and therefore upon pretence of Capitulating getting D. Nun̄o and Suero de Lara into the Castle kept them Prisoners believing the King to save them would raise the Siege There was one Dominick in the Camp who had deserted from the Castle this Man offer'd for a Reward to make them Masters of the Fort. Upon promise of what he demanded he wounded one Peter Ruiz who was consenting to it and flying was admitted into the Castle and to the Favour of the Lieutenant whose Servant he had been He watched his opportunity and kill'd the Lieutenant whereupon the Castle was immediately Surrendred The King caused Dominick's Eyes to be put out as an example of Treachery yet allowed him a Maintenance which was afterwards taken away and he put to Death for that he boasted of his wickedness The Army was dismissed and D. Lope de Haro much commended return'd home having refused Presents that were offer'd him because the King's Treasury was exhausted This Gentleman is said to have built the Town of Haro not far from the River Ebro The King went to Toledo whither he had summon'd the General Assembly call'd Cortes or Parliament and there it was consulted how to settle the Kingdom and recover those places that would not submit This Year was remarkable for great Rains and Floods particularly at Toledo the River Tagus swelled till it came to the Church of S. Isidorus The following Year on the 8th of February there was an Earthquake in that City a thing not usual and therefore thought to presage more Troubles Ferdinand King of Leon had Marry'd Vrraca the Daughter of Alonso King of Portugal by whom he had Alonso who succeeded him notwithstanding he was Divorc'd from the Queen on account of Consanguinity This Divorce produc'd enmity betwixt the Kings and much harm was done on both sides King Ferdinand was busie repairing the Towns ruin'd by the Wars and building others By the advice of a Banish'd Portugues he built Cuidad Rodrigo on the Borders of Portugal to be a check to those People Hence arose Disgusts which ended in open Enmity King Ferdinand tho' Affable and Courteous was Brave and Resolute and feared not at once to engage both the Kings of Castile and Portugal King Alonso of Castile in the beginning of the Year 1170. held the Cortes or Parliament at Burgos where it was Enacted That since he was at the age of 15 appointed by his Father's Will for delivering all Cities Towns and Castles into his Hands there should be War declared against all such as withheld any from him not excepting King Ferdinand who still was possess'd of a considerable part of the Kingdom That War many difficulties intervening was deferr'd for some time The great Men lest they should be reputed Traitors now no excuse was left obeyed Among the first was Ferdinand de Castro who fearing his Enemies and the King's Displeasure renouncing his Country as the Custom was then went over to the Moors whence he ceased not to do harm upon the Lands of the Christians It was also proposed in the Cortes or Parliament to set on foot a Treaty of Marriage between the King and the Lady Ellenor Daughter to Henry II. King of England and Duke of Normandy and Aquitain After this Alonso King of Aragon had an Interview with his Cousin the King of Castile at Sahagun where a League was concluded between them Thence the two Kings about the beginning of July went to Zaragoça From thence an Embassy was sent to treat about the King's Marriage Cerebrunus Archbishop of Toledo was Principal of the Embassy with him went Raymund Bishop of Palencia and other Prelates and Noblemen At Bourdeaux the Treaty was concluded whence the Lady came into Spain attended not only by those that went for her but by Bernard Bishop of that City and many other Persons of Note Mean while the Kings of Castile and Aragon had made a League Offensive and Defensive against all Princes except the King of England in respect to the Marriage in hand For the more security Cautionary Towns were given on both sides the King of Aragon had Najara and Biguerra he of Castile Ariza and Daroca The Bride being come to Taraçona there the Nuptials were Celebrated with great Pomp in the Month of September The King of Aragon gave her Her Joynter was a great part of Castile Burgos Medina del Campo and many other Towns and half of all that should be taken from the Moors For the King ravished with the beauty of his Bride endeavour'd to exceed all his Predecessors in Liberality Lope the Moorish King of Murcia was doubtless in League with the King of Castile for I find he went to Toledo about this time King Alonso of Aragon was about making War upon him on account that he refused to pay the Tribute he paid to his Father but they agreed and he consented to pay upon Condition King Alonso should not uphold the Maçemutes his Enemies All the Solemnities being perform'd at Taraçona the two Christian Kings parted and publick Rejoicings were again Celebrated at Burgos After that the Troop of Avila which till then had attended the King was dismiss'd Great Privileges were granted to the City Avila for its Fidelity to the King in the worst of times Then the King and Queen set out for Toledo At the same time the King of Aragon with the consent of the Bishop of Rhoda had the Head of Valerius Bishop of Zaragoça translated to that City from Rhoda where it had been till then Garsendis Princess of Bearn by the Death of her Father and Brother did Homage to the King of Aragon and confirmed the contract made that she should not Marry without his leave Some are of Opinion she was Marry'd to William of Moncada a Nobleman and Seneschal of Catalonia of which there is no proof and therefore I thought better to leave it dubious than attempt to decide it on either side CHAP. V. The League made against Peter Ruiz de Azagra
in great State to her Husband These things were done in the Year 1201. Much about the same time Berengaria the King of Castile's other Daughter was Marry'd to Alonso King of Leon at Valladolid where the two Kings met to that purpose Her Dower was only those Towns her Father had taken from her Husband Alonso Earl of Provence and William Earl of Focalquer being at variance the King of Aragon took a journey into France and composed their differences Thence he went by Sea to Rome designing to make use of the interest of Pope Innocent III. for obtaining the assistance of the Fleets of Genoa and Pisa towards the Conquest of Majorca The Pope received him with great Magnificence caused him to be anointed and himself put on his Crown ordaining that for the future the Kings of Aragon should be Crown'd by the Archbishop of Tarragona as the Popes Vicar In return the King made his Kingdom Tributary to the Pope which was highly resented by his Subjects CHAP. IX The Marriage of the King of Aragon and Death of some Persons of Note Peace concluded and Alliance between all the Christian Kings of Spain The beginning of the War with the Moors A vast Multitude of Foreigners comes to the assistance of the Christian Kings of Spain KING Peter of Aragon being returned home from Rome incensed the Minds of his Subjects by imposing a Tax called Monetal from which even the Nobility were not exempted Pope Innocent indeavoured to make a match betwixt the King and the Lady Mary Daughter to Elizabeth Queen of Jerusalem by that means to ingage him in the Holy War Conveniency prevailed and he Marryed the Lady Mary Daughter and Heiress to William Lord of Montpellier Vrraca the King of Castile's Youngest Daughter was Marry'd to Alonso the King of Portugal's eldest Son in the Year 1206. This Year there was so great an Eclipse of the Sun that the Darkness lasted Six hours as if it had been the Dead of Night The Floods were so great that the River Tagus swell'd the height of a Man above the Gate of Almofala at Toledo as the Annals of that City inform us It is likely this Gate of Almofala was the same is now call'd of St. Isidorus King Alonso made Martin Archbishop of Toledo High Chancellor of Castile No hopes being left the King of Navarre of recovering his losses he had a Conference with him of Castile at Guadalaxara where a Truce was concluded for five Years and Cautionary Towns given on both sides for security of performance In the Year 1208. dy'd Martin Archbishop of Toledo Roderick Ximenes a Navarrios succeeded him In November departed his Life Sancha Mother to the King of Aragon On the same day as the Archbishop dy'd also Stephen Illan Governour of Toledo who as was said recovered that City for the King Also the Earl of Vrgel leaving one only Daughter who being oppress'd by Gerard de Cabrera Son to Ponce before mentioned surrendred her Earldom to the King of Aragon and put herself under his protection Here ended the Dominion of the Heirs of the great Borello formerly Earls of Barcèlona and Vrgel over that City tho' her Father by Will left the half of his City of Valladolid to Pope Innocent that he might protect his Daughter in the remaining part but I do not find that ever the Pope had possession of this Legacy The Truce with the Moors was near expiring and great danger threatned unless the Christian Princes would unite their Forces for the publick good Alonzo King of Leon disturbed the Peace by seizing upon his Mother-in-law's Joynter-Lands James de Haro her Brother opposing the King drew upon himself the Forces of Leon and Castile and not able to defend his own was forc'd to fly to Navarre Thence he infested the Frontiers of Castile but being defeated by the two Kings retired to Estela a strong Town The four Kings of Castile Leon Aragon and Navarre met at Alfaro and concluded a Peace Hereupon James de Haro forsaken by all fled to Valencia to the Moors Soon after the King of Aragon entring the Kingdom of Valencia had his Horse kill'd under him in fight and must certainly have been taken but that James de Haro mounted him This made him so odious to the Infidels that he was oblig'd to go over to Africk to clear himself before the Miramamolin Afterwards having made his Peace with the Christian Kings he return'd to Castile In the Year 1209. the two Kings of Aragon and Navarre had another meeting in a Plain near a Town call'd Mallen Here all Differences were adjusted and the King of Navarre lent him of Aragon 20000 Daccats for which he was to deliver four Towns in pawn to D. Ximeno de Rada who if the Money was not repaid on the day appointed was to surrender them up to the King of Navarre King Alonso of Castile hop'd to draw Succours out of France but the Wars betwixt the French and English hindred Whereupon he entred Guienne resolving to fall upon either of the two that should refuse to hearken to Peace His labour was lost for the enmity was irreconcileable and the Preparations made by the Moors oblig'd him to return into Spain Whilst the Truce with the Moors lasted an University was Founded at Palencia at the King's charge and by the persuasion of Roderick Archbishop of Toledo and Professors of all Sciences brought out of France upon promise of great Salaries At Huelgas near Burgos the King also built a great Monastery for the burying of Kings and an Hospital adjoyning to it Constance Sister to the King of Aragon and Dowager of Hungary by whom she had a Son call'd Ladislaus by persuasion of Pope Innocent III. Marry'd Frederick King of Sicily The Alliances establish'd betwixt the Christian Princes fill'd all People with hopes and joy Yet at this time the King of Leon by command of Pope Innocent was Divorc'd from his Queen Berengaria upon account of Consanguinity and she sent to her Father Mahomet who had succeeded his Brother Abenjoseph in the Empire of the Moors made great Preparations to invade the Dominions of the Christians who on their part were not idle Peter King of Aragon took Adamuz and other Towns in the Kingdom of Valeneia To the Knights Templers he gave the Town of Tortosa for their good service perform'd in the late Wars Ferdinand Son to the King of Castile entred Andaluzia and plundred all the Country about Baeza Anduxar and Jaen About the same time Mahomet King of the Moors call'd the Green from the colour of his Turbant took Salvatierra part of the Inhabitants were put to the Sword the rest made Slaves It was Besieg'd in June 1210. and taken in September King Alonso was marching to relieve it but at Talavera his Son Ferdinand met and assur'd him there was need of a greater Army to engage the Enemy Prince Ferdinand dying in October the following Year put a stop
Albis a Town call'd Vaure near Toulouze and many other places This done he laid Siege to Toulouze but could not enter it by reason the Earls of Toulouze Faux and Cominges were within and defended it with great resolution Therefore raising the Siege he bent his Force against the Earldom of Faux The King of Aragon was in care for those his Friends and Allies and fear'd lest Simon of Montfort under the specious pretence of Religion should endeavour to enlarge his own Dominions Therefore immediately after the famous Battle of Navas de Tolosa he imploy'd his thoughts on the Affairs of France with so much application that it appears he was at Toulouze in the Month of January in the Year 1213. In May following he raised Men at Lerida and other places to carry on that War Being returned to France all those Princes joyn'd him with their Forces which together are said to have composed an Army of 100000 Men a number scarce credible Simon of Montfort provided to oppose so powerful an Enemy and in order to it fortified the Castle Murelle on the Banks of the River Garonne The Confederates marched to Besiege it and Montfort with a small number but chosen Men to defend it With him were seven Bishops S. Dominick and three Abbots These endeavour'd to disswade the King from supporting the Hereticks but he was deaf to their advice The Catholicks were not above 800 Horse and 1000 Foot a small number to the multitude of the Enemies However relying on the Justice of their Cause they engaged and it was resolutely fought on both sides At length thro' the special Providence of God and Valour of the Catholicks the Enemy was put to flight the Earls escap'd but the King was kill'd upon the place with several Argonians of note yet the number of the Dead was not great Every Body said the King had deserved that end for favouring of Hereticks tho' in other respects he was so true a Son of the Church that he got the name of Peter the Catholick and also for his Lewdness which transported him so far as to put away his Queen a Woman of singular Virtue upon pretence of Consanguinity and that she had been Marry'd to the Earl of Cominges tho' that Marriage had been declared invalid This Lady was now at Rome and daily expected Judgment should be given for her when the news of the King's Death was brought His Body was buried by the Knights of S. John in the Monastery of Ximena where Queen Sancha his Mother lies He left only one Son called Jayme or James but four Years of Age. There were yet living Ferdinand Brother to the Deceased and Abbot of Montaragon and consequently a professed Monk and Sancho Earl of Roussillon his Uncle of a great age as being Uncle to the late King These two notwithstanding the Profession of the one and the Age of the other had thoughts of Usurping the Crown To this purpose they endeavoured to gain the Nobility and People giving out that D. Jayme was a Bastard and they consequently next Heirs This design was no way pleasing to the Prelates and Nobles Especially Peter Fernandez de Açagra Lord of Albarazin was concerned there should be any talk of Excluding the Child and that he should be then as a Prisoner in the hands of Simon of Montfort Having therefore consulted the other Nobles they sent an Embassador to Pope Innocent desiring he would command Montfort to deliver up the Child whom all acknowledged as their King The Pope readily condescended and sent Orders to his Legate the Cardinal of Benavente then in the War against the Hereticks to give all satisfaction to the Argonians if what they demanded were just Mean while Montfort had taken Toulouze the Nest and chief Recepticle of the Hereticks The Legate gathered a Synod at Montpelier where it was unanimously agreed to give all that had been taken in War to Simon of Montfort as a Reward for his good service The Bishop of Embrun was sent to the Pope to obtain a Confirmation of this their Decree This was the posture of Affairs in France In Spain a violent Famine rag'd by reason of the Drought After the Famine as is usual follow'd the Plague caused by the unusual things eaten for want Many Towns were quite Unpeopled especially in the Kingdom of Toledo where this Calamity was most destructive as being the highest part of all Spain Roderick Archbishop of Toledo was a great help to the Poor giving extraordinary Alms and stirring up others to do the like Whereupon King Alonso afterwards at Burgos gave him 20 Villages and the Chancellorship of Castile the highest Dignity next the King to him and his Successors the Archbishops for ever This Office the Archbishops exercised by themselves or their Deputies till the time of the Archbishop Giles de Albornoz when by reason of his absence and the confusion of the times it was given to others and now those Prelates retain nothing but the bare Title King Alonso being at Burgos desired to be reconciled to the King of Leon with whom he had been offended ever since he put away his Daughter Berengaria Both Kings met at Valladolid where all differences were composed and particularly they agreed that Carpio and Monterey should be demolished because there arose Debates about them This done the King of Leon returned to his Country taking along with him by the consent of the King of Castile James Lopez de Haro to employ him in his Wars against the Moors James de Haro was then in great Repute so besides his Son a good number of Men follow'd him desiring to serve under so experienced a General The King of Castile tho' old would not slip the opportunity of making his advantage of the Moors under a consternation for their late losses The King of Leon began the War in that part of old Lusitania now called Estremadura where having plundred and wasted all the Country he took from the Moors a Town of Alcantara seated on the Banks of Tagus which he gave to the Knights of Calatrava This was the Original of the Knights of Alcantara at first subject to the Order of Calatrava now independant of them having obtained a Bull from Pope Julius II. to that effect The Habit of Calatrava formerly was a Scapular with a Hood over their Cloths like the Fryers since Pope Benedict XIII changed it and instead of the Hood they wear a red Cross Fleury Those of Alantara wear the same form of Cross but green on a white Cloak Both observe the Rule of S. Bernard and are subject to the Order of Cistercians Alonso King of Castile advanced with his Forces as far as Baeça which the Moors had again recovered and laid Siege to that City after ravaging all the open Country Jame Lopez de Haro the War of Estremadura being ended came thither Tho' they made their utmost Efforts yet could they not take that City for want of
fall of a Tile Ferdinand Prince of Leon succeeds his Mother Berengaria renouncing her right Orders of S. Dominick S. Francis and La Merced instituted THE Enmity betwixt D. Alvaro de Lara and Queen Berengaria put the Kingdom into Confusion and was the cause that many Murders Robberies and other Villanies were committed D Alvaro added one fraud to the perfecting of all his Projects The King being at Maqueda a Town not far from Toledo Queen Berengaria sent a Man privately to advertise him how affairs stood D. Alvaro having notice of it seized the Messenger and Counterfeiting the Queen's Hand and Seal produced Letters as from her directing the King to be Poisoned and the more to credit his invention caused the Messenger to be strangl'd This imposture being known incensed all Men against D. Alvaro and the Inhabitants of Maqueda had slain him but that he withdrew with the King to Huete Thither the Queen again sent one Roderick Gonzales de Valverde to consult with the King how he might make his escape to her This Man also was taken and sent Prisoner to Alarcon but was not put to Death for fear of the People All the storm fell upon such Nobles as adhered to the Queen The King kept his Lent at Valladolid thence D. Alvaro sent Forces to Besiege Montalegre where was D. Suero Tellez Giron a Man of Note well provided to defend himself He had two Brothers Ferdiand Ruyz and Alonso Tellez that might have relieved him but would not out of respect to the King D. Suero being summon'd in the King's name tho' he could long have held out surrendred the Fort. After this the Country was wasted and the King in Person sate down before Carrion Thence he moved to Villalva D. Alonso de Meneses who held it being then out of the Town was forced to make his way in with his Sword not without danger being himself wounded and many of his Servants kill'd Nevertheless he held out so long that the King was glad to quit that enterprize and return to Palencia At the same time the War was carry'd on against Roderick and Alvaro Cameros who held the City Calaborra The King going thither soon made himself Master of that City Garci Zapata the Governour delivering up the Castle to him After the taking of that City they Marched against D. Lope de Haro Lord of Biscay That Country is Mountainous and the People very true to their Lords for which reason the War was protracted and the King return'd home As soon as the King was gone D. Lope entred his Territories as far as Marcanda de Ebro where Gonzalo Brother to D. Alvaro the Governour met him They came not to a Battle because Religious Persons interposed Thus D. Gonzalo went away to the King and D. Lope to Otella where the Queen was not without Apprehensions that the King would Besiege her There are those who write that a Marriage was treated of betwixt the King of Castile and Sancha the King of Leon's Daughter by his first Wife upon condition she should inherit the Crown excluding Ferdinand the Son of Queen Berengaria But it is hard to find out the truth of these Affairs for the History of those times is no less confuss'd than were the times In this Historians agree that the King being at play with others of his Age in the Court of the Bishop's Palace where he then lay a Tile falling from the top of the House broke his Head in such manner that he dy'd 11 days after on the 6th of June in the Year 1217. His Body was afterwards bury'd near his Brother Ferdinand at Huelgas by Burgos He liv'd not full 14 years Reign'd 2 and 9 months This same Year the Portugueses took from the Moors a considerable Town call'd Alcazar de Sal. Matthew Bishop of Lisbon was the chief Contriver of this Enterprize for he raised considerable Forces and persuaded the Knights Templers to be assisting to him But the chief Force consisted in 100 Sail of English French and Flemings who on their way to the Holy-Land touch'd at Lisbon and were persuaded by that Bishop to put their hand to the reducing of that Town A Multitude of Moors from Sevil Cordova and other parts coming to the Relief of that place was overthrown and 60000 of them were killed The Battle was fought on the 25th of September and the place taken on the 18th of October Henry the late King had two Sisters both elder than he These were Blanch Marry'd to Luis eldest Son of Philip Augustus King of France and Berengaria who before she was parted from her Husband Alonso King of Leon brought him four Children to wit Ferdinand Alonso Constance and Berengaria Blanch was the eldest Sister and by Right ought to inherit had not force and the hatred of a Stranger taken place of Justice Many of the Nobility meeting where Queen Berengaria then was declared the Crown to appertain to her It was convenient that all things should be setled before the King of Castile's Death came to the Ears of the King of Leon lest he should pretend to that Crown in Right of his Wife tho' parted from her Accordingly Embassadors were sent to him to request he would send his Son Ferdinand to protect his Mother which they obtain'd before ever that King had notice of the Death of King Henry This was the easier to do for that D. Alvaro de Lara carry'd the dead Body with him to Tariego giving out he was still living and dispatching Business in his Name Prince Ferdinand being come to Otella where his Mother was she made over her Right to the Crown to him At Najara under an Elm-tree the Ceremony of Proclaiming him King was perform'd so little State was used in those times From Najara he went to Palencia designing to take a Progress thro' the Kingdom That City at the persuasion of the Bishop received him with great Joy and Magnificence Then he went to Duenas which shut the Gates against him but the Town being small and not strong was entred by force Here the Nobility began to treat of an Accommodation with the Family of Lara D. Alvaro was not averse to it but being used to Rule he had the presumption to ask to be Tutor to the new King King Ferdinand was at that time 18 years of age tho' some say but 16. Thus the posture of Affairs seem'd to threaten a War The King and Queen went to Valladolid a great and plentiful Town in Castile where the Cortes or Parliament met and determin'd that Berengaria was the rightful Heiress of the Crown as had been twice declared whilst her Father lived So Roderick the Archbishop who says she was the eldest Daughter but other Authors are of another Opinion The Queen here again resign'd her Right to the Crown and her Son was the second time Proclaim'd King in a great open place in the Suburbs of that Town Thence he was carry'd to the Cathedral
Alonso de Meneses was appointed Governour and D. Alvaro de Castro General of the Frontiers To his other Titles the King added that of King of Cordova and Baeça At this time the Episcopal See of Calahorra was translated to St. Domingo de la Calçada but those two Cities disputing the right they were at length both made Bishopricks CHAP. XI A Moorish King Baptized Description of Valencia its Siege and surrender to the King of Aragon who is Wounded before it Theobald King of Navarre goes with others to the Holy-War THE King of Aragon ceased not to press the Moors of the Kingdom of Valencia Zeit their King was Banished thence and being well affected to the Christian Religion was at length Baptized by the Name of Vincent This was done privately that the Moors might not know it he still entertaining hopes of recovering his Kingdoms His Conversion had been foretold by two Fryars John and Peter whom for that reason he caused to be put to Death D. Sancho Ahones Archbishop of Zaragoça laboured to have him Marry because his Life was scandalous he indulging his former Libertinism His Wife's Name was Dominga Lopez of Zaragoça By her he had Alda Hernandez Marry'd to Blasco Ximenez Lord of Arenos who inherited many other Towns of his Father-in-Law and from him came the Family of Arenos In Prosecution of his design the King of Aragon wasted the Territory of Exerica burning the ripe Corn on the Ground Bernard William the King's Unkle by the Mother's side was appointed General of the Frontiers to oppose the Moors he being Famous for Martial exploits In October following the Cortes or Parliament was held at Monçon where it was resolved to carry on the War and Besiege Valencia It was also determined that a certain Coin called Jaquesa which had much mixture of Brass should not be called in because it would be a great loss to those who had any quantity of it On this account they ordered that every House should pay to the King one Maravedis in Seven Years Bernard William repaired the Castle called Poyo de S. Maria destroy'd by the Moors and kept a good Garrison in it Zaen King of Valencia resolved to Besiege this Castle with 600 Horse and 40000 Foot The Christians tho' nothing equal in Number drew out to Fight them in the Field and were reduced to the utmost peril but at length their Valour overcame the Multitude and the Infidels were put to flight It was given out that St. George assisted the Christians in that Fight When success is beyond expectation Men are apt to attribute it to Miracle It is also said an Image of Our Lady was found under the Bell in the Castle to which the Neighbouring People erected a Church This Battle was fought in the Month of August of the Year 1237. King Jaime hearing of the Victory and being informed tho' it proved a false report that the Moors were returning with a greater force he with more Courage than discretion having in his Company only 130 Horse advanced beyond Poyo and Monviedro There a strong Squadron of Moorish Horse met him under the Command of D. Artal de Alagon Son to D. Blasco then in Banishment The danger was great but the King 's good Fortune and above all God's Special Providence brought him off for the Moors marched off another way without offering to charge the Christians It was very dangerous and expensive to keep the Castle of Poyo which lay near Valencia and far from Aragon but chiefly for that Bernard William the King's Unkle who Commanded there was dead which was the cause that the King set out from Zaragoça where he had passed the Winter and exposed himself to that danger He bestow'd on William Entença Son to the deceased all the honours and places of Trust his Father had possessed which were justly due to him for that Gentlemans good Service Berengarius Entença was made Governour of the Castle notwithstanding the most were for abandoning of it yet the King would not consent because it stood opportunely to forward the taking of Valencia Understanding the Soldiers designed to make their escape thence and forsake it he gathered them in the Chapel of the Castle and there upon the Altar took an Oath Solemnly that he would never return home without being Master of Valencia This his Resolution so encourag'd the Soldiers that they willingly stayed there and so dismay'd the Infidels that their King Zaen sent to sue for Peace offering to deliver up several Forts and pay a considerable Yearly Tibute Yet the King contrary to the advice of most Men refused these conditions not doubting of the Conquest of that City He was the more incouraged for that Almenara Betera Bulla and other places were surrended to him With the King at this time there were only 1000 Foot and 360 Horse a small force for so great an undertaking With this handful he durst pass the River Guadalaviar and lay Siege to that great and populous City He intrenched himself in the Mid way between Valencia and the Grao which is the shore so called for that it rises as it were by Steps a Mile distant from each place Valencia is seated in that part of Spain formerly called Tarraconensis in the Territory of the Edetany The Country about it is Fruitful and pleasant but is supplyed with Corn from abroad It was furnished with good Soldiers rich in Merchandize and so pleasant it neither felt the sharpness of Winter nor extream Heat of the Summer Its Buildings are stately its Gardens and Orchards replenished with all variety of Trees in some places cut in various shapes in others so intermixing and intangling their boughs they make a continued Arbour always Green and Pleasant Such were the Elysian Fields feign'd by the Poets Such the beauty of this City which may compare with the pleasantest in Europe On the left side it is Watered by River Guadalaviar which runs between the Wall and the Royal Palace and on the East joins to the City by a Bridge Many small Chanels are drawn from this River to Water the Orchards Three Miles off near the Sea is Albufera a place not very wholesome but where great plenty of fish is taken At that time the Walls of the Town were round containing 1000 paces in Circumference and had Four Gates The first called Boatelana towards the South East the second Baldina towards the North the third Templaria so called of a Church Built there by the Templers towards the East the fourth Xaraena betwixt which and Boatelana the King incamped that being the best place for Battery by reason of a sort of Angle the Wall made there Great diligence was used by the Christians in fixing their Engines for Battery King Zaen the first day before they could intrench drew out to give Battle but the Christians would not be drawn to Fight because their Number was yet small and supplies came in daily to them Many Prelates
Learning gained him renown This moved the Electoral Princes of Germany after the Death of the Emperor William to choose him his Successor But they did not all consent for the Archbishops of Cologne and Mentz and the Count Palatine Elected Richard Duke of Cornwal Brother to Henry King of England This Election was made on the 6th of January in the Year 1256 some say two Years later The Archbishop of Treves and Duke of Saxony looking upon the other as invallid on the last day of March following made choice of King Alonso Embassadors were sent to them both and both took the Title of Emperors but Richard had so much the advantage that he immediately went over into Germany and was Crowned the first time at Aquisgran by the Archbishop of Cologne King Alonso was hindred by his Domestick troubles and forced to put off his departure This delay gave time to his party to cool in their Affections and the other to strengthen it self Richard seemed to have the better Title being chosen within the Year after the Death of his Predecessor and on the day appointed for the Election and also for that within the space of another Year he was Crowned at Aquisgran by the Archbishop of Cologne and seated in the Chair of Charlemaigne in token of possession Besides the Princes and Governours did him Homage All these Circumstances pleaded for Richard's right whereas King Alonso had performed none of the usual Ceremonies Both the Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia who are the Umpires when there is any thing depending had declared for Richard On the other side King Alonso pleaded that he was Elected according to Custom within the City Walls That the Archbishop of Cologne and the Palatine came with great Military Power as it were to force the others and had made a Separate Election without the Town That the Princes in the City had waited so long to reduce them to observe Order and at length the Archbishop of Treves with the Duke of Saxony who had also the Marques of Bradenburgh's Voice had Elected King Alonso the King of Bohemia's Embassador joining with them Besides these formal reasons they exprobrated Crimes to each other one side said The Archbishop of Treves was Excommunicated for oppressing his Subjects with Taxes The other objected he of Cologne had Wounded the Pope's Legate and stricken a Bishop and that the Elector Palatine abused the Churchmen and in the late Confusions had joyned with the Emperor against the Pope King Alonso being far off was detained by many troubles at home besides that he was naturally unconstant and hoped by some Artifice to put an end to that debate Richard was hindred by the Wars at that time betwixt England and France and dy'd the 6th Year after he took the Title of Emperor The end of this contest shall be told in its place CHAP. VI. Aragon and Castile at variance and reconcil'd Sancho King of Portugal dies in Exile Death of the Queen and Prince of Aragon Portugal under an Interdict Marriages of the King of Navarre and Prince of Aragon KING Alonso was naturally Mild had a great Spirit sought Glory rather than Pleasure addicted himself to Learning yet was very inconstant and covetous which drew upon him the hatred of the People and he neglected to gain the Love of the Nobility To shun idleness the ground of all intestine troubles he invaded Andaluzia his Army divided into several Bodies the better to recover divers places the Moors still possessed He in Person took Xeres his Brother Henry Arcos and Nebrixa a Town near the mouth of the River Guadalquivir D. Nun̄o de Lara was appointed Governour of Xerez Now might the Moors have been expell'd all that Country had not another War called away the King Theobald the second King of Navarre being come to Age with the assistance of the King of Aragon with whom he had renewed the League before made resolved to invade Castile pretending that Guipuscoa Alava Rioja and Briviesca belonged to his Crown and had been wrongfully taken from his Predecessors Many Nobles of Castile went over to Aragon and Navarre having first by a publick instrument renounced their Country which was the Custom used then not to be thought Traytors These stirred up and incensed that Young Prince Among them the chief was James de Haro who soon dy'd at Ban̄ares whether he went to be Cur'd Yet his Son Lope de Haro with a great retinue went to Estela where the King of Aragon then was The same did Prince Henry being much disgusted with his Brother These Princes made a League among themselves The People of Castile tho' they had not declared were of the same Opinion They were offended at the baseness of the Coin which caused all things to grow dear and the King having set rates upon all things there ensued a great scarcity because those who had stocks would not sell at that rate King Alonso understanding his danger began to Treat of some Accommodation with the King of Aragon who was not averse to it being again tho' old entangled in the Love of D. Teresa Vidaura to such a degree that he seemed infatuated At Soria the two Kings met and concluded a Peace in the Year 1256. At the same time Marguerite Mother of Theobald King of Navarre dy'd in Champagne whether she went to settle the affairs of that Earldom She was buryed in the Monastery of Claravelle then Famous for the Sanctity of its Monks The following Year dy'd at Toledo Sancho Capelo King of Portugal as Garibay in his History relates but Duarte Nun̄ez will have his Death to have happen'd in the Year 1246. His Brother Alonso who had Governed the Kingdom Thirteen Years only as Regent now took the Title of King He had by Beatrix Daughter to the King of Castile Denis his eldest Son Alonso Earl of Portalegre Blanch who lies bury'd at Huelgas where she was long Abbess and Constance who dy'd Young At this time Henry the King's Brother stirred up both the Moors and Christians at Nebrixa whether he was withdrawn to Rebellion D. Nun̄o de Lara having notice of it repaired thither from Sevil and Prince Henry not being able to oppose him fled by Sea to Valencia The King of Aragon at first received him favourably but for fear of infringing the Treaty concluded with his Brother obliged him to take his flight into Africk Thence after four Years spent at Tun̄ez he went over poor and miserable into France and so into Italy desiring to make War on his Brother if any Prince would support him The King of Aragon having setled Valencia passed over to Mompellier designing to meet the King of France On the 11th of May in the Year 1258. they met at Carbolio and were perfectly reconciled both parties freely resigning what had been before taken on either side Catalonia and Barcelona were also declared wholly independent of the Crown of France for till that
from prosecuting of it King Alonso would not give ear to any advice Therefore leaving his Queen and Children at Perpignan in the Spring he passed thro' France as far as Belcayre in Provence where the Pope having dismissed the Council had appointed to meet him There the King on the day appointed before the Pope and Cardinals made a long Harangue in vindication of his Right to the Empire The Pope in few words answered to all his Pretensions intreating him if still he thought himself any way wronged for the love of God and for his sake to put it up since it concerned the Peace and Quietness of all Christendom Then the Pope being a meek Man and understanding how to appease Generous Spirits embraced and kissed him Thus that Pretension was given over Yet he set up other new ones He pleaded a Title to Suevia since the Death of Conradin as being descended by the Mothers side from the Princes of that Country and said Rodulphus besides taking the Empire from him did him wrong in Usurping that Country Besides he urged that he had an ancient Right to the Kingdom of Naples and that the French acted unjustly in seizing that Kingdom which they could pretend to Title to but that of a forcible possession To conclude he demanded that the Pope would order his Brother Henry to be set at liberty because Charles King of Sicily excused himself pretending it was not the Will of the Pope that he should be released The Pope and Cardinals being deaf to all these as he thought just demands he stormed with Passion In fine towards the end of Summer and beginning of Autumn he departed out of France much offended at the Pope Being returned into Spain he ceased not to take the Title of Emperor and use the Imperial Robes till the Archbishop of Sevil by order from the Pope obliged him with Ecclesiastical Censures to desist The Tenth of Church Revenues was granted him towards carrying on the War against the Moors This was the Original of the Custom of making use of the Church Revenues in Castile And this was all that King Alonso profited by that troublesome Journey made in hopes of obtaining the Empire The End of Book XIII THE History of SPAIN The Fourteenth BOOK CHAP. I. The King of Morocco passes over into Spain The War with the Moors the Christians twice defeated death of Prince Ferdinand the Heir of Castile Troubles in Navarre betwixt the Natives and the French JAcob Abenjoseph King of Morocco having now obtain'd the Empire of all Africk and understanding Andaluzia was left defenceless by King Alonso's departure into France was dubious whether he should invade Spain and revenge the Losses sustain'd by his Nation or whether he had not better stay at Home and settle his new accquir'd Dominions An Embassy that came to him out of Spain soon put him out of this doubt Mahomet King of Granada having more regard to his Profit than the Oath he had taken was no sooner gone from Sevil but he began to Meditate how to possess himself of all Andaluzia Considering of himself he was not able to deal with the Christians notwithstanding the absence of King Alonso he resolv'd to invite the King of Morocco then a famous and potent Prince to his Aid The King of Morocco overcome by the Perswasions of the Spanish-Moor resolv'd upon the War in Spain He rais'd Men gather'd Ships Horses and Arms and made all manner of Preparations throughout his Dominions Nothing troubl'd him so much as want of Money and the care of keeping his Design private lest the Christians being inform'd thereof should be provided to receive him To remedy his Want and colour his Intentions he sent Embassadors to the King of Aragon to borrow Money of him upon pretence of making War against a powerful Moor who had rebell'd at Ceuta Fame spread abroad what he endeavour'd to conceal Therefore neither the King of Aragon sent him Mony nor did the Castilians neglect providing to oppose him True it is Things were carry'd on slowly because King Alonso was absent and Prince Ferdinand stay'd at Burgos after taking a Progress through the Kingdom The African Moor sent Officers to take Possession of Algezira and Tarifa which as had been agreed between them were to be deliver'd to him by the King of Granada as cautionary Towns There he Landed a vast Number of Africans The Horse are said to be 17000 the Number of Foot not known but proportionabe to so great an undertaking The first care was to reconcile the Moors among themselves so those of Malaga and Guadiz came to agreement with the King of Granada At Malaga they held their Council of War where it was resolv'd to divide the Army into two parts that the Multitude might the better subsist and the Christian Territories be the more endamag'd Thus the King of Morocco undertook the Country about Sevil he of Granada that of Jaen D. Nun̄o de Lara was General of the Frontiers who with all speed sent to Prince Ferdinand for supplies whilst he gathering what Forces he could put himself into Ezija a strong place by which the King of Morocco must of necessity pass A great number of Gentry resorted to him from the neighbouring Parts whereby finding himself strong lest the Enemy should take courage at his shunning them he resolv'd to hazard a Battle At first the Christians seem'd to have the better but the Multitude at last prevailing were put to flight D. Nun̄o himself with 250 Horse and 4000 Foot were slain in the Fight Those that escaped fled to the City which was near D. Nun̄o's Head was sent of a Present to the King of Granada which was not very pleasing to him remembring his former Friendship and how by his Means he had obtained the Crown Therefore he sent it to Cordova to be buried with the Body This misfortune which happen'd in May 1275 struck a great Terror into all the Kingdom Some comfort it was that the Enemy tho' Victorious could not enter Ezija yet another disaster follow'd Sancho Arch-Bishop of Toledo having heard this sad News gather'd all the Gentry he could about Toledo Madrid Guadalaxara and Talavera and march'd in all hast towards Andaluzia The Moors of Granada destroy'd all the Lands of Jaen without sparing Man or Beast These the Arch-Bishop attacks with more Heat than Prudence contrary to the Opinions of the wisest who advis'd to expect D. Lope de Haro who was upon his March to joyn them with a good Body of Men. Near Martos on the 21st of October they fought and were easily vanquish'd not only by reason of the disparity of Number but also because the Christians were raw and the Infidels disciplin'd Souldiers The Rout was shameful the Dead but few for so remarkable a Victory D. Sancho the Arch-Bishop was taken and the two Moorish Kings being at variance about which of them he belong'd to Atar Lord of Malaga run him through with
his Sword saying There was no Reason such Men should fall out about that Dog The Arch-Bishop's Head and left Hand were cut off This Disaster was so much the more to be lamented for that the Enemy in that Fight might have been utterly overthrown had the Christians expected till D. Lope de Haro could joyn them for he coming up soon after with only his own Forces oblig'd the Moors to retire but could not totally defeat them because Night came on The Body Head and Hand of the Arch-Bishop being ransom'd at a great rate were bury'd in the Royal Chappel of Toledo where lay Alonso the Emperour and his Son Sancho Ferdinand Abbot of Covarrubias succeeded in the Archbishoprick and he having after six Months resign'd it because the Pope would not confirm his Election the Pope made choice of D. Gonzalo the second of the Name who had been Bishop of Cuenca first and then of Burgos He is said to have been a Cardinal and dyed in the Year 1299. This unhappy Year we now write of was yet more remarkable for the Death of Prince Ferdinand He dyed at Villareal where he had appointed the Rendezvous of all the Forces His Body was bury'd at Huelgas and his Death caus'd no less Grief at present than it afterwards produc'd Troubles his Brother Sancho pretending the Crown of Right appertain'd to him as second Son to King Alonso then Living notwithstanding Prince Ferdinand by his Wife the Lady Blanch left two Sons call'd Alonso and Ferdinand whom at the time of his Death he recommended to D. John de Lara eldest Son to D. NunÌ„o de Lara Prince Sancho being a Youth of good Conduct made Head against the Moors and put a stop to their proceedings He garison'd all strong Places and avoided giving Battle by that means gaining time for the fury of the Infidels to spend it self The Moors of Valencia encouraged by the success of the others and despising King Jayme who was grown old revolted notwithstanding Prince Peter was upon the Borders of Murcia wasting the Lands of Almeria with a good Body of Men. Navarre was no better setled at that time Philip King of France having contracted Joanna the Heiress of Navarre to his Son Philip who succeeded him and was called the Fair made Stephen de Belmarc a French-Man Viceroy of Navarre taking that Imployment from Peter de Montagudo A stranger had not sufficient Authority to quell the Tumults that then were in the Kingdom and Peter de Montagudo offended that he had been removed from that Post joyning with Garcia Almoravides who had always favour'd the Castilians they both headed the Mutineers Within the City Pamplona the Two Factions came to Blows Such was their cruelty that they burnt the Ripe-Corn and dash'd out the Brains of Children but the French had the worst of it Peter de Montagudo inclining afterwards to the French Party either for the sake of Peace or some other Cause was kill'd by his own People A Man unworthy that hard Fate for his many Virtues CHAP. II. Three Popes Dye in one year Prince Sancho of Castile contrives to Vsurp that Crown from his Nephews The Death of Jayme King of Aragon and of Alonso of Portugal Peter succeeds the first and Denis the latter THE following Year 1276 was remarkable for the death of Three Popes which were Gregory the Xth Innocent the Vth and Adrian the Vth. Innocent held it but Five Months and Two Days and Aâ—rian only Thirty Seven Days John the One and Twentieth succeeded him he was born at Lisbon and a great Scholar as appears by his Writings In the Ninth Month of his Pontificate he was kill'd at Viterbo by the fall of the Roof of the Room where he was Nicholas the III. was his Successor At this same time in Castile were sowed the Seeds of a Civil War which prov'd lasting and destructive Prince Sancho us'd all means to gain the affections of the Nobility and People which the King his Father had utterly lost His Journey into France had increas'd their Discontent The People was desirous of Novelties and the Nobles were well dispos'd to Rebel D. Lope de Haro a Man in great power was reconcil'd at Cordova to Prince Sancho A Truce was concluded with the Moors for two Years This done the King of Morocco pass'd over into Africk Prince Sancho with great speed went to Toledo upon pretence of visiting his Father then newly return'd from France His chief Design was to have the Succession settled upon himself with the consent of the King and Nobility D. Lope de Haro undertook to propose this Affair which highly displeas'd King Alonso both for that they urg'd the Succession whilst he was yet living and because he thought it a great wrong to exclude his Grand-children However by the Advice of his Brother Prince Emanuel then a great Friend to Prince Sancho it was resolv'd the Cortes or Parliament should meet at Segovia to determine this Affair Their Judgment was given in behalf of Prince Sancho in which doubtless regard was had to the Peace of the Kingdom which he would otherwise never have ceas'd to disturb In Aragon King Jayme us'd all his Endeavours to quell the Moors by Policy or if that fail'd to apply Force To this purpose he March'd through Valencia and in several Rencounters sometimes the one sometimes the other Party had the better Whilst the King was at Xativa his Forces were so intirely cut off at Luxen that from that Day which was Tuesday the People began to account Tuesday an unlucky Day Garci Ruiz de Açagra Son to Peter de Açagra Lord of Albarazin was slain in that Fight and the Head-Commendary of the Knights Templers taken The King griev'd at this loss and being very much broken with continual Labour left the Charge of the War to his Son Prince Poter and was carry'd away sick to Algezira a Town in Valencia There being given over by the Physicians he resign'd up the Kingdom to his Son giving him much wholesome Advice Then he put on the Habit of S. Bernard intending to spend what remain'd of Life in the Monastery of Poplete where he would also be buryed His Sickness gave him not so much Leisure he dy'd at Valenica on the 27th of July His Fame will be immortal not only for his great war-like Exploits but also for his Piety since Authors assirm that he built 1000 Churches I suppose he caus'd most of them to be Consecrated having taken them from the Moors For Martial Affairs he may be compar'd to the most renowned antient Commanders having fought Thirty pitched Battles with the Moors and been Victorious in them all whereby he obtained the Name of Conquerour He reigned Sixty Three Years and somewhat blemish'd his Good Name by his Incontinency By Queen Violante he had Peter Jayme Sancho the Arch-Bishop Elizabeth Queen of France Violante Queen of Castile Constance marryed to Prince Emanuel and Mary and Elenor who dyed
the Wrongs he did his Father yet the Kingdom he unjustly Usurp'd he govern'd Prudently At Avila he perform'd his Father's Exequies with Magnificence and at Toledo laying aside his Mourning put on the Royal Robes The Gentry who had been against him now throng'd to make their Court either in hopes to appease him or else to hide what was conceal'd in their Hearts The new King at present dissembl'd yet resolv'd as soon as setl'd to vent his Rage All the Nobility and Commons swore Allegiance to him and his Daughter Elizabeth as Heiress in case he had no Issue Male. This was done to exclude the two Brothers his Nephews whose just Cause many yet favour'd King Sancho resolv'd to gain the good Will of the King of Aragon who had those young Princes in Custody and was then preparing to besiege Albarazin being no longer able to bear with the Insolencies of D. John Nunez de Lara Therefore King Sancho because he could not go in Person sent a good Body of Men to the Assistance of the King of Aragon against that Common Enemy This done he went away for Sevil because Prince John his Brother endeavour'd to possess himself of that City by virtue of his Father's last Will but the Citizens oppos'd him and were headed by D. Alvar Nun̄ez de Lara These Disputes ceas'd upon the coming of the new King who caus'd his Brother to desist To this City came Ambassadors from the King of Morocco to settle Peace but were sent away with Scorn which provok'd the Moors to invade Spain again King Sancho to oppose them provided a great Fleet. At that time the Genoses were Famous for their skill in Navigation thence the King sent for Benedict Zacarias who brought with him twelve Galleys was created Admiral and had the Town Port S. Mary given to him and his Heirs upon Condition they should always maintain a Galley at their Cost The Cortes or Parliament met at Sevil their Business was to redress Grievances and to make void many Grants forc'd in time of Necessity from the present King and his Father That Assembly breaking up the King return'd to Castile where some conspir'd to restore his Nephews but he coming upon them some submitted and others were put to Death At this same time Roger Lauria General of the Aragonians in Sicily having near Malta defeated 20 French Galleys killing their General William Cornutus sailing towards Naples offer'd Battle to Charles the Lame Prince of Salerno and Son to King Charles who was ready with a mighty Fleet to pass over into Sicily Many and particularly the Pope's Legate advis'd the Prince not to Fight but he gave no Ear to them The Battel was Bloody but in Conclusion the French were beaten and Prince Charles taken Authors differ about the Number of Vessels on each side the most receiv'd Opinion is that the Aragonians had 42 Galleys and the French 70. This Battel was fought on the 23d of June and the Aragonians making use of their Victory took several Towns in Italy Three Days after the defeat King Charles arriv'd at Gaeta with 20 Galleys from Provence and there understood how his Son was condemn'd to Death at Mecina by the Sicilians in revenge of the Death of Conradine executed by the French after he was taken in Battel The Queen sav'd him on pretence of acquainting her Husband yet such was the Fury of the People that they broke the Prisons and put to the Sword 60 other Prisoners The King of Aragon as if he had no War abroad now lay'd Siege to Albarazin and furiously Batter'd it The City was naturally Strong well Fortify'd and had a good Garrison of hardy Souldiers yet Provisions falling short D. John Nun̄ez de Lara resolv'd to make his Escape but advis'd the Garrison to hold out whilst he went to Navarre where he was sure of Succour After his Departure the City held out a few Days and then desparing of Relief surrendred on Michaelmas Day The Garrison consisted of French and Navarrois who were all dismiss'd and People brought from the Neighbourhood as well to Inhabit the Place as Till the Land The King had a Bastard-Son by the Lady Agnes Zapata to him he had before given Algezira and Liria in the Kingdom of Valencia and now gave him the City Albarazin This was the end of that Principality for many Years possess'd by the noble Family of the Açagras CHAP. VI. The French invade Catalonia take Girona and retire back to France with Loss The King of Morocco Besieges Xeres and is repuls'd The Death of the four Kings of France Aragon Naples and Morrocco AFter the taking of Albarazin a greater Storm threatn'd the King of Aragon from France The Aragonian alone was not able to withstand the French and therefore had recourse to Forreign Aids He sent Embassadors into Germany to the Emperors Rodulphus who being a cautious Man and at that time in War with the Switsers gave only good Words King Sancho at the Instance of the King of Aragon had Conferences with him at Ciria and Borobia two Towns about Soria where they made a League and promis'd to assist one another The King of Morocco design'd to make War in Andaluzia The French wasted the Frontiers of Aragon and Jayme King of Majorca sided with them 18000 Moorish Horse besieg'd Xerez de la Frontera and made Incursions as far as Sevil. King Sancho went with speed to Toledo where Charles Earl of Artois Embassador from the King of France expected him His chief Business was to procure the Liberty of the King 's two Nephews and perswade King Sancho not to have to do with the King of Aragon who was Excommunicated by the Pope The King's Answer in Publick was that he would send Embassadors to adjust all things in France and privately he declar'd himself much the King of France his Friend The King of Aragon lay'd Siege to Tudela in Navarre by that means to divert the French who design'd to pass into Aragon through Russillon That City was bravely defended by D. John Nunez de Lara who lost Albarazin and was more Successful in the Affairs of others than his own All the Country about was wasted and the Frontier Towns of Aragon strongly Garrison'd to oppose the Enemy This done because Winter came on the King of Aragon return'd to Zaragoça There he spent the remainder of this Year and beginning of the next which was 1285 in which on the 7th of January Charles King of Naples departed this Life at Fogia a Town of Apulia being worn out with Misfortunes and griev'd at the Imprisonment of his Son This Prince had been Famous as well in Peace as War had the end of his Life been suitable to the beginning Age made him feel the Inconstancy of Fortune as it has happen'd to many Besides the Vigour of the French was decay'd and they debauch'd with Ease and Pleasure and their Governours made the King odious through their Avarice and
the Country want of Provisions and the Resolution of that People Some Hopes there had been of gaining D. James de Haro Brother to D. Lope by the means of Ruy Perez Ponce Master of Calatrava and the Lord-ship of Biscay was partly offer'd him but he chose rather to retire into Aragon resolving to stand by his Nephew All things were disposed for a Rupture when D. James de Haro Son to D. Lope dy'd very fortunately for King Sancho His Death caus'd the Affections of his Followers to cool and all Biscay which till then held out to submit to the Valour of James Lopez de Salzedo a Man in great esteem to whom that Affair was committed King Sancho having settled Biscay and put off the Interview with the King of France left his Brother Prince John Prisoner in the Castle of Burgos whence he was remov'd to Curiel and he himself being perplexed in Mind about the War with Aragon went to Sabugal a Town on the Frontiers of Portugal There he concluded a League with that King against the Aragonians and the out-Laws of Castile who prepar'd for War under Colour of restoring D. Alonso de la Cerda who stil'd himself King of Castile to his Grand-father's Kingdom These Things concluded King Sancho March'd with all the Forces he could gather to meet the Aragonians at Almaçan The Two Armies met in the Month of April 1289 but nothing remarkable was done Only Moron was taken by the Aragonians and Almaçan Besieg'd On the other side King Sancho entring the Frontiers of Aragon destroy'd all the open Country and burnt many Towns D. James Lopez de Haro in the same manner wasted all the Territory of Cuenca and Huete and defeated a Party of the Enemy near Pajaron killing Redorick de Sotomayor Commander of the Castilians D. James sent the Colours taken to the City Tiruel One Misfortune still follow'd upon the Neck of another and the Innocent People suffer'd for these Quarrels of the great Ones Most Cities sided with King Sancho but at Badajoz there happen'd a great Tumult That City of old was divided into Two Factions the Bejarani and the Portugueses The Bejarani being expell'd the City by their Enemies apply'd themselves to the King for Redress he order'd they should be restor'd but the Portugueses obey'd not Hereupon the Bejarani having gather'd a good Force kill'd many of their Adversaries and forc'd the rest to quit the Place This done they fortify'd themselves in the upper Part of the City and proclaim'd D. Alonso de la Cerda King King Sancho highly offended hereat laid Siege to the Town which presently surrender'd having Articled only for Life Contrary to Agreement 4000 Men and Women were put to the Sword The same happen'd to Talavera a considerable Town in the Kingdom of Toldo upon the same Account 400 of the principal Inhabitants were publickly Quarter'd at the Gate which for that Reason was ever since call'd the Gate of Quarters This the Inhabitants have by Tradition tho no Author makes mention of it These Two Towns serv'd for an Example to all others The following Year 1290 it was again agreed the Kings of France and Castile should meet They both accordingly came on the Day appointed to Bayonne The chief Points agreed upon at this Interview were That the King of France should desist giving any farther Protection to the two Princes of Castile That he should renounce all Claim and Title to that Crown as Great Grandson to Queen Blanch. And that both Kings should make War upon Aragon At the same time Tolosa Segura and Villafranca which began to be Rebuilt in Biscay in the time of King Alonso were now finish'd by King Sancho as appears by publick Instruments sign'd at Vitoria and Valladolid whither the King went from Bayonne The King of Aragon finding himself too weak to make Head against France Castile and Italy inclin'd to Peace notwithstanding Charles King of Naples did not perform his Promise at which the King of England who had procur'd his Liberty was highly offended All Parties had recourse to the Pope laying their Case before him He answer'd he would send Legates who having heard them all should endeavour to reconcile these Differences Benedict Colona and Gerard de Parma two Cardinals were sent into France to this Purpose Mean while Charles King of Naples and the King of Aragon upon Security given on both Sides met at Junquera a Town in Catalonia There they concluded a Truce for some Months whilst the Cardinals could settle a Peace which both earnestly desir'd King Charles that he might recover Sicily and the Aragonian to take off that long Interdict under which his Kingdom lay and put an end to the War with France that he might be at Leisure to bend his Force against Castile CHAP. IX The revolt of D. John Nunnez de Lara The Death of the King of Aragon His Brother Jâ—â—me succeeds him Matches betwixt the three Kings of Spain Defeat of the Moors at Sea Original of the Dukes of Medina Sidonia D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara began again to incline to take part with the Aragonians either out of his natural Inconstancy or because some Overtures were made of restoring Albarazin to him King Sancho understanding of what Consequence his stay or departure might be did all he could to oblige him and therefore made him General of the Frontiers of Aragon and bestow'd other Favours upon him All prov'd ineffectual and the more for that at Burgos where the Court then was Letters were brought him intimating some Design against his Person whether true or false is not known D. John who was naturally jealous gave Credit to those Letters and withdrawing from Court went away nastily through Navarre to Aragon notwithstanding the Queen us'd means to stop him and the King himself went after him as far as Valladolid As soon as D. John had joyn'd the other Conspirators he enter'd Castile and did all the harm he could as far as Cuenca and Alarcon A Body of King Sancho's Forces coming to oppose him was defeated and many Colours taken after which he forc'd the Town of Moya and return'd to Valencia with a great Number of Prisoners and Cattle From thence the King of Aragon D. James de Haro and D. John de Lara made an Incursion by the way of Molina Signença Berlanga and Almaçan and destroy'd all the Country without meeting any Opposition King Sancho endeavour'd to put a stop to this Mischief but an Ague kept him in such a Condition he could neither Act nor give the necessary Orders insomuch that he was given over by the Doctors The Queen who was lately deliver'd of a Prince call'd Peter tho' not perfectly recover'd set out to see the King Her Presence was comfortable to him and produc'd good Effect She reduc'd D. John de Lara who now repented his Change being disappointed of recovering Albarazin It was agreed that Elizabeth Daughter to the Lady Blanch and the Queen's Brother
should be Marry'd to D. John de Lara's Son Her Portion was the Lordship of Molina her Father having no Issue-male The Marriage was solemniz'd at Cuenca thence the King Queen and D. John went to Toledo the latter took up his Lodging in the Monastery of S. Paul of Dominicans without the City on the Banks of Tagus Being at Dice late at Night with a rich Jew on a sudden a Servant of his call'd Nun̄o Churuchao advis'd him to make his Escape for there was a Design to kill him and in order to it Arms had been carry'd into the Court He credited the Intelligence but could not get away for that the City Gates were shut and his Servants and Horses within He spent the Night in Fear and having call'd his Servants at break of Day they perswaded him not to stir for that there was not the least ground for any Suspicion The King was much concerned that he should be Suspected and the more he endeavour'd to satisfy D. John the more Jealous he was At this time the League with the King of Granada was renew'd upon Condition he should pay the usual Tribute for that King was before wavering Hernan Ponce de Leon who commanded upon the Frontiers was the chief Instrument of continuing this good Understanding betwixt the two Kings From Toledo the King and Queen went to Burgos and thence to Palencia where was held a general Chapter of the Order of S. Dominick D. John de Lara could not be oblig'd by any Favours but endeavour'd to stir up the Nobles to revolt To oppose him Prince John the King's Brother who was belov'd by all Men was taken out of Prison and took the Oath of Fidelity to the King and his Son Ferdinand as Heir apparent kissing his Hand according to the Custom of Castile By his means many were reduc'd to the King's Service The King also going to Santiago of Galicia under colour of Devotion perswaded D. John Alonso de Albuquerque a Man of great Power who at the Instigation of D. John de Lara had revolted to lay down his Arms. These Things happen'd in Castile in the Year of our Lord 1291 when in the Month of February the Pope's Legates in France at Tarascon compos'd the Differences betwixt the Kings of France and Aragon Charles King of Naples was present with the Embassadors of the other two Kings Peace was concluded upon the following Conditions That the King of Aragon send Embassadors to Rome humbly to beg Pardon of his past Contumacy and Disobedience That he pay the yearly Tribute of 70 Ounces of Gold to the Church as was promis'd by his Grandfather That he go with a powerful Fleet to the Service of the Holy Land That at his return he advise his Mother and Brother to quit Sicily That he publish an Edict commanding all Aragonians under severe Penalties to depart that Island That Charles of Valois resign his Claim to the Crown of Aragon on Account of the Gift of the Pope That his Holiness shall receive the Aragonian into Favour and send a Prelate to take off the Interdict from his Kingdom to whom the King shall deliver the Hostages he has from the King of Naplas At the concluding of these Articles the Embassadors of Sicily were not present by the Contrivance of the King of Aragon knowing they would break all these Measures at which King Jayme and all the Sicilians were highly offended They complain'd he who ought to have Protected had deceiv'd and forsaken them yet resolv'd rather to dye than return under the Dominion of the French and they obtain'd their Ends. The French were disappointed of recovering Sicily and the King of Aragon's Voyage to the Holy Land was prevented the City Ptolemays the last that remain'd in the Hands of the Christians being taken and utterly subverted by the Infidels The Kings of Aragon and Naples met a second time at Junquera in order to establish a lasting Peace both of them being weary of the War Therefore as soon as they parted King Charles marry'd his Eldest Daughter Clemencia to Charles of Valois giving her in Dower the Earldom of Anjou and Province of Main upon Condition he should quit all Pretensions to the Crown of Aragon The King of Aragon was resolv'd to fullfil all that had been agreed upon when Death cut him off at Barcelona in the midst of his Preparations to receive the Princess Ellenor his Bride He dy'd in the Flower of his Youth being but 27 Years of Age and on the 18th Day of June His Body was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Francis in that City with the Habit of that Order Upon the News of the King of Aragon's Death his Brother Jayme presently came over from Sicily to take Possession of that Crown which appertain'd to him as next of Blood his Brother dying without Issue and having in his Will appointed him his Successor He was receiv'd without any Opposition and Crown'd at Zaragoça with the usual Solemnity on the 24th of September He would not allow of that Clause in his Brother's Will which appointed Prince Frederick his younger Brother King of Sicily but resolv'd to keep and maintain that Kingdom Alonso de la Cerda who had only the Title and Right to the Crown of Castile and was then present and King Sancho who was in Possession of the Kingdom both strove for his Friendship The Aragonian was more inclinable to the Fortune of King Sancho than the Justice of D. Alonso whose Strength decay'd especially since the Queen politickly drew away D. John Nun̄ez de Lara from his Party Besides King Sancho to strengthen himself had made a League with the King of Portugal and concluded a Match betwxit his Son and Heir Prince Ferdinand and Constance that King's Daughter giving some Towns in Castile to secure the Performance The Kings of Castile and Aragon at length concluded a Peace and for the Ratification of it agreed to meet at Montagudo a Town on the Borders of the two Kingdoms There on the 20th of November they made a League Defensive and Offensive and articled that neither should protect the others Rebels but deliver them up Moreover for that the King of Morocco notwithstanding the Truce had lay'd Siege to Beja the Aragonian oblig'd himself if it were requir'd to send 20 Galleys to relieve it To make this Agreement the sirmer it was resolv'd the Aragonian should marry Elizabeth the Daughter of the King of Castile tho' but 9 Years of Age hoping the Pope would dispense with the Consanguinity and accordingly they were Contracted at Soria on the first of December The Child was deliver'd to her Husband and then the two Kings went to Calatayud where there were great Entertainments of all sorts The Nobility of Aragon for some Years had been very Mutinous and in the Reign of King Alonso they endeavour'd to Retrench the King's Houshold and still labour'd to alter the Laws and erect a new Form of Government
Affairs in Castile in the Year 1305. On the 17th of January dy'd Roger Lauria the famous Admiral of Aragon who gain'd Sicily for King Peter perform'd many brave Exploits by himself and those Kings did none without him His Body was bury'd in the Monastery of Santa Cruz near unto the Tomâ— of King Peter On the 6th of April dy'd Joanna Queen of Navarre at Paris and was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Francis Luis call'd Huttin succeeded his Mother in the Kingdom of Navarre and afterwards his Father in that of France The Queen left two other Sons Philip the Long and Charles the Fair who all came to be Kings of France and Navarre She left also two Daughters one dy'd Young the other call'd Elizabeth was marry'd to Edward King of England and was the beautifullest Lady of her Time Benedict sat in the Papal Chair but 8 Months and 6 Days And he dying it was vacant 10 Months and 28 Days After long Debates betwixt the French and Italian Cardinals Clement the Vth. was chosen and proclaim'd on the 5th of June He was before Arch-Bishop of Bourdeaux and is said to have promis'd many scandalous Things to the King of France before he would permit him to pass towards Rome He was Crown'd on the 11th of November at which time a Wall falling as the Procession was going did much mischief and struck the Tyara off his Head out of which a great Carbuncle was lost which Things were look'd upon as ill Omens and the rest of his life was not unlike to this beginning but those Things do not belong to this History At the same time troubles began again to break out in Spain D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara declin'd in the King's Favour who took from him the Office of Lord Steward and confer'd it on D. Lope Son to D. James de Haro on pretence that D. John de Lara being General of the Frontiers could not serve both places but in reality to oblige the Family of Haro and divide it from that of Lara Those Families understanding the Design knit their Interests the closer together and seem'd to threaten a Rebellion Alonso Perez de Guzman and the Queen interpoâ—'d and restoring each of those Gentlemen their Honours pacify'd them Besides the dispute betwixt Prince John and the House of Haro was reconcil'd upon these Conditions That D. James de Haro during his Life should possess the Lordship of Biscay and after his Death it should fall to Prince John That Orduna and Balmaseda should be Intail'd â—â—on D. John D. James his Son and his Heirs and in lieu of what he was to lose Miranda de Ebro and Villalva de Losa were given him All Men rejoyc'd to see these Differences compos'd except D. John de Lara who in a rage that he had not been consulted in the Affair of D. James de Haro and studying to make his Advantage of the publick Calamities renouncing his Oath of Fidelity withdrew with his Followers to Tordehumos a strong Pâ—ace where he hoped to be able to withstand the King whom he had hainously offended The King's Forces laid Siege to that Place but many favouring D. John it was protracted to a long time Some Overtures of Accommodation were made and because the King would not harken to them his Army broke up of it self and disbanded Among others Prince John favour'd D. John de Lara and the Business was carry'd to such a beight that the King was forc'd to Pardon him only taking from him the Towns of Moya and Canete the Gift of King Sancho Nor was the Peace lasting for both those Gentlemen imagining the King had a Design to take away their Lives openly rebell'd again Prince John was soon appeas'd but it was not so easy to reduce D. John de Lara D. Alonso de la Cerda forsaken of all Men and seeing no Hopes of obtaining the Crown sent Martin Ruiz to take possession of the Towns assign'd him by the Arbitrators and was ever after call'd D. Alonso the Disinherited The Moors of Granada about this time began to Mutiny for that their King was blind and his Brother-in-Law the Lord of Malaga govern'd the State with the same Grandeur as if he had been another King The Nobility were not wanting to incense the Commons Among them Aborrabes a Gentleman descended from the Kings of Morocco seiz'd Almeria and call'd himself King of that place Most of the People favour'd Mahomet Azar the King's Brother and were for putting the Crown upon his Head Aborrabes was expell'd Almeria by the contrary Faction and he designing to seize upon Ceuta a City on the Coast of Africk belonging to the Kingdom of Granada thought to obtain Aid of the Christians This seem'd a good opportunity to drive the Moors quite out of Spain and in order to it the Two Kings of Castile and Aragon met at the Monastery of Huerta upon the Borders of both Kingdoms at the beginning of the Year 1309. There and at Monreal whither they remov'd it was agreed First to pacify D. Alonso de la Cerda somewhat mollifying the Decree of the Arbitrators lest whilst they were busie in the War with the Moors he should raise Tumults in Castile Next to make War upon the Moors with two Armies and at once besiege Almeria and Algezira Besides it was resolv'd Prince Jayme the King of Aragon's Son should Marry Ellenor the Sister of King Ferdinand her Dower to be the sixth part of what was gain'd in War and particularly the City Almeria After the Interview broke up great preparations were made King Ferdinand went away to Toledo to see the Body of his Father King Sancho translated to a stately Tomb built by the Queen This King was naturally meer and merciful and of Body comely and well shap'd He advis'd a Gentleman to whom he had given the Government of Galicia not to put to death some Men of Note that had rais'd Rebellion in that Country but to send them to him which prov'd very advantagious for they to blot out the shame of their Crimes did extraordinary Service against the Moors The Army march'd into Andaluzia and the Castilians laid Siege to Algezira on the 27th of June About the middle of the next Month the King of Aragon set down before Almeria Gilbert Viscoune Castelnovo with part of the Aragonian-Fleet sail'd to Ceuta in Africk and took it The Plunder was given to the Souldiers the City to Aborrabe as had been agreed The Moors of Granada with all their Forces march'd to relieve Almeria but were so bravely receiv'd by the Aragonians that after a sharp Dispute they fled and a great Slaughter was made tho the Woods which were near sav'd many Whilst the Aragonians were busy in the Pursuit the Besieged fallying entred their Works but the Christians returning Victorious soon drove them back into the City On the 15th of October 40000 Moors again assauited the Aragonians in their Works and met with the
of October 1306. They were all put to the Rack where some through excess of Pain said any thing they would have them yet many dy'd with Resolution The Great Master of the Order James de Mola as he was led to be Burnt being proms'd his Life if he would confess openly protested the Innocency of his Order declaring he had falsly charged them with those Crimes at the instigation of the Pope and King of France for which he beg'd Forgiveness of God Many others did the like The following Year Pope Clement by his Bulls appointed the Arch-Bishop of Toledo and Santiago with other Prelates Judges over the Knights Templers in Castile the Bishops of Valencia and Zaragoça for Aragon and so in all other parts of Spain and throughout Christendom They had all Orders after examining the Case to give Sentence in the Provincal Synods In Aragon those Knights stood upon their Defence in several strong Places but particularly at Monçon yet the King's Forces coming upon them they were all taken In Castile the King summon'd them to appear before the Arch-Bishop of Toledo and at the same time caus'd them to be apprehended and their Estates to be put into the Hands of the Bishops till such time as they were try'd A Synod met at Salamanca where after a full Hearing the Templers were acquitted Yet the final Determination was referred to the Pope whose Decree superseded the Opinions of all those Prelates and the whole Order was abolish'd By virtue of this Decree King Ferdinand seiz'd upon all they possess'd as well in Lands as Goods In Galicia they had the Towns of Ponferrada and Faro In Lean Balduerna Tavara Almansa Alcanizes In Estremadura Valencia Alconita Xeres de Badajoz Fregenal Nertobriga Capilla and Caracuel In Andaluzia Palma In old Castile Villalpando In the Territory of Murcia Caravaca and Alconchel In the Kingdom of Toledo Montalvan Besides S. Pedro de la Zarça Burguillos and many other Towns and Houses too tedious to repeat They are said to have had Twelve Monasteries in Spain They were summon'd before the Arch-Bishop of Toledo in the Year 1310. In a Synod held at Munster in Germany the Templers were declared innocent At last the Council of Vienne was open'd upon the 16th of October 1311. Here it was decreed that Pope Boniface should not be condemn'd Some Discourse there was about renewing the War in the Holy Land but to no effect As to the Knights Templers it was ordain'd their Order should be totally abolish'd their Goods to be given to the Knights of S. John who had then taken the Island of Rhodes Only Spain allow'd not of that Decree by reason of the War with the Moors which it was thought would prove dangerous All the World was astonish'd at the Ruin of the Templers Castile was full of Joy for the Birth of Prince Alonso of whom the Queen was delivered on the 3d of August and he soon after succeeded his Father Ferdinand The Joy was the greater because the Queen had never before been with Child and was thought to be Barren A Match was agreed betwixt Prince Peter King Ferdinand's Brother and Mary Daughter to the King of Aragon The two Kings met at Calatayud with a great Court and there the Marriage was celebrated with extraordinary Pomp. Ellenor the Sister of King Ferdinand before contracted to Prince Jayme the King of Aragon's Son was now marry'd and deliver'd to her Father in Law Some Discourse there was about carrying on the War against the Moors in the Spring There was a Difference betwixt the Kings of Castile and Portugal about the Towns of Mora and Serpa near Cape S. Vincent which had been deliver'd to the Portugues contrary to Equity during King Ferdinand's Minority The King of Aragon was chosen Umpire in this Difference This done Prince John the King of Aragon's Brother was sent into Portugal about that Affair King Ferdinand went to Valladolid where he assembl'd the Cortes or Parliament and demanded Mony for carrying on the War which was readily granted in hopes of driving the Infidels quite out of Spain Prince Peter the King's Brother being made General in the Spring of the Year 1312. march'd and lay'd Siege to Alcaudete which as was before said the Moors had taken The King follow'd to Martos there a very strange Accident happen'd Two Brothers Peter and John Carvajal were apprehended for the Murder of a Gentleman of the Family of Benavides kill'd at Palencia Many had been troubled for this Fact but it could not be prov'd upon any Body Lastly these two Gentlemen were condemn'd for it without being sufficiently Convicted or Confessing They were adjudg'd to be cast headlong off from a Rock and no Intercession could mitigate the King for he was inexorable As they were led to Execution they call'd God to witness their Innocency and appeal'd to his Tribunal before which they summon'd the King to appear within 30 Days These Words at first look'd upon as Vain were afterwards much Reflected on The King little regarding them went away to the Camp before Alcaudete there a violent Sickness forc'd him to return to Jaen not withstanding the Moors were upon surrendring His Disease increas'd so that he could not attend any Business and one day being somewhat Joyful with the News brought him that the Moors had surrendred he retir'd after Dinner to Sleep and was found Dead His Death was upon a Thursday the 7th of September He was taken off in the Flower of his Youth at the Age of 24 Years and 9 Months when he began to know somewhat of Happiness He Reign'd 17 Years 4 Months and 19 Days and was the Fourth of the Name Some said excessive Eating and Drinking caus'd his Death others that it was a Judgment for that he dy'd exactly the 30th Day after he was Summon'd For this reason he was call'd King Ferdinand the Summon'd His Body was deposited at Cordova because by reason of the great Heat of the Weather it could not then be carry'd to Sevil or Toledo the Burial Places of the King It was the more confidently believ'd he dy'd in pursuance of the Summons because the same happen'd at the same time to the Pope and King of France who were also cited by several Knights Templers as they were led to Execution What the King of Aragon decreed as to the Difference betwixt Castile and Portugal is not known but it was visible he favour'd the Portugues and King Ferdinand dying he still kept those Towns which remain to that Kingdom to this Day CHAP. VI. The beginning of the Reign of Alonso the XIth King of Castile The many Confusions in that Kingdom by reason of his Infancy The Moors of Granada expel their King The Turks their Original and Growth GReat Troubles ensu'd upon the Death of King Ferdinand because the new King was but a Year and 26 Days old As soon as the King dy'd Prince Alonso his Son was proclaim'd by the
the Office fell to nothing tho' afterwards for some years the Archbishops appointed Deputies to execute it and now they have only the bare Title of Lords Chancellors of Castile D. John the Archbishop increas'd the number of 13 Poor maintain'd at the House of those Prelates to 30 which holds to this day The King of Aragon in persuance of the Popes Grant was resolv'd to possess himself of the Island of Sardinia then subject to the Republick of Pisa To this purpose he sent his Son D. Alonso who in the term of two years Conquer'd it defeating those of Pisa in several Encounters Yet most of the Aragonians dy'd through the unhealthfulness of the Country Prince Peter younger Brother to Alonso mov'd by the fresh example of Castile and the favour of many Nobles hop'd if his Brother dy'd in that Expedition to exclude his Sons and inherit the Crown which he understanding soon concluded a Peace with Pisa in the Month of June 1324. upon these Conditions That Prisoners on both sides be set at liberty That Trade be restor'd That the Castle of Caller with all its Territory remain to the People of Pisa That all the rest of the Island belong to the Aragonians This done he came over into Spain and prevail'd with his Father to declare his Sons Heirs of the Crown notwithstanding he should dye before them in the Cortes at Zaragoça and there the Oath of Fidelity to them as Heirs was accordingly taken The following 1325. in January and at Santarem dy'd Denis King of Portugal a Prince famous for the long time he Reigned which was 45 Years 9 Months and 5 Days as also for his continual Prosperity till the latter end of his Reign when it was disturb'd by his Son He was bury'd in the Monastery of St. Bernard built by himself a League and half from Lisbon Queen Elizabeth his Wife liv'd 11 Years after him and dy'd on the fourth of July 1332. She was afterwards Canonized for her extraordinary Virtue and Acts of Piety Alonso King Denis his eldest Son succeeded him and was call'd the Brave for his Love to Martial Affairs Of six Children he had three dy'd young which were Alonso Denis and John Mary Peter and Ellenor outliv'd their Parents This year dy'd Sancho King of Majorca at Cerdagne and because he had no Children appointed D. Jayme his Brother Ferdinand's Son his Heir The King of Aragon pretended it belong'd to him by his Grandfather's Will who was the first that erected that Kingdom Jayme had the possession but the Aragonian was powerful therefore at the instance of Philip the late King's Brother by him appointed Governour during the Minority of D. Jayme it was agreed That D. Jayme should Marry Constance Grandchild to the King of Aragon who should give her in Dower the Right he pretended to that Crown Castile was not yet quiet which caus'd King Alonso tho' naturally merciful to punish some Heads of Mutineers whence he got the Name of the Revengeful D. John the Lord of Biscay who aspir'd to marry the Lady Blanch for her great Estate and design'd to call D. Alonso de la Cerda out of France to stir up new Troubles was the first that suffer'd The King upon pretence of making War against the Moors call'd D. John to him and made some Overtures of giving him his Sister Ellenon in Marriage He came to Court on the Day of all Saints in the year 1327 and being invited to a Feast was there put to Death by the King's Order One only Daughter he had then at Nurse was carry'd to Bayonne then in the Hands of the English Mary his Mother who was in the Monastery of Perales sold all the Lordship of Biscay to Garcilasso de la Vega. Yet the King being afterwards appeas'd the Heiress of that Estate was marry'd to D. John de Lara and had the Lordship of Biscay restor'd to her The Towns and Forts D. John had by Inheritance which were above 80. were either taken by Force or Surrender'd and annex'd to the Crown D. John Manuel commanded in the Frontiers against the Moors and tho he did not much confide in the King yet he carry'd on the War vigorously The Infidels had not long before surpriz'd the Castle of Rute and design'd an Incursion into Andaluzia under their General Osmin then reconcil'd to the King D. John ingag'd them near the River Guadalhorça routed them and killed a great Number After this Victory he retir'd to his Estate much Discontented for that the King put away his Daughter Constance and marry'd Mary Daughter to the King of Portugal This was highly resented by D. John and the King of Aragon Uncle to the Lady Constance Alonso the IVth at this time was King of Aragon his Father King Jayme the IId dying at Barcelona where he was bury'd the Day after D. John the Lord of Biscay was put to Death in Castile The Lady Teresa the King's Daughter in Law dy'd 5 days before him at Zaragoça and was there bury'd in the Monastery of S. Francis D. Alonso who succeeded King Jayme had by his Wife the Lady Teresa these Children Peter Jayme and Constance for four others dy'd in their Infancy King Jayme ordain'd that the Principalities of Drago Catalonia and Valencia should never be parted He was so great an Enemy to Law-Suits that he for ever banish'd Ximeno Rada a great Lawyer by whose Contrivance many had suffer'd in their Estates Charles the Fair King of France and Navarre dy'd at Bois de Vincennes on the first of February 1328. His Queen 3 Months after his Death was deliver'd of a Daughter call'd Blanch. By the Laws of France she could not inherit the Crown therefore a Son of Charles de Valois who dyed two years before the King call'd Philip Cousin German to the three late Kings on the one side and Edward King of England as Son to the Lady Elizabeth Sister to those three Kings on the other pretended to that Crown The States of the Kingdom according to the Salique Law proclaim'd Philip de Valois whence ensu'd bloody Wars betwixt those two Nations and the Kings of England took the Title of Kings of France and quarter'd the Flower de Luces in their Arms. Navarre was more Fortunate for it was deliver'd from the Dominion of France Joanna the Daughter of King Luis Hutin marry'd the Earl of Eureux call'd Philip and they were proclaim'd King and Queen of Navarre at Pamplona by the general consent of all People that Lady having the undoubted Right to the Crown by her Mother The King of France made no Opposition as well in regard to her Title as because the Earl was his near Kinsman being Great Grandson to S. Luis King of France Before the Government was well setled the People of Navarre mutiny'd and were so outragious against the Jews that in only the Town of Estela 10000 are said to have been kill'd perhaps there may be
John Manuel and the other Rebels enter'd into a League with him which was concluded by Peter Carillo who pass'd between them Their Hearts were so full of Venom that they had no respect to Loyalty or Christianity Elizabeth Queen of Portugal was still living and tho very aged spar'd no Labour that might conduce to the publick Good She prevail'd with the King of Castile to meet her at Badajoz but the interview prov'd fruitless As the King return'd from this City D. Alonso de la Cerda who had so long with undoubted Right strugl'd for the Crown met him unexpectedly at Burgillos and kiss'd his Hand in token of Submission The King was extreamly pleas'd and assign'd him Lands to live upon D. Alonso in France had marry'd a Lady of the Blood Royal call'd Madelfa by whom he had two Sons Luis and John Luis the eldest came with him into Spain John on account of his Kindred with the King of France was by him created Duke of Angoulesme and Constable of France which was the next Dignity to the King in Martial Affairs now in Spain it is but a bare Title The King came to Talavera in the Kingdom of Toledo Santollala was a Town half way betwixt Toledo and Talavera it belong'd to D. John Manuel and thence some wicked Men us'd to break out and commit Murders and Robberies These being apprehended by the King's Order were put to death Such another Example was made at Toledo whence the King went to Madrid Segovia and Valladolid Here the Lady Ellenor was brought to bed of a Son who was call'd Peter to whom the Lordship of Aguilar del Campo was given There being great scarcity of Mony a base sort of Coin was then stamp'd call'd Cornade which caus'd all Provisions to grow excessive dear and Trade to cease At Burgos Embassadors came to the King from that part of Biscay call'd Alava offering him the Lordship of that Country which till then was free and govern'd by its own Laws excuâ—â— Vitoria and TrevinÌ„o that were subject to Castile In the Plains of Arriaga where they us'd of old to hold their Assemblies they made their Submission to the King 〈◊〉 themselves up voluntarily to him and were allow'd the Charter of LogronÌ„o and all their ancient Priviledges which are in Force to this day so that they enjoy a sort of Liberty and are exâ—â—ipted from all Taxes Publick Instruments of these Acts are preserv'd under King Alonso's Hand dated at Vitoria on the second of April 1332. Here the King intistuted a new Order of Knighthood call'd of the Belt from one those Knights wore about Four Fingers broad of Colour Red or Crimson on the right Shoulder and falling under the left Arm. None were admitted to this Order but Men of noble Extraction who had serv'd 10 Years in the Court or Army The King himself was Master of the Order which was long held in great esteem but in time fell to nothing So that only the bare memory of it remains The King visited the Church of St. James the Apostle at Compostela was there Knighted and at Burgos both he and the Queen were Crown'd The Queen for modesty sake was not anointed besides that she was with Child Many Gentlemen arm'd Capape were Knighted and it was ordain'd that for the future all Persons should receive that Honour in that posture Two Things disturb'd the Publick Joy one was that Prince Peter of Portugal began to talk of putting away the Lady Blanch. The other that he was about Marrying Constance the Daughter of D. John Manuel The Lady Blanch was Sickly and Barren Fernan Rodriguez de Balboa Great Prior of S. John was the promoter of this Design advising the Queen to forward it in Revenge because her Husband was wholly devoted to other Women At this time the King had by the Queen his Son Ferdinand who if he had liv'd had been King and by his Mistress the Lady Ellenor he had D. Sancho to whom he gave the Town of Ledesma Both were born at the same time in Valladolid Abomelique the King of Morocco's Son as had been agree'd with him of Granada pass'd the Streights of Gibraltar and at Algezira took the Title of King of that Place and Ronda He brought out of Africk 7000 Horse At the beginning of the Year 1333 D. Ximeno de Luna Arch-Bishop of Toledo held a Synod at Alcalà de Henares Abomelique in February laid Siege to Gibraltar and storm'd it with all manner of Engines The King made some stay in old Castile an appease the Tumults there but sent before Godfrey Tenorlo the Admiral and the Masters or the Military Orders to relieve the besieg'd who were in great want for Vasco Perez the Governour through Covetousness was unprovided of all Necessaries The King of Granada made an incursson into the Territory of Cordova wasted the Country took Cabra ras'd the Castle and carry'd away all the Inhabitants into Slavery they having been betray'd to him by their Governour 〈◊〉 after suffering great Hardships was surrender'd upon condition the Garison and Townsmen might March away Vasco Perez the Governour fearing his King's displeasure went over into Africk The King having pacify'd the Mutineers march'd to Sovil but too late to relieve Gibraltar which he understood at Xeres was surrendred yet he resolv'd to attempt the Recovery of it before the Moors could Victual and Repair it D. Jayme de Exerica was here with a Body of Aragonians Near Gibraltar there happen'd several Skirmishes but neither side was for hazarding a Battle Provisions growing scarce among the Christians many deferted and were taken by the Moors who laid wait in the Passes The King of Granada joyn'd Abomelique who being thus reinforc'd and finding the Enemy much weaken'd drew out twice and offer'd Battle But the King intrench'd himself before the Town strongly drawing a Line quite round which ended upon the Sea Mean while D. John Manuel and D. John de Lara with their Followers having made a League with the King of Aragon did great Harm in Castile D. John de Haro Lord of Cameros had joyn'd them These Things oblig'd the King to desist from his Enterprise upon Gibraltar and conclude a Truce with the Moors for Four Years the King of Granada being still oblig'd to pay the usual Tribute CHAP. II. The Moors of Granada murder Mahomet their King Wars among all the Christian Kings of Spain Alonso King of Aragon dies Fresh Rebellions in Castile The Portugues Fleet-beaten by the 〈…〉 THE Kings of Castile and Granada after concluding the Truce dined together and strove to outdo one another in making Rich Presents which prov'd the ruin of the later The King of Castile went to Sevil Abomelique to Algezira and he of Granada to Malaga There the Sons of Ozmin hating the King for his entertaining Friendship with the Christians conspir'd with one Abmar of the antient Blood Royal of Granada and murder'd him on the 20th of August Reduan a
upon that Design Soon after two others being put to the Wrack confess'd the same Both the Moorish Kings desir'd to relieve the Town He of Morocco durst not leave Ceuta for fear his Son Abderhaman should Rebel who about this time was put to Death for attempting it The King of 〈…〉 durst not alone hazard a Battle but lest he should be thought to be Idle sent part of his Forces to over-run the Country of Ezija whilst he Burnt Palma a Town seated upon the Conflux of the Rivers Xenil and Gaudalquivir He durst not Garrison it nor make any stay there hearing the Country was gathering to make Head against him His other Forces were defeated by Ferdinand de Aguilar who took from them all the Booty they had gather'd It was now the beginning of the Year 1343 and nothing considerable was done at Algezira only some Works were carry'd on by In̄iga Lopez de Horosco wooden Towers were apply'd to the Walls and other Engines play'd but all was destroy'd with Stones cast by the Defendants The Place was unfit for advancing of Works or for the Men to ascend In the Streight of Gibraltar there are two Bays of the same Form but one bigger than the other Tarifa stands upon the Lesser and Algezira over the Greater upon a steep and craggy Hill It is divided into the New and Old each encompass'd with a Wall like two distinct Towns This was then the Seat of the African Empire in Spain No Provision could be convey'd into the Town except a few Boats that stole in by Night which was a small Relief where Hunger began to pinch It was now doubtful whether in were not better to raise the Siege than continue it for the Mony sent by the Pope and King of France was spent and he of Portugal had contributed nothing Some Overtures of Peace were made but took no Effect Therefore the King of Granada advanc'd with his Army as far as the River Guadiarro 5 Leagues from Algezira In Ceuta a great Fleet was ready with the Power of Africk to pass over into Spain These were fresh and the Christians harrass'd yet the King's Resolution and good Fortune overcome all Difficulties Considerable Succours came to him at the same time from England France and Navarre From England the Earls of Derby and Salisbury This Earl of Derby must doubtless be John of Gant 3d Son to King Edward the IIId for it was he had the Title at this time From France the Earl of Faux with his Brother and some others King Philip of Navarre having sent before great store of Provision by Sea and order'd his Army to follow hasted away himself to come time enough for the Battle which was expected would be fought D. John de Lara and D. John Manuel came before and daily fresh Forces arrived from all Parts This increase of the Christian Army terrify'd the Moors and they propos'd a Truce Notwithstanding the Treaty the Town was batter'd and the besieg'd did great harm among the Christians with Iron Bullets they shot This is the first time we find any mention of Gun-powder and Ball in our Histories In the Month of August in the County of Vrgel a Child was born with two Heads and four Legs The Superstitious People bury'd it alive and the Parents suffer'd Death for consenting to that Act. This year also dy'd Robert King of Naples At Algezira when Autumn came on the foreign Souldiers went away the English pretended they were call'd home by their King the Earl of Faux said his Men complain'd of the Pay But Sickness was the chief Motive of their Departure and the Earl of 〈…〉 dy'd at Sevil King Philip of Navarre at Xerez both in the Month of September their 〈…〉 were carry'd into their Countries The Departure of those Princes encourag'd the 〈…〉 hazard a Battle 60 Galleys of theirs which in October had Anchor'd at Estepona pass 〈…〉 to Gibraltar The River Palmones parted the two Armies both Parties several times meeting in that River at last they came to a Battle in which the Moors shew'd no Bravery but presently fled Hunger press'd in the City for our Fleet had taken two Galleys of theirs carrying in Provisions Five Barques got in at the beginning of the Year 1344 and they returning to Africk gave an Account that the besieg'd could hold out no longer Presently after a Treaty was set on Foot and on the 26th of March the City was deliver'd upon the following Conditions That the King of Granada pay the usual Tribute That the besieg'd have leave to depart and carry away their Goods That there be a Truce for the term of Ten Years Many of the Moors went over into Africk The King enter'd the City in solemn Procession on the 27th of March the great Mosque was consecrated and the Country divided among the Souldiers who were willing to live there This done the King went to Sevil where he receiv'd an Embassy from King Edward of England offering his Daughter Joanna in Marriage to France Peter the Heir of Castile This offer was then accepted of yet afterwards took no effect In the late Battle of Tarifa two Daughters of Albohacen were taken Prisoners and now sent to him without any Ransom but he return'd rich Presents Great rejoycing was throughout all Spain and the Churches resounded with Thanksgiving CHAP VI. The King of Aragon conquers Majorca and all its Dominions Great Troubles in Aragon The Rebels suppress'd An Vniversal Plague The Knights of Calatrava at Variance at length reconcil'd DUring the time of the War in Andaluzia the King of Majorca was depriv'd of his Kingdom by Peter the Ceremonious King of Aragon who ought chiefly to have protected him The City Montpellier in France was subject to the Kings of Majorca for which place the Kings of France pretended the others ought to do them Homage they having bought it of the Bishops of Magalone to whom of right it belong'd but those Kings refusing the French by force made themselves Masters of many Towns subject to Montpellier and put Garrisons into them The King of Majorca being a Dependant on the Crown of Aragon begg'd assistance of that King The Aragonian cunningly temporiz'd with the King of France and gave the other nothing but good Words At length they met and the Aragonian promis'd to aid his Kinsman in case the King of France should refuse to put the Difference between them to Judgment Embassadors were sent on this Message but this was only to gain time or mean while the King of Majorca was charg'd with many Crimes whether true or false is not known but such as serv'd for a pretence to deprive him of his Crown The Pope and Queen of Naples labour'd in vain to compose these Differences the Mallorquines wasted with heavy Taxes were willing to change their Master At length the War broke out Peter Moncada the Admiral was call'd from the Siege of Algezira and a Fleet of 116 Sail
Severity D. Frederick his Bastard Brother met him at Ellerena and was receiv'd with exterior Tokens of Affection but it appear'd afterwards they were Counterfeit At the same time he order'd D. Alonso de Olmedo to put to Death the Lady Ellenor de Guzman then a Prisoner at Talavera in the Kingdom of Toledo This Town being part of the Queen's Dower was from that time call'd Talavera de la Râ—yna Garcilasso de la Vega was kill'd in the Palace at Burgos his chief Crime was the Affection he bore to D. John de Lara Garcilasso was Lieutenant of Castile Garci Manrique succeeded him in that Post It was consulted how the King might get the young Child D. Nuno de Lara Lord of Biscay into his Power But D. Mencia who had the Care of him fled with him into Biscay hoping that People would defend him The King pursu'd and they narrowly escap'd but the Child soon dying he easily subdu'd all that Lordship and annex'd Biscay Lerma and Lara with other Places to the Crown having before secur'd Joanna and Elizabeth Sisters to the Child deceas'd These things were acted in the year of Grace 1351. Great rejoycing was 〈◊〉 in Aragon for the Birth of Prince John which put an end to the strife there had been about the Succession Bernard de Cabrâ—ra was appointed his Tutor and the young Prince was created Duke of Girona From this time forward the eldest Son to the King of Aragon was always Duke of Girona Both the Kings of Castile and Aragon endeavour'd to make a 〈◊〉 with Charles King of Navarre who the year before was Crown'd at Pamplona This King thought it convenient to entertain both those Kings with fair promises Yet at the request of the Castilian he came to Burgos where they both labour'd to out-do one another in Civility and Gallantry Being almost of the same Age and Natural Inclinations they became great Friends This King Charles was by some call'd the Wicked by others the Cruel because 〈◊〉 punish'd with severity a Mutiny that was rais'd at his first Accession to the Crown After some days spent in Mirth at Burgos the King of Castile went away to hold the â—â—rtes or Parliament at Burgos and King Charles returned to â—amplona Thence desiring to be gone into France his Native Country he first went to Moblanco in Aragon to meet that King There two Marriages were propos'd one for King Charles with the Sister to the King of Sicily and the other with Blanch Widow of Philip King of France but nothing was concluded because he hop'd to Marry Joanna the King of France's Daughter CHAP. VIII Embassadors sent by King 〈◊〉 of Castile into France to obtain for his Wife Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourbon who is brought into Spain and Marry'd to the King but he being before in â—ove with the Lady Mary de Padilla slights and forsakes his Queen SOme Towns in Old Castile had an antient inmemorial Privilege of chusing their Lords and were therefore call'd Behâ—trias from the Greek word Hetera signifying a Company D. Alonso de Albuquerque in the Cortes labour'd that it should be establish'd for the future the King should appoint those Lords but it could not be obtain'd The next thing propos'd was to Marry the King and to that purpose John de Roelaâ— Bishop of Burgos and Alvor Garcia de Albâ—rnoz a Gentleman of Cuenca were sent Embassadors into France to ask one of the six Daughters of the Duke of Bourbon the most powerful Prince of the Blood Royal in France which they should most approve of for the King The Duke having shew'd them his Daughters they made choice of the Lady Blanch and she was Contracted to the King by Proxy This Lady was bless'd with all Perfections of Soul and Body but unfortunate in her Marriage which ought to have been the Complement of all her Felicity Henry Earl of Trastamara after the Death of his Mother and Gareilasso fled out of Asturias to Portugal fearing the King whom he was not able to oppose The King of Portugal taking compassion on the Earl and fearing leâ—t any misfortune might befall his Grandson the King of Castile his People being incens'd against him met him at Câ—idad Rodrigo There he perswaded him to pardon Count Henry In the beginning of the year 1352. Discontents began to break out in Andaluzia Asturias and Murcia D. Alonso Fernandez Coronel a powerful Man in Andaluzia was possess'd of Aguilar by the King's Gift and had long been at 〈◊〉 with Bernaâ—â—de Cabrera about that Town He was â—ealous of the King for that during his sickness at Seviâ— he had let fall some words signifying that D. John de Lara ought to succeed him which the King heinously resented This Gentleman confiding in the Strength of Aguilar stor'd his other Towns and made an Alliance with other mutinous Nobles He rais'd Men and ask'd Aid of Foreign Princes Particularly he sent D. John de la Cerda Son to Lewis and his Son in Law to the Moors Neither the King of Granada nor the Africanâ— would give him any Succour but it is said he serv'd Albohacen in a Battel in which he overthrew his Father Albohacen Thence he return'd to Portugal and there continu'd in Banishment His Wife the Lady Mary Coronel not able to endure the absence of her Husband or resist her unchast desires rather than yield to them is said to have put burning Coals into that Part which molested her The King of Castile having taken several Towns in Andaluzia prepar'd to Besiege Aguilar when News was brought him that Count Henry had Rebell'd at Gijon in Asturias and his Brother D. Tello committed many Outrages making Incursions from Montagudo on the Frontiers of Aragon This oblig'd him to March to Asturias where Gijon surrender'd upon promise of Pardon for themselves and Count Henry who lurk'd in the Mountains In this march it was that the King fell in Love with Da. Maria de Padilla a young Maid that was bred in the House of D. Alonso de Albuquerque Their familiarity began at Sahagun which prov'd Fatal to the King and Kingdom John de Hinestrola the Ladies Uncle was the manager of the unhappy Bargain The King march'd to Montagudo and took it with several other Towns for D. Tello had abandon'd it and was fled to Aragon The two Kings of Aragon being so near one another set onfoot a Treaty of Peace they met not themselves but their Embassadors D. Alonso de Albuquerque and Bernard de Gabrera concluded a Peace at Taraçona A League offensive and defensive was establish'd and they agreed the one should pardon D. Tello and the other D. Ferdinand de Aragon Then â—ing Peter return'd into Andaluzia and after a Siege of four Months took Aguilar in February 1853. D. Alonso Coronel being taken was Executed as a Traytor with Five of his Companions The Town was dismantled and the King pardon'd the multitude On the 25th of the same
month dy'd D. Gonçalo Archbishop of Toledo D. Vasco or Blas then Bishop of Palâ—ncia succeeded him From Aguilar the King went to Cordova at such time as Dâ— Maria de Padilla was brought to Bed of â— Daughter call'd Beatrix Thence he return'd into the Kingdom of Toledo At Torrijos five Leagues from Toledo in a Turnament made for Joy of his Success and Birth of his Daughter the King receiv'd a Wound in his Hand which had like to have cost him his Life foâ— that the Surgeons could find no means to stop the Blood To this Town came D. Alonso â—â— Albuquerque who had been on an Embassy in Portugâ—â— and brought with him D. John de la 〈◊〉 whom the King receiv'd into Favour with demonstrations of Affection but could never â—â— prevail'd upon to restore him his Father in Laws Lands for he now began to be positive About this time the Lady Blanch of Borbon came to Valladolid accompany'd by the Viscount of Narbonnâ— and D. Frederick the Master of Santiago who went out to meet her D. Alonso de Albuquerque was for having the Marriage solemniz'd immediately He then was so absolute that at times he spoke disrespectful Words to the King and hastned his Marriage lest Da. Maria de Padilla's Relations should work him out of Favour and so it fell out Yet the Marriagew as solemniz'd on the 3d. of June At the same time in France another more fortunate Marriage was consummated betwixt Charles King of Navarre and the Lady Joanna eldest Daughter to the King of France A Match I say more happy for the 〈◊〉 they always had to one another and their Issue They had three Sons â—â—arles 〈◊〉 and Peter the second dyed young and three Daughters Mary Blaâ—ch and Joâ—â—n◠〈◊〉 liv'd 〈…〉 Years the other two were Match'd to great Princes Before he was Marry'd King Charlâ—s had a Bastard-Son called Leo of whom are descended the Marqueses of Cortes in Navarre The Marqueses of Falces in that Kingdom say they are descended from Peter the Kings lawful Son Scarce was King Peter married when he began to slight the Bride being wholly devoted to Da. Maria de Padilla Two Days after he prepar'd to go to the Castle of Montalvan on the Banks of Tagus where he had left his Minion The Queen his Mother and his Aunt Queen Ellenor conjur'd him not to forsake his Queen and give himself up to his Lust but he nothing mov'd said He did not design any such thing yet immediately took Horse and rode away without speaking to any body Count Henry D. Tello and the Princes of Aragon went with him for now the Nobility study'd to please and flatter him Only D. Giles de Albornos the Cardinal who had been Arch-Bishop of Toledo ceas'd not to reprove him till he became hateful to him Then with leave he retir'd to Cuença and thence went into France to Pope Innocent who had succeeded Pope Clement the last Year The King and Lady Mary Padilla from Montalvan went to Toledo At Valladolid it was consulted how to bring him back by force which he understanding was so offended at D. Alonso de Albuquerque the first mover of that Design that he was forc'd to appease him to deliver up his Son Giles as an Hostage At length through much intreaty of the Nobility he was perswaded to return to Valladolid to see the Queen but stay'd with her only two Days It was given out he was bewithc'd by a Jew with a Ribben so charm'd that it appear'd to the King like a Snake Some believ'd the King did not so suddenly quit his â—â—een without cause but because he discover'd Treachery in his Brother Frederick which I suppose is ment in regard to her Honour But all these are Surmises for there needs no stronger Witchcraft nor other Offence to draw a Man away than Love From Valladolid the King went away to Olmedo a Town in that Neighbourhood Thither by his Order came the Lady Mary de Padilla from Toledo and he never more had Compassion or so much as thought of the Queen his unfortunate Wife CHAP. IX King Peter of Castile removes his Officers punishes some Rebels and reduces several Towns The War of Sardinia where Diseases raging in the Aragonian Army that King clapâ— up a dishonourable Peace and returns to Aragon D. Alonso de Albuquerque being in disgrace spent some time upon his own Estate and then fearing the King would pursue him fled to Portugal D. Frederick Master of Santiâ—go had been discontented ever since the King caus'd his Mother to be put to death but being now reconcil'd came to Cuellar where the Court resided D. Tello his Brother at Segovia Marry'd Joanna Daughter to D. John de Lara and had with her the Lordship of Biscay The Kindred of Da. Maria de Padilla promoted this Match to oblige the King's Brothers who were Enemies to D. Alonso de Albuquerque Queen Blanch resided at Medina del Campo with the Queen her Mother-in-Law living like a Widow and spending her time in modest Recreations Thence she was by the King's Order remov'd to Arevalo and forbid conversing with her Mother-in-Law or any of the Nobility Peter Gudiel Bishop of Segovia and Tello Palomeque a Gentleman of Toledo were appointed to guard her The King chang'd the Officers of his Houshold and made James Garâ—â—a â—â— Padilla Brother to his Mistress Lord Chamberlain Alvaro â—â— Albornâ—z Cup-bearer and Peter Gonzalez Mendoça Taster These changes were made in hatred to D. Alonso de Albuquerque who had before many of his Creatures at Court. In Autumn the King went to Andaluzia and displac'd many great Men preferr'd by Alonso de Albuquerque The King was wholly govern'd by Dâ— Maria de Padilla and her Kindred and 〈…〉 Nobility even his Brothers made their Court to her This Winter the great Rains caus'd mighty Floods especially at Sevil where they made up all the Gates of the City lest it should break in At the beginning of the year 1354. D. John NunÌ„ez de Prado Master of Calâ—â—râ—â—a who had fled to Aragon came to Almagro the chief Town of that Order being invited by the King 's kind Letters There D. John de la Cerda who was in Favour made him Prisoâ—â— His greatest Crime was being a Friend to D. Alonso de Albuquerque and having perswaded the King to return to the Queen D. James de Padilla was immediately chosen Master and John Nunez put to Death at Maqueda The King seem'd sorâ—y for hiâ—â—â—ath but no body being question'd it was concluded to be done by his Comâ—â—â—d Nâ—â—â—â—he King invaded the Inheritance of D. Alonso de Albuquerque in which were manâ—â—â—rong â—â—aces Medeâ—â—â—n was besieg'd and the Governour not able to defend it surrender'd having first obtain'd his Master's Consent The Town of Albuquerque tho' besieg'd held out and D. Frederick and Count Henry were left at Badajoz to Blockade it The King went to Câ—cerâ—s and thence sent Embassadors to Alonso King of
executes many of them AFter the King of Castile had reduced most of the Towns belonging to D. Alonso de Albuquerque being about to set out to besiege his Bastard Brother Frederick who made himself strong in the Castle of Segura he sent John Fernandez de Hinestrosa into old Castile to bring Queen Blanch and secure her in the Pallace of Toledo on pretence of the Rebellion that was in the Kingdom Being come to Toledo she went directly to the Cathedral under show of Devotion but when there would not come out expecting to be defended by the Sanctuary The King understanding what had happen'd in a Passion return'd to OcanÌ„a There he caus'd John de Padilla to be chosen Master of Callatrava â—â— stead of his Bastard-Brother Frederick notwithstanding he was a Marry'd Man and 〈◊〉 such had ever had that Honour before This was the beginning of admitting Marry'd Men to be Masters of that Order in favour of Da. Maria de Padilla whose Brother this Man was Mean while the Power of the Rebellious Nobles increas'd D. John de la Cerda joyn'd them The King wanting Forces went into old Castile to raise Men and came to Tordesillas where the Queen his Mother was The People of Toledo sent for D. Frederick who came with 700 Horse and the other Nobles flocking together kept the King besieg'd in Tordesillas Ellenor Queen of Aragon was sent by them to propose to him to banish Da. Maria de Padilla and remove her Kindred and they would all submit to him but she prevail'd not The Queen Mother and the King her Son departing from Tordesillas the Rebels march'd towards Valladolid thinking to surprise that place but being disappainted remov'd to Medina del Campo and took it without bloodshed Thither came the Bastard D. Frederick and there dy'd John Alonso de Albuquerque poyson'd by one Paul a Roman Doctor brib'd by his Enemies His Body as he order'd it in his Will was Embalmed and carry'd about by those his Fellow-Conspirators till the end of the War After this the Nobles sent some Men of Note to treat with the King the result was that they agreed upon a time to meet at a Village near Toro On the Day appointed they met with 50 Horse equally arm'd on each side where they receiv'd one another with the usual Respect the Nobles according to custom kissing the King's Hand This done Gutierre de Toledo by the King's Order told them The King was much concern'd to see so many Men of Quality in Rebellion indeavouring to bring him to their Beek That he forgave them all provided they would submit and disband their Forces and that as to what they desir'd in relation to Queen Blanch it should be done provided their Demands ended there Ferdinand de Ayala being appointed by the Nobles to speak for them with very submissive Words excus'd their coming arm'd into his presence extoll'd the virtue of Queen Blanch represented the Danger that threaten'd her from Da. Maria de Padilla and begg'd of the King to comfort and protect her and prevent the Ruin that threaten'd the Kingdom The matter was too weighty to be concluded in so short a time therefore four Gentlemen for each side were appointed to agree upon Articles of Peace Thus they parted and the King us'd such delays that all hope of adjusting Affairs vanish'd especially because he went away from Toro to meet his Mistress The Queen Mother hereupon joyn'd with the Rebels and deliver'd the City Toro up to them The King startled at the News return'd to Toro with John Fernandez de Hinestrosa and Samuel Levi a Jew who was his Treasurer The Queen Mother receiv'd him with great Affection and he told her he came to put himself into her Power and do whatsoever she would have of him Those who came with him were secur'd and the Officers of his Household chang'd D. Frederick was made Lord Chamberlain Prince Ferdinand of Aragon Chancellor D. John de la Cerda Standard-bearer D. Frederick de Castro Lord Steward and he marry'd Joanna the King's Bastard-Sister but was divorc'd as being her second Cousin These were rather Spies to secure than Servants to attend him This done they bury'd the Body of Alonso de Albuquerque thinking the War at an end The King had liberty to Hunt and having gain'd some of the Nobles fled to Segovia and with him Samuel Levi who was out upon Bail and D. Tello to whom the King shew'd some Affection but it lasted not long This was the beginning of new Uproars The Princes of Aragon and their Mother Queen Ellenor went to Roa given them by the King whilst at Toro D. John de la Cerda went to Segovia to the King D. Frederick to his Forces at Talavera D. Ferdinand de Castro to Galicia D. Tello to Biscay Count Henry and Queen Mother stay'd at Toro These Things happen'd at the end of the Year In the beginning of the Year 1355 the Cortes or Parliament was held at Burgos There the King complain'd of the Insolency of the Nobility and desired to be assisted against them An extraordinary subsidy was granted him At the same time in France the King of Navarre murder'd the Constable D. John de la Cerda younger Son to D. Alonso the Disinherited at which Action the King of France was highly offended for the love he bore the Constable The cause of his Death was that the King gave him the Earldom of Angoulesme which the King of Navarre pretended a Right to as also to those of Champagne and Brie In a Rage because the King of France refus'd him those Lordships he caus'd the Constable to be murder'd in his Castle of Aygle in Normandy on the 18th of January The King of France was not seen in four Days after he heard of this mischance and causing the Business to be inquir'd into summon'd the King of Navarre to answer for himself He appear'd having first receiv'd Luis the King's Son as Hostage for his safety He could not clear himself and the King order'd him to be apprehended but upon the Intercession of the Queen and his Sister pardon'd him We said above that Prince Peter of Portugal had long to do with the Lady Agnes de Castro her he privately Marry'd the last Year The King his Father to remove this Stain from the Royal Family caus'd her to be kill'd at Coimbra An unjust severity when she had born him four Children D. Alonso who dy'd young D. John Denis and Beatrix In July dy'd Luis King of Sicily His Brother Frederick call'd the Simple being naturally so succeeded him The Reigns of both those Kings were tempestuous which open'd the way to the King of Aragon to recover that Island But let us leave that a while to go on with the Affairs of Castile The Cortes at Burgos being broken up the King went to Medina del Campo There he put to death Peter Ruiz de Villegas Lieutenant of Castile and Sancho Ruiz de
Rojas two Men of Note Some others he imprison'd John Fernandez de Hinestrosa was let out of Prison at Toro up-upon parole that he would return if he did not appease the King but he broke his Word Henry and Frederick the King's Bastard-brothers seiz'd the City Toledo rob'd all the Jews and murder'd about 1000 of them but the King coming upon them before they were provided to make resistance they were forc'd to fly for their lives The King reveng'd himself upon the Town executing some Gentlemen and Twenty two of the Commonalty Among those condemn'd was a Goldsmith Eighty Years of Age a Son of his of Eighteen Years old offer'd to die for him and the King accepted of the Exchange Peter Gomez Barroso Bishop of Siguença was imprison'd for favouring the Towns-men and Queen Blanch sent to the Castle of Siguença Toledo being subdu'd the King went about to reduce the other Cities Cuenca shut the Gates against him and being a strong place he would not use Violence D. Sancho another Bastard-brother of the Kings was bred there under the care of Alvar Garcia de Albornoz who fled with him into Aragon Toro was besieged within it were the Queen Mother D. Henry D. Frederick D. Peter Estevanez Carpintero who call'd himself Master of Calatrava with the best Forces of the Association During the Siege Da. Maria de Padilla was delivered at Tordisillas of a third Daughter call'd Elizabth D. John de Padilla Master of Santiago was kill'd in a Skirmish with a party of Rebels The King would not bestow that Honour leaving it as a Bait to attract D. Frederik to his Service Pope Innocent sent the Cardinal of Bolonia to compose the Differences but he effected nothing only obtaining that Bishop Peter Gomez Barroso should be released Count Henry fled from Toro to Galicia D. Frederick went over to the King Lastly on the 5th of January 1356 one of the Towns-men who had the Guard of a Gate gave the King entrance The King being Master of the City caus'd Peter Estevanez Carpintero Ruy Gonzalez de CastanÌ„eda and other great Men to be put to death in the Queen's presence She fainted away at the sight and coming to her self loudly curs'd the King her Son and soon after with his leave went away into Portugal where she liv'd as lendly as she had done before There having an Intrigue with D. Martin Tello a Portugues Gentleman she was poison'd by the King her Brother Some say it was by her Father King Alonso the IVth The King of Castile went to Tordesillas and there had a Turneament for Joy of his success Next Morning he caus'd two of D. Fredericks Followers to be put to death which terrify'd their Master but no harm was done him This Year there was a great Earth-quake which did most harm to the Maritmie Towns At Sevil the Iron Apples that were upon the Steeple fell down and the Chappel-Royal newly finish'd by King Alonso at Lisbon was destroy'd This was look'd upon as Ominous and Processions were made to appease the divine Wrath. After the taking of Toro Count Henry fled into Biscay to his Brother Tello who made his Party Good and twice defeated the King's Forces Thence he went by Sea to Rochel in France At the same time the King of France surpris'd and made Prisoner him of Navarre as he was at a Feast with the Dauphin at Roan in Normandy He was accus'd of Treason for favouring the English being a Subject to France Thus the Spaniards residing in France were divided Count Henry receiv'd Pay of the King of France and Philip the King of Navarre's Brother joyn'd withe English in Normandy The Earl of Faux did the same offended at the wrong done to that King his Brother-in-Law Thus great Revolutions and Bloody Wars threaten'd France and Spain at the same time The End of the Sixteenth Book THE History of SPAIN The Seventeenth BOOK CHAP. I. The beginning of the War in Aragon Many Rebellious Nobles in Castile put to Death The War between Castile and Aragon carried on by Sea and Land VVE shall now write of a War betwixt two Kingdoms Ally'd by several Marriages A War bloody and destructive which consum'd many Noble Persons and lastly him that began it giving a new Race of Kings to Castile and restoring Peace The motives of this War consider'd singly and apart were inconsiderable but concurring all together made a mighty Flood of Discontents Both the Kings of Castile and Aragon were Princes of high Spirits alike in Conditions and harshness of Nature yet he of Castile as the younger was hottest The Aragonian complain'd that the Castilian countenanc'd his Brothers in raising Seditions in his Kingdom and was offended that his Brother Ferdinand had put Castilian Garrisons into his Forts of Alicant and Orihuela The King of Castile was incens'd for that the Galleys of Aragon had taken certain Ships laden with Corn at the mouth of Guadalquivir which made the want there was before more grievous besides that the Out-laws of Castile were protected in Aragon and also that the Aragonian Knights of Calatrava and Santiago would not obey their Masters in Castile Another new Complaint was added to all these which was That the King having reduc'd Castile went to Sevil and thence for his Diversion in a Galley to â—ee the Fishery at Almadravas near S. Lucar Two Ships lay then at Anchor in that Port Ten Galleys of Aragon bound to the Assistance of the French against the English Coasting that way spy'd those two Ships and carry'd them away before the King's Face This was a hainous Affront and Gutierre de Toledo was sent to demand satisfaction The Aragonian Commander answer'd that those Ships belong'd to Genoeses with whom they were then at War and might therefore lawfully be made Prize Having receiv'd this positive Answer from the Admiral the King of Castile sent Giles Velazquez de Segovia Embassador into Aragon to demand Restitution of the Ships taken and that the Commander of the Galleys should be deliver'd up to him At that time the King of Aragon was fitting out a Fleet at Barcelona to subdue the Rebels of Sardinia and therefore return'd a favourable Answer saying He would give Satisfaction to the King of Castile would banish his Fugitive Subjects out of Aragon and punish the Admiral at his Return But as for the Knights of Santiago and Calatrava that they being Religious Men he would stand by whatsoever the Pope should decree in that case Giles Velazquez was not satisfy'd with this Answer and therefore in his King's Name declar'd War The King of Aragon reply'd he thought there was no sufficient ground for a War and therefore would not commence it but did not doubt if invaded to repulse it Thus the War broke out Many Catalonian Merchants resided at Sevil in a moment they were all secur'd and their Effects seiz'd upon Both Kingdoms made Preparations and endeavour'd to obtain Foreign Aids Particularly Luis Brother to
the King of Navarre then a Prisoner in France was solicited by both Parties but he would declare for neither tho he rather inclin'd to the Aragonian Incursions were made three several ways into the Kingdom of Valencia Prince Ferdinand of Aragon hoping that Kingdom would rebel but he was deceiv'd for they were terrify'd with Punishment Thus the War was carry'd on at the end of August with great Desolation of the Country Near the same time was the memorable Battle of Poitiers in France in which the whole power of that Kingdom was discomfited by a small Number of English the King of France and his younger Son Philip taken and a great number of Nobility slain That famous Battel was fought on the 19th of September 1356. Upon occasion of this defeat the King of Navarre broke Prison and getting to Paris headed the People against the Dauphin There in a great Assembly he complain'd of the Wrongs done him and pleaded his right to the Crown as Grand-Son to King Luis Hutin whereas the King of England was Son to the Lady Elizabeth that King's Sister This had been a ground of new Confusions but that the King of Navarre wanted Power However he prevail'd so far as to have all that was his own restor'd to him with an addition of the Lordships of Mascon and Bigorre Yet he could not obtain the Earldoms of Champagne Brie and Burgundy to which he pretended to have right Heny Earl of Trastamara escaping from that Fight fled to the King of Aragon being invited by him This was the first step he rose towards obtaining the Crown of Castile It was agree'd betwixt the King of Aragon and him That Count Henry should renounce his Country and take an Oath of Fidelity to the Aragonian and that the King should give him pay for 600 Horse and as many Foot who were to serve under him At the beginning of the Year 1357 the War went on with various Success on the Frontiers of Castile and Aragon The Arigonians took Alicant the Castilians Embite and Bordalva Chief Commanders for the King of Aragon were Count Henry D. Peter de Exerica and Count Lope Ferdnandez de Luna For the King of Castile D. Frederick Master of Santiago the two Princes of Aragon and D. John de la Cerda Those of Aragon serv'd their Master with greater Fidelity than those Castile who at last were all drawn over by the Enemy D. John de la Cerda and Alvar Perez de Gusman were the first that deserted the King of Castile remembring the death of D. Alonso Coronel whose Daughters they had marry'd and who was kill'd by the King's Order as also fearing the King had a Mind to Da. Aldonça Wife to Alvar Perez They fled to Andaluzia hoping to raise a Rebellion there At this time the King of Castile laid Siege to a Castle on the Borders of Castile and Aragon call'd Tebat or as others write Silamo there he receiv'd the News that those Gentlemen were fled into Andaluzia He pursu'd them a while but finding it impossible to overtake them return'd to the War with more fury than before He took some Towns of small Note and with the same Violence enter'd Taraçona a noble City near Navarre on the 9th of March. The Citizens seeing the upper part of the Town lost surrender'd upon promise of Life and Goods and were suffer'd to depart to Tudela It was said this City was lost through the Cowardise of the Governour Michael de Guerrea who not knowing how to answer it withdrew with his Family to Navarre The King peopled the Town with Castillian Souldiers dividing the Houses and Lands among them This City being lost the King of Aragon thought not himself safe in Zaragoça especially for that at the same time D. John de la Cerda was defeated and kill'd by the Forces of the Council of Sevil commanded by D. John Ponce de Leon Lord of Marchena and Gilos Bocanegra the Admiral From France came the Earl of Faux with many Gentlemen of Note to serve the King of Aragon His Enemy the Lord La Brie came with a number of Lances to King Peter Pope Innocent's Legate the Cardinal of Bolonia sent to that purpose labour'd much to bring them to Peace and at last obtained a Truce for 15 Months Mean while Bernard de Cabrera and John Fernandez de Hinestrosa were appointed Commissioners the first for Aragon the other for Castile to treat All Places taken on both sides were deliver'd in Trust to the Cardinal Legate who excommunicated him that should offer to break the Truce This Agreement was made on the 18th of May. This Month dy'd Alonso the IIId King of Portugal Aged 77 Years and a Half He reign'd 31 Years 5 Months and 20 Days and was buried by his Queen Beatrix in the Cathedral of that City His Son Peter call'd the Cruel succeeded him About a Month before he had a Son born to him of Da. Teresa Gallego whom he kept after his Father caus'd the Lady Agnes de Castro to be put to death She was graceful but had no other good quality her Son was call'd John to whom Heaven had reserv'd the Crown of Portugal as shall appear in its Place The Truce concluded betwixt the Crowns of Castile and Aragon the Aragonian deliver'd up to the Legate the Places he had taken being but few but King Peter could never be induc'd to draw the Souldiers out of Taraçona to whom he had given Houses there He went away to Sevil to settle Andaluzia and set out a Fleet to infest the Coast of Aragon for he neither expected nor desir'd Peace At Sevil he was so taken with the Lady Aldonça Coronel that he made no account of Da. Maria de Padilla The Legate offended at his course of Life excommunicated him and laid an Interdict upon all Castile This was an extravagant Action of the Legate therefore the Pope call'd him out of Spain All was contriv'd by the King of Aragon to make King Peter odious Another Displeasure befel him The Lady Joanna Wife to Count Henry was convey'd into Aragon to her Husband by Peter Carillo a Servant of his which cut off all hope of Peace The other Brothers Frederick and Tello were willing to rebel but fear'd they could have nothing in Aragon equivalent to the Estates they must leave in Castile Prince Ferdinand of Aragon kept the Town of Jumilla taken from the Aragonians he dealing underhand with Bernard de Cabrera went over to the King of Aragon upon conditition to be made Vicar of the Kingdom and have all his Estate restor'd The Revolt of Count Henry and Prince Ferdinand as it was the Life of Aragon so it prov'd fatal to their Brothers as shall be seen here after Mathew Doria dying in Sardinia advanc'd the King of Aragons Interest for tho Marianus of Arborea was not quiet his Power alone was inconsiderable Luis of Naples was possess'd of the greatest part of Sicily Frederick
call'd the Simple who two Years before succeeded his Brother Luis was Young and Weak as well in Judgment as Forces and preserv'd the Title of King in the City Catanea The Power of the French daily increasing he was so dismay'd that he freely made over all his Dominions of Sicily Athens and Neopatria to his Sister Ellenor Wife to the King of Aragon to whom he sent a publick Instrument of this donation to oblige him to send Forces to his Aid but the Aragonian had his Hands so full at Home that he could not relieve his Brother-in-Law The Affairs of Sicily reduc'd to this miserable Condition were up-held by the Valour of D. 〈◊〉 de Aragon Earl of Mistreta and Lord Justice of Sicily who overthrew the Enemy in Battel punish'd some Rebels and redu'd others CHAP. II. The Kings of Castile and Aragon both call the Moors to their assistance The War is carry'd on vigorously on both sides The Castilians treacherous to their King He punishes many of them The computation of time in Aragon alter'd REvenge carry'd the King 's of Castile and Aragon headlong to their Ruin and so blinded them that they call'd the Moors to their assistance The King of Granada sent a Body of Horse to the Service of Castile as was agreed betwixt them The King of Aragon call'd over the King of Morocco Pope Innocent by Letter grievously complain'd of this Action but in vain The Nobles of Castile were wrought upon by the Aragonians and forsook their Prince The first was Prince Ferdinand of Aragon as was said above Yet Jumilla by him betray'd was retaken at the beginning of the Year 1358 by D. Frederick Master of Santiago This done he went away to the King then at Sevil who caus'd him to be put to death in his presence by his Guards understanding he dealt underhand with the Aragonians From Sevil the King went with great speed to Biscay designing the same Fate for the other Brother D. Tello who suspecting it fled by Sea into France and thence into Aragon D. Tello being gone Prince John of Aragon begg'd of the King he would put him into Possession of the Lordship of Biscay to which he had right by his Wife the Lady Elizabeth Daughter to D. John Nun̄ez de Lara The King knowing he was associated with the rebellious Peers caus'd him to be slain by his Guards in his presence and his Body to be thrown out at a Window and say'd to some Biscayners that look'd on Behold him that would have been your Lord. His Body was carry'd to Burgos there cast into the River and never after seen Queen Ellenor that Prince's Mother and the Lady Elizabeth his Wife were sent Prisoners from Roa to the Castle of Castroxeriz Six Heads of Men of Note were brought to him to Burgos from several Places He had resolv'd to execute others at Valladolid but was prevented by the Incursions Count Henry and Prince Ferdinand made into his Territories the former wasted all the Country of Campos Soria and Almaçan the other the Kingdom of Murcia From Osma the King went to Burgos to provide against these Irruptions Thence he sent to complain to the King of Aragon that he had broke the Truce That King answer'd the Truce had been broken in retaking Jumilla and calleng'd him to decide the Quarrel with 20 50 or 100 Men of a side King Peter made small account of his Challenge but sent D. Gutierre Gomez de Toledo lately made great Prior of St. John to secure the Kingdom of Murcia others had other Commands given them He himself went away to Sevil where he had fitted 12 Galleys which were joyn'd by 6 from Genoa with which he design'd to scour the Coast of Valencia and attempt the Maritime Towns These Galleys took the Town of Guardamar belonging to Prince Ferdinand but were prevented from taking the Castle by a suddain Storm in which they all perish'd except two that were out at Sea This loss no way discourag'd the King who burnt the Town and march'd away to Murcia Thence he sent his Favourite Martin Yanez to Sevil to equip another Fleet and he having gather'd an Army from all parts march'd away to Almaçan and thence into the Enemies Country where he took several Towns Winter drawing on he return'd to Sevil resolving to fit out a great Fleet to which purpose the King of Portugal his Uncle sent him Ten Galleys and he of Granada Three This Year was remarkable for the Birth of the Lady Ellenor Daughter to Peter King of Aragon and of D. John Son to Count Henry whom Heaven had decreed should be marry'd together and inherit the Crown of Castile This Year also it was ordain'd in the Cortes of Valencia that the computation of Years should no longer be taken from the Era of Cesar but from the Birth of Christ At the beginning of the Year 1359 the King of Aragon laid Siege to the strong Town of Medina Celi but it being well defended return'd to Zaragoça without any Success The King of Castile being on the way to relieve Medina Celi understood the Cardinal of Bolonia the Pope's Legate was arriv'd at Almaçan In that place the Legate had Audience and earnestly exhorted the King in the Pope's Name to incline to Peace with the Christians and employ his Arms against the Infidels The King answer'd he had been already impos'd upon by the King of Aragon under pretence of Peace and therefore was resolv'd to give no more Ear to it unless the Aragoman would banish the out-Laws of Castile restore the Towns wrongfully taken during his Grand-fathers Minority and pay 500000 Florins for the Charge of War With this Answer the Legate went to the King of Aragon who excus'd himself and laid the blame upon his Enemy as is usual The time was spent in Messages to and fro and yet not so much as a truce could be concluded All hopes of Peace being laid aside the King of Castile at Almaçan declar'd Prince Ferdinand and the two Brothers Count Henry and D. Tello Traytors Queen Ellenor was put to death in Prison and soon after the Lady Joanna de Lara Her Sister the Lady Elizabeth was sent with Qu. Blanch from the Castle of Siguença to Xerez de la Frontera This done the King imbarqu'd aboard a Fleet of 41 Galleys and 80 Ships so well stord and carrying so powerful an Army that they were provided for any great Enterprize By the way he took a mighty Venetian Garack only because it resisted it was carry'd to Cathagena and all its rich Lading secur'd The Fleet sail'd to Guardumar and took both the Town and Castle by Storm Alicant was abandoned by the Aragonians D. Gutierre de Toledo was left with a good Force to secure the Towns taken The King with the rest of the Fleet sail'd to Tortosa at the Mouth of the River Ebro There the Legate came aboard his Galley and again made some Overtures of Peace but in
vain Thence he sail'd to Barcelona where he found 12 Galleys of Aragon which he twice attempted to carry off but could not because they lay near the Shore and were bravely defended by the Catalonians Thus disappointed he sail'd for the opposite Islands He landed at Yviça and tho he assaulted the Town of that Name could not take it Mean while the King of Aragon having gather'd 40 Galleys sail'd over to Majorca designing to Fight the Castilian Fleet. The King at the Request of his People stay'd in the Island and sent the Fleet under the command of Bernard de Cabrera his Admiral and the Viscount to find out the Enemy who leaving Yviça were come to Calpe with the same Resolution The Aragonian Fleet lay at the Mouth of the River that falls into the Sea neat Denia both Parties seem'd desirous to Ingage yet both were cautious so all this threaten'd Storm vanish'd The Aragonians put into Barcelona and the King of Castile from Cartagena sent his Fleet to Sevil and went by Land himself to Tordesillas to see Da. Maria de Padilla who was there deliver'd of a Son call'd Alonso The King's Joy for his Birth was not lasting for he dy'd soon after In the Fields of Araviana at the foot of the Mountain Moncayo Count Henry and his Brother D. Tello with 700 Aragonian Horse charg'd a Party of Castile and overthrew them killing about 300 and taking many Men of Note Among the rest was killed John Fernandez de Hinestrosa the Commander in Chief The King of Castile in a rage caus'd two Bastard Brothers he kept Prisoners to be put to Death which were John and Peter It is likely they were convicted of keeping Correspondence with the Rebels yet this Action terrify'd the whole Kingdom All the great Ones trembled but doubtless it was their Guilt made them do so for many Men of Quality not thinking themselves secure in Castile fled into Aragon The King was charg'd with Cruelty but the Subject consider'd not how many frequent Rebellions oblig'd him to make Examples of Justice Having Intelligence that 12 Venetian Galleys were ready to pass out of the Streights the King sent 20 to Intercept them but a Storm disappointed the Design This is represented as a hainous Crime without reflecting that is was say'd before the Venetians were in League with Aragon and might therefore be justly looked upon as Enemies to Castile But it was the Misfortune of this King to have all his Actions misrepresented and to have those things call'd Cruelty in him which were but just Punishment of Rebels Yet because a Bastard prevail'd against him that Bastard was applauded as lawful King and the true King stiled a Tyrant Such is the Judgment of the World that Misfortunes make the best King a Tyrant and success Crowns the vilest Vsurper with the Name of a Lawful Prince The Cardinal Legate took much pains to set on Foot a Treaty of Peace which he compass'd at the beginning of the Year 1360. Embassadors were sent on both sides with full Power and the King was near a Conclusion Yet neither at Tudela nor at Sadua where the Treaty was renew'd and continu'd could any thing be brought to Perfection for the Aragonians were incourag'd with their late Success and the King of Castile after so many Disappointments would not yield the least Point Yet finding so much Falshood among his People he knew not who to trust and therefore every Day chang'd the Officers of his Household and Army This was the unhappy condition of King Peter CHAP. III. The Death of Queen Blanch and Da. Maria de Padilla Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon The War with the Moors and Death of their King The King of Aragon 's Daughter marry'd to the King of Sicily THE Treaty of Peace was so carry'd on that still fresh Preparations for War were made on both Sides The King of Castile went from Sevil towards Leon in speed to apprehend Peter Nun̄ez de Guzman Lieutenant of that Kingdom but he having Notice of the King's approach fled to Portugal a sign he was not Innocent Peter Alvarez Osorio being at Dinner with D. James Garcia de Padilla Master of Calatrava was put to Death by two of the King's Guards From Leon the King went to Burgos where he put to Death James Arias Maldonado the Archdeacon for keeping a Correspondence with Count Henry Many others sav'd their Lives by the sudden Irruptions of the Aragonians under Count Henry D. Tello and the Count de Osona into the Territory of Rioja where they took the Town of Haro and City Najara killing a great Number of Jews and making great Slaughter and Destructions In this heat they advanc'd as for as Pancorvo Gonzalo Gonzalez de Lucio Governour of Taraçona for the King of Castile deliver'd it up to the Aragonians The King of Castile march'd towards the Enemy then at Najara and encamp'd near a small Town call'd Azofra Here a Priest came to tell him he had a Revelution that his Bastard Brother Count Henry would kill him unless he mended his Life but the King for his Intelligence caus'd him to be publickly Burnt in the Camp From Azofra the King march'd towards Najara and there totally routed the Aragonians who fled to the City which might have been taken but the King could not be perswaded to besiege it Within two or three Days the Aragonians abandon'd Haro and Najara and the King put Garrisons into them Having secur'd the Frontires he return'd to Sevil and there agreed with the King of Portugal that each should deliver up the Out-laws that fled from the other The King of Portugal put to Death one Peter Coello and another because they had murder'd the Lady Agnes de Castro James Lopez Pacheco who had a Hand in her Death fled to Count Henry who afterwards for his good Service gave him an Estate in Castile and he was the Founder of the Noble Family of Pacheco Others were deliver'd to the King of Castile who put them to Death at Sevil. One of these was Peter Nun̄ez de Guzman the Lieutenant of Leon. Another was Gomez Carillo beheaded in a Galley as he was going by the King's Order from Sevil to Algozira upon pretence of being Governor of that Place Gutierre Fernandez de Toledo was put to Death at Alfaro for favouring the Party of Count Henry Gutierre Gomez and Toledo and James Gomez Brother to the deceas'd understanding he was Executed fled to Aragon D. Vasco Arch-bishop of Toledo was banish'd the Kingdom without allowing him time to change his Cloaths He went to Coimbra where in a Monastery of Dominicans he ended his Days holily Some Years after his Body was Translated to the Cathedral of Toledo Many call this Archbishop Blase It is suppos'd D. Vasco resign'd the Archbishoprick as soon as he was Banish'd for the same Year we find D. Gomez Manrique succeeded him Whilst these things happen'd in Castile the King of Aragon sent 4 Galleys well
equipp'd to the Assistance of the King of Tremecen his Ally They met 5 Galleys of Castile which took and carry'd them to Sevil there many of them with their Commander Mathew Merzero were put to Death by the King's Order Samuel Levi a Jew was the King's Treasurer and had the diposal of all the Revenue whereby he gather'd great Riches which now prov'd his Ruin He was accus'd of many Frauds and being put to the Wrack dy'd upon it The King seiz'd upon his Estate valu'd at 400000 Ducats others say more besides Moveables and Jewels At the end of this Year Mahomet Lagus was expell'd his Kingdom by his own Subjects Mahomet Aben Alhamar was set up in his Place and from the Colour of his Hair and Beard call'd the Red. They said the Crowa appertain'd to him as being descended of the Antient Kings of Granada Hence ensu'd new Wars for the King of Castile was a Friend to him that was depos'd who fled to Ronda a Town belonging to the King of Morocco The King of Castile resolv'd to stand by his old Friend On the other side the new King to strengthen himself sought the Friendship of the Aragonian which and calling King Abohanen out of Africk cost him his Life At the end of this Year the Lady Constance Daughter to the King of Aragon was sent into Sicily to be marry'd to King Frederick Olfo Prochita Governour of the Island Sardinia commanded the Fleet that carry'd her The Marriage was celebrated on the 11th of April 1361 at Catanea From that time the Affairs of the Island began to be more Successful the Neopolitans being vanquish'd and expell'd the Kingdom Of this Queen was born the Lady Mary who was afterwards Queen of Aragon and had in Dower the Kingdom of Sicily At length by the Industry of the Cardinal Legate Peace was concluded in Castile yet so that none thought it would be lasting The Articles were That all Places taken on both Sides should be restor'd and that the Out-laws of Castile should be expell'd Aragon provided the King pardon'd them On the 18th of May the Peace was Proclaim'd at Deza where the King of Castile was then encamp'd This Peace was forwarded by the fear of the War the King of Granada then made upon Castile For the greater security it was agreed that cautionary Towns on both sides should be put into the Hands of King Charles of Navarre who was then coming out of France into Spain very Joyful for that his Queen had brought him a Son call'd Charles Mean while his Brother Prince Luis Govern'd the Kingdom Peace concluded the King of Aragon went away to Zaragoça and he of Castile to Sevil Count Henry and his Brothers into France hoping to renew the War Many Nobles of Castile were ready to take up Arms upon pretence of protecting Queen Blanch which heightned the King's hatred towards her It was said he caus'd her to be Poison'd in the Prison where he kept her She was doubtless the most unfortunate Queen of Spain There is a report that the King being a Hunting near Medina Sidonia there met him a Shepherd of a terrible Aspect threatning him if he had not Compassion of Queen Blanch and that the King sending presently to see whether it was not some body employ'd by her she was found at Prayers and closely Guarded The Shepherd being releas'd out of Prison was never after seen Doubtless were this a Vision he had never been put into Prison The Lady Elizabeth de Lara Daughter to D. John de Lara was also Poison'd in Prison at Xerez An Historian who stiles himself head Caterer to Queen Ellenor of Castile in certain Commentaries he writ upon what happen'd in his Time says Queen Blanch dy'd at Vren̄a near the City Toro in old Castile This uncertainty as to the Place of her Death makes it appear the manner of it is not so certain tho the Malice of Authors who all humour'd the Success of Henry the Bastard caus'd all Crimes to be laid to his Predecessor Peter because he was Unfortunate The publick Grief for so many Calamities was somewhat asswag'd by the Death of Da. Maria de Padilla who ended her Days at Sevil in July A Woman laying aside her Incontinency in all other Respects worthy to be a Queen Her Funeral-Rites were perform'd throughout the Kingdom with the same Magnificence as if she had been Queen She was bury'd in the Monastery of S. Mary de Estudilla which she built in old Castile The Body of Queen Blanch was deposited in the Cathedral of Tudela by some French Gentlemen who came to the Assistance of Count Henry in order to carry it into France In the Monastery of Dominican Nuns at Toledo there are 3 Tombs one of the Lady Teresa by whom King Peter had a Daughter called Mary who was many Years Prioress in that Monastery and lies in the 2d Tomb. In the 3d are D. Sancho and D. James Sons of King Peter by the Lady Elizabeth At this time the King of Portugal solemnly declar'd in Lisbon that the Children he had by the Lady Agnez de Castro were born in lawful Wedlock and as such capable of inheriting the Crown and as Witnesses of his Marriage he produc'd Giles Bishop of Guardia and Stephen Lovata his Master of the Robes The King and Witnesses made Oath of the Truth of their Assertion in the Presence of all the Nobility and of John Alonso Tello the year before created Earl of Barcelos and was the first that obtain'd that Honour in Portugal Mean while the War of Granada was carry'd on with great Heat The Forces of Castile ravag'd the Territories of the Moors and laid Siege to Antequera formerly call'd Syngilia a strong and well Garrison'd Town whence they were Repuls'd Having wasted the Plain of Granada they return'd Home without performing any memorable Action Soon after 600 Moorish Horse and 2000 Foot broke into the Lieutenancy of Caçorla and took a great Booty of Cattle The Gentry of Jaen and the Neighbouring Places assembling recovered the Prey killing many of the Enemy and putting the rest to Flight A more dangerous War was expected from France which the Cardinal Legate endeavour'd to prevent and to that effect spent the Summer at Pamplona He labour'd to perswade King Peter to pardon the Out-laws of Castile and reverse their Attainder of Treason The King would not hear of it therefore the Cardinal at the Solicitation of the King of Aragon took upon him to declare their Attainder Void This provok'd the King of Castile who resolv'd to take Revenge as soon as he had put an end to the War with the Moors On the 18th of February 1362 the Moors obtain'd a notable Victory over the Christians near Guadix D. James Garcia de Padillu Master of Calatrava and Henry Enriquez Lieutenant of the Frontiers of Jaen with other Gentlemen entred the Moorish Territories with 1000 Horse and 2000 Foot designing to
Attack Guadix A great Number of Men was put into that Place unknown to the Christians who sent some Troops to Plunder the Fields call'd Val de Alhama The Moors perceiving they were divided fell upon those with great Fury that remain'd behind The Fight lasted all Day but the Number of Moors prevailing many of our Men were kill'd many taken and among them the Master of Calatrava who was carry'd to Granada and that King being desirous to appease King Peter sent him away without any Ransom King Peter believing this Courtesy proceeded from fear assembling his Forces enter'd the Kingdom of Granada took several Towns and return'd to Sevil with a rich Booty To this Misfortune of the Moorish Kings another was added which was that many Men of Note forsook him and favour'd his Adversary Mahomet Lagus who was in Banishment The King fearing he should be expelled the Kingdom consulted with his Friends what was best to be done and by the advice of one Edriz a constant follower of his Fortunes having obtain'd a Pass came away to Sevil with 400 Horse and 200 Foot to put himself under the Protection of the King of Castile The King receiv'd him Honourably in the Palace of Sevil and having heard him promis'd all should be well Then he was sent to Sup with D. Garcia de Toledo the Master of Santiago whilst they were at Supper the Moorish King was apprehended and a few Days after being Cloath'd in his Royal Robes which were Scarlet was carry'd out upon an Ass with 37 of his Gentlemen to the publick Place of Execution which is near the City and is call'd Tablada There they were all put to Death It was given out their Riches were the Cause of their Death and some Authors say King Peter himself slew the Moorish King with a Spear His Body was sent to his Competitor Mahomet Lagus who immediately recover'd his Kingdom and sent away all the Christians taken at the Fight of Guadix without Ransom CHAP. IV. Castile and Navarre joyn in League The War is carry'd on Successfully against Aragon by King Peter of Castile who declares the Lady Mary de Padilla to have been his lawful Wife The Death of John King of France and Constance Queen of Aragon THE War with the Moors being ended the King of Castile bent his Thoughts against Aragon but gave out that the Preparations he made were to defend himself against France He resolv'd to make a League with England fearing the King of France would take Revenge for the Wrongs done his Neece Queen Blanch. At Soria he had a Meeting with the King of Navarre and they made a League against Aragon the Navarrois pretending to take Revenge for that the Aragonian being his Brother in Law and Ally had not assisted him when he was Prisoner in France Having therefore assembl'd all the Force of his Kingdom he lay'd Siege to the Town of Sos in Aragon and took it after a vigorous Resistance made At the same time the King of Castile with an Army of 10000 Horse and 30000 Foot entred Aragon resolving to besiege Calatayud By the way he took Hariza Ateca Cetina and Alhama and in June sat down before the strong City of Calatayud within it was a numerous and resolute Garrison The King of Aragon considering the Danger the Besieg'd were in sent the Count de Osona Son to Bernard Cabrera D. Peter de Luna his Brother D. Artal and other Gentlemen to attempt getting into the Town that they might encourage the Besieg'd till he could send them Relief They being come to Miedes a Town near Calatayud King Peter who had notice of it surpriz'd the Place and carry'd them away Prisoners to the Camp The King of Aragon being unprovided sent to desire Aid in France and to call Count Henry and his Brother D. Tello to his Assistance Relief was long a coming and the City no longer able to hold out was surrendred upon the 29th of August upon Condition the Inhabitants should remain free in their Persons and Estates as they had been under the Crown of Aragon This City being taken and a good Garrison put into it under the command of the Master of Santiago the King return'd to Sevil. Here before he went to Calatayud he had held the Cortes or Parliament in which he publickly declar'd and vouched that Da. Maria de Padilla had been his lawful Wife he being privately Marry'd to her long before Queen Blanch came into Spain which made his Marriage with that Lady void That he had not discover'd it before fearing the Malice of the Nobility but thought himself now oblig'd in Conscience to do it as also for the sake of the Children he had by her He order'd she should for the future be call'd Queen and bury'd among the Kings On the 17th of October following dy'd his Son Alonso whom he design'd his Heir On the 18th of November the King made his Will in which he orders himself to be bury'd with the Habit of S. Francis betwixt Da. Maria de Padilla and his Son Alonso It appears he was not so remote from godly Thoughts as his Enemies represent him tho his violent Nature often transported him By this Will he appoints his Daughters by Da. Maria de Padilla successively his Heiresses and after them his Son John by the Lady Joanna de Castro The Witnesses of the Marriage produc'd were of undoubted Reputation such as D. Garcia de Padilla Master of Calatrava John Fernandez de Hinestrosa one John Alsonso de Mayorga and John Perez a Priest who all made Oath upon that Matter In one Article of his Will he forbid his Daughters on pain of incurring his Curse and forfeiting the Crown marrying of Prince Ferdinand of Aragon or Count Henry or D. Tello his Bastard Brothers but order'd Beatrix the Elder to marry Ferdinand Prince of Portugal and that the Crown of Castile should be her Dower D. Garci Alvarez de Toledo Master of Santiago was appointed her Tutor He also ordain'd that D. James de Padilla Master of Calatrava and D. Suero Martinez Master of Alcantara should be supported in their Estates Honours and Dignities Having setl'd all things in the dead of Winter being the beginning of the Year 1363 the War was carry'd on with great Vigour Levies were made throughout the Kingdom and a League with the King of England Malvenda Aranda and Borgia with other Towns of less Note were taken and Taraçona besieg'd On the other side the King of Navarre made an Incursion into Aragon and destroy'd all the Country wherever he came Luis Brother to the King of Navarre Giles Fernandez Carvallo Master of Santiago in Portugal with 300 Horse and some French Gentlemen came to serve the King of Castile The King of Aragon courted him of Granada to make War in Andaluzia but he refus'd acknowledging the Favour lately receiv'd He also solicited the African Moors and excus'd himself for so doing by the Example of the King
of Castile whom Farax Reduan serv'd with 600 Moorish Horse sent by the King of Granada Count Henry was daily expected out of France with 3000 Lances yet all the Power of Aragon was Inferior to that of Castile wherefore Taraçona Tervel Segorbe Exerica and many other Places surrender'd The Castilians without Opposition peirc'd into the Heart of the Kingdom and took Monviedro On the 20th of July they besieg'd Valencia In Aragon they gave themselves for lost when Count Henry arriving reinforc'd their Army so that they durst advance towards the Enemy But the Army of Castile being much weaken'd with Garrisoning the Towns taken the King would not hazzard a Battel and therefore retir'd to Monviedro The Aragonian perceiving he could not draw the Enemy to a Battel retir'd to Burrlanna a strong Town 2000 Horse were sent by the King of Castile to disturb their March but they did nothing worth taking notice of Whilst these Things were in Agitation in Spain King John of France dy'd at London whether he went to ransom the Hostages left there when he was releas'd His Son Charles the Vth. succeeded him Charles the new King was an utter Enemy to him of Navarre therefore as soon as he was possess'd of the Kingdom he sent Bertran Claquin a famous General with an Army to invade his Territories in France This General took several Towns and overthrew in Battle Philip the King's Brother who soon after dy'd His death mov'd the King of Navarre to propose a Peace betwixt the Kings of Spain Besides he began to pity his Kinsman the King of Aragon and was envious of the Success of the Castilian Hereupon Luis the King of Navarre's Brother and the Abbot of Fuscan the Popes Nuncio went to treat with the King of Castile and found with him the Count de Denia and Bernard de Cabrera Embassadors from the King of Aragon These Gentlemen mollify'd the King of Castile's Heart especially by proposing two Matches one for him with Joanna Daughter to the King of Aragon the other for his Daughter Beatrix with John Duke of Girona Heir of that Crown This is what was propos'd publickly Underhand the death of Henry Earle of Trastamana and Prince Ferdinand of Aragon were contriv'd but the King of Aragon was unwilling to condescend Nevertheless whether it was to please the King of Castile or for any other Reason Prince Ferdinand was put to death at Castellon a Town near Burriana The old Animosities were reviv'd and he was about making his escape into France with some Castilians that follow'd him His Wife flying towards Portugal was taken by the way and afterwards sent to her Father Count Henry was not a little pleas'd at the death of Prince Ferdinand as being thereby deliver'd of a powerful Competitor in his pretensions to the Crown of Castile But his Joy had like to be but short for the next day he was in evident Danger of his Life without knowing any thing of it The Kings of Aragon and Navarre had agreed to meet together with Count Henry in the Castle of Vncastel belonging to the Aragonian on the Borders of Navarre and there to kill him The Count tho ignorant of the Design was jealous and would not go into the Castle To satisfy him John Ramirez de Arellano was made Governour of the Place in whom doubtless the Count had some Confidence and went thither upon his patole Some say this Meeting was at Sos on the Frontiers of Navarre This Caution sav'd Count Henry's Life for the Kings could not prevail with the Governour to suffer him to come to any harm He said the Count was his Friend and besides he had ingag'd his Honour to him and therefore on no account would blast his Reputation with the Name of Treachery About this time Constance Queen of Sicily ended her days at Catanea She left one Daughter called Mary who afterwards inherited her Father's Kingdom which in her right came to Martin Her Husband the Son of another Martin Duke of Monblanc and lastly King of Aragon The Treaty of Peace being broke up the King of Aragon went to Catalonia to provide for his defence He of Castile return'd to Sevil with such eager Desire of renewing the War that about the end of the Year he enter'd the Kingdom of Valencia took the Towns of Alicant Muela Gallosa Denia Gandia and Oliva and in the Month of December laid Siege to Valencia the Metropolis of that Kingdom CHAP. V. Count Henry proclaimed King of Castile King Peter expelled the Kingdom Refus'd entertainment in Portugal gathers a Fleet in Galicia and flies into France to the protection of the English THE King of Aragon who kept his Christmas at Lerida was much surpris'd at this Advance of the Castilians On the 23d of February 1364 he had a Conference with the King of Navarre at Sos. Count Henry was there being reconcil'd to the Two Kings or what is likelyest not knowing what had been design'd against him They make a Confederacy which was not lasting Castile they divided among themselves The King of Navarre was to have Biscay and old Castile he of Aragon the Kingdoms of Murcia and Toledo Count Henry all the other parts Only Bernard de Cabrera lik'd not these Proceedings therefore they resolv'd to kill him which was not so private but he had some notice of it and fled to Navarre Count Henry sent some Officers after him by whom he was apprehended at Carcastillo and deliver'd to the King of Aragon That King having gather'd his Forces march'd to raise the Siege of Valencia The Castilians would not come to a Battel but kept within their Intrenchments and so the Aragonians got into Valencia The Fleet of Castile consisting of 24 Galleys and 46 Ships sail'd to Monviedro there they understood that the Viscount Cardona was with 17 Galleys of Aragon in the River of Cullera The King of Castile made thither resolving to take them but at the Mouth of the River a sudden Tempest forc'd him back to the Port from whence he set out The King himself was in great Danger and therefore as soon as he Landed went in Pilgrimage to the Church of our Lady del Puch to give Thanks He is said to have done this Barefoot and in his Shirt which shews he was not so ungodly as he is represented After this the King of Aragon return'd to Barcelona he of Castile to Murcia and thence to Sevil in the Heat of Summer On the 26th of July Bernard de Cabrera was publickly put to death at Zaragoça the King himself giving Sentence against him and consiscating all his Lands This was doubtless a cruel Act for he had serv'd well was Innocent and had been the King's Tutor all his Crime was speaking the Truth to the King's Advantage but Kings love Flatterers The Queen the King of Navarre Count Henry and Count de Ribagorça contriv'd his death The War continu'd hot Ayora in the Kingdom of Valencia was taken by
the King of Castile D. Gutierre de Toledo Master of Calatrava leading a Convoy to Monviedro was defeated and kill'd by the Aragonians Martin Lopez de Cordova succeeded him The King of Castile thought to make himself Master of Orihuela but the Aragonian offering him Battel and he refusing the place was relieved and the Aragonian return'd home At the beginning of the Year 1365 the King of Aragon besieg'd Monviedro and had it surrender'd to him On the other side the Castilians after a long Siege took Orihuela D. Gomez de Porras Prior of St. John either because he fear'd King Peter for loosing Monviedro or to curry favour with Count Henry deserted to the Aragonians with 600 Horse that were in that Town From this time the Forces of Castile began to decrease and there being Peace betwixt France and England many French came to serve the King of Aragon These were no better than common Robbers to whom the Pope and King of France gave great Summs of Mony to purchase their absence They were invited into Spain by Count Henry This Body was made up of English and Germans as well as French to the Number of 12000 Frossarte a French Historion says 30000. Bertran Claquin and Hugo Carbolaye were their chief Commanders On the First of January 1366 their advanc'd Parties came to Barcelona the rest of them soon after The King of Aragon receiv'd them joyfully distributed a Summ of Mony among them and promised much more Bertran Claquin he made Earl of Borgia The King of Castile held his Cortes or Parliament at Burgos and demanded supplies of Mony Monsieur de la Brie who came out of France to serve him advis'd to buy off the Strangers that follow'd Count Henry and undertook to manage that affair but King Peter being a Man without fear gave no attention to his Counsel Count Henry and the King of Aragon met at Zaragoça where the foreign Forces were There the League betwixt them was renew'd the limits of their Dominions in case they succeeded determin'd and it was agreed that D. John the Count's Son should marry Ellenor the King's Daughter This done the King stay'd at Zaragoça and Count Henry having assembled all his Army enter'd Castile by the way of Alfaro Ynigo Lopez de Horosco was Governour of that Town which was very strong therefore the Army stay'd not to besiege it but march'd towards Calahorra the chief City in those parts seated on the River Ebro Ferdinand Bishop of that place and Fernan Sanches de Tovar the Governour open'd the Gates to the Count on the 16th of March. Here a Councel was held to consider how to proceed Some were for marching directly to Burgos the chief City of Castile Others advis'd Count Henry to take the title of King that so there might remain no hope of reconciliation with King Peter of Castile Bertran Claquin spoke much to this purpose and all the chief Officers of the Army siding with him they easily perswaded him to accept of the Title and immediately proclaim'd him about the Streets The new-made King was bountiful of what was not his own giving Towns and Cities to all present To Bertran Claquin he gave Trastamara and to Hugo Carbolaye Carrion with the Title of Earls To his Brother D. Tello he restor'd Biscay to D. Sancho he gave Albuquerque the Master-Ship of Santiago to Gonçalo Mexia that of Calatrava to Peter Muniz to D. Alonso de Aragon that King's Uncle the Marquisate of Villena and all that belonged to D. John Manuel and as much more to many others Thus Castile was divided betwixt two Kings striving for the Crown Nothing kept the people in their Obedience to King Peter but fear tho his was the undoubted Right the other being a Bastard Henry advanc'd towards Burgos leaving LogronÌ„o as believing it in vain to attempt it Navarrete and Bribiesca surrendred King Peter was at Burgos doubtful that course to take as confiding but little in his People At length he resolv'd to go to Sevil for there were his Children and Treasure The People of Burgos offer'd to stand by him he thank'd them but would not then make use of their Zeal and absolv'd them from their Oath of Fidelity that if they were put to Streights they might receive Count Henry without being look'd upon as Rebels Before his departure he put to death John Fernandez de Tovar Brother to him that deliver'd up Calahorra On the 28th of March he set out from Burgos sending Orders by the way to the Commanders of the conquer'd places in Aragon to burn them and with all Speed march to meet him at Toledo Thus all he gain'd in some Years was lost in one Day He stay'd some time at Toledo to secure that City and left D. Garci Alvarez de Toledo Master of Santiago to command there No sooner was King Peter gone from Burgos but the Citizens sent to invite Count Henry thither They stil'd him Count but offer'd him the Crown if he would take it in that City according to ancient Custom He accepted their Offer march'd thither and was Crown'd in the Monastery of Huelgas After the Example of Burgos most Cities in that Kingdom within 25 Days submitted to him Thus his Power became equal to his Adversary the Nobility and Commonalty striving to gain the Favour of the new King The Affairs of Castile and Leon being setled he remov'd to Toledo where he was receiv'd with joy Garci Alvarez de Toledo resign'd the Mastership of Santiago in lieu thereof and for deserting his Master had Oropisa and Valdecorneja given him Count Henry being posses'd of Toledo all the rest was easy so that King Peter durst not stay longer in the Kingdom but imbarqâ—ing his Children and Treasure aboard a Galley fled to Portugal The King of Portugal would not receive him Ferdinand his Son favour'd Count Henry and kept correspondence with him Yet King Peter had no Wrong offer'd him but was suffer'd to pass quietly through that Kingdom into Galicia where he design'd to gather a Fleet in order to sail to Bayonne At Compostella he caus'd D. Suero Arch-Bishop of that See and the Dean to be put to death Having got together Twenty two Ships and some smaller Vessels he set Sail for France carrying with him his Son D. John and two Daughters for Beatrix the eldest was dead tho Polydore writes she dy'd at Bayonne There he arriv'd safe that place being then in the Hands of the English with a considerable part of his Treasure for the rest which his Treasurer Martin Yanez had in a Galley was taken by the People of Sevil to please Count Henry who after the surrender of Cordova was expected at Sevil. The new made King Henry being come to Sevil concluded Peace with the Kings of Portugal and Granada That done as if nothing more remain'd to do he disbanded his Army retaining only 15000 Lances of the Foreignes under the command of Bertran Claquin and Bernal
that Place for Bertran Claquin and took the King as he was Hunting From Burgos Henry set out with a great Number of Foot and 4500 Horse compos'd of all the Gentry of Castile with the French and Aragonians that came to his Assistance At the Wood of BanÌ„ares he held a Council of War The French Embassadors and Bertran Claquin were against Fighting and gave several Reasons for this their Opinion Others more hot would not hear of Delays The worst Advice was taken and the Army march'd towards Alava to oppose some Parties of Horse that spoil'd that Country Near Saldrian they encamp'd in Sight of the Enemy upon an Advantagious Ground the Rear cloas'd up with Mountains The English perceiving that Advantage march'd away towards LogronÌ„o which was for King Peter resolving to draw the Enemy to a Battle or else to pierce into the Heart of the Kingdom Henry understanding their Design mov'd backwards towards Najara made famous by the Battle fought there Some Letters pass'd betwixt the Princes but the Difference being a Crown it was impossible to reconcile them and therefore they order'd their Battles On the right Henry plac'd the French and his Brother Sancho with most of the Nobility of Castile on the left his Brother D. Tello and the Earl of Denia He and his Son D. Alonso commanded the main Body On the Enemies side who consisted of about 10000 Horse and as many Foot the Duke of Lancaster led the Van with Hugo Carbolaye who was gone over to the English the Count de Armagnac and Monsieur de la Brie commanded in the Body the Rear was brought up by King Peter the Prince of Wales and Jayme Son to the King of Majorca who after he escap'd out of Prison had marry'd Joanna Queen of Naples Charles King of Navarre sent 300 Horse under Martin Enrique to serve King Peter Henry had pass'd a River that ran between the two Armies and drawn up his beyond it Here both Armies met with great Fury The Right of Henry's Army where Claquin commanded stood firm and seem'd to have the better but D. Tello on the Left fled without so much as giving a Charge Thus Bertran and D. Sancho being encompass'd on all Sides were easily Overthrown with a great Slaughter of the Nobility and Commanders Henry did all that could be expected to stop and rally his Man but seeing all lost fled to Najara and thence into Aragon with a few Men of Note that follow'd him He made no stay fearing that King but went quite through into France His Army was so dispersed that no one Body was to be found in any Place After the Fight King Peter put to Death some of the Prisoners others were protected by the English and the Prince of Wales is say'd to have blam'd him for that Severity Peter Lopez de Ayala who writ the History of King Peter was one of the Prisoners and therefore deserves little Credit having writ Maliciously as being Attainted of Treason at Alfaro This Battle was fought upon a Saturday being the 3d of April 1367. D. Tello carry'd the News of the defeat to Burgos and the Lady Joanna Wife to Henry with the Archbishops of Toledo and Zaragoça fearing King Peter fled to Aragon where they were not well receiv'd for that King was resolv'd to side with the Conqueror To that purpose Hugo Carbolaye was already in Aragon and because it requir'd more time to settle a Peace a Truce was for the present concluded King Peter with all his Army march'd to Burgos where he apprehended the Arch-bishop of Braga for sâ—ding with his Enemy and put him into a Dungeon The King was perplex'd about performing what he had Covenanted It was hard to deliver up Biscay to the Prince of Wales because that People would never condescend to be Subject to a Stranger and it was no less difficult to raise so great a Sum of Mony as was due to the English In order to raise the Mony he went to Toledo and thence to Cordova where he caus'd 16 Men of Note to be Executed for admitting his Enemy Others were executed at Sevil. Among them Da. Vrraca de Osorio was Burnt and a Maid of hers is said to have cast her self voluntarily into the Fire The King of Navarre after the Fight came from Borgia where he had been Prisoner to Tudela and kept Mossen Oliver Prisoner till he deliver'd him his Son Prince Peter left as a Hostage for Performance of what was agreed betwixt them This same Year on the 24th of August dy'd the Cardinal D. Giles de Albornoz a Man of great Parts and much in Favour with 3 Popes He recover'd the Patrimony of the Church from those that had usurp'd it and by that means made way for the Popes to return to Rome His Body was deposited at Assis and thence translated to the Cathedral of Toledo The Pope granting Indulgence to such as should carry him upon their Shoulders People came flocking out of the Towns that lay in the way and in that manner he was carry'd to Toledo CHAP. VII King Peter Excommunicated and Absolv'd Count Henry returns into Spain is again receiv'd by many Places Toledo opposes him and is Besieg'd King Peter comes to its Relief is overthrown betray'd to and Murder'd by Henry the Bastard THE Author we have above spoken of who calls himself Q. Ellenor's Caterer make smention of the Master of S. Bernard taken in the Battle of Najara and put to Death by King Peter No other Historian mentions it nor have we any the least Memory remaining of such a Dignity This Master must needs have been a Churchman for on his Account King Peter was Excommunicated Pope Vrban the Vth because the King had killed that Master and bannish'd the Bishops of Culahorra and Lugo sent an Archdeacon to notify the Sentence of Excommunication to him This Archdeacon fearing to trust to the Mercy of King Peter came up the River to Sevil in a swift Galliot and waited there till the King coming that way he asked if he would hear some News from the Levant The King drawing near to hearken to him he pronounc'd the Sentence of Excommunication and immediately fled down the River The King in a Rage spurred his Horse into the River and went so far he had been drown'd had not a Boat brought him off He vow'd to be revenged of the Pope and immediately gave orders for fitting out a great Fleet and raising a powerful Army The Pope dreading the Anger of King Peter sent the Cardinal of S. Peter his Nephew to appease and absolve him They were reconcil'd by the Legate upon these Conditions That the Dignity of Master of S. Bernard being extinct all the Towns belonging to it should as before be call'd Behetrias and be annex'd to the Crown so as never to be alienated That the 3d part of Ecclesiastical Revenues then pay'd to the Pope should be given to the King towards the Charges of the War with the
at variance and in lieu thereof should have the Lordship of Montpelier These things were done later in the Year 1375 therefore let us return to Castile King Henry's Joy for his Success was somewhat abated by the many Enemies he had yet to deal with for still King Peter's Party was not extinct The Portugueses had a strong Garrison in Cuida Rodrigo and thence infested all the neighbouring Country This place King Henry laid Siege to at the beginning of the Year 1370 but the Portugueses defended it so bravely that he was forc'd to quit that Design for the present and march away to Medina del Campos Here he held the Cortes or Parliament The chief Thing done at this Meeting was the granting of an extraordinary Subsidy towards the War There was due to Bertran Claquin 120000 Doubles promis'd him for betraying of King Peter at Montiel this was a vast Summ in those Days Jayme King of Naples was deliver'd to him as payment of 60000 the Queen his Wife offering so much for him the rest was paid down in Gold Besides the King gave him the Towns of Soria Almaçan Aciença Montagudo Molina and Seron This done he return'd into France where he was made Constable and serv'd well against the English In July the Aragonians and Navarrois concluded a League only defensive as was given out but in reality design'd against Henry of Castile Then the Towns of Salvatierra and La Real formerly belonging to Aragon were restor'd to that Crown by the Queen of Navarre In Castile Peter Manrique Lieutenant of that Kingdom and Peter Ruiz Sarmiento Lieutenant of Galicia were order'd with some Forces to defend Galicia where the Portugueses had taken Compostella Tuy and the Port of Corun̄a D. Tello King Henry's Brother was also commanded thither This done King Henry went away to Sevil with the best of his Army for there was the greatest need of it because the Moors made War on that side Carmona still held out and the Portuguese Fleet kept the Mouth of the River Gaudalquivir Henry was much pleas'd that the Masters of Santiago and Calatrava concluded a Truce with the King of Granada for he could not have withstood so many Enemies at once The Portuguese fleet consisted of 16 Galleys and 24 Ships King Henry order'd 20 Galleys to be lanch'd but they could not all be fitted because King Peter had laid up the Tackling at Carmona therefore a Fleet was order'd to come from Biscay which the Portuguese understanding durst not stay to give them Battel but return'd to Portugal having lost three Galleys and two Ships The Portuguese Fleet was at that time weaken'd having sent some Galleys to Barcelona to carry the Embassadors who went to make a League with the King of Aragon They concluded the Confederacy upon these Terms That the Kingdom of Murcia and City of Cuenca with all its Dependencies should belong to the Crown of Aragon all the other Dominions of Castile should fall to the King of Portugal who already called himself King of Castile That the King of Portugal should marry the Lady Ellenor Daughter to the Aragonian her Dower to be 100000 Florins This Contract came to nothing for the King of Portugal fell in love with and marry'd the Lady Ellenor Tellez de Meneses Daughter to Alonso Tello Count of Barceols and the Aragonian taken up with the War of Sardinia had no leisure to attend that of Castile On the 15th of October dy'd D. Tello King Henry's Brother Lord of Biscay Some say he was poison'd others deny it The King gave the Lordship of Biscay and Lara belonging D. Tello to his own Son John and ever since they have been annex'd to the Crown of Castile The Body of D. Tello was bury'd with great Pomp in the Monastery of S. Francis at Palencia CHAP. IX The Siege of Carmona The King of Portugal marries the Lady Ellenor de Meneses Peace betwixt Castile Portugal and Nevarre KIng Heny eas'd of two great Troubles by the Truce made with the Moor and the removal of the Portuguese Fleet laid Siege to Carmona the only Refuge of King Peter's Friends in the Spring of the Year 1371. This Siege lasted long and many notable Exploits were perform'd by the Besieged who kept their Gates always open making continual Salleys One Day just at Noon the Heat being very great the besieged observ'd the Enemy to keep very close in their Tents and thereupon sallying furiously enter'd their Trenches and went directly to the King's Tent resolving by his death to put an end to the War He was in extream Danger but that some Gentlemen came to his rescue and stop'd the Fury of the besieged till the Army gathering they were repuls'd with considerable Loss After this King Henry attempted by Night to scale the Walls about 40 Men at Armes got up and secur'd a Tower but the Townsmen taking the Alarm fell on them with such Bravery that the Ladders not able to bear them going down broke and those that were in the Tower were left behind Martin Lopez de Cordeva the Governour who was out of the Town that Night returning caus'd them all to be put to Death Provision failing the Governour was at last forc'd to Surrender upon Articles which were basely broken and the brave Governour Martin Lopez de Cordova publickly put to Death or rather murder'd at Sevil by the King's Command The Treasure and Innocent Children of King Peter fell into the Hands of King Henry who kept those guiltless Persons in perpetual Imprisonment This done King Henry caus'd the Bones of his Father King Alonso to be translated to the Royal Chappel of the Cathedral of Cordova At the Siege of Carmona he receiv'd the News that Peter Fernandez de Velasco had taken the City Zamora from the Portugeses and his Liuetenant Peter Manrique and Peter Ruiz Sarmiento pacify'd Galicia having defeated D. Ferdinand de Castro the chief Man that favour'd the Portugeses who having lost the Battle fled to Portugal King Ferdinand of Portugal discourag'd at these Losses gave ear to Peace propos'd to him on the behalf of King Henry by Alonso Perez de Gusman chief Alguazil of Sevil. The Treaty was concluded on the 1st Day of March upon these Articles That the King of Castile restore the Towns taken during the War That the King of Portugal marry Ellenor Daughter to him of Castile whose Dower was to be Cuidad Rodrigo Valencia de Alcantara in Estremadura and Monreal in Galicia The Love the Portuguese bore the Lady Ellenor de Meneses as has been said before prevented this Match and he sent an Embassy to excuse himself and deliver'd up all the Places he had belonging to Castile His Excuses were easily allow'd and he publickly marry'd the Lady Elenor de Meneses which prov'd an unhappy Match and produc'd Wars betwixt Castile and Portugal Before the King was marry'd his Design being known at Lisbon the People mutiny'd to prevent it but the
all the Towns in Normandy he held for his King Charles the Heir of Navarre was confin'd to the Court and his Brethren Peter and Mary were imprison'd at Bretol All the Dominions of the Navarrois in France were taken from him except two Towns and Cherbourg which was pawn'd to the English Not content with this the French labour'd to induce the King of Castile to invade Navarre and he wanted not the Will only look'd for some specious pretence to declare War It happen'd opportunely that the King of Navarre complain'd that the Mony agreed to be paid him in Gold was paid partly in Silver Coin which had much Allay and was under Value To revenge this Wrong he dealt underhand with Peter Manrique Lieutenant of Castile and Governour of Logron̄o to deliver up that City to him The Governour gave his King an account of it who order'd him to carry on the Plot and secure the King of Navarre He did so and that King coming with 400 Horse sent part of them to the City suspecting some Treachery and therefore would not go himself Those sent being admitted into the Place were most of them taken and stript only a few escaping Among these Martin Enriquez the King's Standard-bearer defended himself with only his Sword against a great Number and at last sav'd himself and the Standard leaping off the Bridge into the River Ebro This was the beginning of the War King Henry gave the Command of his Army to his Son Prince John who enter'd Navarre plunder'd the Country took Guardia and Viana and burn't 〈◊〉 and Artaxond Thus Navarra was wasted by two powerful Kings neither of whome alone it was able to withstand This in the Year 1378. The King of Castile resided at Burgos where the marriage of his Bashard Son D. Alonso Earl of Gijon with Elizabeth the Bastard-Daughter to the King of Portugal was solemniz'd He also contracted two Bastard-Daughters to the two Sons of D. Alonso de Aragon Earl of Denis and Marquis of Villena Peter the younger Son presently marry'd Joanna the eldest and had by her Henry and Alonso Ellenor the youngest was contracted to D. Alonso who was then as a Hostage in the Hands of the English for his Father's Ransom yet afterwards the Match broke off Another Match was concluded betwixt Beatrix Legitimate Daughter to the King of Portugal and Frederick Bastard to King Henry Pope Gregory the XIth dy'd at Rome on the 27th of March. The conclave Meeting to elect a new Pope after many intreaties and Threats of the People and Senators of Rome chose Bartholomew-Butillius a Neapolitan Arch-bishop of Bari who took the Name of Vrban the VIth This done some of the Cardinals withdrew to the Castle of ◠Angelo others fled yet they all assisted at the Coronation Nevertheless they met afterwards at Fundi and elected another Pope who was Robert Cardinal of Geneva and took the Name of Clement the VIIth This was the beginning of the Schism that follow'd Pope Vrban in one day created 29 Cardinals all Men of Note Clement went away to Avignon and all Christendom was divided not knowing the true Pope The English Italians and Germans follow'd Vrban the French and Scotch supported Clement The Spaniards at first stood Neuters tho courted by both Whilst the Church was thus divided Portugal enjoy'd perfect Peace yet as it is usual the People was discontented for that the Queen manag'd all things and bestow'd all Honours upon her own Friends and Relations besides she was suspected of entertaining a scandalous Familiarity with D. John Fernandez de Andeyro Earl of Dren Denis and John the King's Brothers being disgussed fled to Castile John their Bastard-Brother and Master of Avis was cast into Prison but submitted to the Queen and appeas'd her The lower part of the City Lisbon towards the Sea was wall'd in because that side had receiv'd most Harm in the last Siege Both the Popes sent their Legates to court the Kings of Spain to declare for them The Aragonians resolv'd to stand Neuter tho offended at Vrban who went about to take Sicily and Sardinia from him yet he would not suffer the Edicts of Clement to be read in his Kingdom but order'd all the Ecclessastical Revenues appertaining to the Pope to be deposited in a third Hand Pope Vrban's Legates found King Henry at Cordova and press'd him to declare against Clement but he would not give any Answer till the Case was debated by learned Men at Toledo Prince John being return'd from the War in Navarre was in that City as also the French Embassadors who came to sollicit for Clement An Assembly of Bishops and Learned Men was held who declar'd it was not their Part to judge of that Controversy but would stand by him that should be own'd Pope by the Church and that till it were decided the Ecclesiastical Revenues should be deposited for the true Pope This was the Answer given to the Embassadors in the Year 1379 Hence King Henry went away to Burgos to prepare for the War with Navarre and there met him Embassadors from that King to treat of Peace which was concluded upon these Conditions That the English Soldiers should depart Navarre That 20 strong places and among them Estela Tudela and Viana should admit Castilian Garrisons for 10 Years That the King of Castile should lend the Navarrois 20000 Ducats as soon as the Peace was ratify'd This done the two Kings met at Santo Domingo de la Calcada with great Retinues and strove to outdo one another in Grandeur and Courtesy The King of Granada having always favour'd King Peter fear'd King Henry now at leisure would take Revenge Not finding himself able to withstand his Power he employ'd a Moor to Murder him This Moor endeavour'd to gain King Henry's Favour by continual Attendance and many Presents Among other Things he gave him a pair of Moorish Buskins as Grave Authors affirm they were poison'd but this is a fabulous Conceit taken up because he fell Sick the Day he put them on and dy'd ten Days after in the City of Santo Domingo His death happen'd on the 29th of May. Good Writers affirm he dy'd of the Gout He liv'd 46 Years and 5 Months and Reign'd after he was call'd King at Calahorra 13 Years and 2 Months His Body was carry'd to Burgos his Son John now King accompanying it and was deposited in the Cathedral Thence he was translated to Valladolid and lastly to Toledo He order'd himself to be buried in the Habit of S. Dominick for the particular Devotion he had to that Saint of whose Order the Kings us'd to choose their Confessor About the same time dy'd the King of Granada Mahomet call'd of Gaudix for his Curiosity in beautifying that City He may be esteem'd more fortunate than all his Predicessors having had no civil Broils during his whole Reign The King of Aragon tho very antient took to Wife Sybila Fortia a Widow Lady
of great Beauty which made him prefer her before Joanna Queen of Naples who was offer'd to him By this Lady he had two Sons who dy'd young and a Daughter call'd Elizabeth afterwards marry'd to the Earl of Vrgel CHAP. II. King John succeeds his Father in the Throne of Castile Charles King of France dies Charles the VIth succeeds him Pope Clement own'd in Spain through the French Interest KING John having bury'd his Father was Crown'd together with his Wife Queen Ellener in the Monastery of Huelgas at Burgos He Knighted 100 young Gentlemen according to the manner of those Times and gave the Town of Pancorvo to that City in Payment of the Expence it had been at and to reward its Loyalty The Cortes or Parliament was held in that City where several Laws were enacted One was that a Man who had receiv'd the lesser Orders if he marry'd should pay Taxes but if he liv'd Single was shorn and were the Habit of a Clergy Man he should be priviledg'd as a Church Man Great rejoycing was throughout the whole Kingdom for the King's Coronation The Joy was the greater for that it was hop'd he would prove an excellent Prince being Generous sharp Witted Mild Religious and not Conceited but always inclinable to be advis'd Of Stature he was low yet with Majesty The first thing he did after his Accession to the Crown was to express his Affection to the French and therefore immediately fitted out a Fleet and sent it against John de Montfort Duke of Britany whom because he sided with the English the King and Counsel of France had declar'd an Enemy to the Crown and confiscated his Estate The Fleet scower'd the Coast of Britany and took there the Fort they call'd Gaye The King spent the Summer at Burgos Two things concurred the one to increase the other to lessen the publick Joy The first was that one Joseph Pico a rich and famous Jew was kill'd by his own People He was Receiver General of the Revenue which rais'd him to a great height Some Jews of Note bore him ill will the reason of it is not known and they contriv'd to make him away To this purpose they deceitfully obtain'd an Order of the King for putting of him immediatly to Death and finding out the Executioner prevail'd with him to kill the Jew without delay The Fraud being discover'd the Contrivers of it were punish'd and that People were debarr'd the Power they had before of Judging their own Members a Liberty till then allow'd by the Kings forc'd by their wants because the Jews have extraordinary Methods of raising Mony The Subject of Joy was that on the 4th of October the Queen was deliver'd at Burgos of a Son call'd Henry in Honour of his Grandfather this Child came afterwards to inherit the Crown About the end of this Year and beginning of the next which was 1380 the Rains were so great and continu'd so long that all the Rivers overflow'd and all the low Lands were under Water Particularly the River Ebro near Zaragoća broke down it's Banks and ran a new way so that it cost much Mony and Labour to bring it back into it's own Channel From Burgos King John went to Toledo where he again repeated his Father's Exequies and plac'd his Body in the Tomb built for him Then he set out for Andaluzia resolving to aid the French against the English At Sevil he fitted out 20 Galleys with which Fernan Sanchez de Tovar having coasted along Spain and France came to the English Shore and ran up the River Thames destroying all the Country and burning the Villages The Difference about the two Popes was now hotter than ever and each of them had powerful Supporters Pope Vrban meditated Revenge against the Queen of Naples the chief causer of the Schism whom her wicked Life had rendred Infamous He invited Charles Duke of Durazzo descended of the Kings of Naples into Italy intimating he would conferr that Crown upon him On the other sid'e the Queen having no Children adopted Luys Duke of Anjou giving him the Title of Duke of Calabria appertaining to the Heirs of that Crown not doubting by that means to be supported by the Arms of France This is all the Title the Dukes of Anjou have to that Crown which was the occasion of tedious and bloody Wars betwixt them and Spain tho at this time the Design was only to support the Queen and Pope Clement On the 13th of July dy'd the Famous Bertran Claquin at the Siege of Chasteauneuf in Britany and on the 16th of September following Charles King of France departed this Life at Bois de Vincennes His Son Charles the VIth succeeded him The King of Portugal was concern'd about the Succession be being old and having never a Son Beatrix his Daughter by the Queen whose Birth was afterwards call'd in Question was contracted to Frederick Duke of Benavente and Bastard Son to King Henry After the Death of Henry the Portuguese would not stand to that Match but sent Embassadors to the new King to offer her to his Son Prince Henry then a Child but a few Months old King John hoping to joyn the Kingdom of Portugal to Castile admitted of the Proposal The Articles of Marriage were agreed upon at Soria where the Cortes met but at last they came to nothing Peter Manrique Leiutenant of Castile was apprehended being accus'd of holding a treasonable Correspondence with D. Alonso de Aragon Earl of Denia He dy'd in Prison without leaving any Children James Manrique his Brother inherited his Estate and Honours as he well deserv'd for his good Service in Navarre Luis Duke of Anjou govern'd France for King Charles who was under Age. The King of Aragon fear'd lest he should lay hold of that Opportunity to conquer the Kingdom of Majorca to which he pretended a right as has been said but he had bent his Thought upon securing the Crown of Naples to himself and his Heirs However King John of Castile sent Embassadors into France to accommodate that Affair and it was agree'd he should sell the Title he had bought King John advanc'd a good Summ out of kindness to his Father-in Law and to secure the Peace of Spain He also sent Embassadors to the Soldan of Egypt to sollicite for the Liberty of Leo King of Armenia whose Wife and Daughter had dy'd in Prison The barbarous King granted his Request and releas'd the Prisoner sending him into Spain with Letters full of Pride and Arogancy in relation to himself but honourably writ in regard to King John whose Power and Valour he extoll'd desiring his Friendship Three Years after that unfortunate King came into France and thence into Spain where the King entertain'd him honourably and gave him the Towns of Madrid and Andujan with a competent Revenue for his Maintenance He stay'd not long in Spain but return'd into France designing thence to go into England to perswade those Kings to
their Title to Castile and that the King of Portugal offer'd to marry his Daughter Beatrix the Heiress of that Crown to Edward the Son of Edmund Earl of Cambridge A Treaty being set afoot the following Articles were agreed upon That Beatrix the Daughter of Portugal should be contracted to Ferdinand younger Son to the King of Castile that so Portugal might not be united to Castile That the Prisoners and Galleys taken in the Sea Fight should be restor'd to the Portugues That the King of Castile should furnish the English with a Fleet to return Home These were hard Terms for the King of Castile but the Desire of Peace overcame all Difficulties and he gave Hostages for the Performance of those Conditions Thus the Battel was prevented and the War ended The Joy conceiv'd for this Peace was interrupted by the death of some eminent Persons King John return'd to the Kingdom of Toledo and lay Sick at Cuellar when his Wife Queen Ellenor dy'd in Childbed of a Daughter that liv'd not long Her Body was Buried in the Royal Chappel at Toledo Her death mov'd the King of Portugal to alter the first Article of the late Treaty and he sent to offer his Daughter to the King thinking by that means to secure the Succession of the Crown of Portugal it being tedious to expect till Prince Ferdinand were grown up They easily agreed and one of the Articles was that in case King Ferdinand dy'd the Queen Dowager should govern Portugal till the Princess had a Child of Age. The City Elvas was the place appointed for the Marriage These things happen'd in Spain about the end of the Year At the same time in Greece the Aragonians and Navarrois were at War about the Dutchess of Athens and Neopatria Philip Dalmao Viscount Rocaberti Admiral of the Aragonian Fleet subdu'd those Dominions for he expell'd the Navarrois put Garrisons of his own into the Towns leaving Romanus de Villanucva Governour and return'd home himself Sicily was also in Confusion for Artal de Alagon Count de Mistreta being a Man of great Power would marry the Queen to his own liking and bestow the Crown on whom he pleas'd To this purpose he call'd out of Lombardy John Galeazzo who was not yet Duke of Milan but he would not go because the Aragonians had taken his Fleet in the Port of Pisa some time before The Nobility of Sicily were offended that D. Artal should pretend to the whole Power of Government William Raymund de Moncada having Communicated his Design to the King of Aragon enter'd Catanca seiz'd the Queen and convey'd her away to Augusta a strong Fort of his own on the Sea Shore into which he had put a good Garrison of Catalonians sent him by the King under the Command of Roger de Moncada D. Artal seeing himself disappointed lay'd Siege to Augusta Dalmao in his Return out of Greece touch'd in Sicily and understanding how Affairs stood forc'd the Enemy to raise the Siege and convey'd the Queen safe into Spain The Queen afterwards marry'd in Aragon and by that means the Kingdoms of Aragon and Sicily were united with a stronger and more lasting Band than they had been before Charles the Heir of Navarre was still detain'd a Prisoner in France The King of Castile interceding for him he was set at Liberty which 〈…〉 oblig'd him that he ever continu'd firm to the Interest of Castile He came to 〈◊〉 at the beginning of the Year 1383 and was receiv'd with Joy His Father grown Old corrected his course of Life The Marriage of the King of Castile with the Princess of Portugal was solemniz'd with great Pomp at the Place appointed Her Father could not be Present being then Sick D. Alonso Earl of Gijon again rais'd Uproars in Asturias Some Forces were sent which easily reduc'd him to his Duty and the King went to hold the 〈◊〉 at Segovia where nothing memorable was done but altering the Common Account as had been done before at Valencia of reckoning from the Aera of Cesar to begin at the Birth of our Saviour On the 20th of October after a languishing Sicknels Ferdinand King of Portugal dy'd at Lisbon He liv'd 43 Years 10 Months and 18 Days and Reign'd 19 Years 9 Months and 10 Days and may be reckon'd among the good Princes for his Meekness Learning and Sweetness of Temper His Body was bury'd in the Monasters of Franciscans of Santarem near to his Mother Queen Constance Sardinia was not yet free from Tumults Hugh Arborea Son to Marianus aim'd as well as his Father at a Crown but being of a cruel and haughty Temper was murder'd by his own People It was hop'd his Death would put an end to those Troubles Therefore Brancalcon Doria who had serv'd the King faithfully repair'd to Aragon to regulate the Affairs of the Island but was secur'd because his Wife Ellenor Arborea a Masculin Woman attempted by force of Arms to Revenge her Brother's Death and recover her Father's Estate and took several strong Holds Her Husband Brancalcon was carry'd under a strong Guard to pacify her but could not prevail wherefore he was long in Custody at Caller and the Interest of Aragon went down the Wind the King being wholly taken up with other Cares which touch'd him nearer CHAP. IV. Portugal full of Divisions about the Succession to the Crown King John of Castile having been proclaim'd at Lisbon enters that Kingdom has many Places deliver'd to him Besieges Lisbon but is forc'd to raise the Siege and return to Castile THE King of Portugal's Death was the cause of bloody Wars betwixt that Crown and Castile The People would not hear of submitting to a Stranger all were for Electing a King of their own A Meeting of the Nobility was held at Lisbon but nothing concluded Some of the great Ones underhand invited King John of Castile to take Possession of the Kingdom Among these was D. John the Master of Avis who dealt subtilly because he had not yet gain'd the Affections of the People Time was spent in Castile consulting the Affair till the Opportunity was lost never to be recover'd At last it was decreed the King should go before in peaceable manner and the Army follow to subdue if there were Occasion such as offer'd to oppose him The Bishop of Guardia which is on the Borders of Portugal offer'd to deliver up that City to the King Before he set out upon this Expedition it was requisite to put a stop to the wicked Designs of some Men in Castile D. John Brother to the late King of Portugal who had fled to Castile was imprison'd at Toledo for no other Crime but because he might pretend a Right to that Crown being Brother to the late King The Earl of Gijon was secur'd in the Castle of Montalvan because after he had been pardon'd so often he still kept Correspondence with the Portugueses All his Estate was Consiscated and he left in Charge with
They wish'd for any manner of Composition and at length the Mortality was so great that the Siege was rais'd with much Loss and Dishonour and the Army march'd away James Sarmiento was made Marshal de Camp in the Place of his Brother deceas'd and had the Government of Santarem given him Other Officers were put into Garrisons about the Country the King designing to recruit his Army and return as soon as possible This done the Fleet and Army mov'd towards Sevil. Much harm might have been done them had the Besieg'd pursu'd but they were glad to be rid of them at any rate Processions were made at Lisbon and throughout the Kingdom for this Deliverance At this time the King of Aragon shew'd no Kindness to his two Sons by the first Wife the Princes John and Martin The Blame was laid upon the Mother in Law but Prince John had offended his Father by Marrying privately the Lady Violante Daughter to the Duke of Berri not regarding the Queen of Sicily which was much the better match The King vented his Passion upon John Earl of Ampurias in whose Dominions and under whose Protection they were Marry'd for as soon as his Son return'd home and was Pardon'd he seiz'd the greatest part of the Earl's Estate The Earl himself fled by Sea to Avignon resolving to make use of the Forces of his Friends for recovering of his Dominions CHAP. V. John the Bastard Master of Avis proclaim'd King of Portugal King John of Castile sends his Fleet then enters Portugal himself with an Army The famous Battle of Aljubarrota and rout of the Castilians AT the beginning of the Year 1385 the King of Castile was employ'd in raising Land-Forces and had fitted a Fleet of 12 Galleys and 20 Ships Yet all things went on slowly because he fell Sick and was in Danger of Death yet as soon as recover'd he forwarded all Preparations News was brought that the Garrison of Santarem had taken the Master of 〈◊〉 and Grand Prior of S. John but this prov'd False and the Joy conceiv'd was turn into Sorrow for it was certainly known that the Portugueses in Coimbra had proclaim'd the Master of Avis King which was engaging themselves so far that there was no way to go back again The chief of the Rebels in that City had consulted together and agreed it was absolutely Necessary to choose them a Head and that for the greater Authority he ought to be declar'd King Some thought this too bold an Attempt and were against excluding Queen Beatrix whose Right it was or so far Provoking the Anger of Castile Others favour'd Prince John tho then a Prisoner at Toledo but this was wholly rejected he being in no Condition to assist them Therefore they all voted for the Master of Avis who was present and proclaim'd him King on the 5th of April at the Monastery of St. Francis in Coimbra where that Consultation was held All that were present even those that had before oppos'd it kiss'd his Hand and did Homage to him to express their Zeal Prophesies were then invented to justify their Choice and they gave out that at the beginning of these Troubles a Child in the Cradle had three Times with a loud Voice cry'd out D. John King of Portugal Which they attributed to the Master of Avis for Men are apt to fancy every thing as they would have it From that Day the Portugueses despairing of Pardon became more resolute and bold The Province between the Rivers Duero and MinÌ„o soon declar'd for the new King This Joy was somewhat abated by the Arrival of the Fleet of Castile on the Coast of Portugal which meeting no body to oppose it ravag'd all the Sea Coasts The King of Castile was at Cordova and thence at the beginning of Summer sent his Queen to Avila since she could be no longer useful her Subjects having wholly cast her off About the beginning of July D. Peter Tenorio Archbishop of Toledo made an Incursion into the Country of Viseo destroying all the Country and sparing neither Sex nor Age but at their Return they were met with and overthrown by the Portugueses Many other Encounters happen'd with various Success but all prov'd ruinous to the Natives for both Parties liv'd at Discretion The Army of Castile randevouz'd at Guidad Rodrigo when the Summer was well advanc'd Only Prince Charles Son to the King of Navarre was expected with a good Body of Men. A Council of War being held the wiser sort were against Fighting and only for wasting the Country and wearying out the Rebels But their Opinion prevail'd who being young were hottest and magnify'd the Strength of Castile despising the Enemy as a raw and undisciplined Rabble and therefore were for putting an end speedily to the War This advice the King follow'd tho the other was the safest The Castilians were overseen in many things and they ought at least to have expected the Succours that the Prince of Navarre was to bring Having fix'd this Resolution they enter'd that part of Portugal call'd Beâ—ra and took Cillorico Thence they advanc'd and burnt the Suburbs of Coimbra and attempted to take Leyria which held for Queen Ellenor During the Siege of Cillorico the King being unhealthy and considering the Danger of the War made his Will upon the 21st of July In it he ordain'd that the Lordships of Biscay and Molina his Mother's Inheritance should for ever be annex'd to the Crown and belong to the eldest Sons of the Kings of Castile He appointed 6 Tutors for his Son and Heir Henry and 12 Governours of the Kingdom during his Minority The Queen his Mother in Law the Princes John and Denis of Portugal the Children of King Peter and Son of D. Ferdinand de Castre who were all Prisoners in Castile he order'd should have Justice done them The Shortness of his Life gave not Leasure to make it known whether he design'd to put to Death or release them Many other things he ordained in his Will which being made without Deliberation was the Cause of many Troubles and Confusions The Portugues Army was advanc'd to Tomar with a Resolution to try their Fortune The Castilians march'd to meet them They discover'd one another about the Mid-way and there Intrench'd themselves The Portugueses were in a narrow Place having a Plain on the Front and deep Morasses on each side which secur'd their Flanks they were 2200 Horse and 10000 Foot The Castilians being much more Numerous encamp'd in an open Plain about a League and half from them and being confident of their Strength advanc'd and offer'd Battol on the Eve of the Assumption The King of Castile led the main Battel and some of the Nobles the Wings which in the time of need were useless by season of the Streightness of the Ground D. Gonzalo NunÌ„ez de Guzman with a Body of 〈◊〉 was order'd through By ways to fall upon the Enemies Rear that none might escape being taken or
enterment of his Father being then Sick at Girona nor attend the Government then in Confusion the Queen Dowager her Brother and many Men of Note being imprison'd they endeavour'd to fly for fear of the new King The Queen was accus'd by a Jew of having given her Husband some bewitching Potion severals were tortur'd and put to death on this account and the Queen condemn'd to the Wrack but it was not put in Execution yet all her Estate was seiz'd and she only allow'd a Pension to live on The first thing the King did was the submitting his Kingdom to Pope Clement as Castile and Navarre had done before John Earl of Ampurias being at Barcelona in Hopes to be rewarded for his Services to the new King while Prince was cast into Prison upon Pretence that he had call'd in the French to recover his Estate D. Ximeno Peres de Arenos the King's Lord Chamberlain was sent to compose the Affairs of Sardinia He agreed with the Lady Ellenor Arborea in behalf of her Son Marianus whom she had by her Husband Brancaleon Doria That the Judicature of Arborea should remain to them and their Heirs That for other Towns they pretended Right to they should be left to Arbitration That all Places taken during the War should be restor'd Both Parties having Sign'd these Articles the War ceas'd CHAP. VII Peace Concluded with the English The Heir of Castile in imitation of the Prince of Wales in England is created Prince of Asturias A Truce with Portugal and the Moors King John of Castile kill'd by a fall from his Horse THE Treaty of Peace with the English was still afoot and yet the War was vigorously Prosecuted 600 English Horse and as many Archers for the rest were consum'd with Sickness sat down before Benavente whith them 2000 Portuguese Horse and 6000 Foot Alvaro Osoiro the Governour defended the Place bravely and did the Enemy some Harm The King of Castile was unwilling to hazard a Battel which gave the Enemy the Opportunity of taking some Towns in that Neighbourhood Yet their Loss was greater than the Advantage they could propose to themselves for the Flague rag'd among the Foreigners and Famine consum'd them all Therefore after two Months spent in the Siege they return'd into Portugal The Treaty of Peace drew near to a Conclusion therefore the King of Castile sent back the Succours that came to him from France He also sent Embassadors to the Duke of Lancaster with Power to conclude The Duke was at Trancoso a Town in Portugal there he receiv'd the Embassadors The Articles agreed upon were That the King's Son and Duke's Daughter should immediately be contracted That the Bride by way of Joynture should have Soria Atiença Almaçan and Molina That the Dutchess her Mother should have Gaudalajara Medina del Campo and Olmedo That the Duke should have 600000 Florines paid him at certain times appointed and 40000 yearly during his Life and the Life of his Wife Constance These are the Heads of that Agreement The King of Portugal storm'd not thinking himself secure as long as he of Castile reign'd On the other side the Duke complain'd that the King had consummated the Marriage with his Daughter before the dispensation came and therefore from Porto sail'd directly for Bayonne in France Upon his Departure the Towns in Galicia that held for the English submitted to their King as did the Gentry that sided with them having obtain'd Pardon The King of Castile commonly resided at Salamanca or Toro to be at Hand upon all Occasions He sent Embassadors to Bayonne to ratify what had been concluded The greatest Difficulty lay in raising the Mony to pay the Duke of Lancaster To this intent the Cortes met at Briviesca about the beginning of the Year 1388. To oblige his Subjects the King granted all their Requests It was design'd to lay the Tax upon Estates without exempting the Nobility or Clergy but the great Ones opposing it as a Breach of Privilege other Methods were found out After the Cortes broke up the Kings of Castile and Navarre met first at Calahorra then at Navarrets where they renew'd their antient Friendship Queen Ellenor bore her Husband company and with his Consent stay'd in Castile to try whether her Country Air could cure her as she pretended but in reality to be parted from him as afterwards appear'd After this interview the King of Castile appointed the City of Palencia for the Cortes to meet because the Plague was still at Burgos Here his Son was with great Pomp marry'd to the Duke of Lancaster's Daughter Their Ages were not answerable the Prince being but 10 Years of Age the Lady Catharine 19. The eldest Sons of the Kings of England are call'd Princes of Wales In imitation of them the King of Castile created his Son Prince of Asturias and gave him the Lordships of Bijar and Andujar which Custom has continu'd to our Days and so we shall hereafter call the Heir of the Crown The chief Thing done at the Cortes was setling how the Mony for the Duke of Lancaster should be rais'd That done and Peace concluded Constance the Dutchess King Peter's Daughter laying aside the Title of Queen came in August to Medina del Campo to see the King who entertain'd her nobly and gave her the City Huete Betwixt the King and the Duke rich Presents pass'd particularly the Duke sent the King a very curious Crown of Gold The Dutchess went to Guadalajara and took Possession of that Place about the beginning of the Year 1389 The King stay'd at Madrid thither came Embassadors to him from the Duke of Lancaster desiring they might meet on the Borders of Guienne and Biscay He set out in order to it but fell sick by the Way at Burgos yet went on as far as Victoria where he took leave of the Dutchess sending some Persons of Note to bear her Company and excuse him to her Husband on account of his Indisposition In reality he fear'd meeting the Duke left he should endeavour to take him off from siding with the French and he was unwilling to disoblige the Duke or break with France The Duke thus disappointed communicated his Design to the Embassadors who answer'd they had no Orders about that Affair and so return'd to Victoria On the 13th of March as they were digging a Foundation in some part of the Church of S. Engracia at Zaragoça they found two Tombs with Inscriptions the one of S. Engracia the other of S. Lupercius Among the Articles made with the English there was one that any of the Allyes of either part should be admitted into that Treaty The Cortes of Castile met at Segovia and sent Embassadors to Portugal to try whether that King would come into the League He puss'd up with Success had resolv'd to continue the War and invade Galicia yet by the Industry of F. Ferdinand de Illescas one of the Embassadors he agreed to a Truce for
future Calamities These fears vanish'd the Earl of Faux raising the Siege of Barbastro and marching away through Navarre in such hast it rather look'd like a Flight than a Retreat The cause was that the People had carry'd all Provisions into strong holds and the Earl of Vrgel sticking upon his Skirts he was forc'd to leave part of his Baggage in several Places This was about the beginning of the Year 1396 at which time Martin the new King having receiv'd these good News and subdu'd the Rebels in Sicily resolv'd to return into Spain By the way he touch'd in Sardinia and pacify'd that Island and thence went up the River Rosne in Provence to the City Avignâ—n to see Pope Benedict The Pope gave him a Rose of Gold and the Investiture of Sardinia and Corsica with the Title of King but to hold them of the 〈◊〉 Thence he came to Barcelona and was receiv'd in Triumph In a great Assembly o◠〈◊〉 Nobility he took possession of the Crown and declar'd the Earl of Faux and his Wiâ—e Traytors for having assum'd the regal Title and invaded the Kingdom The Eastern Empire through intestine Divisâ—ons and the perpetual felicity of the Ottomâ—ns was now tending to Ruin That Party of the Greeks which was weakest call'd over Amurat Emperor of the Turks to their Assistance and he passing the Hellespont seiz'd Gâ—llipoli Adrianople and many other Places Sigâ—smund King of Hungâ—ry dreading so dangerous a Neighbour begg'd Succour of Charles the 6th King of France who sent him a good body of Horse under the Command of John Son to the Duke of Burâ—â—â—dy These Forces being come into Hungary it was resolv'd to give the Enemy Battle The French naturally eager advancing too far before the Hungarians were most of them kill'd and the Duke of Burgundy's Son taken whom his Father Ransom'd for a great Sum of Mony Thus the whole Army was overthrown and King Sigismund escap'd by Flight At Granadâ— King Joseph dy'd as was suspected poison'd by the King of 〈◊〉 who sent him a rich Coat which as soon as he put on he fell into violent Torture and expir'd 30 Days after his Flesh fâ—lling off by Piecemeal A wonderful thing if true After his Death Mahomet his 2d Son surnam'd Balva usurp'd the Crown excluding Joseph the elder He had secur'd the Affections of the People and only fear'd lest the King of Castile should take 〈◊〉 part of his Brother To prevent which he went away to Toledo to gain the good Will or the King and his Courtiers with rich Presents His Designs succeeded well for he renew'd the Truce made with his Father At this time the 〈◊〉 sâ—â—ting at Toledo an Edict was publish'd excluding all Strangers excepting a few particular Persons and the whole Portugues Nation whom they thought by this means to oblige from enjoying Ecclesiastical Benefices It was also ordain'd that none should keep a Saddle-Mule who had not a good Horse to encourage the breed of Horses On the 5th of October at Sevil dy'd John de Guzman Earl of Niebla his Son Henry succeeded him and was Father of John de Guzman who was afterwards created the first Duke of that noble Family The Portugueses to make their Advantage of the King's want of Health resolv'd to take up Arms and gave out to Colour this Breach that it was be 〈◊〉 some of the Nobility of Castile had not sign'd the late Treaty Their Army at first onset took Badajoz a City on the Frontiers From this beginning the War was afterwards continu'd the term of three Years The King of Castile having assembl'd his Forces gave the Command of them to Ruy Lopez Davalos not long before made Constable of Castile James Hurtado de Mendoça the Admiral was sent to look to the Mariâ—ime Affairs On May 1397 5 Galleys of Castile met 7 of Portugal coming from Genâ—a laden with Arms and Ammunition These they assail'd so desperately that four were taken one sunk the other two fled It was a great piece of Cruelty that after Quarters given in cold Blood they threw 400 Men into the Sea The Admiral coasting along Portugâ—â— burnt several Towns and plunder'd the Country without Opposition Many Portugueses of Note came over to the King of Castile and serv'd him well The chiefest of them were Martin Giles and Lope de Aâ—una three Brothers also John and Lope Pacheco Brothers All these Gentlemen had good Estates given them by the Kings of Castile for their good Services and were the Founders of several Noble Families In Galâ—cia the Portâ—â—ueses took the City Tuy In Estrâ—â—adura they lay'd Siege to Alâ—â—â—tara but the Constable of Castile coming down in time not only rais'd the Siege but entring Portugal ravag'd the Country and took several Places of small Note The Master of Alcantara the Admiral and chief Justice of Castile besiâ—g'd Miranda de Duero and the Constable coming to joyn them the Besieg'd were forc'd to surrender Thus the Damage being equal on both sides it was hop'd a Peace might ensue betwixt the two Nations CHAP. IV. Two Francisâ—ans 〈◊〉 to the Moors of Granada suffer Martyrdom The Truce with Portugal 〈◊〉 Two great Plagues in Spain and France The Year of Jubilee 1400. AT the beginning of this War two Franciscan Fryars whose Names are not known zealoâ—s for the â—ropagation of the Faith adventur'd to preach publickly to the Moors in Granada and many People flock'd to heaâ— them Being warn'd to desist and they still going oâ— the 〈◊〉 by the King's Order apprehended and beheaded them and they are reverenc'd as Martyrs 〈◊〉 Benedict as has been said before was forsaken by all his Cardinals at Avignon the Kiâ—â— of France press'd and only those of Spain own'd him A great assembly of Prelâ—â—es and other learned Men was held betwixt the French and Spaniards about him but nothing was resolv'd upon only they agreed both Popes should recal the Ecclesiastical â—ensures they had thunder'd one against the other and appoint a Place of meeting to compose those Differences In Pamplâ—na great â—â—rt of the Cathedral had fallen seven Years before and neither the â—roâ—â—ts of the Church 〈◊〉 private Contributions were sufficient to repair it therefore the King assign'd the 40th part of his Revenue for 12 Years to carry on that Work This King desiring to recover the County of Eureux and his Possessions in Normandy had sent an Embassy to that effect into France but that not succeeding went thither himself to as little 〈◊〉 the King of France not being recover'd of his â—â—disposition Thus without doing any thing he return'd home in September 1398 Being come home he caus'd his Son Charles but a Year old to be sworn to as Heir of the Crown The Joy of this solemnity was â—â—ort for the Prince dy'd soon after The Portugueses humbled by their late Disappointments sent Embassadors to treat of Peace King Henry answer'd he neither began the War nor would obstruct the Peace provided
to speak to the King He asked of him whether it was his Will that he should succeed him who had the best Title The King bow'd his Head to denote he comented to what was said To other Questions which were put to him he return'd no manner â—â— Answer In him ended the Male-Line of the Earls of Barcelona whilst had continu'd 〈…〉 then in Aragon the space of 600 Years The good Fortune 〈…〉 an Eclipse Many lifted up themselves to 〈…〉 Crown 〈…〉 that 〈…〉 if we may so call it Upon such occasions 〈…〉 of great Moment Prince Ferdinand for whom Heaven had reserv'd that Crown was 〈…〉 with the War in Andaluzia He made a publick Act of accepting of the Inheritance and Crown which no Body offer'd him and at the same time sent Ferdinand 〈…〉 and D. John Gonçalez de Azevedoâ— Men of address and parts his 〈…〉 his Interest in Aragon He himself would not quit the Siege being in hopes 〈…〉 Master of the City very speedily and his hope was increas'd by a skirmish which 〈…〉 hear Archidona betwixt a Party of his and the Moors who were worsted Of which Action and the manner how it came to pass it will not be amiss to give a full Accounts taken out of the Learned History which Laurence Valla wrote of the Life and 〈…〉 of his Prince Ferdinand afterwards King of Aragon The Christians made themselves Masters of several Towns as Goza Sebar Alzana and Mara some were taken by Storm others terrify'd with their Example surrendred The Moors fear'd lest the same fate should befall Archâ—dona a considerable Town two Leagues distant from Antequera To secure this Place the wâ—nt into it a strong Garrison with store of Provisions and Ammunition This done they wasted all the Neighbouring Country and destroy'd or carry'd away all sorts of Provisions that the Army which lay before Antequera might be reduc'd to want They had more Horse than the Christians which facilitated their carrying on their Designs Being inform'd that our Horses were every day carry'd to Grass down to the River Corza which runs near that Place with only a small Guard they resolv'd to surprize and drive them away A Centinel that stood on a Hill call'd PenÌ„a de los Endâ—â—rades or the Lover's Rock made a Smoak to give notice of the Danger the Horses and Vivandiers were in unless reliev'd in time The Christians immediately march'd out of their Trenches and charg'd the Infidels so vigorously that they oblig'd them to retire towards Archidona They were too hard press'd to get into the Town in sight whereof above 2000 were kill'd many taken and the rest entirely dispers'd and routed Of the Christians only two were slain and a few ounded On account of this Victory we may give the Reason why that Hill is call'd The Lover's Rock since this Action happen'd so near â—â— it The Hill stands betwixt Archidona and Antequera A certain Christian youth was a Slave among the Moors He was so well accomplish'd so industrious obliging and careful of his Business that his Master trusted him with all his Affairs both at home and abroad A Daughter the Moor had fell in Love with the Youth She being marriageable and he a Slave their Amours were hard to conceal and dangerous if discover'd for if her Father and his Master had understood any thing of that Affair it would cost them their Lives They 〈◊〉 to make their Escape to the Country of the Christians which was most agreeable to the Youth as returning home and perhaps not so much to her unless she design'd to become a Christian which I scarce believe They set out very privately and travell'd as far as the Hill we now speak of where the young Woman sat down to rest They had not been long there before they discover'd the Father who pursu'd them with a party of Horse What could be done in that Case They resolv'd to climb up to the top of the Rock which was but a poor Defence The Father with a stern Countenance commanded them to come down threatning if they refus'd to put them to a cruel Death Those who came with him advis'd the same saying it was the only way left them to obtain Pardon and move him to Compassion by coming down and casting themselves at his Feet They refus'd to obey and the Moors alighting off their Horses attempted to climb the Rock but the young Man kept them down with Stones and Staves the only Weapons the Place and his Despair furnish'd him with The Father perceiving their Resolution sent to the next Town for some Cross bow-men to shoot them and they seeing no way to escape resolv'd Death should free than from the Reproaches and Torments they fear'd It is needless to repeat the lowing Expressions that pass'd betwixt them but in conclusion embracing one another they cast thmselves off the Rooâ— on that side where the stern Father stood looking on them Thus they dy'd before they came to the Bottom moving the beholders to Compassion with that dismal Spectacle and there against the Father's Will they were bury'd in the same manner as they fell A happy End had it been for the sake of Religion and Virtue and not to satisfy their inordinate Desires Let us return to the Siege of Antequera where after the Fight of Archidona they ceas'd not with their Artillery to batter the Walls and made several Breaches the Besieged by Night making up all that was beaten down in the Day Thus much Labour was spent and yet the Siege advanc'd but slowly Prince Ferdinand observ'd that all the top of one of the Towers was quite beaten down that he judg'd a proper Place to be assaulted and order'd scaling Ladders to be apply'd and the Souldiers to mount His Commands were resolutely put in Execution tho with great Danger and Difficulty for the Moors defended the Place with extraordinary bravery At last the Christians mounted and oblig'd the Moors to retire into the Castle hoping to maintain themselves there or at least to obtain advantagious Conditions Next day there arose a Dispute among the Souldiers about who was the first that mounted the Wall Many claim'd that Honour and it was hard to decide every one having Friends Relations or Country Men to back his Pretensions It was 〈◊〉 some mutiny might be rais'd on that Account The Judges appointed to decide this Controversy gave their Judgment that Gutierre de Torres Sancho Gonçalez Serva 〈◊〉 and Baeça were the first who attempted to mount but that John Biscaino who was kill'd upon the Tower got before them all and after him John de S. Vincente had the chief Honour assign'd him The Prince commended and rewarded them all as they well desery'd for taking so considerable a Place Antequera was entred on the 6th of September Those who retir'd to the Castle surrendred eight days after having capitulated for their Persons and Goods and weâ—â— conducted to Archidona The Victors gave thanks to
King Alonso having subdu'd Sardinia and abandon'd Corsica to the Genoeses sail'd with speed to Palermo in Sicily hoping to secure the Succession to the new Kingdom and was the more bent upon it for that a certain Mathematician five years before told him That Heaven promised him great Things that he should be Master of Naples that he should have many Subjects and heap mighty Riches whereupon he encourag'd him boldly to pursue his Fortune The depriving the King of Castile of his Liberty caus'd great Commotions and the Imprisonment of several Persons of Note The Court was at Talavera as has been said and the King as if he minded not the wrong done him diverted himself in Hunting This gave him an opportunity on the 29th of November to make his escape to Montalvan a Castle seated upon an Eminence almost in the mid-way betwixt Talavera and Toledo on the Banks of Tagus Alvaro de Luna his great Favourite advis'd him to fly Prince Henry gathering his Forces besieg'd the Place but would not batter it in respect to the King Prince John the Archbishop of Toledo D. Alonso Enriquez the Admiral and other Nobles assembl'd to revenge this Affront Hunger began to pinch in the Castle and they eat their Horses and other filthy Beasts At length the Siege was rais'd by them that came to relieve the Place and Prince Henry went away to Ocana a Town of his own as he was Master of Santiago resolving to stand upon his Guard After his Departure the King return'd to Talavera and was met upon the way by the Princes John and Peter of Aragon Great demonstrations of Affection passed betwixt them and the King by the Advice of Alvaro de Luna who rose apace to give the greater fall commanded them to return This alter'd the Posture of Affairs The King kept his Christmas and the beginning of the Year 1421 at Talavera Thence he went to Old Castile where he had more Forces and the People were better affected towards him Prince Henry had the Marquisate of Villena given him with his Wife which those People resented because it had been purchas'd for a sum of Mony of the King of Aragon and ought not to be alienated from the Crown Prince Henry seiz'd and garrison'd all the Towns of that Dominion except Alarcon which being naturally strong held out against him The King commanded him to disband his Forces and he refusing to obey that Estate was taken from him by Force Besides the King recall'd his Patent which made the Mastership of Santiago hereditary to the Heirs of Prince Henry This so provoked him that he set out from Ocan̄a after the King with 1500 Horse He passed the Mountains and without making any stop came to Arevalo where the King was There was danger of a Battle and therefore Queen Ellenor in care for her Son Prince Henry endeavour'd to lay that Storm that threatn'd The Archbishop of Santiago did the same They perswaded the Prince to lay down his Arms and thus for that time War was prevented Blanch Daughter to the King of Navarre on the 29th of May was brought to Bed at Arevalo of a Son who was call'd Charles as his Grandfather by the Mother's side The Cortes were summon'd first to Toledo and then to Madrid and in order to meet them the King and Queen set out towards new Castile On the 23d of October they came to Toledo Prince Henry of Aragon Ruy Lopez Davalos the Constable and Peter Manrique the Lieutenant being summon'd excus'd themselves saying they had powerful Enemies at Court Mean while Alonso King of Aragon and Luis Duke of Anjou contended for the Kingdom of Naples King Alonso kept in that City Aversa a Town near it was held by the French and Excursions were made by both Parties Cerra a Town four miles from Naples was besieg'd by the Aragonians and taken after a vigorous Defence Prince Peter of Aragon being call'd by his Brother with the consent of the King of Castile went away to serve in that War at the beginning of the Year 1422. The Cortes sat at Madrid Prince John of Aragon and other great Men were present The Archbishop of Toledo was not being then sick Prince Henry and his adherents because the King would oblige them to come resolv'd the Prince and Garci Fernandez Manrique afterwards Earl of Castan̄eda should go but the Constable and Peter Manrique should stand upon their Guard in Places of Safety On the 13th of June the Prince and Garci Fernandez came to Madrid were kindly receiv'd but the next day apprehended Prince Henry was sent Prisoner to the Castle of Mora and the care of him committed to Garci Alvarez de Toledo the Earl of Vrgel who had been some years a Prisoner there being remov'd to Madrid An Impeachment of high Treason for corresponding with the Moors was brought into the Cortes against those Lords 14 Letters written by the Constable to King Joseph of Granada were produc'd and read Therefore the Estates of Prince Henry and Garci Manrique were confiscated and the same was decreed against Peter Manrique who having notice of what was in hand fled to Taraçona The like Sentence was given against the Constable who with the Lady Catherine Prince Henry's Wife fled first to Segura a strong Place towards Murcia and thence to Valencia He left a mighty Estate in Castile for Arcos Arjona Ossorno Ribadeo Candeleda Arenas and many other Towns were his so that the House Davalos began to decay Several other noble Families as the Fajardos Enriquez Sandovals Pimenteles and Zunigas rose out of the Ruins of the Davalos It was then whisper'd that those Letters of the Constable were forg'd and afterwards his Secretary John Garcia confess'd he had counterfeited them and was put to Death yet because the King and others were concern'd the Constable was not restor'd Now the King created Alvaro de Luna Earl of Santistevan de Gormaz and made him Constable Gonzalo Mexia Commendary of Segura was impower'd to act as Master of Santiago These things being concluded the King went away to Alcala and at the same time the Queen was deliver'd of a Daughter at Illescas on the 5th of October she was call'd Catherine This caus'd great Joy being an Argument the Queen was not barren as had been fear'd The Archbishop of Toledo after a tedious Sickness dy'd at Alcala de Henares and was put into a curious Marble Tomb built by himself in the Parish Church of St. Peter D. John Martinez de Contreras Dean of Toledo by the King's Interest was chosen Archbishop The Chapter rather favour'd the School-Master John Alvarez de Toledo but the King's Recommendation prevail'd The elect Archbishop went away to Rome to be confirm'd by Pope Martin the Vth as was then the Custom and spent two years in that Journey CHAP. VII The Death of the Moorish King of Granada A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal The Interest of the Aragonians decays at Naples Joseph
the 10th of June recruited the Aragonians who were now grown weak and declin'd Encourag'd with this Relief they again fought in the City many were kill'd and several Houses plunder'd The Queen went away to Aversa and Sforcia with her as also a good Garrison and 5000 Citizens who offer'd to stand by her Prisoners on both sides were exchang'd and thus Caracciolo recovered his Liberty At length on the 21st of June the Queen at Nola recall'd and made void the Adoption of King Alonso as an ungrateful and unworthy Person In his stead she adopted and appointed her Successor Luis Duke of Anjou the third of the Name and Son to the 2d To this effect she sent for him from Rome and created him Duke of Calabria a Title usually given to the Heir of the Crown Sforcia and Caracciolo who were most in favour gave the Queen this Advice From this time the good Fortune of the Aragonians began to change and decline King Alonso sent for Braccio de Monton out of Abruzzo where he was besieging Aquila a great City designing to set him up against Sforcia But he excus'd himself either not liking the Party or because he hop'd to make himself Master of that City and all its Territory For this reason King Alonso was oblig'd to resolve upon returning to Spain to settle his Affairs and gather new Forces to carry on the War tho he gave out it was to set at Liberty his Brother Prince Henry He left his other Brother Prince Peter his Commissioner with full Power to Command in his Absence With him stay'd James Caldora and several other considerable Officers of both Nations Antony de Luna Son to Antony de Luna Earl of Calatabelota was appointed Governour of Gaeta At the same time the King of Castile took a Progress to Plasencia Talavera and Madrid and his Queen was brought to Bed on the 10th of September of another Daughter call'd Ellenor Joseph the Moorish King dy'd at Granada and Mahomet his Son called The left-handed succeeded him He was afterwards Famous for being three times depos'd and as often restor'd to his Kingdom and for his many Misfortunes rather than any great Actions At first he observ'd the Peace with the King of Castile and oblig'd Muley King of Tunez Thus he endeavour'd by the Friendship of these Princes to secure himself against his Enemies but took no care to gain the Affections of his People the surest Prop of Princes So that he appears to have been as imperfect in his Judgment as he was in his Body and Fortune prov'd his Enemy CHAP. VIII The pretended Pope Benedict dying another is supported by the King of Aragon who plunders Marseilles prepares to make War upon Castile but comes to an Accommodation yet loses all his Interest at Naples D. Peter de Luna who during the time of the Schism call'd himself Benedict the XIIIth as long as he lived kept at Peniscola relying on the Strength of that Place and persisted in calling himself Pope He dy'd in that Town on the 23d of May being Whitsunday at the Age of 90 Years a wonderful thing that he should live so long amidst so many Troubles Luis Pançan a Citizen of Sevil and follower of D. Alonso Carrillo Cardinal of S. Eustachius in a Commentary he writ of some remarkable Occurrences in those Times affirms positively that Benedict was Poison'd in some Wafers he us'd to eat after Meat by a Fryar call'd Thomas who was very familiar with him and that he being afterwards by his own Confession found Guilty of the Fact was torn in Pieces by four Horses He further adds that the Cardinal of Pisa sent to Aragon to apprehend Benedict gave this Advice and that it being put in Execution he fled from Tortosa where he had stay'd to see the Event fearing D. Roderick and D. Alvaro who resolv'd to revenge the Death of their Uncle Benedict by killing the Legate if he had not made his Escape having perform'd what he came for but not wholly put an end to the Schism For by two Cardinals that remain'd of the Faction of Benedict one Giles Mun̄oz a Canon of Barcelona was set up in his place He was a Man of no Note and the election of so little Value that he himself was dubious whether he should accept of it till King Alonso of Aragon encourag'd and perswaded him to take upon him the Papacy by the Name of Clement the VIIIth This the King did to be reveng'd of Pope Martin the Vth who favour'd the Party of the Anjouins and oppos'd the Aragonians insomuch that he had of late created Luis Duke of Anjou King of Naples and had approv'd of the new adoption made by the Queen joyning his Forces with hers A General Council which began to assemble at Pavia in pursuance to the Degree of the Council of Constance was by reason of the Plague which rag'd in that City removed to Siena in Tuscany and thither the Bishops and Embassadors repair'd from all Parts King Alonso sent his with Orders to justify Pope Benedict and complain of the wrong done in deposing of him This struck a Terror into Pope Martin and made him slacken in favouring the Faction of Anjou so he speedily broke up the Council Proroguing it to a farther time He fear'd lest the Schism should again be reviv'd and Christendom farther involv'd in Difficulties D. John de Contreras Arch-bishop of Toledo took place of all the Spanish Arch-bishops at this Council by order of Pope Martin as appears by two Bulls of his still extant among the Records of the Church of Toledo But these things happen'd somewhat later King Alonso having resolv'd to pass over into Spain imbark'd on a Fleet of 18 Galleys and 12 Ships About the middle of October he sail'd from Naples The Weather being bad the Fleet was dispers'd but as soon as it clear'd up they joyn'd again and sail'd together to Marseilles on the Coast of Provence a City belonging to the Duke of Anjou Having broken the Chains they entred the Port and assaulted the City The Service was hot and lasted till Night when Folch Earl of Cardona who commanded the Ships advis'd to desist because they knew not the Streets and in the dark tho the Gates had been open the confusion would be great and the Townsmen have a considerable Advantage over them John de Corbera on the other side affirm'd the Townsmen were now in a Consternation and ought to be press'd before they had time to recover themselves This Opinion was approv'd of by the King the Assault was renew'd and the City enter'd Night and Darkness gave the Souldiers an Opportunity to commit all manner of Insolences but the King shew'd himself Religious for he order'd that no wrong should be offer'd to Women who had taken Sanctuary in Churches nor any thing that they carry'd with them taken from them This Order was proclaim'd and punctually observ'd They Ship'd the Booty and left the City
that in case they were divided the most Votes should decide the Matter They having consulted together Decreed That the King should remove to Cigales That the Princes of Aragon should have leave to visit him and That D. Alvaro de Luna should be banish'd the Court for a Year and half I know not whether it was more shame to the King or Kingdom that the King should be commanded by his Subjects The King as had been ordain'd went to Cigales where the Conspirators visited him and among them Prince Henry who kneeling shed Tears in token of Repentance Such is the Power of Dissimulation D. Alvaro went to Ayllon a Town of his own many Nobles bearing him Company After his removal the Nobles fell at Variance every one striving to gain the King's Affection because he was intirely govern'd by his Favourite Ferdinand Alonso de Robles had got the start of all others for having been in Favour before now his Competitor was remov'd he grew still greater insomuch that upon pretence he was indispos'd the King and Nobles often went to Council to his House It rais'd Envy in many to see a mean Person lifted up to that Height and the King was displeas'd at him for having rashly given Judgment against D. Alvaro de Luna to whom he ow'd many Obligations His Enemies making use of the King's Displeasure prevail'd with the King of Navarre to accuse him of many Crimes as that he was a Seditious Person kept Correspondence abroad and Conspir'd with the Nobility against the King and often spoke irreverently of him His Case being hear'd he was secur'd at Segovia and at last dy'd a Prisoner at Vzeda leaving an Example of the uncertainty of Court-Favour This Year the King of Granada was by his Subjects expell'd his Kingdom and went over in a miserable Condition to beg the King of Tunez his Assistance Mahomet call'd The Little as soon as he was seated in the Throne persecuted all the other King's Friends putting some to Death banishing others and seizing their Estates which he prodigally gave away One Joseph of the noble Family of the Abencerrages who was Governour of the City seeing no hopes of prevailing against the Usurper fled to Murcia hoping to bring the Forces of Castile upon the new Tyrant before he was well fix'd in the Government At the same time two remarkable Things happen'd in Castile One was that the King obtained of Pope Martin the Thirds of Ecclesiastical Revenues for ever The other that the Order of St. Hierome was divided into two Branches One F. Lope de Olmedo who was familiar with Pope Martin was the Author of this Separation Near Sevil he founded a Monastery of the Invocation of St. Isidorus which was the Head of his Reformation and of it the Fryars were called Isidorians This Division lasted till King Philip the II again united the whole Order under the Antient Rule of St. Hierome Let us return to the Troubles of Castile CHAP. X. D. Alvaro de Luna returns to Court greater in the King's Favour than ever The banish'd King of Granada restor'd Some Affairs of France and final end of the Schism in the Church SOme natural Sympathy or other extraordinary hidden Cause it was doubtless that so link'd together the Affection of the King of Castile and D. Alvaro de Luna that they could not live asunder notwithstanding on that Account they both became odious but particularly D. Alvaro to such a degree that it exceeded all the Malice the Antient Romans ever bore Sejanus or any other the Favourites of their Emperors They were so blind in their Affection that neither the King took Notice how prejudicial that Familiarity was to him nor D. Alvaro was sensible that he was driving headlong to his Ruin Nothing pleas'd the King nor was his Countenance ever smooth or serene since D. Alvaro was remov'd from him Of him he commonly spoke in the Day and thought of him at Night The Courtiers perceiving that of necessity D. Alvaro must shortly be restor'd and that then his Power and Interest would be much greater than before as having overcome the Malice of his Enemies and conquer'd his ill Fortune made all their Efforts to gain his Favour Even the King of Navarre being envious that his Brother Prince Henry should have a greater Interest in the King of Castile than himself began to favour D. Alvaro and sollicit he might return to Court. On the 6th of January 1428 dy'd D. Ruy Lopez Davalos at Valencia where the King of Aragon then was This Gentleman was more Fortunate in his Issue than in his Life By three Wives he had seven Sons and two Daughters From them in Italy are descended the Earls of Potencia and Bovino the Marqueses del Vasto and Pescara and many other Honourable Families in Spain His Body was deposited at Valencia thence afterwards translated to Toledo and bury'd in the Monastery of St. Augustin He us'd to give ear to Astrologers being himself much addicted to that vain Science yet he could never foresee his own Fall When he dy'd he had not altogether lay'd aside the hopes of recovering his Estate Prince Henry of Aragon began to labour to bring it about but Fortune and all his Friends fail'd the Unfortuate Ruy Lopez Only Alvar Nun̄ez de Herrera a Citizen of Cordova his Steward in the time of Prosperity continu'd faithful to him till the last and was cast into Prison as accessary to the Crime his Master was accused of As soon as discharg'd he never gave over prosecuting John Garcia the Forger of that Contrivance for Perjury till he was executed on that Account To relieve his Master he sold all he had got under him and gather'd 8000 Florins in Gold which he put into the Timber of a Loom that it might not be discover'd and loading it upon an Ass sent his Son a Foot in a Disguize with it to him A wonderful act of Fidelity well deserving a particular Encomium His Death secur'd D. Alvaro de Luna in the Ministery The King of Castile resided at Segovia his thoughts taken up in disappointing the Designs of the Nobility and breaking their Cabals He publish'd an Order commanding them to release one another of the solemn Promises they had made to stand together and granted a general Pardon for all past Faults To the Princess Catherine Wife to Prince Henry in lieu of Villena he gave the Cities of Truxillo and Alcaraz and some lesser Towns in the Kingdom of Toledo near Gaudalajara as also 200000 Florins which was a prodigious Portion At the Instance of Prince Henry the King also revers'd the attainder of Ruy Lopez Davalos but his Estate and Honours were not restor'd to his Children as of Right they ought to have been After this the King went to Turuegano Thither by his Order came D. Alvaro de Luna with a great and splendid Retinue and joyful for the Victory he had obtain'd over his Enemies He advanc'd daily
in the King's Favour and his Interest alone was greater than that of all the Nobility The Lady Ellenor Sister to the King of Aragon was contracted to Edward Prince of Portugal who was 36 Years of Age the Marriage by Proxy was solemniz'd at a Village call'd Ojos Negros in the Territory of Daroca the King of Aragon being present Her Portion was 200000 Florins The Lady Constance de Tovar D. Ruy Lopez Davalos his Widow was appointed her first Lady of the Bedchamber This Princess from Valencia travelled through Castile and at Valladolid the King entertain'd her nobly and thence she went on richly presented towards Portugal to meet her Husband The Joy for this Match was the greater because that Prince had so long put it off and it was fear'd he would not Marry At the same time Peter Brother to Prince Edward after his long Travels in which he visited the Emperor Sigismund and Tamerlan the Tartar return'd to Spain and many fabulous Stories are writ of his Peregrination He landed at Valencia in June and in September marry'd Elizabeth the eldest Daughter of the Earl of Vrgel who was in Prison By her he had Elizabeth afterwards Queen of Portugal Philippa who became a Nun Peter Constable of Portugal James a Cardinal and Bishop of Lisbon John King of Ciprus and Beatrix Wife to Adolphus Duke of Cleves Prince Peter after his Marriage visited the King of Castile at Aranda and came safe to Portugal Whole Towns went out to meet him admiring him as if he had dropp'd from Heaven the Ignorance of that Age making his Travels appear Supernatural The King of Castile having setled Old Castile and releas'd Garci Fernandez Manrique who as has been said was apprehended at the same time with Prince Henry of Aragon and restor'd him his Estate return'd towards the end of this Year to the Kingdom of Toledo and having spent some time at Alcalá went thence to Illescas Thither came to him Joseph Abencerrage who fled from Granada to espouse the depos'd King's Quarrel The King treated him generously and sent along with him Alonso de Lorca to the King of Tunez to exhort him to take Compassion on that Injur'd King and assist him with his Forces to recover his Crown promising not to be wanting on his part The King of Tunez encourag'd by this Embassy sent King Mahomet into Spain with a good Fleet and 300 Horse He landed at Vera and immediatly a wonderful change appear'd for all places submitted to him and even the City Granada was deliver'd up at the beginning of the Year 1429. The Usurper retir'd to the Castle call'd Alhambra where he was soon after taken and put to Death leaving the Crown he had unjustly possess'd to the rightful owner Thus much in Spain France could hardly be in a worse Condition the English being Masters of Paris and the greatest part of that Country Charles the VII King of France in that Distress sent Embassadors with great Submission to beg Assistance of several Princes and among them of the King of Aragon Mathias Rexaque sent on this Embassy came to Barcelona in April At that time the King of Aragon was bent upon two several Wars That of Naples troubl'd him most Prince Peter his Brother being return'd thence into Spain having lost all hope of Success Dalmatius Sasera was left in his Place to preserve what remain'd in the Hands of the Aragonians Besides the King of Aragon was making great Preparations for a War with Castile For these reasons the French Embassy had no Success But the Affairs of France were recover'd out of that desperate Condition by a wonderful Providence The English had besieg'd Orleans seven Months and Hunger began to pinch the besieg'd when on a sudden a Maid about 18 years of Age whose Name was Joan and is commonly called The Maid of Orleans persuaded the French she was sent from Heaven to relieve Orleans She gain'd Credit and put Relief into the Town and at lengh the Siege was rais'd From this time the English lost many Towns this Maid encouraging and leading the French At last she was taken by the English carry'd to Roan where she was tryed condemned and burnt for a Witch Many have been of Opinion she was wrongfully put to Death and the French to this Day reverence her as a Saint Her Statue is upon the Bridge of Orleans kneeling on the left Hand of a great Crucifix and the King on the Right But these things belong to the Histories of France and England where they are handl'd at large Peter Cardinal of Faux Legate from Pope Martin the V assembled a Synod of the Bishops of the Province of Tarragona in that City What Acts pass'd in that Synod is not known But the matter of greatest Concern there brought to Perfection was that they prevail'd upon the Canon Giles Mun̄oz to resign the Title of Pope and the Cardinals that follow'd him were depriv'd of that Dignity This was done by the King of Aragon's Order to oblige Pope Martin whom before he kept under by Terror and now endeavour'd tō oblig'd by this Courtesy Peniscola which before belong'd to the Knights of St. John was now annex'd to the Crown Giles Mun̄oz in requital for his Resignation was made Bishop of Majorca Alonso de Borgia was also chosen Bishop of Valencia in recompense of the Pains he had taken to reduce Giles Mun̄oz and his Companions to Complyance and this was the first step Borgia made to attain the highest Dignities All this was done at Tortosa in August This was the end of that Schism which lasted longest and was hottest maintain'd of any that has been in the Church Processions and all manner of Devotions were perform'd in Thanksgiving for this Blessing and to implore the Mercy of God that such Judgments might be averted for the future It will be well we conclude this Book with Peace to begin the next with a bloody War betwixt the Kings of Spain The End of the Twentieth Book THE History of SPAIN The One and Twentieth BOOK CHAP. I. The War betwixt Aragon and Navarre on the one side and Castile on the other The King of Navarre crowned John King of Castile breaks into Aragon with a powerful Army and does much harm there SPain had of late years enjoyed Peace the Kings there of being tyr'd with the former Wars and now ally'd to one another in a very strict Degree With the Moors of Granada there was a lasting Truce or if there happen'd any Breach it was of no great Moment True it is the Christians wanted not the Will to extirpate that perverse Nation and a good Opportunity seem'd to offer it self the Moors being divided into several Factions among themselves But these Thoughts were lay'd aside by reason of a new War that broke out betwixt the King 's of Aragon and Navarre on the one side and him of Castile on the other and yet the noise prov'd much more than the Execution
had left a great Estate in Aragon and sold the Towns given him in Castile Being by his Prodigality reduc'd to Poverty he resolv'd to plunder the rich City of Sevil. He was offended at the Earl of Niebla who had great Power in that City and design'd by the way to be reveng'd on him So great an Enterprize was not to be undertaken without Company To this purpose he drew together many whom their leud Lives had reduc'd to want and among them two considerable Men call'd Regidores of Sevil. A Secret could not be kept among so many The Plot was discover'd and D. Frederick secur'd at Medina del Campo whither the King went at the beginning of the Year Thence he was carry'd to Vren̄a and afterwards to a Castle near Olmedo where he ended his Days pitied by no Man the Castilians hating him as a Deserter from his Prince His Companions were all put to Death Violante Countess of Niebla his Sister who would have interceded for him was not permitted to speak to the King but sent away to Cuellar with Orders she should not stir from thence without leave it being suspected that the Earl had undertook that desperate Enterprize relying on her Assistance The Punishment of the Earl no way discouraged the Princes of Aragon from proceeding in their wicked Practices after they were expell'd Castile The King of Castile complain'd that they violated the Conditions of the Truce agreed upon not long before and therefore said it was requisite to secure the publick Peace they should be sent out of Spain The King of Navarre having hear'd the Embassadors perswaded the Princes his Brothers to go over into Italy whither he would soon follow them telling them the Kingdom of Naples once conquer'd it would be easy to recover their Estates in Castile They went over to Sicily where King Alonso then was endeavouring to gain the Affections of the Neapolitan Nobility and to settle a Peace with the Princes of Italy in order to possess himself of Naples Above all he labour'd to reconcile Pope Eugenius whom he knew to be his Enemy A fair Opportunity seem'd now to offer it self the Queen having been long Sick and the Nobility at variance and a great Misfortune befalling the Pope in this manner Antony Colonna Prince of Salerno coming to Rome the People mutiny'd and expell'd the Pope being inrag'd for that he persecuted the Family of Colonna and because through his Fault Francis Sforcia with some Forces of the Duke of Milan had wasted the Territory of Rome The Pope fled down the Tiber in a Boat the People throwing Stones at him and in the Galleys he found at Ostia went away into Tuscany This Affront offer'd the Pope variously affected several Princes Some of them said he had well deserv'd it for provoking the People and opposing the Council of Basil The News of this Accident reach'd the King of Aragon at Palermo on the 9th of July He hop'd this might be a means to gain the Pope to his Interest Therefore he sent Embassadors to condole and offer his Assistance for vanquishing his Enemies and pacifying the People The Pope accepted not his offer for within the 5th Month the Tumults of Rome ceas'd and the Citizens submitted themselves to him admitting a Garrison into the Capitol which done they were absolv'd of the Censures they had incurr'd by affronting the Pope On the 16th of September dy'd D. John de Contreras Archbishop of Toledo at Alcala de Henares His Body was bury'd with Pomp in the Cathedral of Toledo The Chapter was divided about choosing one to succeed him some were for Vasco Ramirez de Guzman Archdeacon of Toledo others for the Dean Ruy Garcia de Villaquiran This disagreement gave the King an Opportunity to intrepose and by his Procurement D. John de Cereçuela Archbishop of Sevil was elected At the same time that the King was at Madrid D. Henry de Villena dy'd there He sustain'd the Loss of his vast Fortune with great Patience living to a great Age and wholly devoted to his Study His Inclination to Learning was such that he study'd Magick and some of his Books were afterwards burnt by the King's Order The Nobility of Naples weary of the Government of a Woman and of her Extravagances inclin'd to favour the King of Aragon He drew to his Party with great Promises Nicholas Picinus then a renouned Captain in Italy and Kinsman to Braccio At Palermo he also joyn'd in League with the Prince of Taranto and all his Adherents who being injur'd by the Duke of Anjou and James Caldora had recourse to the King of Aragon for Relief It was agreed they should espouse the Quarrel of the Aragonian he assisting them with 2000 Horse and 1000 Foot which they judged a sufficient Force to oppose the Enemy but it prov'd otherwise For the Prince of Taranto was soon stripp'd of all his Possessions which were great except some few small Places of very great Strength The War seem'd to be near an end when the Duke of Anjou worn with Fatigue and overcome by the Unhealthiness of the Air dyed in Calabria about the middle of November in the Flower of his Age and the height of his Prosperity being almost possess'd of the Kingdom and then newly marry'd to Margaret Daughther to Amedee Duke of Savoy The Queen of Naples also departed this Life in that City at the beginning of the Year 1435. Her Body was bury'd with little Ceremony in the Church Annunciada The Death of the Queen and Duke advanc'd the Interest of Aragon and weaken'd that of the French Yet the People of Naples without any Order or consulting the Nobility proclaim'd Renee Brother to the late Duke their King as the Queen had order'd in her Will But there was little help to be expected from him being then a Prisoner He had marry'd the Daughter of the Duke of Lorrain and he dying without Issue-male possess'd himself of that Dukedom Antony Earl of Vaudemont Brother to the deceas'd overthrew took him Prisoner and deliver'd him up to the Duke of Burgundy Orin Carracciolo George Alemani and Baltasar Rata the most noted Men of the French Faction were appointed Governours at Naples In Spain D. Roderick de Velasco Bishop of Palencia was unfortunately kill'd by his own Cook who being distracted and going about with a Club in his Hand was ask'd what he design'd to do with it he answer'd kill the Bishop but being a Forreigner and not well understood because he spoke not plain was laugh'd at yet presently after he came upon the Bishop and beat out his Brains CHAP. VI. Mighty Inundations throughout Spain A great Victory over the Moors The further Actions of the Aragonians at Naples The Kings of Aragon and Navarre taken by the Genoeses and set at Liberty by the Duke of Milan THIS prov'd a dangerous Winter in Castile by reason of the great Rains The Roads were so deep there was scarce any Travelling Many Buildings were carry'd
Earl of Benavente nay the Prince of Castile and Queen had a hand in this Practice F. Lope Barrientos Bishop of Avila mov'd by the Wrong done the King and desiring to restore D. Alvaro discour'd John de Pacheco seriously upon the Point and they resolv'd to try whether some of the Nobles had Courage enough to oppose the Princes of Aragon To the end their Designs might be the better conceal'd they advis'd the Prince who was of Council with them to go from Tordesillas to Segovia upon pretence of Hunting Thence they sent Letters to D. Alvaro giving him an Account of what they had done At the same time the Earls of Haro and Ledesma meeting at Curiel had consulted about setting the King at Liberty which oblig'd the Prince to return to Tordesillas to see what could be done But the Princes of Aragon prevented their Designs and forc'd them to fly whence ensu'd new Troubles The King of Navarre was marry'd at Lobaton on the 1st of September 1444 and Prince Henry at Cordova where he was fixing the Interest of his Party James Valera was sent Embassador into France to obtain Liberty for the Earl of Armagnac secur'd by the Dauphin and for Martin Son to D. Alonso Earl of Gijon He was accus'd of holding Correspondence with the English and set at Liberty upon Condition that if ever he was found faulty he should forfeit the Towns of Ribadeo and Cangas in Asturias Besides the King of Castile oblig'd himself in such Case to make War with the Forces of Biscay that bordered on his Dominions At the same time some dealt with Henry Prince of Castile about destroying of D. Alvaro and others about restoring him Bishop Barrientos and John Pacheco thought fit to dispatch before they were discover'd and to that purpose held the King of Navarre in hand as if they design'd to joyn with him Mean while Prince Henry return'd to Segovia and thence sollicited the Earls of Haro Plasencia and Castaneda to unite their Forces with his Besides them the Earl of Alva the Archbishop of Toledo and Lord of Hita took party with them This done thinking themselves strong enough for the Princes of Aragon by the Prince's Order they all went to Avila They had 1500 Horse and D. Alvaro de Luna came to them Their greatest want was of Mony Thence they went to Burgos where the other Nobles their Associates were The Aragonians sent the King to the Town of Portillo with the Earl of Castro to guard him and the King of Navarre gather'd 2000 Horse With this Force he march'd towards the Confederate Nobles who daily grew stronger and near Pampliega in the Territory of Burgos the two Parties drew up Some Religious Persons endeavour'd to compose Differences but a light Skirmish that happen'd drew them to a Battle which was parted by the Night The King of Navarre finding himself too weak retir'd in the dark to Palencia a strong City Another Misfortune was added to this which was that the King of Castile under colour of Hunting made his escape to his Son His Liberty chang'd the Face of Affairs The King of Navarre went to his Kingdom to raise Forces and carry on what he had begun all the other great Men of his Faction went each to his own Lands Thus the Towns belonging to the Princes of Aragon fell into the Hands of the King particularly Medina del Campo Arevalo Olmedo Roa and Aranda Prince Henry of Aragon return'd to his Town of Ocana in Andaluzia Henry Prince of Castile and D. Alvaro march'd after him but he fled to the Kingdom of Murcia there Alonso Faxardo Lieutenant of that Kingdom receiv'd him into the strong City of Lorca he being a favourer of that Party This was about the end of the Year On the 5th of July the same Year dy'd Ferdinand Uncle to the King of Portugal at Fez where he was bury'd Two years after his Body was translated to Aljubarrota his Father's Burial place The Portugueses account him a Saint and say he never had to do with Women nor ever told a Lye Castile seemed to be in a better Condition since the Princes of Aragon were expelled but still a War was fear'd The Cortes met at Medina del Campo and order'd some Mony for the War but not enough Thither came the Prince of Castile and D. Alvaro de Luna after they had taken from Prince Henry several Towns belonging to him as Master of the Order of Santiago Warlike Preparations were made The King of Navarre made an Incursion into the Kingdom of Toledo with 400 Horse and 600 Foot by the way of Atiença in which he had a Garrison This Number tho small was formidable because some of the People were for him and others stood Neuters so he easily made himself Master of Torija Alcala de Henares and other places The King of Castile gathering what Force he had march'd to Espinar to wait there till other Troops joyn'd him Soon after this on the 18th of February 1445 dy'd Queen Ellenor of Portugal at Toledo and a few days after Mary Queen of Castile follow'd her ending her days at Villacastin near Segovia It was suspected they were poison'd because both dy'd so near the same time and suddenly also because Queen Mary's Body was full of Spots This Report was the easier credited because they lived a loose Life From Espinar the King went to Madrid and soon after to Alcala being invited thither by the Inhabitants The King of Navarre lay with his Forces thereabouts and being joyn'd by his Brother Henry was now 1500 Horse strong With this Body he kept himself in the Mountains of Old Alcala resolving not to fight without the Advantage of Ground he being too weak in Numbers Thence he sent Ferrer de Lanuza Justice of Aragon to his Brother the King of Aragon to desire him since the War of Naples was ended to come into Spain either to attend the War or compose the Differences The King of Castile also sent to complain to him of his Brothers There was no Action at Alcala and the Princes of Aragon by the way of Tablada hasted away to Arevalo The King of Castile follow'd close at their Heels so that both came the same day to Arevalo The King of Navarre took Olmedo by force and put to Death the loyal Party that had shut the Gates upon him About half a League from Olmedo near the Mills call'd de los Abades the King of Castile intrench'd with 2000 Horse and the like Number of Foot There his Son Henry D. Alvaro John Pacheco In̄igo Lopez de Mendoça the Earl of Alva and Bishop Barrientos joyn'd him On the other side the Admiral the Earl of Benavente the Brothers Peter Ferdinand and James Quin̄ones the Earl of Castro and John de Tovar brought a 1000 Horse to the Aragonians By the Contrivance of Bishop Barrientos a treaty was set on Foot to amuse the Rebels till the Master of Alcantara joyn'd the King He being
the Nobility of Castile should have a Conference and chiefly that the Prince of Castile should joyn with the Malecontents This they durst attempt because Prince Hemy had then possessed himself of Toledo in opposition to his Father Those who had raised the Tumult were for submitting to the King they were apprehended in the Cathedral where they took Sanctuary The two mutinous Canons were sent to the close Prison at Santor caz their Lives being spared in regard they were Churchmen Mark Garcia and Ferdinand de Avila were dragged about the Streets and after much ill usage as they deserved put to Death Mean while the Moors there being no body to oppose them ravaged all the Frontiers of Andaluzia on that side next to them They took much Booty and came up to the very Walls of Jaen and Sevil. So great was the Confidence of the Moorish King that he assured him of Navarre that he would not doubt of taking Cordova provided he would make a Diversion on the side of Aragon The King of Navarre returned thanks for that offer but the putting it in Execution was delay'd for some time On the 26th of July many Nobles of Castile met at Corun̄a near Soria Some will have it that Henry Prince of Castile was in this Assembly They complained of D. Alvaro de Luna who was the cause that many Noblemen lived in Banishment and others in Prison and therefore encouraged one another to stand together It was resolved that every one should gather the greatest Force he could till the middle of August and joyn Prince Henry Yet tho they met at the time appointed near Pen̄afiel in Old Castile many Noblemen slunk away without regard to their Ingagements Every one suspected the other but above all they were jealous of Prince Henry because he was very uncertain in his Humour and no less of the King of Navarre who had much Business to mind of his own at home and in France This King had a Castle in Guienne called Maulisson delivered to him by the English and had given Charge of it to his Constable This Castle the Earl of Faux besieged with 12000 Foot and 3000 Horse entrenching his Army and battering the Walls The King of Navarre repaired thither with what Forces he could gather in haste and encamping near the Enemy they had an Interview in which nothing was concluded the Earl affirming he could not depart without taking the Castle having promised it to the King of France Hereupon the King of Navarre returning to Spain the besieged were obliged to surrender only upon Liberty for the Garrison to march whither they pleased The delay of the King of Navarre and slowness of the Nobility gave time to reconcile Prince Henry to his Father The Agreement being well advanced both dismissed their Forces the King stayed in Old Castile and the Prince returned to Toledo where he was received with all manner of Expressions of Joy There at length Peter Sarmiento designing to deliver up the City to the King and putting no end to his Robberies and Extortions was deprived of the Government of the City and Castle at the beginning of the Year 1450. He complained and put the Prince in mind of his Promise nevertheless he was forced to depart the City carrying with him 200 Horses and Mules loaden with Riches he had plundered The People was not permitted to take any thing from him he having the Prince's Pass Yet he was robbed of part by the way and the rest when he came to Gumiel was seized by the King's Order Sarmiento himself fled to Navarre and having obtained Pardon of his Crimes lived Miserably the rest of his Days at Bastida a Town in the Territory of Rioja that place alone being left him of all his Possessions His Confederates were more severely punished They were taken in several Places and put to Death with exquisite Torments The Punishment seemed cruel but it was designed to terrify others from committing the like Violence and Extravagances for the future and to warn those that were in Power not to make use of it to the Destruction of those committed to their Charge CHAP. V. The mutiny of Segovia The Affairs of the Crown of Aragon The Civil War in Navarre The Factions of the Agramonteses and Biamonteses there The Emperor Frederick marries Ellenor Sister to the King of Portugal The Moors twice defeated by the Christians SCarce was the Mutiny at Toledo quelled when another broke out at Segovia whither the Prince was gone Peter Portocarrero who began to be great with the Prince accused John Pacheco Marques of Villena of a Crime for which he ought to be apprehended The Bishop of Cuenca John de Silva the King's Standard-bearer and the Marshal Pelayo de Ribera attested the same thing They all advised the Prince to make him an Example and it was resolved to secure him It was not easy to do it by reason of his great Power and also that he having notice of the Prince's Displeasure made himself strong in a quarter of the City Lest much Blood should be shed in forcing him he was permitted to go away to Turuegano a Town of his own There to gain Peter Portocarrero he gave him to Wife Beatrix his Bastard Daughter and with her the Town of Medellin in Estremadura near Guadiana Thus his Enemies were weakened and the Prince began to be appeased The War with the Aragonians continu'd but not very hot Bordalva a Castle on the Frontiers of Aragon was taken and lost again The King of Aragon was worse looked upon as being the chief contriver of all the Troubles and an Opportunity was now offered of being revenged on him Many advised the Prince of Viana to take upon him the Crown and Government since his Father had no Right to it and this was the beginning of great Disorders The King of Navarre was at Zar agoca where the Coxtes of Aragon met in Summer They limited the Power of the Deputy Justices of Aragon and decreed that all Goods upon which there depended any Law-suit should be deposited in the Hands of an Officer appointed for that purpose that the Judges having such Goods in their Power might not delay deciding of Causes The King of Aragon sent Embassadors to exhort the Princes of Spain to Peace resolving if there were War to stand by his Brother and Subjects In all other respects he seemed to have forgot Spain taken up with the Pleasures of Italy having gained much Reputation and enjoying Peace the Fruit of his great Labours The Grecian Emperor oppressed by the Turks sent Embassadors to him to desire his assistance against them The same did Demetrius Paleologus Prince of Attica and Peloponnesus or Morea Brother to the Emperor Constantine offering him great Territories when the War was ended Aranitus Earl of Epirus or Albania did the like But above all we must not omit the Embassy sent by George Castriot commonly called Scanderbeg the Turks having given him
the City Toledo and turn out the Mareschal Ferdinand de Ribadeneira who stood firm to King Henry The Citizens repulsed him and the King having notice of that Attempt came himself and quieted the City All things being reduced to good order such as had a hand in that Uproar were pardoned which made those Disaffected Persons the more bold After this D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago withdrew to Pen̄afiel where his Wife was being desirous at last to live at ease and fearing he must be odious to many Men having long continued great at Court which he thought his Absence would remedy In his Place he sent his Son James to whom as has been said he had before resigned the Marquisate of Villena The King received the Marquess with as great Demonstrations of Affection as if his Father had done him some signal Services He had a good Presence was in the Prime of his Youth and his Garb suitable to the Greatness of his Fortune From Toledo the King returned to Segovia where his Affection to him daily encreased to that degree that he went daily to visit the Marquess who was lodged in the Monastery of Friars of S. Hierom called El Parral A Proposal was made of reconciling Andrew de Cabrera and the Family of Pacheco and that he should deliver up to the King the Castle of Segovia and all the Treasures in it In lieu of it they offered him the Town of Moya near the Borders of Valencia and not far from Cuenca where the said Cabrera was born He was willing to harken to these Proposals but the Townsmen understanding it mutinied and brought in an Aragonian Garrison John Fernandez de Heredia brought those Forces from Valencia and took Possession of the Town in the Name of the Princess Elizabeth which much troubled King Henry The Lady Elizabeth went from Tordelaguna in the Kingdom of Toledo to Aranda de Duero being invited thither by the People in Hatred to Queen Joanna whose that Town was her Lewdness being very Offensive to the whole Kingdom and most particularly to the King as who was chiefly concerned But some Men tho' Wickedness displease them have not Resolution enough to punish it and such was this Prince as long as he lived The Queen and her Daughter Joanna were at this time kept in the Castle of Madrid by the Marquess de Villena Agreda followed the Example of Aranda near to which it is seated and submitted to the Princess Elizabeth which was not only grievous to the King but more to the Earl of Medina Celi to whom he had given that Town At this time D. Alonso Carrillo Archbishop of Toledo who accompanied the Princess to Aranda assembled in that Town a Synod of the Bishops of his Province Besides the Bishops many other Ecclesiastical and Secular Persons of Note repaired thither It was given out they were assembled for Reformation of Manners but it is rather to be suspected the Design was to strengthen the Aragonian Faction and gain the Affections of those that came thither On the 5th of December they published Four Decrees and no more which were these That Bishops in Publick always wear a Surplice That every Priest be obliged at least three or four times a Year to say Mass That Church-men shall not take Service or receive Wages from any Man whatsoever except the King That no manner of Benefice be given to any who does not at least well understand Grammar Scarce was the Synod broke up when King Ferdinand came to Almaçan and Berlanga where the Earl of Medina Celi and Peter de Mendoça Lord of Almaçan entertained him splendidly Thence he went on to Aranda to give Life to his Party by his Presence This Year died in Castile D. Frederick the Admiral and D. Gomez de Caçeres y Solis Master of Alcantara to whom succeeded D. John de Zun̄iga as has been said before In France Nicholas Son to John Duke of Lorrain departed this Life His Grandfather Renee was still alive whose Grandson by a Daughter called also Renee inherited the Dukedom of Lorrain This Duke was famous for a Victory he obtained over the Flemmings near to Nanci a City in his Dominions In this Fight Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy was defeated and slain John Earl of Armagnac after his flight into Spain was never looked upon by his King Being therefore disgusted he made War in Guienne with Forces of the Duke of Burgundy and there took Peter de Bourbon Governor of that Province Prisoner he being betrayed by his own Men. This Presumption much more offended the King especially for that he would not release him till his Town of Lectour which had been taken from him was restored The Cardinal Albigensis with some Forces he gathered took Lectour and destroyed it and put the Earl to Death notwithstanding he surrendred upon Conditions Tho' the Action in it self were not justifiable being a Breach of Faith yet most Men said He had well deserved that Fate for his many horrid Crimes and particularly for Counterfeiting the Pope's Bull to dispense with him to marry his own Sister which he did and lay with her The End of the 23d Book The History of SPAIN BOOK XXIV CHAP. I. The Princess Elizabeth pretends to be Reconciled to her Brother and openly aspires to the Crown upon his Indisposition D. John Pacheco Master of Santiago dies Differences betwixt the French and Aragonians King Ferdinand goes to Barcelona Jews Massacred in Sicily Ferdinand and Elizabeth proclaimed King and Queen of Castile The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Princess Joanna his Niece THere was no end of the Discontents of the Nobility of Castile The Aragonian Faction increased daily in strength The Master of Santiago ceased not to heap up Riches and only dreaded the Aragonians should prevail which would endanger his Estate great part whereof had belonged to the Princes of that House This made him endeavour to obstruct the Mariage of Prince Ferdinand with the Princess Elizabeth and that of D. Henry of Aragon with the Princess Joanna His great Aim was to possess himself of the Castle of Segovia as well as that of Madrid looking upon them as his greatest security Only Andrew de Cabrera who had great Interest with the King and was a Man of much forecast opposed him This caused Animosities betwixt them and each strove to undermine the other The Master was more Powerful but Cabrera more Fortunate and Politick He used all his Endeavours to Reconcile King Henry to his Sister the Princess Elizabeth which the absence of the Master of Santiago much forwarded and finding the King one day alone he pressed him hard upon that Point representing to him the danger of opposing the Inclinations of the People and how much to the King's advantage it was to have them well affected towards him The King being naturally irresolute and inconstant was easily moved At several other times Cabrera urged the same thing to the King till
at Paris where were found two Letters one for the King of France giving him an account of his design In the other he advised his Son immediately to cause himself to be Crowned King His Son having read this Letter was Crowned on the 11th of November only Five days before the arrival of his Father at Cascaes For the King of France had immediately sent some Persons after him who forced him to come back He advis'd him to return to his Country which he accordingly did The King came to Portugal very sad and lean His Son went out with joy to receive him and restored him his Crown and Dignity This was the event of the King of Portugals Voyage and Attempts which at first were hot but in the Conclusion fell to the Ground The following Year 1478 was unfortunate and remarkable because on the 23th of January was Born in Flanders of the Lady Mary Heiress to Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy and Maximilian Duke of Austria Philip who was afterwards happy in the great Dominions he acquired and the Successor he left tho his prosperity was not lasting Death snatching him away in the prime of his youth In the Month of April in the City of Florence certain Citizens conspiring against the Brothers of the House of Medicis who they suspected design'd to Usurp the Sovereignty of that City till then Free Murder'd Julian in the Church of St. Librada the other called Lawrence de Medicis saved himself in the Sacristy of the said Church Hereupon the other Citizens ran to Arms and apprehended Salviato Archbishop of Pisa one of the Conspirators in the Pallace of the Seigneury whither he went to exhort the People to defend their Liberty Without farther Process he hanged him out of the Window The Cardinal of St. George who was said to favour the Conspirators was in great danger Florence was Excommunicated for the Murder of the Archbishop but the King of France interposing the City was absolv'd rather through fear than for any good-will The Pope and King of Naples had also made War upon the Florentines but now also a Peace was Concluded and they were left at Liberty as they were before CHAP. VII Sardinia entirely reduced The Birth of John Prince of Castile The Inquisition first settled in Spain Peace Concluded betwixt France and Castile the death of King John of Aragon IN Sardinia the War continu'd hot and both parties looked for supplies from abroad The Genoeses who ought to have assisted the Marquess de Oristan as their ancient Allie forbore because they had lately concluded a Truce at Naples with the House of Aragon Fresh succours came daily to the Royallists from Aragon and Sicily and at last the Earl of Cardona Viceroy of Sicily went over in Person After several skirmishes the two Armies met near a Castle called Machomera There the Battle was given in which the Marquess was killed and his Army routed Artal his Son endeavouring to make his escape in a Boat was taken by Two Aragonian Gallies and carried Prisoner into Spain by Villamarin the Admiral He was Confined to the Castle of Xativa and all his Estate which was considerable as well in Sardinta as the Continent Confiscate Particularly the Marquisates of Oristan and Gociano were for ever annexed to the Crown and added to the other regal Titles This Battle was fought on the 19th of May. Thus that Island which had been so long contended for was at last wholly subdued by the Aragonians King Ferdinand of Castile tho the Affairs of Andaluzia were not altogether settled and his Queen was with Child returned to the Kingdom of Aragon for two reasons The first to reduce the Archbishop of Toledo and perswade him not to call in the King of Portugal again The other to revive the Association of the Towns against Robbers and Outlaws which decayed much by reason of the great charge of keeping Soldidiers in Pay To this effect the Cortes were held at Madrid where the Association was continued for Three Years longer Nothing could be concluded with the Archbishop tho endeavours were used to satisfie him there had been no design of killing him After the Cortes broke up King Ferdinand returned to Sevil the Queen earnestly desiring it because she was near her time Thither came Ambassadors from the King of Granada to desire the Truce might be renewed which was refused unless besides doing Homage he would pay the Tribute used formerly The King sent Ambassadors to Granada to treat of it and the Moore answered That the Kings who used to pay that Tribute were dead many Years before and that at present in the Mint of Granada no Gold or Silver was Coined but instead of it they made Spears Darts and Cimiters King Ferdinand tho' offended at this Answer necessity obliging him to it renewed the Truce On the 28th of June the Queen fell in labour and was delivered of a Son called Prince John who was unfortunately cut off in the Flower of his Age as we shall relate in its Place The King of Aragon tho tired with Age demanded this Child should be sent to him to be bred up after the manner of Aragon At this time the King of Aragon contended for the Archbishoprick of Zaragoça His aim was to confer it upon D. Alonso Bastard Son to King Ferdinand The Pope was willing to dispence with his Illegitimacy but not with his Age for he was but Six Years old and therefore desired to bestow that See upon the Cardinal Ausias Despuch believing the King would allow it by reason of the great services done by his Brother the Master of the Order of Montesa It proved otherwise for the King in a passion seized the Cardinals Estate and affronted his kindred The King of Naples interposing who was great with the Pope the King of Aragon obtained his desire and that Dignity was given to D. Alonso as perpetual Administrator This was the foundation of a Custom prejudicial to the Church ever since in use and meerly extorted from the Pope at that time It was then the Custom in Spain that all Bishops had their nomination from the King whence ensued another dispute about the See of Taraçoza for the Cardinal Andrew Ferrer dying the Pope bestowed it upon Andrew Martinez King Ferdinand opposed it designing that Church for the Cardinal of Spain who at last carried it Such another debate hapned about the See of Cuenca in which the King also prevailed A Bull was also granted by which the whole power of nominating their Bishops was granted to the Kings of Castile for ever Four years before another Bull had been obtained which excluded for the future all Strangers from reversions of Bishopricks James Saldan̄a Ambassador from King Henry at Rome procured it He went to Portugal with the Princess Joanna and from him is descended a noble Family there of his Name F. Alonso de Burgos Bishop of Palencia Built at Valladolid the famous Monastery of St. Paul of his
20 Days Of Disposition he was Robust and of Spirit Lively The latter part of his Life was stained with a leud Appetite tho he was past acting for he fixed his Affection upon a handsome young Woman called Frances Rose whom he design'd to have formerly Married to that D. Jayme de Aragon who was Executed at Barcelona In his Will made 10 Years before his Death he ordained several godly Works to be performed Particularly the Erecting Two Monasteries of the Order of St. Hierome which are famous at this time One of them is St. Engracia at Zaragoça the other St. Mary de Belpuch in Catalonia his Son exactly performing all that he had ordained He also ordered that the Grandsons of his Son Ferdinand tho' by a Daughter should Inherit the Crown of Aragon and take place of their Mothers CHAP. VIII Elenor Queen of Navarre The troubles of that Kingdom and her Death The Countess of Medellin raises Tumults in Castile Portugueses overthrown by the Castilians Heretical Opinions Started and Condemned in Spain King Ferdinand goes into Aragon BY the Death of the King of Aragon his Dominions were divided Aragon fell to King Ferdinand and Navarre to the Princess Elenor in the Right of her Mother She had been 7 Years a Widow and consequently exposed to great Misfortunes That Kingdom was still divided betwixt the old Factions The Biamonteses Enemies to the new Queen were most prevalent These troubles seemed to be a Judgment for the Murders committed upon Charles Prince of Viana the Princess Blanch his Sister and the Bishop of Pamplona Queen Ellenor Reigned not a whole Month. She was more Fortunate in her Issue than in her Life for she had 4 Sons Gaston John Peter and James and 5 Daughters Mary Joanna Marguerite Catherine and Ellenor we shall briefly speak of them all great Families being descended from them Gaston died as was said before and left two Children Francis Phebus and Catherine who both Reigned in Navarre successively John was Lord of Narbonne which he bought of his Father and had Issue Gaston and Germana Gaston was killed at the Battle of Ravenna where he was General for Luis the 12th of France Germana Married King Firdinand after the death of his first Wife Peter applied himself to learning and piety and Pope Sixtus made him a Cardinal James followed the War and was never Married Mary the Eldest Daughter was Married to William Marquess of Monferrat Joanna to John Earl of Armagnac Margaret to Francis Duke of Britany and had Issue Ann and Elizabeth Ann the Heiress being Married first to Charles the 8th and after his death to Luis the 12th of France joined that Dukedom and Kingdom Catherine 4th Daughter to Queen Ellenor Married Gaston de Faux Earl of Candale and brought forth 2 Sons and a Daughter called Anne Married to Ladislaus King of Hungary Ellenor the Youngest Daughter died a Maid Queen Ellenor died on the 12th of February at Tudela where she began her Reign In her Will she Ordained out of her own Money a Monastery of Franciscans should be Built at Tafalla and that her Body should be Buried there and the Bones of her Mother Queen Blanch be also Translated thither from the Monastery of Nuestra SenÌ„ora de Nieva in Old Castile where they were deposited The Revenue was so exhausted that she was forced to Sell her Jewels to Live Francis Phebus so called for his extraordinary Beauty being but 11 Years of Age succeeded her His Mother the Lady Magdalen and his Uncle Peter the Cardinal had the Administration of the Government till he came to Years and discharged their Trust Prudently in those difficult Times The late Queen during her Troubles had no help from her Brother the King of Castile therefore she made no mention of him in her Will but directed the Governors to Adhere to France as they did which was the Cause they soon lost that Kingdom Thus much of Navarre In Castile some new Oppinions in matters of Religion were broached One Peter Oxomensis a Professor of Divinity at Salamanca was the Author By Order of Pope Sixtus the Archbishop of Toledo assembled several Persons of great Learning at Alcala where he Refided who all Condemned those new Opinions and the Author was Excommunicated unless he recanted Sentence was given on the 24th of May and soon after Pope Sixtus confirmed it by his Bull. John Prexanus a famous Divine in that Age. afterwards Bishop of Cuidad Rodrigo wrote a Book against the said Peter The Marquisate of Villena was now the Seat of War for the Marquess because Covenants were not performed with him had recourse to Arms and relieved the Town of Chinchilla besieged by the King's Forces Peter Ruiz de Alarcon who Commanded a Party of the King 's was defeated near Alberca by Peter de Baeça and D. George Manrique who in another Skirmish with Peter de Baeça was Wounded of which hurt he afterwards died A great pitty that so ripe a Wit should be so soon cut off Hereupon the Marquess was liable as having been in Arms against the King's Forces He excused himself laying the blame upon the Insolency of those Officers who forced him to do so and pleaded he had no dealings either with the King of Portugal or Archbishop of Toledo These excuses whether True or Counterfeit prevented any farther proceedings against him In this War there happned an extraordinary accident worth Relating The King's Party had hanged 6 of the Prisoners they took In revenge John Berrio an Officer of the Marquess ordered as many of those he had taken to be put to death in the same manner The Prisoners cast Lots and among the rest it fell to the share of one of 2 Brothers that were Prisoners who had a Wife and Children to die The other Brother who was a Batchellor begged to be put to death in his place and so it was done after they had both long and with many Tears contended about it King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth received the News of King John's Death and their own Accession to the Crown of Aragon in Estremadura where they were quelling the Tumults raised by the Countess of Medellin and D. Alonso de Mâ—nrey The Countess had a Spirit above a Woman for she kept her own Son D. John Portocarrero some years a Prisoner and at last turned him out of Doors which was the cause she was in Arms fearing lest she should be obliged to restore the Earldom to her Son who laid Claim to it as his Father's Inheritance She also designed to keep the City Merida in which she had a Garison D. Alonso was digusted that the Mastership of Alcantara was taken from him and given to D. John de ZunÌ„iga upon which Pretence he seized several Towns belonging to that Military Order The King provided for the War with Portugal which it was feared would prove more bloody than before yet both Parties being exhausted a Treaty was proposed This was the more Welcome to
pacifie them These Two assembling the People at Santiago and putting to death the Mareschal Peter Pardo and some other Gentlemen brought the Country under subjection King Ferdinand was then gone to Catalonia upon this account Mahomer the Great Turk having in vain besieged Rhodes the space of three Months was forced to quit that Enterprize Part of his Fleet sailed to Vallona in Albania opposite to Apulia a Province of the Kingdom of Naples Thence Achmet Bassa who Commanded passed over into Italy and took the City Otranto on the 13th of August where he made a great Slaughter sparing neither Sex nor Age. From this Place the Turks made Incursions into the Country destroying all they came at to the great Terror of all Italy This moved the Christian Princes to think of joining their Forces to stifle that Flame Particularly King Ferdinand sent Gonzalo Beteta Ambassador to Pope Sixtus who was then much displeased with the King as appeared upon several occasions and now more especially for he constituted the Archbishop of Toledo his Legate in Spain without acquainting the King with his Design The publick Danger made private Animosities be forgot The King also sent D. John Melguerite Bishop of Girona in the Month of February 1481. to make a League with all the Princes of Italy At the same time the King gathered a Fleet of 35 Sail of all sorts at Barcelona The King of Portugal fitted 20 Ships for this purpose but these Succours went on slowly Therefore D. Alonso Duke of Calabria with what Forces he could gather in Italy at last laid Siege to Otranto It fell out happily that Mahomet the Great Turk died at Nicomedia in Bithynia on the 3d of May. News hereof being brought to the Turks in Otranto they surrendered that City the 5th Month after it had been besieged upon condition to depart freely The Duke of Calabria retained in his Service about 1500 Turks designing to make use of them against the Florentines It was the vulgar Opinion they well deserved it because they had called in the Turks yet many believed this was a Policy of the Duke to cast the Scandal of retaining those People upon his Enemy The Succours of Aragon and Portugal were of no use for they arrived in Italy after Otranto was surrendred Besides the distance weighty Affairs kept those Kings employed and diverted them from sending those Succours sooner King Ferdinand held the Cortes of Aragon at Calatayud whither Queen Elizabeth by her Husband's Order brought Prince John D. Alonso Enriquez the Admiral and Peter Fernandez de Velasco the Constable were appointed Commissioners to Govern Castile The King's aim was to have his Son sworn Heir to that Kingdom as had been before done in Castile and was also performed there on the 29th of May. Soon after the same was done at Barcelona for the Principality of Catalonia Besides these Cares another was added from Navarre Peter the Cardinal and James his Brother Unkles to the young King came to Zaragoça There being admitted to Audience in a long Harangue they laid before King Ferdinand the Misfortunes Navarre laboured under the Rebels being possessed of the most considerable Towns and Cities The Biamonteses had Pamplona the others Estela Sanguessa and Olite They represented That their King had nothing left him but the Title That the Earl of Lerin ceased not to commit all manner of Crimes Therefore they begged King Ferdinand to pity that young King and deliver him from the Slavery of his Subjects King Ferdinand having heard the two Brothers promised he would stand by King Francis and to shew his readiness sent certain Persons with the Two Princes who from him should advise the Rebels to submit to their King The Cortes of that Kingdom met at Tafalla there King Ferdinand's Ambassadors gave an account of what they had in Commission The Navarrois answered That if the King had not been received as he ought in the Kingdom it was not the fault of them all but of some few who disturbed the Peace of the Country yet if he would come to them no Town would be wanting in expressing its Loyalty This Answer was satisfactory and therefore it was proposed to King Ferdinand that King Francis should go to Pamplona It was thought sit he should go with a good Guard lest in that time of Confusion any Affront should be offered him At this time the King of Portugal died at Sintra in the very Chamber where he was born and on the 28th of August His Body was carried to Aljubarrota His Son John II. for his high Spirit and great Exploits Sirnamed the Great succeeded him This Prince as well as his Father was always an utter Enemy to Castile The Father carried it more openly but the Son subtilly and underhand and therefore more furiously vented his Passion upon some Noblemen of his Kingdom whom he suspected of favouring Castile as we shall soon see For Piety Goodness Severity towards Crimina Sharpness of Wit and a Tenacious Memory he equalled all the Kings his Contemporaries and excelled many He used to say That a Kingdom either found Princes wise or made them so by their continual conversing with Men of great Parts who constantly are about the Courts of Kings and use all Arts in Speech and Behaviour to obtain their Desires and discover their Ability CHAP. X. Francis King of Navarre comes out of France is Crown'd and soon after Dies A Conspiracy against the King of Portugal discover'd and the Conspirators punish'd Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Ratified Luis the Eleventh King of France dies THree Princes died successively one year after another About the end of this year departed this Life Charles Duke of Anjou He appointed the King of France his Heir by which means Anjou and Provence were annexed to the Crown of France besides other Pretentions which served only to intail a War upon that Kingdom On the first of July in the following year 1482 died D. Alonso Carillo y Acun̄a Archbishop of Toledo a Man even when of great Age lively and active He retired in his latter days rather through necessity than of his own inclination He was buried in the Monastery of S. Francis built by himself at Alcalà de Henares he also made the Church of S. Stephen till then a Parish Collegiate He was addicted to Chimistry and died Poor yet is said to have left some Money to repair the School at Alcala On the left hand of the Archbishop's Tomb was buried his Son Troylus which the Cardinal D. Francisco Ximenez caused to be removed looking upon it as a Monument of that Prelate's incontinency From this Troylus are descended the Marquesses of Falces in Navarre their Sirname is Peralta The Cardinal of Spain succeeded D. Alonso Carrille in the Archbishoprick of Toledo He was Son to Yn̄igo Lopez de Mendoça Marquess of Santillana and Brother to James Hurtado de Mendoça first Duke del Infantado This Prelate was a Person of
that he had killed 90 Christians by the way who lay very secure upon Sierra Nevada The Citizens with great Acclamations proclaimed him King Albohazen at the beginning of this Mutiny went away to Almun̄ecar where his Treasure lay There his cruel Brother caused him to be Murdered only to secure himself in the Throne he had usurped King Ferdinand tho many were of Opinion the Soldiers who were harassed with the late Expeditions ought to rest commanded the Army to Rendezvous at Alcala Real because that Town was upon the Frontiers and went himself thither from Cordcua upon the first of September notwithstanding the Heat was excessive that part of the Country being naturally hotter than the rest of Spain The Earl of Cabra desiring to signalize himself begged he might first enter the Moorish Territories as he did with 700 Horse and 3000 Foot He was ordered to take with him Martin Alonso de Montemayor and to sit down before Moclin a strong Town near Granada the King promising to back them with the whole Army The Earl marched day and night to surprize the new King Albohardil who he understood was quartered near that place with 1500 Horse and a greater number of Foot This Design being discovered to the Moore he removed to a Hill and at break of day fell upon the Christians in certain Defiles with such fury that the best Soldiers were killed and most of the Foot The Earl lost his Brother Gonçalo and he with a few Horse fled towards the way where he expected to meet Garzi Lopez de Padilla Master of Calatrava who followed those that had advanced before This Loss so troubled King Ferdinand that he retired for some time On the Frontier near Jaen are two Towns and Castles called Cambil and Albahar The River Frio runs betwixt them and tho small is difficult to be waded because of its high Banks Both these Places were besieged Albahar is beyond the River and near it is a Hill that commands it on which the King tho with much labour caused the Cannon to be planted This so terrified the Moores that they surrendred both Towns and Castles on the 23d of September being the very day on which they were lost 120 years before After this the King put the Army into Winter Quarters and went himself with the Queen to Alcala de Henares During this Expedition died D. Alonso de Aragon Duke de Villahermosa the King's Brother a brave Commander His Body was deposited at Baeça and thence translated to Poplete the burial-place of his Ancestors Of him are descended the Dukes of Villahermosa and Earls of Ribagorça In Toledo the Inquisition severely punished those who renouncing the Christian Faith became Jews A great number of those People who were reconciled and implored Mercy was pardoned They are now called De la Gracia that is the People of Grace The Nobility of Naples had now raised a Bloody War against their King Ferdinand upon the usual Pretences Pope Innocent favoured them but it was rather in Words than Effect for he was ancient and otherwise employed The chief of the Conspirators were the Princes of Salerno Basigniano and Altamura as also the Marquess del Gasto It was reported that Frederick the King's Son under-hand supported the Rebels but this could never be proved The Wicked Life of Alonso Duke of Calabria the King 's Eldest Son was one great Motive of this Revolt The King resolved to reduce the Rebels rather by Policy than Force and therefore gave his General Pardon to all the Mutiniers King Ferdinand of Spain also sent the Earl of Tendilla his Ambassador to ingage to those Noblemen for their safety provided they laid down their Arms. But the King of Naples as soon as the Storm was over made no account of those Promises and at several times as occasion served seized the Heads of the Rebellion and put them all to death King Ferdinand of Castile ceased not to protest against those Proceedings but he of Naples ceased not to proceed in cutting off his Enemies which proved fatal to him at last as we shall see in its place Let us turn back On the 16th of December Queen Elizabeth at Aloala de Henares was delivered of a Daughter called Catherine well known in the World as Wife to two Brothers Sons to the King of England and for her great Sufferings caused by the inordinate Lust and infidelity of her Husband which also drew great Calamities upon the whole English Nation Their Sins and Rebellion drew Judgments upon them Richard III. having murdered his Two Nephews Edward and Richard the rightful Heirs of the Crown usurped the Kingdom He Govern'd like a Tyrant and ended accordingly Henry Earl of Richmond who had been a Prisoner in Britany having obtained his Liberty overthrew the Tyrant in Battle and killed him By that means he secured the Crown to himself This Henry had a Son called Henry like himself who was the Eighth of that Name King of England and famous for his Incontinency for putting away Catherine his Wife and for disowning the Supremacy of the Pope besides many other Crimes which have left an indelible stain upon his Name CHAP. V. The Tumults in Aragon and Catalonia Several Towns taken from the Moores A Sedition in Galicia King Albohardil attacks the Castle call'd Albaizin in Granada and is repulsed Azamor on the Coast of Africk delivered to the Portugueses SOme small Tumults hapned in Aragon but those in Catalonia were more dangerous yet the Prudence of King Ferdinand overcame them all The City Zaragoça is seated in a Plain on the Banks of the River Ebro and is in Beauty Riches and number of Inhabitants almost equal to the best in Spain This Place has often Mutinied in defence of its Priviledges as it hapned at this time John de Burgos the King 's Alguazil gave some ill Language to Peter Cerdan the Chief of the Aldermen and Head of their Counsel Others coming in apprehended the Alguazil Tried Condemned and Hanged him which was a great Affront to the King He was then upon the point of entring upon the Kingdom of Granada with his Army and therefore sent Orders to John Hernandez de Heredia supream Governor of that Kingdom to punish all that had a Hand in that Affair with the utmost rigor and at the same time told the Deputies sent by the City that no harm should be done for he was expert in Dissembling The Head of the Aldermen could not be apprehended because the Chief Justice of Aragon protected him but Martin Pertusa who was the next and had been very active in the Business of the Alguazil was suddenly Executed the King's Letters being carried before him upon a Spear to awe the People who were ready to Rescue him This struck a Terror into the others and so the Sedition was appeased Soon after another Tumult hapned upon account of a more Hainous Crime than the last Peter Arbuc was Inquisitor in that City and punished
the other Forces coming to their Rescue the Moores retired Still our Men pursued close upon their Rear and the Fight was renewed in the Olive Gardens of the City D. John de Aragon Earl of Ribagorça signalized himself in this Ingagement and had his Horse killed under him King Ferdinand the Summer being near spent Garrisoned the Towns he had taken and left D. Frederick Son to the Duke of Alva to Command on the Frontiers by that means ending the Competition betwixt the Nobility of Andaluzia about that Post At this time Galicia was in an uproar because the Earl of Lemos had possessed himself of Ponferrada a very strong Town and turned out the King's Garrison The Earl upon his submission was pardoned only that Town with some others were taken from him and annexed to the Crown The King and Queen having performed their Devotions at Santiago returned to Salamanca at the beginning of the year 1487. Here they resolved to erect a new supream Court in Galicia to curb that Mutinous People Frederick Son to the Duke of Alva was ambitious of signalizing himself A great number of Christian Captives that were kept in the Dungeons of Malaga gave intelligence that if the Christians attempted the Town they would break Prison and let them into the Town Six hundred Horse sent by him to this purpose were disappointed because the Rivers were swelled and impassable In the City Granada the Animosities ran as high as ever betwixt the Two Moorish Kings insomuch that Albohardil having brought Forces from Guadix and Baça attacked the Castle of Albaicin and entred it Boabdil coming on with his Guard soon repulsed his Enemy They fought desperately in the place before the great Mosque and many were killed on both sides King Ferdinand came from Salamanca to Cordova on the 2d of March Thence understanding the danger that King his Confederate was in he sent him Succours under the Command of Ferdinand Alvarez de Gadea Commander of Colomera With this Supply he gained much upon his Adversary to the great destruction of the Citizens who like Mad men ran to their Ruin siding with the Two Kings CHAP. VI. King Ferdinand takes Malaga and other Places from the Moores Albohardil King of Granada having been defeated by the Christians is expell'd by his Subjects and Boabdil proclaimed King Mighty Discoveries made by the Portugueses in the East IT was debated at Cordova how to carry on the War Some were for besieging Baça others Guâ—dix The King resolved to attempt Malaga because it lay opportunely for the Moores to receive Succours out of Africk the passage there being but short He set out of Cordova on the 7th of April without communicating his Design to any Body His Army consisted of 12000 Horse and 40000 Foot Being come upon the Moorish Territories he discovered his Design and encouraged his Men to undertake that great and glorious Work assuring them it would be the Ruin of the Infidels Dominion in Spain The King's Will being known all the Soldiers readily promised to undergo any labour or danger shewing their readiness to follow wheresoever he would lead In their March the Army attacked Velez a Town near Malaga The Garrison sallying fell upon the Troops of Galicia which tho couragious enough not being well Disciplined were worsted till other Forces coming up the Enemy were drove within the Walls The Suburbs being taken the Artillery was planted to batter the Town All the Country about rose to succour the Besieged but to no purpose Albohardil understanding the Design of the Christians resolved to relieve that City on which his whole Kingdom depended To this purpose he sent before Reduan Venegas Governor of Granada a brave Soldier with some Foot and 300 Horse promising to follow them very speedily Reduan designed to surprize our Guards and nail the Cannon His Design failed The Moorish King came and incamped on a Ground difficult of access near the Town In his Army were 20000 Horse and a like number of Foot Tho weaker than the Christians he thought the advantage of Ground might secure him it availed him not for the Christians charged him forced his Works and plundered his Baggage Their Consternation was such that all fled and what was worst the poor King being overthrown and forsaken the People of Granada at his return shut the Gates against him This done they all unanimously proclaimed his Competitor Boabdil No hopes of Relief being left Velez was surrendred on the 27th of April upon Condition the Inhabitants might depart whither they pleased carrying their Goods with them Immediately upon the surrender of Velez another Town near it called Bentome opened its Gates and received a Garrison The Government of this Town was given to Peter Navarro who being by Birth a Mean Person and but a Private Sailer became a most famous Captain The People of Malaga despairing that they should be able to hold out long Abenconnixa their Governor with the assistance of John de Robles who had been long a Slave in Malaga came to the Army to Treat of a Surrender Certain Soldiers of Barbary who were in Garrison there having notice of this Design fearing left they should be delivered up to the Enemy and in a rage because they had not been consulted in that Affair possessed themselves of the Castle that commands the City called Alcaçava turned out the Garrison that was in it and killed a Brother of Abenconnixa Then placing Guards on the Walls and shutting the Gates they put any of the Townsmen to death that were suspected of holding Correspondence with the Christians The thoughts of a Surrender failing the King caused heavy Cannon to be brought from Antequera and incamped on the 15th of May before Malaga The City is seated on a Plain but on a rising Ground are two Castles the lowest called Alcaçava the highest Gebalfaro It is small in compass but beautiful and well Peopled It is also a Seaport Town and towards the Land is encompassed with Mountains on which are many Orchards and Country-Houses Between the two Castles runs a Line of Communication The Country is pleasant and fruitful and was then rich by reason of the Trade of Africk and the East In the King's Army was most of the Nobility of Andaluzia and Castile and many Aragonians It was resolved to draw a Trench round the City to terminate at the Sea on both sides and to keep a Force on the Hill on which the lesser Fort stands The Marquess of Cadiz commanded on the Hill The Queen came to the Siege and with her the Cardinal of Spain and Bishop of Avila Many Skirmishes hapned before the Trenches were finished in one of which John de Ortega who had done great Service this War was killed On the 29th of May 3000 Moores sallied and attacked the Marquess of Cadiz his Quarters killing the Out-guards and entring his Works The Marquess nothing daunted having drawn up his Men charged the Enemy Many were killed on both sides and the Marquess
wounded but at last the Infidels were obliged to retire Some in the Town believing themselves lost resolved to kill the King Among these one who was accounted a Holy Man to compass his Design suffered himself to be taken He desired to be carried before the King who at that time as God ordered it was taking his rest therefore the Queen commanded him to be carried before the Marquess of Moya The Moor by the Riches he saw in the Tent guess'd it to be the King 's and drawing a Cimiter which through oversight had not been taken from him made at D. Alvaro de Portugall who was accidentally talking with the Lady Marchioness He bowing his Body escaped the Blow and the Moore was killed by those that came in to rescue D. Alvaro Thus through God's Mercy that danger was diverted The Army was increased by the arrival of the Duke of Medina Sidonia Maximilian Duke of Austria who was afterwards Emperor sent two Ships from Flanders laden with all manner of Warlike Stores under the Command of D. Ladron de Guevara The number of the Besieged also increased for that some got into the City through the Works next the Sea Hunger pinched and yet the Barbary Soldiers would hear of no Capitulation The Citizens were for surrendring One of them called Dordux a Man of great Note went out to Capitulate The King said there were no Conditions to be allowed but they must surrender upon Discretion This was in publick but under-hand he promised Dordux that if he managed that Business well he and all his Kindred should not only be set free but well Rewarded The Moore undertook to do it and accordingly admitted the Christians into the Castle and set up their Colours on the highest Tower This terrified both the Citizens and Barbary Soldiers yet at the same time they hoped the Capitulation made by Dordux would extend to them all For this reason they packed up their Goods to depart but they were deceived for their Goods and Liberty were taken from them The same hapned to the Soldiers who drew out near the Sea to march away All the Africans with their Commander Zegri were made Prisoners Many Christians who had fled to the Moores were put to death The Jews who after being Baptized had relapsed were burnt All the other Jews and Moores who were Natives of the City were allowed to Ransom themselves at an easie rate This Noble City was taken on the 18th of August for which there was General Rejoycing and Thanksgiving throughout all Spain It appeared that in the time of the Goths it had been a Bishoprick and therefore the Pope granted his Bull to restore that Dignity The general Joy for this Success was somewhat abated by the News that Bajazet the Great Turk provided a mighty Fleet to invade Sicily by that means to divert the Spaniards from the Conquest of Granada Whilst the Moores were running to ruin the Portugueses sending out Fleets every year opened themselves a way to the Eastern Countreys A mighty Undertaking first commenced as has been said by Prince Henry who first caused the Coast of Africk along the Ocean to be discovered This Work was continued several years after without intermission But the Profit in those Discoveries not answering the Trouble and Cost they designed to pass onward to the rich Provinces of India to bring home to their Country the Riches of those Parts which Heaven had so largely bestowed upon those People as all sorts of Spice Precious Stones Pearls Gold Silver Ivory and many other Things which the insatiable Pride of Man rather than Necessity has caused to be highly valued Things strange and at that great distance are never truly represented but highly magnified It was reported there were Woods of great tall Trees of Cinnamon Cassiafistula and Cloves great store of Pepper and Ginger Beasts of extraordinary Shapes and Men of strange Customs and Countenances The Wiser sort thought it a great Madness for a Kingdom so small and of so little strength as Portugal to seek out those Nations seated in respect to them in the utmost bounds of the Earth and parted from them by such a vast Ocean But all Difficulties yielded to Avarice and Ambition To this purpose the King of Portugal some years since sent Bartholomew Diaz an able Pilot to the Cape of Good Hope which is the utmost point of Africk to the South and beyond the Equinoctial He passed that Cape and came to a River which he called Del Infante With Bartholomew Diaz went F. Antony of the Order of S. Francis who was an Active and Bold Man He having viewed a great part of Africk and Assia travelling from that place came at last to Hierusalem Lastly he returning by Land and Bartholomew Diaz by Sea gave an Account to the King of what they had discovered This encouraged the Portugueses to proceed in so great an Undertaking For the better carrying on of their Design they chose two Men of Courage and Experience and that were great Masters of the Arabick Language to proceed in this Discovery one of them was Peter Covillam and the other Alonso de Payva To save the vast Charge of a Fleet they were sent by Land to discover the inferior Parts of Africk and Asia each of them taking one of those Parts of the World for his Province With these Instructions they set out of Lisbon on the 15th of May took Naples and Rome in their way thence passed to Hierusalem then to Alexandria and so to Grand Caire the principal City of Egypt Here they parted Peter Cavillam for Ormuz an Island at the mouth of the Persian Gulph and thence to Calicut Alonso de Payva undertook to examine the Inland of Ethiopia where he died For this Reason and because he received Letters from the King ordering him not to return till he had surveyed all those Provinces Peter Covillam went into Ethiopia Alexander Nau and David successively Emperors of Ethiopia and vulgarly called Prester John took an Affection to Covillam and therefore would not suffer him to return home but gave him a Wife and Land to live upon Since he could not return he thence sent an Account to the King in Writing of all he had seen He said Calicut was the Richest and most famous Place of Trade in all the East the Inhabitants of a Sallow Complexion not Warlike and Extravagant in their manner of living That they went Naked from the Waste upwards wore much Gold and Silk their Arms loaded with Pearls a Cimiter hanging from their Shoulders That one Woman Married several Husbands for which reason no body Knowing the Father the Nephews being Sons of Sisters Inherited That in Ethiopia were many large Provinces of Blacks that they all profess Christianity but much corrupted with Jewish and Heretical Customs That they were all subject to one powerful King who maintained mighty Armies of Horse and Foot and always lived in the Field To conclude that he believed those People might be
Governor having consulted his King who was at Guadix tho' he might have held out much longer surrendred the City when least the Christians expected it On the 4th of December the Capitulation was Signed and the day following the King and Queen entred the City in triumphant manner James de Mendoza Lieutenant of Caçorla and Brother to the Cardinal of Spain was made Governor This struck such a Terror into the Moores that many Towns surrendred gave Hostages and furnished Corn and all other necessaries Among these the chiefest were Taverna and Seron What is more wonderful the Cities Guadix and Almeria either of which might have endured a long Siege submitted of their own accord King Albohardil himself consented to it and came out of Almeria to meet King Ferdinand in the Camp by whom he was splendidly entertained Besides Two strong Castles upon the Sea Coast were taken the one called Almun̄ecar in which the Treasures of the Moorish Kings used to be kept The other was Solobren̄a where the Brothers and Sons of the Kings used to be kept in the nature or Prisoners Francis Ramirez General of the Artillery who had behaved himself bravely upon several occasions was appointed Governor of that Castle After performing such great Actions a Review of the Army was taken on the last day of December preceding the Year 1490 and it appeared by the Muster Rolls 20000 Men were lost 3000 of them killed by the Moores the rest consumed by Sickness Many of the meaner sort were frozen to death King Ferdinand let slip no Opportunity of pulling down the tottering Kingdom of the Moors Gutierre de Cardenas Chief Commendary of Leon who did great Service during this War concluded the Treaty with the unfortunate Moorish King By Virtue of this Capitulation he had the Town of Fandaraa on the Mountains of Granada with all its Dependencies amounting to the Yearly Value of 10000 Ducats allowed him for his Maintenance A small Recompence for a Kingdom but good enough for him who began his Reign with the Murder of his Brother The new conquered Moors were allowed to keep their Lands and Possessions but not to live within Cities lest they should have the Power of Fortifying themselves and Rebelling for which cause they were all disarmed These Conditions were proclaimed at Guadix This done the King and Queen went away to Ecija and thence to Sevil. All Places by the way received them as if they had dropped from Heaven Foreign Princes moved by the Fame of these great Actions sent to Congratulate with them and seek their Friendship The King of Portugal in Prosecution of what had been before Treated desired to Marry his Son Alonso to the Princess Elizabeth as a sure Bond of Friendship between the two Crowns He sent Ambassadors to this purpose and the Match was agreed upon at Sevil on the 18th of April There was great Rejoicing on this account in both Kingdoms but less in Portugal because the following Month the Princess Joanna Sister to that King died at Aveiro unmarried Neither was the Joy of Castile lasting tho' the Princess from Constantina set out for Portugal upon the 11th of November A great number of Nobility bore her Company and she was delivered up on the Banks of the River Caya which runs between Badajoz and Elvas The Chief of the Portugueses that came to receive her was Duke Emanuel who afterwards married that Princess and inherited the Crown The King of Portugal and his Son came to Estremez and the more to honour the Bride seated her between them the King being on the left hand There they were married on the 24th of November by the Archbishop of Braga Primate of all Portugal The Rejoicing continued for half a year at Ebora and Santarem whither the Prince and Princess went All this Joy was turned into Sorrow by an unthought-of Accident The King going out to take the Air on the Banks of the River Tagus Prince Alonso who was with him had a mind to run a Race with John de Meneses In the Course the Horse stumbled and falling so bruised the Prince that he soon died It is needless to represent the greatness of his Parents and Wife's Grief His Body was buried with the usual Pomp among his Ancestors The Princess Elizabeth no sooner a Wife than a Widow returned to Castile in a Mourning Litter Grief cast the King of Portugal into a lingring Disease of which he died 4 years after He founded the Royal Hospital at Lisbon and laid the first Stone of it He left no Issue Male lawfully begotten only D. George whom he had by the Lady Ann de Mendoça and whom tho' but a Child he left Master of Avis and Santiago in Portugal After his Death a new Line of Kings began Emanuel Cousin German to the deceased King and Son to Ferdinand Duke of Viseo inherited the Crown John III. was Son to this King and Prince John his Grandson who dying young inherited not the Crown Therefore King Sebastian Son to the Prince succeeded He being killed by the Moors in Africk left the Kingdom of Portugal first to Cardinal Henry his Great Uncle and after him to Philip II. King of Castile who was also Nephew to the Cardinal and Grandson to King Emanuel by his Mother Elizabeth the Empress Let us leave this and return to the War of Granada King Ferdinand earnestly desired to put an end to the War with the Moors which was so well advanced Besides the Strength of the City Granada and that it was abundantly furnished with all Necessaries another greater Difficulty perplexed the King which was That his Word was engaged to King Boabdil that neither he nor his should be prejudiced by him An Opportunity offered it self of subduing that City without breach of Faith The Citizens without regarding the Danger that threatned them from abroad besieged their King in the Castle of Albaycin and pressed him so hard that scarce any hope was left of saving himself The furious Multitude threatned never to desist till they had his Life It was not reasonable to forsake that unhappy Prince when he begged Relief At the same time the Soldan of Egypt threatned That if King Ferdinand did not give over persecuting the Moors he would put to Death all the Christians in Egypt and Syria F. Anthony Millan Guardian of the Franciscan Convent at Jerusalem sent by the Soldan with this Message by the way visited the King of Naples and coming thence into Spain delivered his Embassy bringing also a Letter from the King of Naples who was supposed to be a greater Friend to the Moors than became a Christian Prince He advised King Ferdinand since the Moors had done him no Wrong not to oppress them only upon account of Religion which might occasion greater Harms King Ferdinand was no way discouraged at the Threats of the Soldan nor approved of the King of Naples his Advice Yet after the War was ended he sent Peter Martyr his
say he was informed by one Marcus Polus a Florentine and others that he found out by his Skill in Astrology that there were vast Countreys towards the West undiscovered These his thoughts he communicated first to the King of Portugal then to Henry VII of England and being slighted by them both came to the Court of King Ferdinand There he waited 7 years and at last after the subduing of the Kingdom of Granada obtained of the King 3 Ships to attempt this Discovery It is wonderful that so great an Undertaking was begun only with 17000 Duccats which the King was forced to borrow his Revenue was so far exhausted Columbus set sail on the 3d of August from Palos de Moguer and having touched at the Canaries after several days sail and many difficulties he discovered certain Islands which he called The Princes Islands He spent some days there and leaving some of his Company in a Fort he built under the Command of James de Arana returned to Spain with the News of what he had discovered and some Proofs of the Riches of the Country The following year he continued to discover many other Islands the chiefest whereof were Hispaniola and Cuba Besides he Coasted a great part of the Continent as well towards the Southern as Northern Pole Columbus died in the year of Grace 1500 a Man worthy of Immortal Praise He was made Admiral of the Indies and Duke of Veraguas Rewards due to his great Merit Several others continued these Discoveries as well during his Life as after his Death Among these Americus Vespusius a Florentine by order of Emanuel King of Portugal in the year 1500 discovered all Brasil which is a great part of that Continent After much of the Northern Coast had been discovered by several Persons Vasco Nun̄ez de Balboa born at Badajoz was the first that adventured to pass that narrow Neck of Land that lies between Nombre de Dios and Panama and so came to the South Sea in the year 1513. These Discoveries of Columbus and Americus Vespusius raised a Controversie betwixt the Crowns of Castile and Portugal the latter pretending all the Discovery of the New World appertained to him by Grants of several Popes and particularly of Eugenius IV. On the other side the King of Castile pleaded a Bull of Pope Alexander VI. in the year 1493 which assigned to him all the Lands to the Westward of an imaginary Line drawn 100 Leagues beyond the Islands of Cabo Verde This Grant was afterwards altered by another which ordained the said Line to be drawn 370 Leagues farther towards the West to the end that Brasil might fall within the Portugues Limits Hierome Ozorio Bishop of Silves in the Life of King Emanuel affirms the said Line was appointed to be drawn 36 Degrees West of the Meridian of Lisbon Upon this Determination was grounded another Dispute the Castillians pretending that the Molucco Islands whence the Spice is brought fell within their Limits as being within that half of the World assigned them All this the Portugueses deny and each Party bring Arguments to make good their Assertions Certain it is that Ferdinand Magallanes a Portugues being disgusted because his King did not Reward his Services done in India perswaded the Emperor Charles V. Grandson to King Ferdinand that a new way might be found to the Moluco Islands by the South West He had 5 Ships given him for this Enterprize and sailed from Sevil in the year 1519. Having touched at the Canaries he Coasted all along Brasil and found a Streight in 53 Degrees of South Latitude which of him is called the Streight of Magellan At the entrance of that Streight one of the Ships struck upon a Rock and was lost another weary of that long Voyage stole away by night and returned to Sevil. With the rest he passed the Streight and was himself with some of his Companions killed in an Island called Zubu Those that were left being too few to Man all the Ships burnt one and with the other two came to the Moluco Islands They loaded in the Island of Tidore but one of them being very leaky was lost The other coming round by the Cape of Good Hope at last arrived at Sevil 3 years after his departure The Ship was called the Victory the Master John Sebastian Cano a Biscainer whose Name ought never to be forgotten as being the first that sailed round the World Many afterwards attempted that same Voyage but the Profit not answering the Trouble it was laid aside as also because King John of Portugal lent the Emperor Charles V. 350000 Duccats upon Condition he and his Heirs should desist from that Undertaking till the Money were repayed On the Right Hand of that Neck of Land which we have said lies between the North and South Seas is the Kingdom of New Spain and the City Mexico its Metropolis seated in the midst of a Lake Over this and many other large Provinces and Kingdoms Reigned the mighty Emperor Montezuma whom Ferdinand Cortes in the year 1520 with wonderful Resolution apprehended and made Prisoner in his own Palace He being killed accidentally by a Stone cast at a Window where he was looking out to appease his People Cortes brought those vast Provinces under the subjection of Charles the Emperor gained himself Eternal Honour and left to his Successors the Marquesses del Valle a great Estate in the Kingdom of Mexico On the Left Hand of that Neck of Land Francis Pizarro in the year 1525 discovered the Kingdom of Peru and 6 years after Conquered it taking and putting to death Atabalipa Lord of that Country This is the richest Countrey for Mines of Gold and Silver hitherto discovered insomuch that all the Utensils of those People even to their Pots and Kettles were of these precious Mettals Pizarro shared not the vast Booty he got there fairly with James de Almagro his principal Companion in that Conquest and the rest of his Men and yet the meanest Soldier 's part came to 9000 Duccats which was the richest Plunder ever taken till that time His Force was about 300 Men who in Battle overthrew above 100000 Indians Riches and Plenty produced Pride and Insolence for Ferdinand Brother to Francis Pizarro understanding that Almagro openly complained of the Wrong done him and meditated Revenge he murdered him A Bastard Son of Almagro whom he had by an Indian and whose Name was James assaulted the House of Francis Pizarro in the City of Lima and killed him in revenge of his Father This was a bold Attempt and to punish it the Governour Christopher Vaca de Castro joined with Gonçalo Pizarro another Brother of the said Francis and with their Forces overthrew and killed the said James This Victory and his great Riches so puffed up Gonçalo Pizarro that he attempted to make himself absolute Lord of that Country Blasco Nun̄ez Vela was sent by the Emperor from Spain to be Viceroy of Peru him the Rebellious Spaniards took Prisoner and put
to Death Afterwards the Licentiate Peter de Gasca tho a Priest and one of the General Council of the Inquisition put an end to all those Tumults rather by Policy than Force He put to death Gonçalo Pizarro and the other Heads of the Rebellion This done he returned into Spain where he was first Bishop of Palencia then of Siguença till the end of his Life which was very long Ferdinand Pizarro the only Surviver of the Three Brothers was long a Prisoner in Spain for before the Rebellion of his Brother he came to answer for the Murder of Almagro which was the cause of all those Broils Thus God punished the Murder of the Emperor Atabalipa not suffering one of his Enemies to escape scotfree and the ill acquired Riches perished with their Owners The Customs of all these People were strange and all other things extraordinary Their Fish Beasts Trees and Herbs all different from ours They had no use of Letters no Money no Weights nor did they build any Ships only Boats of one Tree hollowed like Trays which they call Canoes For Cloathing they had neither Linnen Woollen nor Silk but only Cotton whereof there is abundance There was no Iron and consequently none of the Weapons and other Necessaries made thereof Corn like ours they have none but a Grain they call Maiz nor Oil nor Wine made of Grapes but they wanted not other Liquors to make them Drunk to which they are much addicted They know not how to make Candles of Wax or Tallow There were no Beasts of Burden nor to Ride nor Carts or Litters Prisoners taken in War and Slaves were sacrificed in such vast numbers that it is held for a certain truth above 20000 perished in this manner every year in only the City Mexico whose Flesh they eat without any loathing It was Customary to have many Wives and Sodomy was permitted so brutish was their Government Their Garb was strange and many went quite naked Afterwards Chile upon the South Sea was discovered where were found Warlike Indians and difficult to be subdued and on our side beyond Brasil and the River de la Plata lies Paraguay and Tucuman extending to the Streights of Magellan The Philippine Islands were found at another time and took their Name from Philip II. King of Spain The Lieutenant Michael Lopez de Legaspi conquered the chief of them called Luzon and its City Manila on the 18th of May 1572. Lastly in the year 1598 a good Body of Men under the Command of D. John de Onate set out from Mexico to the Conquest of New Mexico This Country lies in about 30 deg of N. Lat. The Soil is fruitful the People more polished than the other Indians their Houses 3 or 4 and some 7 Stories high It was known by hearsay ever since the time of Cortes and often attempted to be conquered but never before with such a Power The Success was not answerable to so great Preparations This may suffice as to the West-Indies Charles VIII King of France being inflamed with the desire of conquering the Kingdom of Naples to which he pretended he had a good Title thought it necessary to secure King Ferdinand by entring into a League with him lest he should in his absence invade France the Kingdom of Naples belonging to the House of Aragon To this purpose a Treaty was carried on for restoring Russillon and Cerdaigne King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth leaving the Government of their new Kingdom of Granada to the Earl of Tendilla in June set out towards Aragon to be nearer to their Commissioners who managed that Treaty At Zaragoça they settled the Government of that City and went thence to Barcelona in October There as the King came out from giving Audience according to Custom one John Canamares a Catalonian came up with his naked Sword to kill him and gave him a Wound under his Ear. This Fellow being apprehended it appeared he was Mad and had undertaken that Action because he Dreamed that if he killed the King he should succeed him However he was torn with Pinchers and then burnt The League betwixt Spain and France after much altercation was lastly concluded at Narbonne on the 18th of January 1493 all Princes except the Pope being excluded It was agreed that the King of Spain should not Marry his Daughters without the consent of the King of France and that on this account Russillon and Cerdaigne should be restored However some months passed before the execution Next to pacifie Maximilian King of the Romans the King of France restored to him his Daughter and the Earldom of Artois her Dower and gave him Security for the Restitution of the Earldom of Burgundy and the rest of the Dutchy wrongfully detained from him At the same time died the Emperor Frederick and his Son Maximilian succeeded him King Ferdinand continued still in Aragon and Catalonia till such time as according to Contract Russillon and Cerdaigne were delivered to him in September the French Garrison marching out All Historians and especially the French blame that King for parting with those Dominions he had in possession upon an uncertain hope Many lay the blame on the Bishop of Albi who was the French Ambassador at the Treaty and say he was corrupted with Spanish Gold CHAP. III. Palma one of the Canary Islands Conquered The Masterships of the Three Military Orders annexed to the Crown of Castile The Original of the Neopolitan War The death of Ferdinand King of Naples AT the same time that King Ferdinand recovered Russillon he was in the farthest part of Spain restored to the Island of Cadiz and its Port which is one of the most famous in the whole World King Henry the IV. had with his wonted Prodigality given it to D. John Ponce de Leon Earl of Arcos who dying some Months after the taking of Granada that Island was taken from Rodcrick Ponce his Grandson and Heir and restored to the Crown Yet in lieu of it the Town of Casares in Africk was given to Roderick Ponce and his Title of Earl changed into that of Duke of Arcos The Island Palma one of the Canaries was now Conquered by Alonso de Lugo sent by the King and Queen upon that Expedition But the most considerable thing which hapned this Year was that the King possessed himself of the Masterships of the Three Military Orders in Castile The Masters were exempt from the Regal Jurisdiction and were so excessive powerful by reason of their vast Riches and many Dependants that they were grown terrible to the Kings themselves For this reason Pope Innocent the VIII granted the Catholick King Ferdinand should hold those Masterships as Administrator This Bull was obtained about the same time that D. Garcia de Padilla Master of Calatrava departed this Life which was in the Year 1487 and D. Alonso de Cardenas Master of Santiago dying at this time the King took possession of that Mastership The following Year he agreed with
to build Ships after our manner and a great quantity of Mettal to be sent forward to Calicut the chief Mart of the East for Spice to the intent that King might drive the Portugueses out of those Seas They also proposed to the Catholick King to be Mediator betwixt them and the Portugueses for adjusting those Differences which he refused it being a matter not easily to be reconciled the Interest of both Parties being so deeply concerned None of the Princes we have spoken of enjoyed any great Satisfaction The Emperor was poor and at variance with his Son The Princess Wife to the Archduke was not in her right Senses Queen Elizabeth laboured under a foul tedious and incurable Disease which it was said would soon make an end of her It was feared her Death would produce Troubles and change of Government What Satisfaction could the King of France have seeing himself despoiled of a Kingdom he looked upon as his own King Frederick ceased not to contrive ways how he might be restored Seeing himself forsaken on all sides Discontent cast him into an Ague with which he returned from Blois to Tours his ordinary Residence It grieved him to see there was no way left to reconcile the Kings of France and Spain but above all that his Son the Duke of Calabria was not a Man of those Parts as to wade through such Difficulties Hereupon towards his latter days he wrote a Letter to him full of Fatherly Advice Fortune so persecuted this unhappy King that one night the House where he lay took fire and he had much ado to escape naked with his Wife and Children This Accident increased his Sickness of which he died in that City on the 9th of November He left by his First Wife one Daughter married in France and by the Second five Children Elizabeth Julia Alonso Caesar and the Eldest of them all Ferdinand Duke of Calabria who received the News of his Father's death at Medina del Campo where the Court of Spain then was Prosper Colona was sent by the King to give him the News and comfort him The King himself was then much afflicted on account of the Queen's Sickness she being then in great danger She pressed to have the Archduke and his Wife come into Spain but the Archduke excused himself on account of the War he was engaged in against the Duke of Guelders The truth was he had no mind to come and seemed not to value the Inheritance of such large Dominions At length the Queen died on the 26th of November She ordered her Body to be buried at Granada where because the Chapel designed for that Use was not finished she was deposited in the Alhambra By her Will she vacated some Grants prejudicial to the Crown made at the beginning of her Reign She declared the Marquisate of Moya had been given to D. Bernard de Conbera by her Consent for his good Service She also appointed the Princess Joanna and her Husband the Archduke her Heirs but in case the Princess by reason of her Indisposition or for any other Cause should not take upon her the Government then as had been before resolved in the Cortes or Assembly of the Three Estates King Ferdinand was to Govern till Prince Charles were 20 Years of Age. Besides the Administration of the Masterships of the Three Military Orders granted by the Pope to King Ferdinand she left him half the Profits of the Islands and Continent newly discovered and 10 Millions of Maravedics yearly out of the Revenue arising in the Lands of the Three Masterships Her Executors were the King the Archbishop of Toledo the Bishop of Palencia Antony Fonseca and John Velasquez her Comptrollers and John Lopez de Lezarraga her Secretary Notwithstanding the Queen's Will there wanted not some who advised the King to enter upon the Government as Heir to the Crown he being descended of the Male Line of the Kings of Castile affirming this was his safest way and that easing the People of some Burdens he would be received with General Applause However the King tho' offended at his Son-in-Law and knowing the Incapacity of his Daughter yet that very Afternoon appeared publickly on a Scaffold and caused his Daughter Joanna to be proclaimed Queen of Castile and the Archduke Philip King as being her Husband In all other Places only Queen Joanna was proclaimed without making mention of the Archduke on pretence that he ought first to swear he would preserve their Privileges and not put Strangers into Publick Employments which Queen Elizabeth had ordered in her Will. This Winter the Rains were so violent that all the Corn was destroyed and there ensued a great Famine Upon the death of Queen Elizabeth there arose Differences and Contention King Ferdidand in pursuance to her Will pretended to Govern Castile Queen Joanna's Distraction being so notorious that she was shut up in Flanders Two things he did to secure himself one was That he writ to the Archduke to acquaint him he would not be admitted into Castile unless he brought his Wife with him to satisfie the People whether her Brain was really distempered or not The other That he assembled the Cortes at Toro There on the 11th of January 1505. Garcilasso de la Vega Chief Commendary of Leon who presided in the Assembly of the Three Estates having seen that Clause in the Queen's Will which related to the Succession and Government solemnly swore Joanna Rightful Queen of Castile and the Archduke her Husband King in her Right and the Catholick King as Governour thereof Soon after the Queen's Distemper being made known they made application to King Ferdinand to take upon him the Government Letters were also sent into Flanders to the Archduke pursuant to this Address However there ensued great Contention about the Government Many of the Nobility being disgusted by the Catholick King desired a Change The chief of these were D. Peter Manrique Duke of Najara and D. James Lopez Pacheco Marquess of Villena who openly opposed the Catholick King others tho' of the same Opinion temporized Only D. Frederick de Toledo Duke of Alva stood firm to King Ferdinand The New King and his Council protested against these Proceedings of the Catholick King saying It was preposterous either to take the Title of King or come into the Kingdom if he was not to have the Power and Prerogative of a King D. John Manuel a Gentleman of a little Body but sharp Wit heightned these Discontents The Catholick King to remove him from the Archduke commanded him to return to the Emperor's Court but the Archduke would never consent and rather valued him the more making him privy to all his Secrets This Project failing the Catholick King endeavoured to gain him by large Promises made to his Wife the Lady Catherine de Castilla but he made more account of the present Bounty of a Young Prince than the Promises of a crafty Old King Nor was this all the King
grew jealous of the Kingdom of Naples fearing lest the Great Captain should encline to favour his Son-in Law Prosper Colona failed not to encrease this Jealousie tho' he had obtained all he came to Spain for and particularly that Bartholomew d' Albianos Company of 400 Men at Arms should be reduced to 200. Besides the Catholick King ordered only 1200 Men at Arms 600 Light Horse and 3000 Spanish Foot to be left in the Kingdom of Naples 2000 Spaniards to be sent to Spain and the Germans dismissed all to save Charges and weaken that Kingdom A particular Council was erected in Castile for the Government of it Ladron de Mauleon was sent Ambassadot from the King of Navarre to confirm the ancient Alliance with King Ferdinand by concluding the Match betwixt the Prince of Viana and the Archduke's Daughter He also pressed to have Duke Valentine then Prisoner released as did many Cardinals created by Pope Alexander The King was willing to renew the League and inclinable to the Match As to the Duke he said it could not be done at present tho' at the same time he thought to make use of him in Italy to balance against the Great Captain He desired Security that he would be true to his Interest and Alonso d' Este Duke of Ferrara offered to be bound for him Emanuel King of Portugal sent the Bishop of Porto and James Pacheco his Ambassadors to Rome to acknowledge Pope Julius After he had sent several Fleets to Trade in India he now sent Francis d' Almeyda with the Title of Governour to reside there that all who passed to those Parts might know who they were to obey Many Difficulties attended the Prosecution of this Enterprize besides the length of the Voyage One was the Opposition made by the Venetians as has been hinted before Another that the Soldan of Babylon either at the Instigation of that State or of his own accord undertook to ruin their Trade in those Parts He sent Maurus Guardian of the Monastery at Hierusalem with Letters to the Pope complaining of the Proceedings of the Catholick King in the Conquest of Granada and Conversion of the Moors and of the King of Portugal for ruining his Trade in India and taking his Ships He desired him to put a stop to any further progress in this Affair otherwise he threatned to destroy the Holy Sepulchre and put to death all the Christians within his Dominions This moved the Pope to send the same Religious Man with the Letters to Spain to both the Kings neither of whom made any account of them or the Threats they contained CHAP. VI. King Ferdinand becomes odious to the People The Posture of Affairs in Italy The Emperour and King Philip of Castile Ratifie the Peace with France King Ferdinand agrees with the French King THE Cortes at Toro passed the Laws called of Toro which had been framed before the death of Queen Elizabeth After the Cortes were dismissed King Ferdinand continued at Toro till the end of April to be thoroughly satisfied whether King Emanuel of Portugal approved of his continuing in the Government The Nobility in hatred to him gave out that he treated about marrying the Princess Joanna Daughter to King Henry and to assert her Title which before he had impugned and by that means to maintain himself not only as Governour but Rightful King of Castile in opposition to his Daughter and Son-in-Law It is scarce credible how much this Report incensed the People Certain it is his Vice-chancellor Alonso de la Cavalleria endeavoured to persuade him to change the Name of Governour for that of Administrator and Guardian as Fathers are to their Children before they are of Age and Queen Joanna might be account such either in regard of her want of Sense or of her being confined and that he ought to take the Title of King either on this account or as Husband to Queen Elizabeth He brought the Example of his Father King John who still called himself King of Navarre tho' he had Children and that Kingdom had been his Wife's The Nobility of Castile and those of the New King's Council were of another Opinion They said it were better for King Ferdinand to retire to the Kingdom of Aragon and from thence to aid his Children in what they should desire for that One Kingdom would not admit of Two Heads Neither could they agree as to his Kingdoms of Granada and Naples The Catholick King pretended a Right to Granada as conquered in his Wife's life-time and as for Naples he said there was no dispute of its appertaining to the House of Aragon and therefore highly resented that his Son-in Law should pretend to dispose of it without consulting him to whom only it belonged This made him suspicious of the Great Captain who was a Castilian for the Emperor had sent to know which side he would encline to in case of a War and the Pope had put the same Question to him To the Emperor he answered in general Terms to the Pope resolutely telling him It was plain he knew not what Men he had to deal with who were not used to commit any thing that was disloyal to their King or unworthy themselves From Toro the Catholick King went to Segovia and thence sent D. John de Fonseca Bishop of Palencia to Flanders to attend upon the Queen his Daughter From the Emperor and his Son came as Ambassadors to the Catholick King Andrew de Burgo of Cremona and Philibert Lord de Vere who was great with the Archduke and had much Knowledge of the Affairs of Castile To him the Catholick King made known his Grievances and again attempted to draw D. John Manuel from King Philip but he instead of it discharged himself King Ferdinand's Service King Philip also kept Lope de Conchillos Secretary to the Bishop of Palencia a long time close Prisoner for writing a Letter from the Queen to the King committing to him the Charge of the Government which Letter was intercepted and thereupon no Spaniard was suffered to speak to the Queen which so heightned her Distemper that she was shut up In Italy the Great Captain sent Nun̄o de Ocampo with 1000 Men of those that were ordered to be dismissed to defend Plombin and Pisa The Florentines laid Siege to Pisa but Nun̄o de Campo throwing himself with his Men into it they were forced to rise and depart without it The Coloness pressed to have Bartholomew d' Alviano's Command reformed which the Great Captain delayed knowing the Worth of that Gentleman but afterwards understanding he held Intelligence with the Pope and designed to Favour the House of Medicis against the Florentines his Command was reduced He knowing of it thought to have seized Plombin but being disappointed aimed at Pisa The Great Captain commanded him to desist upon pain of Forfeiting his Possessions and Command in Naples The Florentines laying wait for him overthrew and wounded him At Naples for his Disobedience his Estate was
to take share in the plunder of the Houses The King hearing of this Tumult sent James de Almeyda and James Lopez to take cognisance of the matter The Two Friars that were the Ringleaders were put to death and burnt and many others punished The Strangers hoisting Sails got away with a rich Booty In Castile on the one side was expected the coming of the new King and Queen and on the other was great rejoicing for the Marriage of King Ferdinand and the Lady Germana From Salamanca went the Archbishop of Zaragoça with other Men and Ladies of Quality to Fuenterabia to attend the Bride King Ferdinand the Two Queens of Naples Mother and Daughter the Duke of Calabria and many more Lords went to Valladolid and thence to Duen̄as There on the 18th of March they were Married The Queen was great Niece to the Catholick King and Grandaughter to his Sister Ellenor Queen of Navarre The Popes dispensation was obtained with much difficulty the Emperor and his Son opposing it With the Queen came Luis d' Amboise Bishop of Albi Hector Pignatelo and Peter de Santandrea the King of France his Ambassadors There came also the Princes of Salerno and Melfi and other Barons of the Faction of Anjou to settle their Affairs Next day after the Marriage the King and Queen with all their Train set out towards Valladolid In that City the King took a solemn Oath in the presence of many Prelates and Noblemen to oblige himself and his Successors to the performance of all the Articles of the League with France A few days after the Neapolitan Barons did Homage to the King and Queen as rightful Sovereigns of the Kingdom of Naples for themselves and those that were absent This Solemnity being over the King set out for Burgos to meet the new King and Queen who he expected would Land at Laredo or some other Port of that Coast with whom went the Archbishops of Toledo and Sevil the Duke of Alva the Admiral the Constable and the Earl of Cifuentes All these seemed inclined to see all that was ordained by the Will of Queen Elizabeth performed At Torquemada the Catholick King received advice that his Son and Daughter were Landed at Corun̄a on the 28th of April The cause of their coming so late was the stay they made with the King of England and their being detained at Plymouth by the Weather They Landed at Corun̄a King Philip being perswaded it was best for him to be the farthest he could from his Father-in-Law to have time to find how the Nobility and Commonality stood affected towards him to behave himself accordingly being resolved not to stand to the late Agreement unless he were forced to it This was the Advice of D. John Manuel who had great influence over him and would have carried him to land in Andalucia if the Weather had permitted About this time Gonçalo Marin̄o de Ribera Commander of Melilla for the Duke of Medina Sidonia had the Town of Caçaça delivered to him by Composition It is in the Kingdom of Fez 5 Leagues from Melilla and has a good Port and remained in Propriety to the Duke of Medina Sidonia The coming of King Philip which ought to have produced Peace and a general Satisfaction might have caused an absolute Breach had not the Catholick King prudently quenched the spreading flame of Discontent which began to appear in all Places The Humours and Designs of the Two Kings were opposite in all respects As soon as King Philip Landed he sent to require the Earls of Benavente and Lemos as also the other Nobility of Galicia and Castile to Declare for him which was the way to raise Tumults rather than settle Peace Finding this contrivance answered his expectation and that many freely declared for him he presently professed he would not stand to the late Treaty concluded at Salamanca He also began to discountenance his Father-in-Laws Servants and one day speaking to D. Peter de Ayala told him that tho' he had in Flanders and England winked at his Proceedings in opposition to his Service he would no longer bear with it and since he was his Subject he should take care how he behaved himself He turned away the Alcaides and Alguaziles de Corte sent by King Ferdinand to attend upon him thinking his Father-in-Law designed to choose his Family He was well instructed not to allow of any Tutor or Overseer as D. John Manuel called it His followers exclaimed against the Catholick King especially for his Marriage and the Articles of it which gave away the Kingdom of Naples from his Daughter and Grandson In this particular no doubt they had reason but the King did it to gain the King of France On the other Side the Catholick King as soon as he heard of his Son-in-law and Daughters Landing sent D. Raimund de Cardona and Ferdinand de Vega to visit them and went himself towards Leon in order to meet them but stopped at Astorga till he knew their Will He ordered the Marquess of Villena who was come to Burgos with a great Train and the Duke of Najara who was raising his kindred and followers to go to Corun̄a in Warlike manner to forbear proceeding after that manner and to go thither with their usual Retinue He pressed his Son-in-Law to dismiss 2000 Germans he brought with him fearing that might give some cause of Discontent to the People He also sent Almaçan his Secretary to join with his Ambassadors D. Raimund D. Ferdinand de Vega D. Peter de Ayala and Gutierre Gomez de Fuensalida that they might agree upon the Place where he should meet his Son and Daughter which he desired might be very speedily and King Philip's followers laboured to delay as much as might be First Sarria then Ponferrada were the Places proposed for the interview but none pleased his People and particularly D. John Manuel who managed all and feared that if the Two Kings met the one being very subtle and the other open besides the respect due to a Father they would easily agree which was what he chiefly laboured to prevent To this purpose he told D. Peter de Ayala that the Catholick King might be perswaded three things whereon he much relied should never come to pass First that at the Interview there should be no manner of Discourse of Business Secondly that the meeting should be in the Field and not with equal Retinues but that King Philip should have much the greater Thirdly that the Catholick King should not Confide in the Favour of the Queen his Daughter for it would not avail him Great Offers were again made to D. John Manuel for himself and his Children to bring him over to King Ferdinand but he had a Spirit above all that At this time died at Valladolid Christopher Columbus Admiral of the West-Indies the first Discoverer of the New World Now also the Marquess of Villena the Earl of Benavente and the Duke of Najara were come to Corun̄a and
Majesty and joining with the Duke of Najara and Marguess de Villena the Heads of the contrary Faction at the Archbishop of Toledo's Lodging they agreed that all Debates arising should be absolutely decided by the Arch-Bishop and 6 others chosen out of both Parties and that their Determination should be binding Thus on the First of October Articles of Agreement were Concluded upon among the Nobles and they all Swore to stand by them and they to continue in Force all the Month of December Among other things it was Decreed that none should presume to levy Forces That none should Infest or Invade the Lands Castles and Towns of another That none should Seize upon the Person of the Queen who was of Burgos or of Prince Ferdinand who was at Simancas Peter Nunez de Guzman his Governor to prevent any surprize had Recourse to the President and Council of Valladolid and they went to Simancas and brought away the Prince Placeing him in Safety in the College of S. Gregory Built by D. Alonso de Burgos Bishop of Palencia and given to the Dominicans The same day the Nobility Concluded their Agreement at Burgos the Catholick King arrived at Genoa His Voyage was tedious contrary Winds forcing him to touch at Palamos and Toulon and then to Coast along by Savona and Genoa Before he came to that City he was met by the Great Captain with the Gallies of Naples The King received him with great Affection being then convinced of his Fidelity notwithstanding all Aspersions cast upon him and spoke very much in his Commendation both before him and in his Absence Most Men but particularly the Italians could hardly be perswaded that so Wise a Man as the Great Captain would put himself into the Power of so jealous a King The City sent the King many Presents tho' he would not Land only advised them to preserve Peace among themselves for he would be always ready to Assist his Brother the King of France This made them quiet for the present tho' soon after they obliged the King of France to come into Italy to pacifie them Putting to Sea again from Genoa contrary Winds forced him into Portoso there on the 5th of October he received the News of the death of King Philip. The Archbishop of Toledo and others of his Party desired him to return with all speeed to Castile as did also D. Alvaro Osirio who was with him with the Character of Ambassador from King Philip. Yet he resolved to prosecute his Voyage He writ to the Prelates and Nobility expressing his Grief for the death of King Philip and Recommending to them to continue Loyal to the Queen promising to be with them as soon as he had settled the Affairs of Naples From Portosi he went on to Gaeta where at Puzol he spent some days to give the Neapolitans time to prepare for his Reception for they had never believed he would come especially after the death of King Philip. From Puzol he went to Castel del Ovo there on the First of November 20 Galleys came out of the Port and the King went aboard the Admiral The Cannon of the Galleys was fired first and then that of the Castles and the Ships in the Harbour This done the Galleys laid along the side of the Mole The King and Queen landed by a wooden Bridge built for that purpose The Great Captain and all the Nobility came out to meet them Being come to the last Arch of the Bridge the Great Captain leading the Queen there the King swore to preserve the Privileges of that City After which they took Horse under a Canopy carried by the Elects of the People Fabricius Colona carried the Royal Standard given him by the King himself with the Honour of Standard-bearer Next him went the Kings at Arms then the Great Captain and on his Right-hand Prosper Colona After them the other Nobility and Ambassadors But the pleasantest Sight of all was the Prisoners then set at Liberty Next behind the Canopy were the Two Cardinals of Borgia and Sorento In this manner they were conducted through the Principal Streets and Lanes of Gentlemen and Ladies richly clad and great Companies of Vocal and Instrumental Musick Being come to the Great Church they were received by the Clergy and Religious Orders in Procession At Castelnovo where the Cavalcade ended they were received by the Two Queens of Naples and the Queen of Hungary Nextday the King rode about the City accompanied by the Barons and to Honour the Great Captain alighted at his House He entred upon Business and went about to restore Ten Barons who had Forfeited their Estates A Parliament was held where they took the Oath of Fidelity to the King to his Daughter Queen Joanna and their Heirs without mentioning Queen Germana contrary to the Agreement made with France The Pretence was that she was indisposed and had already been Sworn Queen of Naples at Valladolid Mean while Castile was full of private Dissention yet nothing broke out in publick The Queen neither would nor could attend the Government only such as would obeyed the Orders of the Council Some would have the Cortes assembled to appoint Governours This was chiefly urged by the Archbishop of Toledo the Constable and the Admiral They could never persuade the Queen to sign the Writs and therefore the Council issued them The Duke of Alva tho' not at Court then opposed it saying only the King could assemble the Cortes For this reason tho' some of the Commons met nothing was done All was in confusion the Nobility at variance but yet the most agreed that King Ferdinand ought to Govern The chief of these were the Archbishop of Toledo the Constable the Admiral and the Dukes of Albuquerque and Bejar Some of these would not allow him to Govern unless he were present others said he might tho' absent Of these was the Archbishop who sollicited the King and Queen to give him as ample Commission as when he Treated with King Philip. The Duke of Najara D. Alonso Tellez Brother to the Marquess of Villena and D. John Manuel were of Opinion that no account ought to be made of the Queen no more than if she were dead by reason of her Weakness and therefore her Son Charles ought to succeed But neither could they agree in this Point for the Duke would have him brought to Spain that such as the Kingdom made choice of might Govern in his Name D. Alonso said the Protectorship belonged to the Emperor as Grandfather by the Father's side This Opinion prevailed above the Duke's and the Emperour was desirous to take upon him the Government proposing to come himself into Spain Some there were that would commit the Government to the King of Portugal and marry Prince Ferdinand to his Daughter Elizabeth proclaiming him King being utterly averse to Strangers Others were for marrying the Daughter of King Philip to the Prince of Viana and so putting the Kingdom under the King
had joined the Turks with 34 Sail. These small Vessels sailing under the Shore the Portugueses descryed only 5 Ships which they thought to belong to Alonso de Albuquerque whom they expected Part of the Enemies Fleet entred the Harbour and that day was spent in Cannonading one another Next day Laurence de Almeyda Attacks Mir Hozem's Admiral Gally but could not grapple by reason it was Ebb and the Enemy lay in shoal Water He sustained much loss because the Enemies Vessel was higher Decked and was himself wounded with Two Darts Pelayo de Sousa and James Perez took each of them one of the Enemies Gallies and thus that day ended The day following Melique came into the Port with his Vessels whereupon the Portugueses at midnight resolved to put out to Sea But the Enemy perceiving them move fell upon them and so pierced the Admiral which was the last that she made much Water and what was worse ran a Ground and the Water Ebbing none of the others could come in to assist her The Enemy Cannonaded her till such time as Laurence de Almeyda being killed with a Cannon-shot and 80 of 100 Men he had the other 20 with the Ship were taken The rest put to Sea and recovered the Port of Cananor whence they sent advice of what had hapned to the Governor This Battle was fought towards the end of the Year Almeyda and Albuquerque came both to Cananor and Albuquerque contending to take upon him the Government according to the King's Order Almeyda sent him Prisoner to Cochin This done he gathered the greatest Fleet he could at Onor burnt several Ships of Calicut destroyed the City Dabul and many Vessels there and on the 5th of January 1509 sailed towards Diu a Port of Cambaya where the Enemy lay Mir Hozem placed himself in shoal-water under the Cannon of the City He had at this time 3 Caracs 3 Galleons 6 Gallies and 4 Ships of Cambaya besides Melique's small Vessels Almeyda had in all 19 Sail and in them 1300 Portugueses and 400 Malabars The Two Fleets Cannonaded one another but could not draw near because the Weather was calm Next day they engaged and after a very bloody Dispute the Portugueses obtained the Victory Of the Enemy 4000 were slain of which number were all the 800 Mamalucs except only 22. Three of their great Ships were sunk besides many small Vessels Two Galleons Two Gallies and Four great Ships were taken The Commanders Mir Hozem and Melique escaped On our side 32 were killed and 300 wounded This done Almeyda returned to Cochin where there was much contention about the Government which was ended by Ferdinand Coutinho who this Year sailed from Lisbon with 15 Ships and Orders to put Alonso de Albequerque in Possession of the Government as was accordingly done From Valladolid the Catholick King went to Arcos where he found the Queen his Daughter so ill Lodged that the last Winter she fell sick through the coldness of the Room she lay in In February he removed her to Tordesillas and with her the Body of her Husband which was afterwards by her Son the Emperor Charles the V buried in the Royal Chapel at Granada The Queen lived out the rest of her days in that Town Queen Joanna's Condition was such she might better be counted among the Dead than the Living Her two Sisters ran different Fortunes The Queen of Portugal lived happy abounding in Riches and having a numerous Issue and this very Year she was delivered of a Son called Alonso who was afterwards a Gardinal but died young The Princess of Wales in England neither Widow nor Wife was hardly used by her Father-in-Law who hoped that way to induce her Father to give him in Marriage his other Daughter Joanna Queen of Castile The King's death which hapned upon the 21st of April for the present put an end to those Discontents Soon after the Match before agreed upon betwixt this Lady and the Prince of Wales after his Father's Death King Henry VIII was consummated That Princess had no Inclination to this Match but it was for the Conveniency of both Kings King Henry was of a graceful Presence but very Lewd especially towards his latter days insomuch that to gratifie his Lust he cast off all Obedience to the Church and made way for all the Confusion that afterwards hapned in that Kingdom Whilst Queen Catherine was yet living tho' he had by her a Daughter called Mary upon pretence she had been married to his Brother and that the Pope could not dispence to marry her he put her away and publickly married Anne of Bullen whom afterwards he convicted of Adultery and executed By her he had Elizabeth afterwards Queen Next he married Jane Seymour who died in Childbed but her Son lived and was called Edward VI. His Fourth Wife was Anne of Cleves from whom he was Divorced and to that purpose made a Law which allowed of Divorces His Fifth Wife was Anne Howard who was put to death for Adultery The last was the Lady Catherine Parr from whom he was not divorced nor had any Children by her death putting an end to his wicked Courses King Ferdinand made publick rejoycing at Valladolid upon the News of the Marriage of his Daughter on Midsummer-day He also agreed that Prince Charles should marry that King's Sister and ordered Gutierre Gomez his Ambassador to Compliment her upon the same At Valladolid Queen Germana was delivered of a Son on the 3d of May he was called John Prince of Aragon but died within a few Hours His Body was deposited in the Monastery of S. Paul in that City and thence translated to Poblete the ancient Burial-place of the Kings of Aragon The Catholick King prepared to make War upon the Venetians and grounded the Justice of his Proceedings principally upon Two Points The first That those Cities the Venetians were possessed of in Apulia were mortagaged to them by Ferdinand II. King of Naples and that they neither performed the Conditions of the Mortgage nor would restore those Places when the Money was tendred to them The second was That the Catholick King had been at a greater Expence either in gaining Cephalonia for that Republick or in the War made upon France on their account and upon promise that they would allow him 50000 Ducats a Year towards the Charge of that War which Debt tho' it had been demanded of them they would never pay nor so much as acknowledge CHAP. VII The Cardinal of Spain takes Oran in Africk The War against the Venetians and their Losses They recover Padua and other Places GReat Preparations were made throughout all Spain for the Conquest of Africk and the Cardinal of Spain did not only furnish Money towards it but designed to go over in Person The Rendezvous of the Forces was at Carthagena Stores of Ammunition and Provisions were made there and at Malaga About 14000 Men were gathered as well Horse as Foot The Principal Commanders were James de
which was the Introduction to all the Disorders that afterwards happen'd in England Civil Wars broke out between the Catholick and Heretick Cantons of Swisserland They came to a Battel near Zurick in which the Catholicks had the better In this Fight Zuinglius was killed At Basle Ecolampadius was found dead in his Bed Both these were Heads of that wicked Sect of Sacramentarians Anno 1532. The Emperor assembled the Diet at Ratisbon to raise the Forces of the Empire to oppose Solyman the Great Turk who threatned Hungary Liberty of Conscience was granted to the pretended Reformed Religion whereupon the Professors of it joined with the Catholicks in raising Forces The Pope sent a Supply of Italians under the Conduct of the Cardinal Hippolito de Medicis The King of Portugal also sent Succour Thus about 20000 Horse and 80000 Foot were raised They encamp'd near Vienna whither the Turks had designed to advance The Emperor in Person commanded this Army The Infidels understanding the great Power of the Christians tho they were much more numerous durst not hazard a Battel but contenting themselves with having ravaged Hungary and part of Austria returned the same way they came At the same time Andrew Doria with the Imperial Fleet sailing into the Morea took Coron and Modon John Frederick Duke of Saxony a great Favourer of Martin Luther died and his Son of the same Name and no better a Christian than he succeeded him The Emperor having setled the Affairs of Germany passed over into Italy At Bolonia he had a Conference with the Pope concluded a League with him against the Turk and it was proposed to call a General Council to put a stop to the growing Heresies But the main Design of these Princes was to prevent the French returning into Italy for it was thought that King would never desist till he had recover'd Milan Anno 1533. It seems there was no reality in their Proceedings for as soon as the Emperor returned into Spain the Pope and King of France met at Marseilles This Meeting it was fear'd would produce new Commotions and Wars in Italy The Death of the Pope which soon after ensued broke all those Measures All that took effect was that Catharine Daughter to Laurence de Medicis was Married to Henry Son to the King of France who afterwards Francis the Dauphin his Elder Brother dying came to be Dauphin and at last King She had in Dower certain Towns in Auvergn and a great Sum of Money Anno 1534. D. Alonso de Fonseca Archbishop of Toledo died the 4th of February and the Cardinal D. Jobn de Tavera succeeded him in that Dighity Pope Clement immediately after his return out of France fell sick of a lingring Disease and having setled his own Affairs and those of the City departed this Life at Rome the 24th Day of September On the 15th of October Cardinal Alexander Farnesius born at Rome and well versed in all the Affairs of that Court was chosen his Successor took the Name of Paul the III. and govern'd the Church 15 Years and 28 Days In his younger Days he had two Children unlawfully begotten which were Peter Luis and Constance Peter Luis was Father to Alexander Farnesius Constance was Mother of Guido Sforcia Both these were made Cardinals in the first Promotion Alexander Farnesius had two Brothers Octavius afterwards Duke of Parma and Raynuncius Knight of S. John of Hierusalem and lastly a Cardinal In England this November it was by Law establish'd That the Pope should have no Spiritual Jurisdiction within that Kingdom but that the King was Head of the Church Some who would not consent and among them certain Carthusians John Fisher Bishop of Rochester and Sir Thomas Moore late Chancellor were put to Death A Famous Pyrat called Ariadenus Barbarkssa had made himself King of Argiers and being afterwards Admiral of the Turkish Fleet took the City Tunez on the Coast of Africk expelling thence Muleasse the rightful King Anno 1535. The Emperor set Sail with a powerful Fleet from Barcelona on the 30th of May to restore Muleasse who had fled to him for Protection Prince Luis of Portugal kept him Company with certain Galleons fitted out by his Brother to that purpose They had a favourable Passage and landing on the Coast of Africk at their first arrival took the strong Castle of Goletta and in the Month of July were Masters of the City of Tunez The City was delivered to King Muleasse D. Bernardin de Mendoça was left in the Castlc with a Garison of 1000 Men. This done the Emperor sailed over to Sicily and thence to Naples Mean while the King of France passing the Alpes took from Charles Duke of Savoy the City of Turin and many other Places in Piemont whence ensued great Broils To encrease which Francis Sforcia Duke of Milan dying without Issue appointed the Emperor Charles his Heir Anno 1536. From Naples the Emperor went to Rome where in the Presence of the Pope and Cardinals he grievously inveighed against the King of France and was so far transported with Passion that he challenged him to Fight hand to hand upon Easter-Monday following Soon after departing Rome he entred France with a powerful Army He advanced as far as Marseilles to which he laid Siege but was forced to return without doing any thing remarkable In this Expedition Garcilasso de la Vega the Famous Spanish Poet was killed by certain Country People from a Tower which the Emperor so highly resented that he caused the Tower to be razed and all those Men to be hanged Antony de Leyva a famous Commander and then General died also in this Undertaking Three things remarkable happened this Year The first the Death of Francis the Dauphin of France suspected to have been Poisoned The second a Provincial Council held at Cologn by Hermanus Archbishop of that City who seven years after turned Lutheran was therefore deposed by the Pope and Adolphus placed in his stead The third was the Death of Erasmus Roterodamus who departed this Life at Basle being 70 Years of Age a Person of great Learning but no good Reputation In England on the 29th of May Anne Bullen tho the King had by her a Daughter called Elizabeth was accused and convicted of Adultery and accordingly Beheaded Jean Seymour stepped into her Place but the Year after she died in Childbed Her Son lived and was called Edward After this the King Married Anne Sister to the Duke of Cleves from whom he was soon after Divorced having before establish'd a Law to allow of Divorces Thus he Married his fifth Wife Catherine Howard but her also he put to Death for Adultery and because she had lost her Virginity before she was Married to him Lastly he Married the Lady Catherine Par her he made not away for soon after he died himself Anno 1537. Duke Alexander de Medicis was murdered at Florence the 6th of January by the
should be restor'd That Corsica be restor'd to the Genoeses That neither the Spaniard lay Claim to Burgundy nor the French to Milan or Naples Lastly That all Prisoners taken for 16 Years last past be set at Liberty These Articles being agreed upon King Philip in pursuance of them Married by Proxy at Paris on the 22th of June the Princess Elizabeth the Duke of Alva representing the King Soon after on the 11th of July the Lady Margaret was Married to the Duke of Savoy The Publick Joy was turn'd into extream Grief for that King Henry himself Tilting was struck into the Eye by a Splinter of his Adversary's Lance of which he died the day following His Son Francis the Second succeeded him being Sixteen Years of Age. He had three Brothers Charles Alexander Edward and Hercules His Sisters were Elizabeth and Claudia before-mentioned the youngest of all called Margaret some Years after was Married to Henry Prince of Bearne and King of Navarre Pope Paul the Fourth departed this Life at Rome the 18th of August D. Bartholomew de Miranda of the Order of S. Dominick two Years before chosen Archbishop of Toledo in the place of Cardinal Siceleus was Apprehended and made Prisoner by the Inquisitors in his Town of Tordelaguna upon the 23th of August He was many Years in Prison so great is the Power of the Inquisition in Spain At the same time King Philip arrived with his Fleet at Laredo in his return from Flanders Anno 1560. On the 26th of December last past Cardinal John Angelo de Medicis was chosen Pope He took the Name of Pius the Fourth and govern'd the Church 5 Years 11 Months and 15 Days Spain this Year was filled with Joy not only for the arrival of their long-wish'd-for King but also for his Marriage which was consummated at Guadalajara in the Kingdom of Toledo upon the 31th day of January This Joy was the greater for that all Men hoped the Peace would be lasting The Cardinal of Burgos and Duke del Infantado went to the Borders of France to fetch the Bride The great Solemnization of the Marriage was at Toledo whither the King and new Queen went from Guadalajara The Duke of Medina Celi Viceroy of Sicily took the Island of Gelves but after he was Master of it the Turkish Fleet coming upon him he lost a great part of his own and with much difficulty escaped himself Among other Prisoners taken by the Turks were one of the Duke's Sons D. Alvaro de Sande and Sancho de Avila brave Soldiers In France began the Tumults and Rebellion which lasted many Years under colour of Religion To remedy these Troubles the Three Estates or Parliament of France met at Orleans where several good Laws were enacted but never observed Francis the new King of France died in that City on the 5th of December His Brother Charles the Ninth of the Name being then but nine Years old succeeded him Anno 1561. In Rome Pope Pius the Fourth caused the Duke of Paliano and Cardinal Garrafa to be put to Death The Cardinal was strangled in Prison the Duke publickly Beheaded The Commonalty tho they were satisfied those Persons had deserved that Punishment yet using their common Liberty especially assumed by the Italians gave out it was done to please the Catholick King Certain it is the Pope their Unkle had expelled them Rome for their Crimes and now they were punish'd with loss of their Lives In the Spring Queen Mary of Scotland having at once lost her Mother and Husband returned to Scotland where she Married a second and third time A Lady worthy a more favourable Destiny for in England after a long Imprisonment she was unjustly put to Death In France the Tumults daily encreased To pacify the People it was resolved the Catholicks and Hereticks should meet and dispute at Poissy five Leagues from Paris Hippolito de Este Cardinal of Ferrara and with him James Lainez General of the Jesuits in the place of F. Ignatius de Loyola dead six Years before were sent from Rome The Pope's Intention was that in case that Meeting could not be prevented at least nothing should be positively determined in it but all things referred to the Council of Trent which he had summoned to meet again The Meeting could not be prevented the Dispute was about the Real Presence F. Lainez when it came to his turn to speak publickly with great freedom rebuked the Queen for that she being a Woman was present at Disputes about Religion In this Dispute he confuted Peter Martyr always calling him Father Peter because he had been a Friar Anno 1562. In January the Council of Trent was again open'd Cardinal John Moron and three other Cardinals presided as the Pop's Legates There was present a great number of Prelates and among them many French who came with Charles Cardinal of Lorrain In the Port de la Herradura in a violent Storm which rose in the Night Twenty two Galleys were cast away with their General D. John de Mendoça Great was the Desolation made in France many stately Churches were overthrown by the Hereticks and many Cities rebelled against the King Among others the King of Navarre to put a stop to these Evils laid Siege to Roan then in Rebellion but he was killed by a Musket-shot from the Walls on the 17th of November but before he expired the City was taken by his Forces The Prince of Conde who headed the Hereticks encouraged by the Recruits he received out of Germany was so bold as to lay Siege to Paris On the 8th of December the Catholicks gave them Battel being strengthned by a good supply of Spaniards sent by King Philip they all behaved themselves so well that they raised the Siege and pursuing the Enemy as far as Dreux overthrew them with great slaughter taking the Prince of Conde Prisoner Anno 1563. The Strength and Hopes of France at this time was in the House of Guise The Duke of Guise the King's Lieutenant then lay before the City Orleans seated on the Loire and in Rebellion One John Poltrot came out of the City purposely and in the passing of the River shot the Duke of which wound he died the 24th of February Poltrot being taken and put to the Rack confessed that Admiral Coligni and Theodorus Beza a principal Man among the Ministers had put him upon this wicked Enterprise He was at Paris publickly torn in pieces by four Horses D. Francis of Navarre Archbishop of Valencia died in a Village near that City on the 16th of April It is reported of him but no Proof appears that he writ the History of Spain which he composed with much care tho the Stile was not of the best The Council of Trent broke up the 5th of December and was soon after confirm'd by Pope Pius the Fourth Of the Spanish Bishops those that most signalized themselves for Learning in this Council were D. Peter Guerrero Archbishop
firing their Cannon disordered the Enemy Next to them D. John of Austria the first boarded the Turkish Admiral and after a doubtful Fight took her In her was killed Hali Bassa Admiral of the Fleet and two Sons of his were taken and presently Victory began to incline to the Christians Vchali the Pyrat did great harm upon the right taking 10 of our Gallies but seeing the rest of the Fleet overthrown he stood out to Sea and escaped with several of his Gallies It was a terrible Spectacle all resounded with various Cries and nothing was to be seen but killing pursuing battering and sinking of Vessels The Sea was covered with Blood and dead Bodies and the Air darkned with the Smoke 200 Turkish Gallies were either taken or sunk 25000 Turks were killed and 20000 Christian Captives set at liberty Of the Christians many were killed and among them no small number of Persons of note In short this was one of the greatest Victories that had been obtained in many years and there was great rejoycing for it in all parts of Christendom tho it was not pleasing to the Hereticks This Battel was fought on the 7th of October on which day the Memory of it is yearly celebrated as a Festival at Toledo Anno 1572. Pope Pius the 5th desiring to carry on this good Work the last Summer sent his Nephew Cardinal of Alexandria Michael Gislerius his Legate into France and Portugal to perswade those Kings to enter into this League With him went F. Francis Borgia a holy Man at that time General of the Jesuits in the place of F. James Lainez These Endeavours were fruitless as well for other Causes that occur'd as because the Pope died not long after on the 1st of Mary very unfortunately for the Affairs of Christendom Immediately after on the 10th of May Cardinal Hugo Bocompanus born at Bolongna was substituted in his Place and took the Name of Gregory the 13th He behaved himself so well that the Grief conceived for the loss of his Predecessor was much allayed for following his Footsteps he confirmed the League with the Venetians and with incredible Diligence furnished Men and Money for carrying on the War He held S. Peter's Chair 13 Years wanting one Month. At the beginning of Spring Charles the 9th King of France married Elizaleth Daughter to the Emperor Maximilian a Lady of great Vertue and extraordinary Beauty It was proposed to marry Margaret the French King's Sister to Henry of Bourbon Prince of Navarre by that means to allay the Tumults in France Pope Pius laboured to hinder that Match and offered King Sebastian of Portugal should take her to Wife which he consented to and even to accept of her without a Portion provided the French King would enter into the League against the Turks However the Prince of Navarre was preferred His Mother Joanna Queen of Navarre died at Paris the 10th of June and nevertheless the Marriage was solemnized towards the end of the Summer with a great Concourse of Nobility as well of the Hereticks as Catholicks In this Concourse Admiral Coligni was shot from a Window by the Contrivance of the Duke of Guise the Consequence whereof was a general Massacre of all the Hereticks in the City of Paris to the number of 10000. The Heads of them were put to Death by the King's Order having discovered a Conspiracy among them for assassinating of him the rest were outragiously murdered by the Rabble In Flanders the last Year towards defraying the Charge of the War a Tax was layed being the 10th Penny of all things sold This Imposition was so heavy to those Provinces which depend chiefly upon Trade that many Cities rebelled and were soon supported by Forces that came to their Assistance out of England Germany and France Zeland and Holland two inaccessible Provinces lying on the Sea and encompassed with Water were the first that rebelled Mons a strong City in Hainault followed their example D. Frederick Son to the Duke of Alva layed siege to it and leaving a sufficient Force to secure his Works marched to meet 4000 French who were coming to relieve the Place He overthrew them killing a great number taking Genlis their Commander Prisoner who died afterwards in the Castle of Antwerp The Prince of Orange came also with Forces out of Germany but the Duke of Alva had so secured all things he was forced to retire without making any attempt These Troubles besides the other Harms they did were the cause the League against the Turks was dissolved For D. John of Austria having gathered a mightier Fleet at Messina than the Year before stayed there a great while being in care for the Affairs of the Low-Countries and the more for that it was reported the French would make War on that side Thus the Season fit for Service being passed he set out of that Port at the end of September to join the Venetians and try the Fortune of another Battel But the Enemies Fleet kept close about Modon Coron and Navarrino in the Morea refusing to come to a Battel The Christian Fleet having lost all hopes of Fighting and the Weather growing unseasonable went to winter in several Ports Anno 1573. The Venetians either in consideration of the little Advantage gained by this great Fleet or because they had lost the rich Trade of the East without regard to the Confederate Princes made a shameful Peace with the Turks yielding up to them not only the Island of Cyprus but several Towns they held in Sclavonia and paying to them 300000 Ducats In May Henry Duke of Anjou the French King's Brother was elected King of Poland It was reported the French Gold bought the Votes but certain it is that as soon as the Duke heard of his Election he raised the Siege he had layed to Rochel and went to take Possession of his Kingdom D. John of Austria in October with the Fleet he had prepared against the Turks sailed over to Tunez and restored that Kingdom to Muleasse Grandson to that Muleasse who we said was expelled his Kingdom and his Eyes put out by his Son Muley Hamet the King now deposed was sent to Sicily whither soon after D. John of Austria having settled the Government and left a Garison in the City followed Thence he went over to Naples designing for Spain This Winter appeared a Comet which was only like a great shining Star without any Tail near the North-Pole What all the Astrologers admir'd in it was that it had no Parallaxis but from all places appeared to be near the same Stars and consequently must be supposed to be as high as the Stars themselves Anno 1574. The Duke of Alva having leave to return home D. Luis de Requesens chief Commendary of Castile was made Governor of the Low-Countries He came from Milan to Flanders at the beginning of the Year and it was hoped his mild Disposition and Wisdom would remedy all the Disorders
this Year was happy in the Birth of this Prince so it was unfortunate to Portugal and all Spain For King Sebastian carried away by the Heat of Youth and ambitious to extend the Christian Name in Africk took into his Protection King Muley Hamet He gathered Forces out of Germany Italy and Castile to join with his own He fitted out a great Fleet in which he shipped all his Forces and sailing in July arrived at Arzila a City in Africk subject to the Portugueses His first Design was to attack the Castle of Alarache which is at the Mouth of the River Lucus The Portugueses began to march up the Country and Moluco met them with a far greater number of Men. The Battel was fought on the 4th of August and the Portugueses overthrown The Slaughter was great and the number of Prisoners incredible among which were many of note No Battel in many years was so unfortunate for three Kings died there Moluco of Sickness which had long stuck by him he left his Brother Hamet his Heir The King of Portugal was killed in the Battel and Muley drowned in passing a River as he fled D. John of Austria to pacify the Flemmings consented that the Spaniards should be drawn out of those Provinces and Garisons of the Natives put into their Strong-holds which proved fatal For scarce were the Spaniards gone when the Hereticks conspired to seize D. John He having notice of their Design fled to Namur began to assemble Forces recalled the Spaniards who were marching towards Italy and had some Skirmishes with the Enemy from whom he took some places But Death taking him off in October and in the Flower of his Age put a stop to all his Designs He died a natural Death in the Field Alexander Farnesius Prince of Parma succeeded him in the Government of these Provinces The Provinces being dissatisfied with the Archduke Mathias called Francis Duke of Alenson to their assistance against D. John of Austria who having accepted of the Offer and being come to Mons in Hainault they gave him the Title of Protector of Flanders In Portugal died the Princess Mary Daughter to Emanuel by his last Wife Ellenor This Lady when she died was well in years and a Maid for tho several Matches were proposed never any took effect Anno 1579. As soon as the dismal News of the Death of King Sebastian was brought to Lisbon Cardinal Henry his Great Uncle Brother to his Grandfather was proclaimed King tho then very old and unhealthy The Nobility to secure the Succession would have him marry but it being unlikely he should have any Children there were many Pretenders to that Crown King Philip in Right of his Mother Elizabeth the Empress Philibert Duke of Savoy as Son to the Lady Beatrix both which were Daughters to King Emanuel The Prince of Parma in the Right of his Wife the Princess Mary then dead but had left two Sons Ranucius and Edward And the Duke of Bragança in the Right of Catherine his Wife These two Ladies were Grand-children to King Emanuel and Daughters to Prince Edward Mary was the eldest but was dead and Catherine was living Antony Prior of Ocrato put in his Claim as Son to Prince Luis and Grandson to King Emanuel He to cover his being a Bastard pretended his Father had been married to his Mother but no proof appeared Catherine Queen-Mother of France claimed that Kingdom as descended from Matildis Countess of Bologn Wife to Alonso the 3d King of Portugal affirming they had Issue The Portugueses urged that the Countess left no Child either by her first or second Husband and proved that when she died Robert her Nephew Son to her Sister Alicia inherited her Dominions from whom that Queen was descended by the Mother's side None of these Princesses wanted the Pens of Learned Men to vindicate their Titles but King Philip had the Power which never fails to bear down all that the Learned can say in behalf of their Cause In Sicily this Year a vast quantity of Liquid Fire gushed out of Mount Etna which did much harm in the Neighbouring Country Anno 1580. King Philip prepared for the War with Portugal and to that purpose caused several Troops of Italians Germans and Spaniards to march towards the Frontiers of that Kingdom To prevent Disorders King Philip labour'd to prevail with the new King his Unkle to declare him his Heir but at the same time whilst this was in hand King Henry departed this Life at Almeirin on the last of January It appear'd a War must of necessity ensue for that the Portugueses it could not be expected would submit to the Spaniards There wanted a General The Duke of Alva was then Prisoner at Vzeda because he had obliged his Son Frederick to Marry the Daughter of D. Garcia de Toledo Marquis of Villa Franca without regard to another Lady belonging to the Queen to whom the said Frederick had before promised Marriage and the King had commanded him not to dispose of himself till that Affair was decided It was now thought fit to release and send him to Portugal The King himself to be the nearer at hand went first to Merida and then to Badajoz a City on the Frontiers of that Kingdom His Forces were not great being scarce 12000 Foot and 1500 Horse but they were the Flower of the Spanish Army old Soldiers of great Experience With this strength and the good Conduct of the Duke of Alva Antony the Bastard who with the Favour of the People called himself King was overthrown first at Lisbon and soon after near Porto by Sancho Davila Camp-Master-General in that Expedition Thus he being expelled the Country all that Kingdom was brought under Mean while King Philip lay at Burgos so sick that the Physicians had given him over Scarce was he recover'd when the Queen his Wife who was with him died on the 26th of October He had by her four Sons Ferdinand and Charles both dead before James who lived not long after and Philip then a Child and sickly but afterwards grew healthy and lived long He had also a Daughter called Mary that was but short lived About this time died Hierome Osorio a Portugues Bishop of Silves a great Orator but not in his History as appears by the Books he wrote His Contemporary was Andrew Resendius of the same Nation a great Antiquary and imitator of Horace in the Learned Verses he composed Emanuel Duke of Savoy also departed this Life and his Son Charles succeeded him In Flanders after the death of D. John of Austria the War continued hot and most of the Country was in Rebellion Mathias the Archduke left the Country and returned into Germany Those Provinces having once revolted would not return to their duty and tho they all combin'd together yet of themselves they were not strong enough to oppose the King which made them send for Francis Duke of Alençon the French King's
embroil the whole Kingdom Yet at first he seemed to approve of the Association and offer'd to be Head of it till perceiving he had only the Name and all things tended to his own Ruin he put off that disguise The Pope who at first in favour of the Leaguers had condemned the King of Navarre now repenting was averse to their Proceedings and showed himself more favourable to the King Anno 1587. Mary Stuart Queen of Scotland was beheaded on the 17th of February in Foderingay Castle where she had been kept Prisoner 16 years Elizabeth Queen of England gave Sentence of Death against her at London This unfortunate Princess by reason of the Rebellion in Scotland retir'd into England upon Queen Elizabeth's Word given for her Safety and nevertheless was kept Prisoner and at last murdered It was thought the Christian Princes would not suffer her Death to be unrevenged but the King of France whom it chiefly concerned she having been Wife to his Brother King Francis was taken up with the Tumults of his own Kingdom King Philip was providing for this Enterprize at the time that Sir Francis Drake who the last Year had plundered the Coasts of America and carried a great quantity of Gold into England had the Boldness this Spring to attempt the Island of Cadiz and had certainly possessed himself of it had not two Gallies that were in the Port kept him in play till such time as the Neighbouring People came to succour the City and among them the Duke of Medina Sidonia The King was then at Toledo to assist at the reception of the Body of S. Leocadia Virgin and Martyr which had lain many Ages in a Monastery of Benedictine Monks called S. Gillain near Mons in Hainault The Procession and Feast were celebrated with great Pomp on the 26th of April there being present besides the King Mary the Empress his Sister and Prince Philip his Son who helped to carry the Coarse on which the Body was laid France as has been said was divided into three Factions when 30000 Germans enter'd it in favour of the King of Navarre and under the Command of the Duke de Bouillon They spread a great Terror throughout the Kingdom The King of France on the one side and the Duke of Guise on the other went out to meet them who keeping continually in their Rear and cutting them off and the Winter besides being severe great part of them perished the rest disbanded and returned home Soon after the Duke of Bouillon died Thus the Catholicks began again to take heart Spain was under no small Apprehensions least that Plague should spread on this side of the Pyrenean Hills France suffered not only by those People but was afflicted with Plague and Famine Great Processions were made to appease the Divine Wrath. Whole Towns went out clad in white with their Crosses singing Hymns and imploring the Mercy of God Anno 1588. King Philip had in readiness a mighty Fleet at Lisbon to revenge the Death of the Innocent Queen of Scots and the many Wrongs done to himself The Marquis of Sancta Cruz was appointed Admiral but he dying in the midst of all these Preparations the Duke of Medina Sidonia was substituted in his place He set sail in June with fair Weather and having turned Cape Finisterre off of Corun̄a a violent Storm so scattered and disabled the Fleet that they could not put to Sea again till September At length it came to the Coast of Flanders the English Fleet always hovering upon their skirts whose Cannon and the many Sand Banks much endangered our Fleet. Some Ships were taken by the Enemy and many sore battered by their Shot For which reason endeavouring to return home round the North of Scotland many Ships perished in that stormy Season and long Voyage Besides the extremity of the Cold and want of Provisions consumed most of the Men so that very few Ships and a small number of Mariners and Soldiers returned to several Ports of Spain Thus Humane Designs are disappointed by a superior Power Doubtless the Flower of all the Spanish Soldiers was lost in this Expedition and God by this Disaster punished the many Sins of this Nation The King of France resolved to punish the Duke of Guise as Head of the League and by that means to curb the rebellious Parisians who supported him To this purpose he brought into the City 4000 Foreigners The Duke of Guise also came relying on the favour of the Multitude who immediately taking Arms drove out the Strangers and forced the King himself to retire Soon after the King published an Edict approving of all that the Duke of Guise had done and after that another for assembling the States or Parliament and laying hold of that opportunity put to Death the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal his Brother imprisoning several others who had a hand in the League Anno 1589. The Queen-Mother of France died 12 days after this Execution and many Cities Rebelled but Paris fignaliz'd it self above all others Some Months after the King laid Siege to Paris and whilst he was before it James Clement a Burgundian and Dominican Friar coming out of the City upon pretence of revealing some Secret to the King stabbed him with a poison'd Knife of which he died The Villain was immediately torn in pieces a small Revenge for so detestable a Parricide Henry King of Navarre who was then in the Camp as of right belong'd to him presently entituled himself King of France and went through many Troubles before he was setled in the quiet Possession of that Kingdom Portugal was this Year in danger to be Embroiled for the English Fleet came before Lisbon upon pretence of restoring Antony the Bastard to the Kingdom of his Ancestors He came with the Fleet himself and landed with a good number of Men encamped before the City but finding there was no Commotion within the Prince Cardinal and Count de Fuentes having secured all things he was forced for want of Provisions to turn back and soon after the whole Fleet having done nothing worth remembring return'd for England Their departure deliver'd Spain from great Apprehensions At Lisbon a Conspiracy of the Citizens was discover'd in Favour of the pretended Prince Antony Some few of them were Executed for a Terror to the rest The Nobility continued very Loyal as those who had most to lose if any Change of Government happen'd A Nun at Lisbon with her Counterfeit Sanctity had deceived not only the Vulgar sort but Men of great Learning and being now discover'd to the Inquisition was punish'd as she deserv'd Soon after died F. Luis de Granada of the Order of S. Dominick a Man well known for his Works and singular Piety John Davila a Famous Preacher was his Contemporary At Barcelona the Plague raged violently Many things were said of the Cause of that Distemper but nothing was proved This Year in the Kingdom of Toledo was
finish'd the Famous Structure of St. Laurence the Royal which had been Thirty Years in hand since King Philip began to build it near a Village called the Escuriall in the Territory of Segovia It consists of a Monastery of the Order of S. Hierome a Colledge and a Palace for the Kings to divert themselves in Summer The Work is truly Majestick equal to any of the former memorable Structures and may well be accounted the Eighth Wonder Anno 1590. This Year was remarkable for the death of two Popes Sixtus who died the 28th of August and Vrban the Seventh who lived but twelve days after his Exaltation to the Papacy Neither did the Pope's Gregory the Fourteenth and Innocent the Ninth sit above a few Months in S. Peter's Chair till at last Clement the Eighth was elected who held it longer and without reproach Autumn this Year was very sickly Many People perished in Spain but the greatest Mortality was in the Country either for want of Medicines or that there was less to oppose the Infection of the Air. Among the rest Dr. John Calderon a Famous Divine and Canon of Toledo fell sick in a pleasant place whither he retired to pass the heat of the Summer Anno 1591. Antony Perez once the King's Secretary and in great Favour with him after he had bin Prisoner the space of 12 Years fled from the Prison in Madrid in April the foregoing Year He went into Aragon there to deliver himself up to the Great Justice of that Kingdom and answer for the death of Secretary Escobedo whom he caused to be killed one Night as he was going from Court together with other things laid to his Charge The Joy some People conceived at his flight was soon changed into Tears On the 24th of May this Year the Prisoner was remov'd from the Great Justice his Prison to that of the Inquisition The Rabble mutinying and taking up Arms with cries of Liberty assaulted the House of D. In̄igo de Mendoça Marquis of Almenara the Lieutenant They had before conceiv'd Malice against him and now murder'd him With the same Fury they ran next to the Prison of the Inquisition which they broke open and restor'd Antony Perez to the Prison where he was before In pursuance hereof on the 24th of September the People rose again because it was design'd to carry back the Prisoner to the Inquisition and breaking the Prison set him at Liberty In this Tumult some were killed and wounded Antony Perez fled to France where he died some Years after The Rebellious Citizens soon paid for their Rebellion for D. Alonso de Vargas an old Low Country Soldier was sent thither with an Army who reduc'd the City and put to death many of the Mutiniers among whom was D. John de Lamuza the Great Justice for that he appear'd in Arms against the King D. James de Heredia and D. John de Luna two of the chief Incendiaries were beheaded with many more The Duke of Villahermosa and Count de Aranda were taken and sent Prisoners to Castile where they died not long after in Prison but were afterwards acquitted of the Treason In order to settle the Affairs of that Kingdom the Cortes met at Taraçona at which D. Andrew de Bobadilla Archbishop of Zaragoça presided Anno 1592. The King himself by the way of Valladolid Burgos aad Pamplona went thither at the end of this Year With him were the Princess Elizabeth and her Brother Prince Philip who at Pamplona and Taraçona was sworn Heir of those Crowns Thus the Tumults in Aragon were appeas'd almost two Years after they commenc'd many of the Offenders being punish'd and Garisons put into Zaragoça and other places After the Cortes were held at Taraçona all Men submitted themselves being terrified with the Punishment of others and their own Losses For tho the Fury of the Multitude be great the Power of the King is greater and doubtless when Kings are resolute all the vain efforts of a tumultuous People are easy to be quelled and end in their own Destruction Anno 1593. King Henry of Navarre seemed now inclined to embrace the Catholick Religion and desired to be absolv'd of the Ecclesiastical Censures The Duke of Nemours sent by him to Rome to this effect used his utmost Endeavours to obtain it of the Pope who appear'd very rigid and much blamed the Archbishop of Bourges who had absolved him in France fearing his Conversion was only feigned but the contrary appear'd afterwards King Philip by his Agents now labour'd hard in France that the King of Navarre for his Religion might be excluded the Succession and he himself elected in his stead but that failing he proposed Archduke Ernestus the Emperor's Brother or any of the Princes of the House of Lorrain offering his Daughter Elizabeth in Marriage and many great Sums of Money with considerable Forces to support them All this fell to nothing King Henry being converted and by the unanimous Consent of all the States after many Difficulties proclaimed King Anno 1594. At Rome the Pope on the 17th of April Canonized S. Hyacinthus a Polander of the Order of S. Dominick At Madrid on the 22th of November died D. Gaspar de Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo and Cardinal aged 83 Years He was buried in a Monastery of the Order of S. Augustin in a Town of Madrigal where he was born He was an upright Man and of very good Parts but there is none free from some Fault His Revenue being very great and his Expence small he heaped up much Money and having made no Will the Pope order'd it to be equally divided into three Parts the one for pious Uses another for himself and the third for the King Albertus the Archduke and Cardinal succeeded him in the Archbishorick but afterwards having obtain'd the Pope's Dispensation by the King his Unkle's Order he quitted all his Church Preferments and Married This Year Javarin a very strong Town in Hungary was besieged and taken by the Turks Anno 1595. At the beginning of this Year died in Flanders the Archduke Ernestus who governed that Country for the King his Unkle On the third of April Albertus the Archduke his Brother took possession of the Archbishoprick of Toledo He never went to his Church or was consecrated because the King his Unkle gave him the Government of the Netherlands for which he set out from Madrid in August Garcia de Loaysa was left to govern the Bishoprick and three Years after the Archduke resigning it succeeded him in that Dignity The Government of the Low Countries upon the death of Ernestus the Archduke was some time in the Hands of D. Peter Enriquez de Toledo Earl of Fuentes a notable Soldier He on the 3d. of October after a tedious Siege took Cambray from the French who attempted three times to relieve it and were as often repulsed The Pope on the 25th of November made Valladolid a Bishops See and the King
their King who was assisted by the German Hereticks the Kings of England and Denmark and the Dutch The Catholick Electors Kings of Spain and Poland the Pope and Princes of Italy favour'd the Emperor On the 8th of November near Prague the Rebels were overthrown and 8000 of them slain The next day the City Prague was deliver'd to the Emperor Anno 1621. Pope Paul the V. died the 28th of January Cardinal Luis of Bolonia succeeded him and took the Name of Gregory the XV. On the 15th of March following died Philip the III. King of Spain at Madrid at the Age of 43 and having Reign'd 22 Years and a half His Body was buried in the Royal Monastery of S. Laurence of the Escuriall His Son Philip the IV. succeeded him being then 16 Years of Age. The End of Mariana 's Supplement The SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE History of SPAIN From the Year 1621 till 1649. Written by the Reverend F. Ferdinand Camargo y Salcedo Preacher and Historiographer of the Order of S. Augustin Anno 1621. AT the Beginning of the Year 1621 Pope Paul the 5th governed the Church Philip the 3d was King of Spain Luis the 13th of France James the 1st of England Ferdinand the 2d was Emperor F. Alonso Vinacourt Master of Malta Antony Prioli Doge of Venice and Osman Emperor of Constantinople These were the Princes that ruled at the Beginning of the Year which before its End shewed the Instability of worldly Affairs in the Death of some of these Potentates Pope Paul the 5th departed this Life the 28th of January being 66 years of Age and having reigned 15 Years and 9 Months In his Place was elected on the 9th of February Alexander Ludovisius Cardinal and Archbishop of Bolonia being then 76 years of Age who took the Name of Gregory the 15th D. Emanuel de Azevedo y Zuniga Count de Monterrey went in the Catholick King 's Name to yield Obedience to him Upon Ashwednesday being the 31st of March the Great Monarch Philip the 3d of Spain changed this Life for a better He was a most singular Prince for Piety and Vertue and the best beloved of any that has held these Kingdoms His Death was in the 43d Year of his Age and 23d of his Reign King Philp the 4th as soon as he heard of his Father's Death took upon him the Government and began to act with greater Wisdom than could have been expected of his tender years He ordained that all Ministers of State should give in an Estimate of what they were worth when they first came to serve On the 22d of June he opened the Cortes at Madrid being 16 years of Age when he began his Reign as born the Year 1605 upon Good-Friday at Midnight Cardinal Bellarmine died at Rome September the 17th a Person of extraordinary Piety and Learning as appears by his Books against the Hereticks of our times and for the use of all other Persons Of two Galleons that came out of India one arrived safe at Lisbon the other fought 3 days with several Turks and having sunk 7 was himself at last burnt the loss was valued at above 2 Millions besides 600 Souls Other 13 Sail of Infidels being met in the Streights by D. Frederick the Admiral he sunk 9 took 2 and 2 fled The same D. Frederick with only 9 Ships fought 18 Hollanders at the Mouth of the Streights with good Success Upon the 21st of October D. Roderick Calderon was beheaded in the great Market-place of Madrid after he had been 2 years and a half Prisoner at Valladolid Much has been writ about him by the Name of Marquis of 7 Churches and his Wife had the publick Tears of all Persons to comfort her He himself was a rare Example of Patience and Constancy which lifted him above his Fortune Anno 1622. D. John Manrique Viceroy of Oran this Year several times defeated the Moores by which means their Insolency was abated At Rome in February 3 Suns were seen two of which were very small Xongusama Emperor of Japan provoked by the Villanous Insinuations of the Hollanders in hatred to the Catholick Religion caused diligent search to be made after the Preachers thereof and put to Death 125 of them burning alive 11 Dominicans 8 Augustinians 5 Franciscans and 9 Jesuits Osman the Great Turk invaded Poland with a mighty Army but having lost 160000 Turks in eleven several Battels he had with Prince Vladislaus returned with Shame to Constantinople There it being given out that he intended to remove his Court to Grand Caire the Janizaries mutinying put him into the Castle of the 7 Towers where they murdered him and taking out his Uncle Mustapha who was kept Prisoner there proclaimed him Emperor Anno 1623. Pope Gregory the 15th departed this Life at Rome July the 8th and on the 6th of August Cardinal Barberino was chosen in his Place and took the Name of Vrban the 8th This Year also died D. Peter de Castro y Quin̄ones Archbishop of Sevil at the Age of 102 years Charles Prince of Wales Son to King James of England set out of London in a Disguise and at Paris whither he went Post saw the King and Queen at Dinner without being known Thence he departed and came to Madrid by the Post March the 17th taking up his Lodging at the English Embassador's who gave notice of his Arrival to Count Gondamar and he to the Duke de Olivares That Afternoon the Marquis of Buckingham went to visit him and gave him the reason of the Prince's coming to Spain The King caused him to remove to S. Hierom from whence he conducted him to the Court giving him the right-hand He was entertained with all the Majesty and Grandeur imaginable The Business he came about which was to marry the Princess Mary was canvassed but he proposing among other Articles the restoring of the Elector Palatin whom the Emperor had expelled for his Rebellion the Treaty was broke off and he returned to England dissatisfied but without reason The King of Persia with the assistance of the English took the City Ormuz a most important Place in the Gulph of Persia being the great Mart of Europe Asia and Africk D. James Pimentel General of the Gallies of Naples near Sardinia discovered 6 Sail of Turks whom he fought and took but with the loss of his Life having received a Musket-shot of which he died the 4th of October Mustapha the new Sultan being judged incapable to govern so great an Empire the Janazaries deposed him and set up in his Place Amurat Brother to Osman whom they had before murdered Anno 1624. This Year the Kingdoms of Grand Cathay and Tibet were discovered They lye beyond India bordering upon China on the North-side and are very large delightful and plentiful Countries The People abhor the Mahometans and scoff at the Pagans They have particular Ceremonies of their own and many Priests whom they call Lambas some
too obstinate The Duke of Feria entring Alsace with a powerful Army raised the Siege of Constance recover'd Valdutz took Laufenburg and Rhinfelt and reliev'd Brisac a place of great importance to the House of Austria for securing the Communication between Flanders and Italy He passed the Alps with his Army in December an Action surprising and even astonishing at that Season of the Year All this Year the success of the War continued dubious Victory sometimes inclining to the one side and sometimes to the other Mary of Austria Queen of Hungary was deliver'd of a Prince call'd Ferdinand Francis The Archduke Ferdinand Charles Earl of Tyrol stood Godfather for his Catholick Majesty At Madrid on the 5th of July died the most serene Princess Sister Margaret of the Cross in the Monastery of the Poor Clares where she had lived many Years with singular Piety and Virtue F. John de Parma her Confessor writ her Life Anno 1634. This Year began Unfortunate to the Emperor and Catholick King a presage of their Losses was the death of the Duke de Feria which happen'd the 11th of January at Munich the Court of Bavaria Immediately upon the death of the Duke the command of his Army was given to Count John Cervellon by the most Serene Cardinal Prince of Spain Ferdinand of Austria who then resided at Milan Superintendent and Vicar-General of Italy This Army consisted of 10000 Foot and 2000 Horse most of them Spaniards This Year the Emperor was inform'd by some of his chief Officers that Albertus Wallestein Duke of Fridland his Generalissimo had conspir'd to debauch the Army and rise in Rebellion against him The principal Men that made this Discovery were Count Picolomini Galassius Aldringerius and Coloredius Upon their private Information the Emperor call'd his Cabinet Council where it was resolv'd that Orders should be sent to the most Loyal Commanders in the Army to apprehend the Duke of Fridland or in case they could not to kill him before the design was reveal'd Accordingly he was invited to a Supper and there put to death by the Officers of the Irish Regiments then in the Emperor's Service The two Ferdinands the King of Hungary and the Cardinal joining their Forces laid Siege to Nordlingen and the Enemy under the command of Count Gustavus Horn coming to the relief of that City overthrew them with a great slaughter after an obstinate Fight which lasted six hours At Tortosa March the 6th Mary Ortego Wife to John Xinto both Inhabitants of Almun̄ia in Aragon was deliver'd in the Hospital of a Female Child with two Heads both very beautiful 3 hands and 3 feet and 8 fingers and toes upon one of the hands and feet This Creature lived half an hour and was Baptized Anno. 1635. The most Christian King this Year declar'd War against Spain and the House of Austria publishing his Manifesto containing his Reasons for this Breach His Forces joining with the Hollanders took Tirlemont Besides he possessed himself of several Places among the Grisons to cut off the Communication between Italy and Germany Pignerol also he seized by corrupting the Governour and so open'd to himself a Passage to Susa These and other the like Hostilities oblig'd his Catholick Majesty to declare War upon the 27th of June The Renown'd Marquis of Aytona died in Flanders August the 10th The Dunkirk Privateers took this Year many Prizes of the Hollanders The Emperor 's good Fortune was much forwarded by the Peace he concluded with the Elector of Saxony with exclusion to all other Sects except the Professors of the Ausburg Confession Soon after the Archdutchess Mary-Ann of Austria the Emperor's eldest Daughter was with great Solemnity at Vienna Married to Maximilian Elector of Bavaria her Unkle The most renown'd Spanish Poet Lope Felix de Vega Carpio died at Madrid where he was born upon the 28th day of August He was the greatest Poet of his Time writ more and better than any before him and must be allow'd the Honour of his Country having merited so much Fame abroad Anno 1636. The French King having as was said in the last Year broke the Peace with Spain many learned-Pens writ in Vindication of the Catholick King 's Proceedings referring the Judgment of his Cause to the Pope which Writings were at Paris burnt by the hands of the common Hangman The Emperor made the greatest force he could to join with that of Spain in the Low Countries and both together enter'd into Picardy under the command of the most Serene Prince Cardinal Ferdinand with whom were Prince Thomas Francis of Savoy Charles Duke of Lorrain John Count Nassau and Octavius Picolomini They took la Chapelle Chates Vervins and Noyon obliging the French for the Security of the Country to break down all the Bridges upon the Rivers Oyse and Aysne as far as S. Clou. They had also Corbie deliver'd to them by the Count de Soyecourt This Success of the Spanish Forces obliged the French to call the Prince of Conde the Cardinal de la Valette and Duke of Weymar out of Alsace leaving that Country exposed to the King of Hungary and Count Galassius At the same time the Marquis of Grana so pressed the Landtgrave of Hesse that he was forced to retire to take Protection of the Hollanders Mean while the Forces of Spain by the way of Guipuzcoa broke into the Province of Guienne where they possessed themselves of Andaye Orugne Siboure and S. Jean de Luz as also of the Port and Fortress of Zocoa D. John Alonso Enriquez de Cabrera Admiral of Castile and Captain-General of the Provinces of Old Castile and D. Francis de Irracaval Marquis of Valparaiso and Viceroy of Navarre in his Majesty's Name publish'd a Manifesto containing the Reasons that mov'd him to make these Incursions The Cardinal Richlieu had perswaded the King and People that the Forces of Spain and the Empire were so inconsiderable the War would be kept out of the Kingdom and always upon the Enemies Country Now they found much the contrary being forc'd to quit Milan and the Valley of Valtelina and still retiring every where to leave a great part of their Kingdom exposed to their Enemies Several Princes who were under the Protection of France having had their Countries wasted to prevent their utter Destruction have been forced to declare against that Crown A Report being spread that Count Galassius was entring the Province of Bassigni with 25000 Men and that 14000 were marching from Silesia besides 12000 Polish Horse had-passed the Rhine the Nobility not thinking themselves safe at Paris removed the best of their Goods to Havre de Grace Seeing all things fall out far otherwise than he had expected the Cardinal laid the blame upon the Governours of the Places that had been lost declaring them Traytors and accusing F. Joseph of Paris a Capucin his great confident of feeding him with false Intelligence from the Turks Moores and Protestants The News of the Election
King Ferdinand and the Emperor Charles the V. under whom the People paid but moderate Taxes and that by the Name of Donatives or Free Gifts These in process of time were infinitely increased and the insolency of the Receivers made them more intollerable especially those Impositions that were upon Provisions This burthen lay heaviest upon the Commonalty of whom there is a vast multitude at Naples Yet hitherto they had gone no farther than Complaints but when the last Year an Excise was laid upon all manner of Fruits and Herbs then the Clamours of the Multitude began to be more loud and they opposed the Collectors Such as had any hand in these Tumults were punish'd and others for that time deterred At length this Year the Complaints increasing there started up a base Fellow who took upon him to deliver his Country from those heavy Taxes This was Thomas Aniello of Amalfi commonly call'd Massaniello a bold Youth that sold Fish of a voluble Tongue and all ways qualified to raise a Mutiny It happen'd that some Fish he brought to Market was taken from him for refusing to pay the Excise which the more incensed him so that he ceased not to go about the Markets perswading the People not to pay the Duty and that not in private but openly and by his Emissaries boasting he would soon cause all the Taxes to be remitted Most Men of sence made small account of so inconsiderable a Fellow but he lest his design should be prevented resolv'd to put it in Execution and therefore upon Sunday the 7th of June came into the Market-place with a small number of Boys following him several of the Rabble there joining with him A Contention arising between the Country People and the Collectors about the Payment of the Duty Andrew Anaclerius the Clerk of the Market repair'd thither to appease the Tumult but the Multitude throwing Apples and other things at him he was forc'd to withdraw himself and hasted away to complain of that Insolency to the Viceroy The Multitude now gather'd not only in the Markets but in the Streets began with loud crys to demand the Excise might be abolish'd Mean while Massaniello who was still in the Market with his Gang standing upon a Table made a seditious Harangue to the People offering to head them and put an end to all Taxes if they would stand by him which if they should not he said at least he should have the Satisfaction of dying for his Country All the Rabble assenting to him he immediately set fire to all the little Offices where the Collectors used to receive the Excise This done he goes up to the Viceroy demanding all the Taxes should be remitted and the Original Charters of King Ferdinand and Charles the V. produced threatning further danger if his Demands were not granted The Viceroy having labour'd by fair words to appease the Mutiniers in vain scattering some Money among them made his escape Now their number was grown up to 50000 but the next day twice as many appear'd in Arms. Then all the Nobility being fled Massaniello was chosen their Commander with an unlimited Power His first command was that they should all be ready in Arms. Then he set a Price upon Bread and other Provisions after which he burnt all the other Offices of the Collectors which had escap'd the day before Next he fell upon the Houses of all the Farmers of the Revenue some of which he burnt with all the Riches in them out of others he brought all the precious Furniture Plate and Money which was all burnt in the Street no Man daring to take the least thing in that great Treasure to his own use for whosoever in this or any other matter transgressed against his Orders was instantly put to Death No Person whatsoever was spared which was the cause that all his Orders were most punctually obeyed Upon the 4th day after this Mutiny broke out the Duke of Matalone and his Brother Joseph Caraffa having hired 500 Banditti to kill Massaniello and some others of the principal Heads of the Rebellion the Design was discovered and not only the Banditti put to Death but strict search was made after the Duke and his Brother being taken was dragged along the Streets his Head being cut off by a Butcher put upon a long Pole which brought to Massaniello he scornfully pulled by the Beard This terrified all the Nobility but most of all the Viceroy nor was he out of danger for Massaniello had forbid any Provision being carried into the Castle where he was and ordered the Conduits of Water to be cut off In this Confusion Cardinal Philomarini the Archbishop order'd the Blessed Sacrament to be exposed in all the Churches and after he had caused Publick Prayers to be said to appease the Wrath of Heaven going out to the furious Rabble began to treat with Massaniello as the chief Ringleader of the rest of restoring the City to Peace The People demanded the abolishing of all Taxes imposed since the Times of King Ferdinand and Charles the 5th and to have their Charters of Priviledges produced besides this an Act of Grace for all that had been done which if granted Massaniello promised to quit his Command and that the People should lay down their Arms. The Viceroy and Archbishop finding no other Remedy left delivered to Massaniello the Priviledges or Charters promising to fulfil all his other Demands besides the Archbishop engaged to pay to Massaniello a Monthly Pension of 200 Crowns which he refused Peace thus concluded Massaniello was brought by the Archbishop to the Viceroy and returning to the People declared all that had been transacted strictly enjoyning them to behave themselves in peaceable manner Nevertheless he would not lay down Arms till such time as the Ratification of what had been concluded were brought from the Court of Spain All these were the Transactions of one Week besides many more too tedious for this place Massaniello having as he thought obtained his Ends grew distracted Some say it was caused by a Dose given him others ascribe it to the multiplicity of Business which scarce allowed him time to eat or sleep But he in his Madness contradicting his own Orders and becoming contemptible to his own People was by the Contrivance of four of the Nobility who laid hold of this Opportunity killed His Head being cut off was put upon a Pole and the Body dragged about the Streets by the Rabble for several days This was the end of Massaniello the 10th day after he began the Rebellion Yet tho the Head was taken away the Multitude continued in Arms insisting upon their Demands but the Nobility taking Courage had recourse to the Viceroy and raising their Followers undertook to quell the Multitude by force Thus the Business was brought to a Civil War the Commonalty keeping the City the Viceroy and Nobility the Castle and Port. The Multitude wanted nothing but a Head therefore not long after the Duke of Guise was
His Death 185 Alonso the 3d King of Aragon Crown'd 226 Dies 333 Alonso the 4th King of Aragon 253 Dies 259 Alonso the 5th King of Aragon adopted Heir of Naples 143 Besieges the Queen of Naples in her Palace 344 Supports an Anti-Pope 345 Again invited to Naples 357 Dies at Naples Ibid Alonso the First King of Portugal his Birth 155 He governs as Earl of Portugal 156 Actions of his 169 Gives the Moors a great overthrow 169 Marries 169 His further Success 172 Title of King confirm'd on him by the Pope 172 Taken by King Ferdinand of Leon and set at liberty 182 Besieg'd by the Moors and deliver'd by the King of Leon. 183 Vanquishes the Moors 183 Dies 184 Alonso the 2d King of Portugal 188 At War with his Sisters 195 His unjust Proceedings Fol. 213 p. 2 His Death 220 Alonso the 3d King of Portugal Dies 276 Alonso the 4th King of Portugal 252 Alonso the 5th King of Portugal Proclaimed King of Castile being contracted to the Rightful Heiress 424 Passes over into Africk and thence into France 428 Resolves to go in Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and resigns his Crown to his Son 431 Dies 437 Alonso King of Naples abdicates 467 Alonso Prince of Portugal his Death 455 Alonso de la Cerda the Rightful Heir of Castile submits to Alonso King in Possession 256 Alonso de Albuquerque his Actions in India 560 Alora taken from the Moors Pag. 446 Alva Duke enters Navarre 549 Alvaro de Luna who he was 327 Becomes the great Favourite 340 Made an Earl 342 Banish'd the Court. 348 Returns to Court 349 Chosen Master of the Order of Santiago 372 His Character and fatal End 378 Amalaricus his Reign His Death 75 Anintosities against Prince Ferdinand of Castile 328 Ancinting of Kings first used in Spain 161 Antequira taken by Storm 331 The Castle surrendred 331 Antient Inscriptions 36 Antioch in danger of-Destruction 66 Apparitions in the Air and other Prodigies 357 Application for uniting the Church 335 Aragon left without Heirs 325 Divided about the Succession 332 Aragonians rout the Mallorquines 205 Destroy the French Fleet. 227 Successful in Italy 229 Successful against the Moors 180 Invade Castile 353 Decline at Naples 356 Gain two Victories at Sea 225 Arcadius and Honorius 66 Archbishop of Toledo chosen 151 Chancellour of Castile 194 Arrested by the King 311 Archbishop of Santiago flies to Portugal 317 Archduke comes into Spain 489 He and his Princess sworn Heirs of Aragon 492 Returns to Flanders 492 Concludes a Peace betwixt Spain and France 496 Archimbaud Earl of Faux his Death and Issue 334 Argantonius his great Age. 11 Argonauts in Spain 8 Arian Heresie 61 Armengaud Earl of Urgel slain 183 Arms of Aragon 174 Of Toledo 168 Of Navarre Articles betwixt Aragon and Navarre Fol. 216. p. 2 Betwixt France and Castile 230 Betwixt King Peter of Castile and the Prince of Wales 284 Betwixt Castile and Portugal 298 Asdrubal succeeds Hamilcar 18 His Death 19 Asdrubal the 2d and Mago routed and 37000 of their Men killed 26 Asdrubal Barchinus routed by Scipio 28 Asdrubal the Son of Gisgo entirely defeated by Scipio 28 Asinius Pollio and M. Lepidus Govern Spain 48 Asturians forced to submit 50 Ataultus and Sigericus Kings of the Goths murder'd 69 Athanagildus ascends the Throne 77 Unfortunate Marriages of his two Sisters 77 Atilius 34 Atlas expels Hesperus and reigns 7 Attempts of the Infidels to murder the King of Castile 264 Attila King of the Huns in France defeated by the Romans Francs and Goths and 180000 of his Men slain 71 Aubigni defeated and taken 497 Aucupa governs Spain 106 Augustus set up in the Place of Julius Caesar 48 Becomes sole Lord of the World Comes into Spain 49 Returns to Rome 50 His Death 51 Aurelius Antoninus and Antoninus Verus Reign 19 years 56 Aurelius Commodus Reigns 12 years and 8 months 56 Aurelius Probus reigns 5 years and 8 months 59 Aurelius Carus reigns 2 years 59 Aurelius King of Oviedo during his Reign does nothing honourable 108 Aza or Adham Governs Spain 104 Azamor in Africk submits to the Portugueses 448 Is taken by the Porugueses 556 B. Babel built Pag. 1 Bacchus builds Nebrixa 8 Bada Wife to Recaredus 79 Badajoz mutinies 312 Taken by the Portugueses 318 Baeca taken 171 Baleares Islands 11 Balbinus and Pupienus reign not out a Year 58 Banish'd King of Granada restor'd Barbarous Action of a Roman 41 Treachery 129 Barbarosla besieges Bugia in vain 562 Barcelona Earidome hereditary 119 Its Earls 122 Taken by the Moors 128 Surrendred to the King of Aragon 417 Battel that lasted 8 days 98 Undecided 177 De la Higuera or of the Fig-Tree 355 Of Olmedo 371 Of Cirinola 497 Of Salado 262 Of Munda 47 Of Najara 253 Of Ravenna 548 Of Blavio vid. Memorable Of Collejares 323 Of Aljubarrota 303 Of Cannas 23 Baucius Capetus General of the Spaniards 12 Chosen a 2d Time against the Carthaginians 13 Beltran de la Cueva Favourite to King Henry the 2d of Castile Created a Duke 406 Benedict the 11th Pope 241 Benedict the 13th Chosen Pope 316 Forsaken 327 Disown'd in Aragon 328 Dies 344 Berengaria Heiress to the Crown of Castile resigns her Right to her Son Ferdinand 199 Berenguel or Berengarius Earl of Barcelona 134 Berenguel Earl of Barcelona his Actions 140 Bergamo and Bressa return to the Obedience of the Venetians 546 Bermudo King of Leon succeeds Mauregatus 108 Bermudo the 2d King of Leon 127 His Death Wives and Issue 130 Bermudo the 3d King of Leon. 134 His good Government 135 Bernard first Archbishop of Toledo when recover'd from the Moors 151 Sets out for the Holy Land Is sent back by the Pope 157 His Death 165 Bernard de Cabrera cruelly put to Death 283 Bilbao City built 112 Biscay rebels 116 United to the Crown of Castile 260 Biscainers and Navarrois at War 251 Biscainers invade the Canary Islands 113 Bishop murder'd 412 Blanch and Berengaria Sisters to King Henry of Castile 199 Blanch Queen of Aragon dies 244 Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourbon Contracted to King Peter of Castile 269 Dies 279 Bloody Battel betwixt the Spaniards and Moors 13 Rain 172 Mutiny at Lisbon 519 Boabdil the Moorish King flies to Cordova 446 Bolonia its Siege 560 Rais'd Boniface Pope dies 322 Bravery of a Woman Fol. 208. p. 2 Bresta taken by the Viceroy 552 Broils among the Suevians 73 In Navarre and Biscay 384 Bruneclulda by the French call'd Brunchault 77 Mariana deceiv'd concerning her life 77 Bugia and other Places in Barbary taken by the Spaniards 537 Burgundians who they were 67 C. Caesar in Spain the first time His 2d Coming 44 Kills 36000 Spaniards in Gaul Returns into Spain and expels Pompey's Party 45 Returns again into Spain Reduces Cordova 47 Returns to Rome Is murder'd in the Senate 48 Caius Catinius 32 Calamities of Princes 510 Calatrava taken and given to the Knights Templers 166 Defended by two Monks
and given to their Order 175 Caligula succeeds Tiberius and reigns 3 Years 10 Months and 8 Days 52 Calixtus Chosen Pope 383 Calpurnius Pilo 32 Canary Islands 266 Conquer'd 339 Cantabri who they were 49 They are routed 49 Cape of Good Hope discover'd 380 Caracalla reigns 6 Years and 2 Months 57 Carcastonne lost and recover'd by the Earl of Barcelona 162 Cardinals fall off from the Pope 540 Carmona Besieg'd and other Towns taken Fol. 210 p. 2 Carmona surrendred to the Christians 211 Besieg'd by the Usurper 289 Carthaginians their Undertakings 10 Their first coming into Spain 12 They make War on the Phoenicians 13 Discover a new Island 16 Routed Forced from the Siege of Iliturgum Their Army again Defeated 24 Attack the Roman Camp and are repuls'd 26 Carthusian and Cestercian Monks 163 Castile its Earls Executed 820 Invaded by the Infidels 123 It s Earl reconciled to the King of Leon. 124 It s Earl imprison'd in Leon escapes by the Contrivance of his Wife 125 In League with Aragon against Navarre 170 Again 173 Commences War with the Moors 185 Reconcil'd to Portugal 238 In League with Aragon against the Moors 243 At War with the Moors 253 In League with Aragon 267 In League with Navarre 281 In League with England 281 Divided 283 At variance with Navarre 294 Makes Peace with Aragon 362 Still at variance 373 Divided betwixt the Rightful Princess and Elizabeth the Usurper 422 Castilian Fleet ravages the Coast of Britany 296 Ravages the Coasts of Portugal 301 Castilians vanquish the Moors 124 Gain another Victory 124 And Aragonians make War upon the Moors Fol. 206 p. 2 Overthrow the Portugueses at Sea 259 Overthrow the Aragonians and Navarrois 258 Defeated 302 Catalonia reduced 416 Catalonians their Actions in Asia and Greece They overthrow the Turks Their General put to Death They defeat the Greeks 249 Cathedral of Burgos built by an English Man 201 Catherine Queen of Castile dies 739 Cato the first Consul in Spain 30 Kills 40000 Spaniards Returns to Rome and Triumphs 31 Cause of the Wars betwixt Castile and Aragon Cefalonia taken by the Turks 485 Caelestin the 5th Pope Abdicates 235 Celts People of France come into Spain 10 Ceuta taken 243 Taken by the Portugueses 337 Challenge betwixt the Kings of France and Aragon 223 Charlemain in Spain 110 Charles Brother to the King of France Crowned King of Sicily and Naples 215 Dies Ibid. Charles Prince of Salerno made King of Apulia and Sicily 228 Charles the V. of France Dies 250 Charles VI. succeeds 296 Charles Inherits the Crown of Navarre 304 Dies 347 Charles II. King of Navarre 367 Charles Duke of Durazzo Crowned King of Naples 297 Charles Prince of Viana Dies 403 Charles King of Naples Dies 226 Charles VII King of France Dies 481 Charles V. Emperor his Birth 484 Chindasuinthus Usurps with the assistance of the Army 89 Chintila Ascends the Throne by Election 88 Christ our Lord Born 752 Years after the Building of Rome and in the 42th Year of the Reign of Augustus 51 Christian Princes united defeat the Infidels 130 Christian Dominions in Spain united under one Head 135 Christian Army advances against the Infidels 189 Christian Nobles perswade the Infidels to Revolt F. 215. p. 2 Christian Kings of Spain at variance 258 Christian Fleet destroyed by the Moors 261 Christians overthrown 99 Defeated 117 Suffer under the Moors 128 Spoil the Territories of the Moors 133 Join with Infidels to raise the Siege of Huesca 156 Succesful F. 209. p. 2 Defeated 447 Christopher Columbus Dies 517 Cimbri enter Spain Return with the Germans and are again Repulsed 41 Civil Wars betwixt Caesar and Pompey 45 Of Rome 48 In Aragon 200 In Navarre 403 Claudius Centho 32 Claudius Caesar Reigns almost 14 Years 52 Clement V. chosen Pope 242 Clement Pope owned in Castile 297 Clement the Pope Dies 316 Coimbra taken from the Moors 137 Combat betwixt 13 French and as many Italians 494 Commotions among the Spaniards 23 In Castile 201 In Catalonia 220 Competitors for the Kingdom of Naples 342 Conditions of Peace betwixt the Kings of Leon and Navarre 135 Confederacy against Castile 236 282 Against the Aragonians 362 Conference of the Kings of France and Castile 404 Of the French and Spanish Generals 491 Confusion of Tongues 1 Confusions in Africk 267 In Aragon 333 In Castile 408 In Biscay 413 Upon the Death of King Philip. 522 Conquest of Majorca resolved upon by the King of Aragon 204 Conspiracy detected and punished 115 Against the French in Sicily 222 Against D. Alvaro de Luna Of the Nobles 347 To Destroy D. Alvaro de Luna 365 Against K. Henry IV. of Castile 383 In Castile discovered 532 Conspirators apprehended others fly 374 Constance the King of Aragon's Daughter Married to the King of Sicily 279 Dies 282 Constans Murdered 62 Constantine the Great Reigns 32 Years 9 Months and 27 Days 60 His Death 61 Constantine Constantius and Constans Reign 62 Constantine Murdered 62 Constantius Reigns 1 Year and 10 Months 59 Constantius sole Monarch 62 His Death 62 Constantinople taken by the Turks 379 Contests about the Imperial Crown F. 212. p. 2 Controversies betwixt Castile and Portugal about their Discoveries 462 Conversion of Two Moorish Princes 140 Cordova taken by the Christians and Revolts 171 Part of it taken by a handful of Men. F. 206. p. 2 Described Besieged Surrendred 207 Cortes of Castile raise Money 237 Cortes of Castile Summoned by the King and his Son follow the latter 222 Settle the Government of Castile 247 Held at Alcalâ 267 Settle the Government of Castile 309 Meet at Madrid 313 Held in Castile 323 Grant Supplies for War with the Moors 327 Held at Burgos by K. Ferdmand Cortes meet in the Kingdom of Aragon 224 Held at Moncon 538 Held by the Queen Council of Constantinople General 64 Of Nice General 61 Of Toledo the first 66 Of Chalcedon General 67 Of Tarragona 75 Of Toledo the Second 75 Of Constantinople the 5th General 77 Of Braga the First 77 Of Braga the Second 78 Of Toledo the Third 84 Of Toledo the Fourth 86 Of Sevil. 87 Of Toledo the Fifth 88 89 Of Toledo the Sixth 89 Of Toledo the Seventh 89 Of Toledo the 8th 9th and 10th 90 Of Toledo the 11th 94 Of Toledo the 12 13th and 14th 15th 16th 17th and last 95 Of Constantinople VI. of the General 95 Of Florence General 141 Of Valencia 116 Of Rheimes General 172 Lateran General 197 Of Lions General 210 Of Vienne in Dauphinê General 244 Of Constance General 336 Of Basil General 358 Of Mantua General 401 Of Pamplona 136 Of Compostella Jaca and S. John de la Pena 142 Of Burgos 147 Of Tarragona 183 350 Of Toledo 240 Of Valladolid 251 Of Barcelona 261 Of Coyenca 140 Of Leon. 152 Of Aranda 419 Countess of Medellin a Turbulent Woman 434 Country of the Moors wasted Cruel Action of the Earles of Carrion They are overcome in Combat 157 Cruel Murder 135
Sertorius 40 Monasteries founded 89 Monks cast off their Subjection to the Bishops 155 Moors 12000 of them pass over into Spain their 2d Coming 98 Their Progress in Spain 99 From Spain they invade France 104 37000 kill'd in one Battel by Charles Martel 105 In Rebellion at Toledo and at Cordova 111 Overthrown 30000 of them kill'd in a Battel 122 Their Kingdom divided into many small Principalities They buy a Peace 133 Rise against King Ferdinand and are suppress'd 143 Intercede for the Queen and Archbishop 152 Routed by the Christians 156 60000 of them kill'd 199 20000 overthrown Fol. 208 p. 2 Vanquish'd in a Sea Fight 210 234 Banish'd Valencia Fol. 212 p. 2 Begin the War Fol. 214 p. 2 Of Granada expell their King 10000 of them slain with their King 246 268 470000 invade Spain 261 20000 slain Call'd by the Christians to their Assistance 277 Overthrown 332 Ravage Andaluzia 376 Of Granada break the Peace 402 Of Granada invade Murcia 430 Recover the lost Towns 453 In the Mountains rebell 483 Moorish Fleet perishes by Storms 116 Moorish King baptiz'd 207 Moorish Kings of Loragoca 159 Moorish Kings in Spain revolt 214 Moorish King of Granada depos'd 244 Moorish King of Granada wrongfully put to Death 280 Moorish King taken and set at liberty 444 Submits himself 454 Besieg'd by his own People 555 More Troubles in Gastile 241 Most villanous Action of Castilian Rebels 407 Mountain falls 103 Mozambique discover'd 475 Mummius defeated and 10000 of his Men slain He Triumphs over the Lusitani 34 Murcia Kingdom deliver'd up by the Moors 209 Murcia City taken by the Aragonians 215 237 Murder of 7 Brothers call'd the Infantes of Lara 129 Mutinous Lords in Castile submit 315 Matiny in Rome about choosing a Pope 63 In Sevil. 309 In Toledo 525 375 At Segovia 376 About Taxes 404 At Toledo and Sevil. 415 At Badajoz 231 In the Spanish Army 504 Muza the Moor comes into Spain Takes several Towns He and Tariff at variance 100 His Death 103 N. Naples besieg'd by the Aragonians 364 Taken by the Aragonians 368 Navarre revolts 91 Brought under by the French 219 Makes Peace with Castle 295 Its Kings Fictions concerning them Un certainties concerning that Country abridg'd 121 It s King defeated and taken by the Earl of Castile 125 Over-run by the Kings of Aragon and Castile 187 United to Castile Invaded by the French 551 Swears Allegiance to King Ferdinand 549 Pacifi'd Navarrois and Arragonians make War 536 Navarrois twice defeated 175 Navas de Tolosa Battel why so call'd 190 Nebuchadnezzar said to conquer Spain 11 Nero reigns 14 Years Kills himself 53 Nerva reigns 16 Months 55 New Debate in Aragon Fol. 215 p. 2 Trouble in Castile 338 520 And Breach of Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon 352 Commotions in Castile 366 War in Naples 386 Nicholas Pope dies 383 Nigidius routed by Viriatus 36 Nineteen Sail of Infidels destroy'd 503 Nobility of Castile raise Tumults 340 Supported in Rebellion by the King of Navarre 375 Conspire against their King Fol. 216 p. 2 Reconcil'd 311 Nobility of Naples favour the Aragonians 359 Swear Fidelity to Spain 506 Noblemen secure to themselves all strong Holds 430 Nobles of Castile reconciled to King Alonso 216 Nobles of Castile join with Portugal in favour of the rightful Heiress 423 Nobles in Castile for and against King Philip 514 Norbanus Triumphs over Spain 49 Normans infest the Coast of Spain 114 126 Their Actions in Italy Their Earls and Kings 148 Notable Combat of 11 Persons on each side 493 Notable Valour of a Spaniard 504 Notes of the Translator 107 110 Numantia its Description Terms of Peace it made with Sempronius Gracchus 33 Prosecrtion of the War 34 Revolts again Is besieged by Pompey 38 Destroy'd by Scipio 40 Nuptials in Germany O Obeydalla calls himself King of Toledo 132 Occasion of the barbarous Nations coming into Spain 68 Of the Wars betwixt France and England 253 Odd Project if true 100 Olmedo doubtful Fight betwixt the King and the Rebels 409 Opilius Macrinus reigns 3 Months and 28 Days 57 Oran in Africk taken 534 Order of the Belt Instituted 257 Orders of S. Dominick La Merced of Redemption of Captives 200 Of S. Hierome and S. Isidore 292 Ordono King of Leon his Reign 113 Ordono the 2d succeeds 117 Ordono the 3d inherits the Crown Is divorced from his Wife and Marries another 123 Ordono usurps and expells King Sancho flies to the Moors Original of the Division of the Goths 97 Of the several Kingdoms of Spain Of the Kings of Navarre Of the Earls of Aragon and those of Barcelona 117 Of the Neapolitan War 464 Orus or Hercules kills the 3 Sons oof Gerion 7 Osiris the Egyptian kills Gerion 6 Otho joins Galba Reigns 95 Days 53 Is defeated and kills himself 34 Ottoman Founder of the Empire of that Name 247 Overthrow given the Infidels 149 Of the Christians 217 Of the Moors 253 Of the Rebels in Catalonia 406 Of the Portugueses 455 Of the Swissers 561 Of the Castilians 303 P. Pacification in Aragon 204 Padua recover'd from the Venetians 536 Palencia rebuilt 136 Palma one oof the Canary Islands conquer'd 464 Particulars of the Christians Success 262 Paul General for King Wamba takes part with the REbels Is declar'd King 91 Taken Prisoner 93 Paul the 2 d Pope dies 415 Paul de Cartagena famous for Learning 319 Paulus Hypseus Peace in Spain 40 Broken by the Infidels 126 Betwixt the Moors and King of Leon. 126 With the Romans 87 With the Moors 227 Betwixt France and Aragon 333 Betwixt Sicily and Naples 240 Betwixt Castile and Aragon 164 168 260 279 For some time with the Moors 208 Betwixt the English and Castilians 355 Betwixt Castile Aragon and Navarre 351 Betwixt Castile and Portugal 290 435 291 336 Betwixt France and Castile 433 Betwixt France and Spain 485 Betwixt France and Venice 553 With France takes no effect 496 Pelayus or Pelagius flies too Biscay 99 Undertakes to oppose the Infidels Cause of his taking Arms. Is declar'd King 102 With 1000 Christians miraculously overcomes a great Power of the Infidels 103 His Power increases 104 His Death 105 Penon in Africk taken by the Spaniards Perfidiousness of Duke Valentin 507 Perpenna succeeds Sertorius Is kill'd 44 Perpignan built 144 Persecution under Severus 57 Under Decius 58 Under Dioclesian 59 At Cordova 112 Under the Moors 173 Peter declar'd King of Castile Is sick and recovers 268 Marries 270 Forsakes his Queen for the Lady Mary de Padilla 270 Changes his Officers Punishes Rebels Marries another and forsakes her his first Wife still living 271 Punishes Rebels 273 Expell'd the Kingdom 283 Flies to the English 284 Restor'd 285 Excommunicated and absolv'd 286 Provides for his Defence Is overthrown Betray'd and Murder'd by his Bastard-Brother 287 Peter the 1 st King of Aragon succeeds his Father 156 Peter the 2 d King of Aragon 186 Peter the 3 d King of
Aragon 219 Peter the 4 th King of Aragon 266 Dies Peter Prince of Portugal Marries the Lady Agnes de Castro and She is murder'd 273 Is Proclaim'd King 276 Executes the Murderers of the Lady Agnes de Castro 279 Declares his Children by her Legitimate 280 Dies 285 Peter Insante of Portugal a great Traveller 349 His Death 408 Petreius 45 Phanatick Moor. 467 Phoenicians build Towns and settle in Spain 10 Are driven into the Island of Cadiz 12 Crave Aid of the Carthaginians 13 Philip the Emperor Reigns above 5 Years 58 Philip the Fair King of France dies 226 Philip the 1 st King of Spain in England 515 Lands in Spain Declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand 516 Dies 521 Piso succeeds Furius and isworsted 39 Pious Gifts of the King of Castile 306 Pius the 3 d elected Pope 502 Places that send Representatives to the Cortes or Parliament 267 Plague and Famine in Portugal 186 Plague at Madrid 314 In Spain and France with great Floods In Spain 320 In Portugal 365 Plain of Granada wasted 455 Plaucius twice defeated by Viriatus 36 Plot to rescue King John of Castile 370 Pompey the Great in Spain 37 Treats with the People of Numantia frauaulently 38 Comes again into Spain 42 His Sons in Spain 46 Pompey Cn. His Death 47 Pompey Sext renews the War in Spain Defeats Pollio 48 Pope Invades the Land of the Ursini 473 Returns to Rome 290 Seizes the Lands of the Duke of Ferrara 538 Press'd to call a General Council 541 In vain labours for an Accommodation with France 543 Popes Legate his unjust Proceedings 152 Pope's Legate in Aragon 205 Pope's Legate a fronted by the Rebels 409 Popilius the Pretor sent into Spain 36 Popilius the Censaâ— defeated by the Numantians 38 Portugal Original of that Kingdome 134 164 Descrivd 164 Under on Inâ—crdict 169 213 Made Independant of Castile Fol. 216 p. 2 Portugueses overthrow the Castilians 165 That favour'd the King of Castile 300 Sustain loss at Azamor but relieve Arzila 631 4000 of them stain in Africk 560 Posthumius Alomus 32 Posture of Affairs in Spain 137 Potter's Son set up King of the Moors 173 Practices against the Earl of Castile 125 Of the Spaniards 501 Of the Emperour 525 Preaching among the Tartars 216 Prefect of Rome submits to Spain 506 Preparations for War 260 For War with the Moors 441 For the Lateran Council 548 Of the Turks against Italy 557 For War in Aragon 349 Presumption of a Legate 280 Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon 329 Prince Henry in open Rebellion Imprison'd 342 Prince of Viana flies to Naples 384 Prince of Salerno expell'd Naples 480 Prince of Segorve come into Castile 418 Princes of Aragon join with the Rebels of Castile 365 Priscilian's Heresie He and his Adherents Condemn'd to Death His Errours 65 Proceedings of the Catholikes against the Albigenses 193 Of the Rebels in Catalonia 406 Prodigies 21 22 341 388 411 Progress of the Rebellion in Castile 272 366 Of the Christians against the Moors 262 Of the War in Naples 368 Of the Aragonians at Naples 360 Of the Affairs of Italy 470 Of Portugues Discoveries 474 Of the Siege of Saulses 502 Proposals concerning the Kingdom of Naples 473 Proscription 48 Prosperous Expedition 202 Publius Manlius 32 Punishment of Mutineers 531 Q. Queen of Portugal delivered of a Son Dies 482 Queen of France Dies 556 Queen of Navavre accused of Adultery by her own Sons is defended by a Bastard 136. Queen Mother of Castile joyns the Rebels 273 Queens of Castile and Portugal Dies 370 Quintilianus Reigns 17 Days 59 Quintius Crispinus 32 Quintius defeats and is again worsted by Viriatus 37 Quintus Caecilius overthrown by the Vacei 45 Quintus Fontlius 32 Race of Earles of Barcelona extinct 330 Raymund or Ramon Earl of Barcelona 131 Dies 137 Raymund Earl of Barcelona Son in Law to King Ramiro II. upon his resignation Governs that Kingdom 169 Makes War in France 170 Successful against the French and Moors His Death 177 Raymund III. Earl of Barcelona murdered and his Son Raymund succeeds him 149 Raymund or Ramon IV. Earl of Barcelona Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduced 204 Ramundus Lullus 240 Ramiro I. King of Leon. 111 His Death 112 Ramiro II. King of Leon his Religious Works He resigns the Crown and Dies 123 Ramiro III. King of Leon under the Tuition of his Mother and Aunt 126 Ramiro King of Aragon Wars on his Brother of Navarre 139 Recovers his Dominions 141 Ramiro II. King of Aragon 167 Puts to Death 15 Noblemen 168 Resigns the Government 169 Ratification of the Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal 438 Ravenna surrendred to the French Rebellion in Gallia Gothica 91 Among the Moors 115 In Auiturias 122 Against the King of Leon. 127 Suppressed 298 111 Of Castro and Albuquerque in Castile 259 In Navarre 205 445 In Old Castile 315 In Catalonia 402 In Naples 447 In Castile 224 236 In Biscay 368 Of the Bastards of Castile Rebellious Moors defeated 412 Rebels every wheee worsted by Wamba 92 Of Castile hardened 259 Suppressed in Castile 258 Of Castile associate are Punished 252 Punished 277 Defeat the Royalists 278 Of Castile join with the King of Aragon 405 Disband 408 In Catalonia choose the Duke of Anjou for their King 408 Excommunicated 410 Reduced 412 Recaredus King of Spain makes War in France 81 His Reign and Troubles on account of his Conversion 82 Reslores the Church Possessions Overtbrows the Francs Hereticks Conspire against him He Punishes the Conspirators His General Claudius overthrows the Francs 83 He Marries Clodosinda Sister to Childebert King of Lorrain His Death 85 Recaredus II. Reigns but 3 Months 87 Recaredus and Alonso the First Kings of Spain had the Title of Catholick 105 Reception of a Legate in Castile 417 Recesuinthus advanced to the Crown by his Father His Actions and Death 90 Rendevouz of the French at Aste 555 Revolutions at Genoa 554 Rhodians their coming into Spain 10 Rightful Princes of Castile Prisoners 227 Released 231 Robert King of Naples Dies 264 Roderick King of Spain ravishes Count Julian's Daughter 97 Roderick Diaz de Bivar called Cid who he was Many Fables concerning him 141 His Opinion touching the subjection of Spain to the Empire The whole Relation suspected to be Fabulous His Original 142 Ravages the Dominions of the Moors Is Banished 147 His further Actions 148 Takes Valencia Marries his Daughters to the Earls of Carrion 157 His Death 158 Roderick Archbishop of Toledo invades the Moors 206 Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor 216 Roger Lauria the great Aamiral Dies 242. Roman Army mutinies 46 Roman Missaâ— ana Broviary introduced 152 Romans declare War the 2d time against Carthage 21 Successful in Spain 22 Overthrown 25 Defeated 85 Quite expelled Spain 88 Romantick Relation about Spain being exemptea from the Roman Empire 141 Rome taken by Alarick King of the Goths in the Year 410. 67 Ronda taken 446 Rousillon and Cerdagne Restored
to King Ferdinand 463 Rout of the Spaniards in Africk 539 S. Saguntum Built by the Greeks 8 Besieged 20 Destroyed 21 S. Dominick Preaches to the Albigenses 193 S. Elizabeth Queen of Portugal 300 S. Francis of Assis 200 S. German taken 501 S. Gregories Books sent for to Rome 89 S. James Apostle of Spain His Martyrdom His Body brought into Spain 52 His Church made an Archipiscopal See 115 Miracle at his Tomb. 129 S. Isidorus his Body Translated from Sevil to Leon. 140 Salamanea made an University F. 208 p. 2 Sancha Wife to King Ferdinand the First of Leon her Death 143 Sancho the First of Castile Is Restored after having been expelled 124 Is Poisóned 126 Sancho II. of Castile 143 Wars upon his Brothers 144 Expets his Brother Garcia Besieges Zamora Treacherousiy Murdered there 145 A Combat about his Death 146 Sancho III. of Castile 175 His Death 176 Sancho IV. his Father living aspires to Usarp the Crown of Castile from his Nephews 218 His Practises to gain the Affections of the People Rebels against his Father 221 Usurps the Crown of Castile 225 Dies 235 Sancho I. King of Navarre called Abarca and why 121 Sancho II. Inherits the Crown of Navarre 125 Sancho III. King of Navarre 131 Inherits Castile 135 Divides the Dominion of Spain among his Sons Settles matters of Religion 136 Is Murdered 137 Sancho IV. King of Navarre 140 Sancho V. King of Navarre 147 Breaks into Castile Dies 185 Sancho VI. King of Navarre Dies 206 Sancho King of Aragon His Actions against the Moors 155 Is killed 156 Sancho Son to Alonso the First King of Portugal sent to besiege Cuidad Rodrigo defeated 182 Succeeds to the Crown of Portugal and is the first of the Name 184 His Death 188 Sancho II. King of Portugal expelled the Kingdom by his Rebellious Subjects F. 209 p. 2 Dies at Toledo 210 213 Sancho Earl of Castile 131 Makes his Mother drink Poison she had prepared for him 133 His Issue 134 Sancho Prince of Castile killed by the Moors 158 Sappho the Carthaginian 14 Sarazens their great Power Sardima Conquered by the Aragonians 252 Reduced 431 Saxons first mentioned in Roman History 63 Scanderbeg comes to the Assistance of Ferdinand King of Naples 402 Schism in the Church 163 295 297 316 Ends. 350 Schismatick Cardinals submit Scipio Gneius passes into Spain 21 Overthrows the Carthaginians 26 Scipio Pub. Corn. sent to assist his Brother 22 Scipio's defeats Asdrubal 23 Stain 26 Scipio Pub. Corn. Proconsul of Spain takes Carthagena 27 Gains the Africans 29 Scipio Nasica 31 Scipio Corn. 34 Scipio Africanus sent against Numantia 36 Triumphs over Numantia and is called Numantinus 40 Sea Fight the Aragonians defeated by the Genoeses 361 Seditions in the Dominions of Castile 269 Seeds of Discord in Castile 230 Siege of Saulses Raised 503 Sempronius Gracchus 32 Sempronius Longus 32 Sergius Galba 34 Sertorius his Actions 41 Founds an Vniversity at Osca 42 His last Exploits and Death 43 Servilius Cepio 32 Servilius breaks the Peace and Routs Viriatus 37 Several Provinces submit to the Romans 31 Governors of Spain 31 Synods 85 Towns taken from the Moors 104 Governors in Spain 104 Towns Rebuilt 114 Towns Conquered Towns in Navarre taken by the Castillians 182 Towns taken from the Moors 166 208 Exploits against the Moors Places taken from the Moors 250 255 452 Governors chosen in the Provinces of Castile 250 Places in Castile Rebel 454 Pretenders to Castile 288 Towns taken by the Christians 330 Losses of the French 493 495 Cities in Italy sue for the Protection of Spain 506 Severus Reigns 17 Years 57 Sevil described F. 210 2 Besieged Siege Reinforced Bridge broken Delivered 211 Sicily Reduced under the Dominion of Aragon 311 Siculus Son to Atlas Inherits the Crown 7 Signal Loyalty of Peter Peralta 418 Silingi who they were 67 They come into Spain 68 Silon and Adosinda King and Queen 108 Simon Earl of Montforte General of the Catholicks 198 Is killed 199 Sintra taken from the Moors 170 Siracusa in vain besieged by the Aragonians 239 Sisebutus Elected King 86 Subdues the Asturians Overthrows the Romans Dies 87 Sisenandus Usurps the Crown having expelled Suinthila and his Son 88 Sixteen put to Death for Treason 286 Sixtus IV. chosen Pope Dies 415 Slaughter of Moors and Christians 313 Of the Christians 443 360 Of Aragonians 219 Small Body of Christians deseats a great one of Moors 360 Soldans Fleet worsted in India Some Rebels submit but fresh Troubles ensue in Castile 411 Spain its Description 1 It s Form and Situation 2 Its Rivers and Mountains 3 It s Ancient and Modern division 3 It s Language 5 Divided betwixt Caesar and Pompey 46 Entirely subdued by Augustus 50 How divided and governed 54 True Religion flourishes there 84 Spaniards Revolt from the Romans who kill 15000 of them They Revolt again 30 Honoured to incline them to serve the Romans 25 Decline in Calabria 470 Defeated 482 Their Practices 489 Spurius Lucretius 32 Storms 17 Strange Custom 49 Way of Adoption 129 Prodigy 159 Fondness betwixt King John and D. Alvaro de Luna 348 Strangers come to serve against thr Moors 154 Strife among the Nobility of Castile 308 Success of the Aragonians 164 Of the Castilians 164 203 Of the Aragonians against the Moors 166 Of the Aragonians at Naples 369 Of the Portugueses in In India 533 543 Succession of the Moorish Monarchs 108 Of the Moors 148 Of the Earls of Barcelona 148 In Sicily F. 213 p. 2 Succours from England and other Parts 264 Succours from Spain land in Naples 497 Suevians who they were 67 They come into Spain 68 Are Converted Cause of their Conversion 77 Reduced under the Dominion of the Goths Their Kingdom abolish'd 81 Suinthila Chosen King 87 Causes of his Ruine Is expell'd by his own Subjects and the Francs 88 Swisters descend into Italy 549 Rout the French 555 Synods Vid. Councils Syphax routed by Massinissa 25 T. Tacitus Reigns 6 Months and 20 Days 98 Tahuste and other Places taken 163 Tamerlan the Tartar his Exploits 321 Tangier and Arzilla taken by the King of Portugal 415 Tarifa besieg'd by the Moors 234 237 261 Terentius Varro 32 Teresa Countess Dowager of Portugal Governs 165 Territories of the Infidels ravag'd 139 260 Theobald the first King of Navarre ingages in the Holy War 208 Dies 212 Theobald the 2d King of Navarre 212 Marries Fol. 213 p. 2 Dies 216 Theodoredus King of the Goths 71 Theodorick King of the Goths Invades Spain 72 Theodorick by the French call'd Thierri 77 Theodosius declar'd Emperour in the East 64 Excommunicated for his Cruelty at Thessalonica Dies at Milan Reign'd 16 Years and 2 Days 66 Theudis King by Election His Death 76 Theudiselus elected King Is murder'd 76 Three Synods 75 Remarkable Things 17 Legates sent to govern Spain 45 Cities and other small Towns taken from the Moors 454 Defeats of the Infidels at Sea 357 Great Men die 437 Tiberius Reigns
16 Of Gravelling 17 Of Lepanto 21 Bell Rings of it self 89 Berga in Catalonia recovered 72 Brasil recovered 37 Breda taken 37 Bulls for Portugues Bishops refused by the Pope 68 C. Cadiz Plundered by Drake 29 Calais taken 17 Calvin and Beza 19 Caracena Marquess General against Portugal 90. Catalonia Rebels Portugal follows the Example 43 Catherine Queen of Portugal Dies 24 Cazal Besieged 37 Taken 63 Ceremony of Contracting the Spanish Princess to the King of France 90 Cessation of Arms betwixt France and Spain 80 Chaldeans their Conversion 38 Change of Religion in England 7 Charles I. in Spain 2 His Sister Married to Emanuel King of Portugal Is chosen Emperor Crowned 3 Returns into Spain 4 Marries the Sister of the King of Portugal 6 Crowned Emperor 7 Arms against the Turks 8 In France 9 Abdicates 16 Charles II. King of Spain Proclaimed 98 Charles Prince of Wales in Spain 36 Christian League against the Turk 21 Christiern King of Denmark expelled 4 Civil Wars in Swisserland 8 Clement Pope Dies 8 31 Clement IX chosen Pope 93 Collation of great Offices 95 Comet 22 24 Commotions in Portugal 42 Composition betwixt France and Spain 7 Concessions for Reducing Hereticks 13 Condê Prince in Catalonia 46 Conferences for Peace 80 Conspiracy against the French King 27 Conti Prince takes Ville-Franche 68 Conversion of Ethiopia 56 Cortes of Aragon 37 Of Castile 44 Of Aragon and Valencia 44 Cosmo Created Great Duks of Tuscany 21 Council of Trent 11 Openea 12 Breaks up 13 Sunnnoned again 14 Opened again 18 Court at Valladolid 30 D. Dauphin of France Marries the Queen of Scots 17 Death of 2 Kings and a Queen 13 Of 2 Popes 28 Of the Princess Governess of Flanders 39 Defeat of the French in Sardinia 41 Of the French at Valenciennes 73 Diet at Ausburg 7 At Worms 9 Discovery of Cathay and Tibet 36 Disputes about Religion in Germany 10 Betwixt Catholicks and Hereticks 12 About Religion in France 18 Diu Besieged by the Turks 9 Downfall of the Sultans of Egypt 2 Drake attempts Cadiz 27 Plunders the Coast of America 29 Dukes of Savoy and Mantua Die 41 Dunkirk gained 64 Taken by the French and English 76 Dutch and Turks Defeated 36 Dutch in Brazil 36 Routed 42 E. Earthquake 21 32 42 Ebora made an Archbishoprick 10 Edward King of England Dies 15 Elizabeth Queen of England 17 Excommunicated 20 Elizabeth Queen of Spain Dies 44 Emanucl King of Portugal Dies 4 Embassy into England 31 From a Black King 76 Emperor and King of England in League against France 11 Empress Dies 10 Empress in Spain 25 Enterprizes on the Frontiers of Portugal 83 English Fleet Invades Hispaniola 71 Escurial finished 28 Etna Mount 25 Exploits of Mallorquines 75 F. Ferdinand King of Spain Dies 1 Ferdinand chosen King of the Romans 7 Ferdinand Prince Archbishop of Toledo 34 Feria Duke in Alsace 39 Final betrayed 31 Floods 37 Francis King of France taken by the Imperalists 5 Released 6 French King in Italy 1 French King and Emperor meat 9 French King's Sister Married to the Prince of Navarre 22 French King takes Towns in Flanders 93 French and Turks take Nice 11 French in Biscay 4 Invade Savoy 9 In Lorrain 38 Overthrown 42 Join with the Rebels 43 In Italy 46 Decline in Catalonia 58 In Catalonia with the Rebels 65 Pass the Pyreneans 67 Join with the English 74 Obliged to quit the Siege of Alexandria 74 Begin the War in Flanders 93 Galeons destroyed 71 General defection of the Low-Countries 24 Great Eclipse 11 Great Flooas 16 43 and 76 Great Jubilee 30 Great Tax 31 Gregorian Account 25 Gregory Pope Dies 26 Gregory XV. Pope 35 Dies 36 Guize Duke Murdered by the Huguenots 18 Guize Duke put to death 27 Guize Duke set at Liberty 69 Gustavus Adolphus 38 Killed 39 H. Hard Winter 44 Henry King of Navarre 2 Henry the Cardinal King of Portugal 24 Dies 25 Henry III. King of France Murdered by Clement 28 Henry IV. King of France Murdered by Ravillac 32 Heresie of Martin Luther 2 Hereticks at the Council of Trent 14 Huguenot Rebels twice overthrown 20 James Prince of Spain Dies 26 Jesuits Confirmed by the Pope 10 Jesuits Murdered 20 Innocent X. Pope Dies 69 Innundations in Flanders 7 John III. King of Portugal Marries the Emperors-Sister 5 Dies 16 D. John of Austria at Tunez 22 Made Vicar of Italy 23 In the Low-Countries 24 D. John of Austria at Sea 46 At the Siege of Barcelona 53 Takes Solsona 72 Sent for Flanders 73 Takes S. Gillain 73 Commands against Portugal 87 83 Takes Aronches and other Places 83 Enters Portugal Takes Borba and Iurumenha 86 Takes Ebora and is Routed 95 Is Lord Lieutenant and Captain General of Aragon 94 Jubilee Year at Rome 37 57 Julius III. Elected Pope 14 Dies 15 K. King of France Dies 23 L. Landresi taken by the French 41 League against the Turks 9 Dissolved 22 Leganez Marquess in Savoy 41 Leganez Marqess destroys many Moors about Oran 15 Leo IX Pope Dies 4 Leo X. chosen Pope 5 Leo XI shosen Pope 31 Leopold the Archduke in Champagne 57 Lerida Recovered 44 Lerma Duke leaves the Government 33 Low-Countries Conspire against Spain 23 M. Malta Besieged by the Turks 19 Mamora taken 32 Marcellus chosen Pope and Dies 15 Margaret King Philip IV. Daughter Married to the Emperor 95 Marriages of Princes 32 Marriage of the Princess of Spain to the Fr. King 90 Martin Luther's Death 12 Martyrdoms in Japan 36 Mary Queen of Portugal Dies 2 Mary Queen of England Marries Philip Prince of Spain 15 Dies 17 Mary Queen of Scots imprisoned 19 Murdered 27 Mary Princess Born 31 Maximilian the Emperor Dies 3 Maximilian Governour of Spain 13 Medices expelled Florence 6 Restored 7 Monserrat Invaded by the Spaniards 47 Monstrous Birth 39 Montmidi Surrendred to the French 74 Moriscoes Rebell in Spain 20 Banished 32 Mortara Marquess attacks the French and is repulsed 76 Mortality 28 Murder Commited by a Woman 92 Mutiniers Punished 28 N. Naples Besieged 6 Navarre Pacified 1 Over-run by the French 3 Netherlands given to the Princess Elizabeth 22 New Governour in the Low-Countries 22 New Passage into the South Sea 33 F. Nitard sent from Court 94 O. Olivenca taken from the Portugues 44 Orange Prince Heads the Rebels in Holland 20 Wounded 25 Killed 26 Ormuz taken by the Persians 36 Ossuna Duke makes an Irruption into Portugal 77 His Actions there 84 Again in Portugal 95 Overthrow of the French 5 45 Of the Saxons 13 Overtures of Peace betwixt Spain and Portugale 91 P. Pantheon finished 67 Parma Prince successful against the Rebels in the Low-Countries 26 Paul III. Pope Dies 14 Paul IV. Pope 15 Paul V. Pope Dies 37 Peace betwixt France and Spain 17 Betwixt Spain and England 31 With Oliver Cromwell 70 Concluded 89 Concluded with Portugal 94 Penol in Africk taken 19 Perfidious Act of Portugueses 70 Pemambuco taken by the Dutch 38 Perpignan taken by the French 43
Jaca and S. Jokn de la Penna 1060. The Moors rise against Ferdinand and are suppressed 1065. Ferdinand Dies Death of Queen Sancha Ferdinand by Will leaves to each of his three Sons a Kingdom and Towns to his Daughters 1067. 1068. Perpignan Built The Kings alike in the manner of their Death King Sancho Wars upon his Brothers 1071. King Alonso flies to the Moors K. Sancho expels his Brother Garcia K. Sancho Besieges Zamora K. Sancho treacherously Murder'd before Zamora A single Combat upon the King's death K. Alonso returns from among the Moors and receives the Crown He imprisons his Brother Garcia Takes an Oath for the Crown of Castile 1073. 1074. K. Alonso aids the Moorish K. of Toledo 1076. A Synod at Burgos Roderick de Bivar ravages the Dominions of the Moors He is Banished 1076. Sancho K. of Navarre 1077. Almenon the Moorish King of Toledo and Ramon Earl of Barcelona dye Succession of the Moors Succession of the Earls of Barcelona Actions of the Normans in Italy Norman Earls and Kings The Conquest oâ— Toledo resolved upon Country about Toledo wasted 1079. Roderick Diaz deBivar his further Actions 1080. 1081. D. Garcia the King's Brother Bleeds to Death in Prison An overthrow given the Infidels Ramon Earl of Barcelona Murdred his Son Ramon succeeds him 1082. Toledo closely Besieged The manner of enclosing the City Articles of surrender Toledo surrendered Many Towns taken K. Alonso stiles himself Emperor 1086. An Archbishop of Toledo chosen Bernard first Archbishop The great Church taken forcibly from the Moors contrary to Articles The Moors beg for the Queen and Archbishop The Popes Legate his unjust proceedings 1088. Archbishop of Toledo made Primate of all spain Roman Missal and Breviary introduced 1091. Synod at Leon. How the Archbishops of Toledo came to be to be Primates of all Spain K. Alonso his Wives and Issue The Moorish Family of the Almoravides comes into Spain Hali sent to assist the King of Sevil overthrows and kills him 1091. King Alonso's Forces overthrown by the Moors A second defeat of the Christians Joseph the Miramamolin comes out of Africk Several Strangers come to serve against the Moors King Alonso Marries 3 Daughters to Strangers Original of the Kingdom of Portugal 1093. The Holy-War in the East 1094. Birth of Alonso I. King of Portugal Sancho I. King of Aragon His actions against the Moors Town of Luna built Monks cast off subjection to the Bishop K. Sancho killed His Son Peter succeeds him Christians and Infidels joyn to raise the Siege The Moors routed by the Christians Huesca surrendred Great Preparations for the Holy-War Bernard Archbishop of Toledo sets out for the Holy-land Is sent back by the Pope Valencia where seated besieged and relieved Roderick de Bivar takes Valencia Marries his Daughters to the Earls of Carrion Cruel Action of those Earls Valencia abandoned by the Christians Roderick de Bivar's Death 1093. K. Alonso's Works of Piety 1099. Jerusalem taken by the Christians 1100. Death of Joseph the Moorish Monarch Sancho Prince of Castile killed by the Moors The Infidels victorious Moorish King 's of Zaragoza 1102. 1104. The King of Aragon his Son Daughter all die Alonso succeeds to the Crown of Aragon 1106. 1109. The death of Alonso King of Castile Strange Prodigy Two holy Men. Vrraca Queen of Castile a dissolute Woman Hali the Moor ravages the Country and lays Siege to Toledo 1110. 1111. King Alonso of Aragon beloved of all Men. Two Synods Anointing of Kings first used in Spain The forces of Castile routed by the Aragonians Another defeat of the Castilians Alomso VII Proclaimed King of Castile The Wars of Majorca and Zaragoca Genoeses joyn the Catalonians 1115. Carcassone lost and recovered by the Earl of Barcelona Earl of Toulouze routed by him of Poitiers 1116. Zaragoca besieged by the Christians Tahuste other places taken 1118. Zaragoca taken Carthusian and Cistercians Monks Knights and Templers Hospitalers 1119. A Schism in the Church Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Conditions of the Peace 1122. The two Christian Kings make War upon the Moors Success of the Aragonians 1123. Of the Castillians Zamora made a Bishoprick and Compostella an Archbishoprick 1124. The Original of the Kingdom of Portugal Portugal describ'd Henry Earl of Portugal dies Teresa the Countess Dowager governs Alonso governs as Earl of Portugal Portugeses overthrows the Castillians This fabulous Story is apply'd to other Persons as well as this 1126. Death of Queen Vrraca and Bernard Archbishop of Toledo 1129. A Council of Palencia Calatrava taken and given to the Knights Templers Several other Towns Conquer'd 1131. Raimund Earl of Barcelona Success of the Aragonians against the Moors Fraga bebesieged and quitted 1133. Fraga again besiege The King of Aragon slain 1134. The King leave his Dominions to the Templers and other Knights The Navarrois choose Garcia for their King The Aragons choose Ramiro a Monk The King of Castile aspires to the Crowns of Aragon and Navarre He invades ' em 1135. The King of Castile stiles himself Emperor Arms of Toledo The King of Aragon puts to death 15 Noblemen 1136. Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon 1137. The King of Aragon quits the government and Raymund Earl of Barcelona his Son-in-law enters upon it Alonso of Portugal's Actions 1139. A great Overthrow given the Moors by the new Portuges King Portugal under an Interdict Alonso K. of Portugal Marries Divisions among Moors and Christians Sintra taken from the Moors War betwixt Navarre and Aragon 1140. Castile and Aragon in League against Navarre Troubles in Aragon 1141. 1143. Earl of Barcelona makes War in France 1144. Factions among the Moors 1146 A Truce betwixt Aragon Navarre Cordova taken by the Christians and revolts Baeca taken The City Almeria taken 1147. Tortosa taken as also Lerida and Fraga Lisbon Besieged and taken by the new King of Portugal Foreigners and K. Alonso of Portugal King Alonso of Portugal's further Success 1148. A General Council at Rheimes 1149. Bloody Rain 1150. The Title of King confirm'd upon Alonso I. of Portugal Another Invasion of Spain by the Moors called Almohades A Potter's Son set up King of the Moors Persecution under the Moors 1150. Garcia K. of Navarre kill'd by a fall from his Horse Sancho Crown'd King of Navarre Castile and Aragon joyn in League against Navarre Alonso of Castile and his Daughter both Marry'd An Act of Justice 1152. Many places taken by the Aragonians from the Moors Arms of Aragon 1154. Luis the Younger King of France comes into Spain His Entertainment 1155. Toledo declared Metropoiis of all Spain 1156. League betwixt Castile and Aragon renewed 1157. Alonso called the Emperor breaks into Andaluzia His Death Sancho has the Crown of Castile and Ferdinand that of Leon. War betwixt Castile and Navarre The Navarrois twice defeated Calatrava defended by two Monks given to their Order 1158. Original of the Knights of Calatrava League betwixt Castile and Aragon renew'd Sancho K. of
the XIth succeeds Mighty Divisions throughout Spain 1304. K. Denis of Portugal as Arbitrator reconciles Oustile and Aragon 1305. Roger Lauria the great Admiral Clement the Vth. chosen Pope Houses of Haro and Lara reconcil'd Discord among the Moors 1309 Castile and Aragon in League against the Moors Ceuta taken The Infidels twice overthrown Gibraltar taken The Moorish K. of Granada depos'd Queen Blanch of Aragon dies A general Council held at Vienne in Dauphine The Knights Templers destroy'd Possessions of the Templers in Spain 1310 1311 Prince Alonso of Castile has Birth 1312. War with the Moors A wonderful Judgment Ferdinand the IVth King of Castile dies Alonso not 13 Months old declar'd King of Castile â—rago dies The young King kept by the Citizens of Avila 1313. The Moors of Granada expel their new King 1314. The Cortes settle the Government of Castile Turks their Original Growth Ottoman Founder of the Empire of that Name Actions of the Catalonians in Greece They overthrow the Turbs Thier General put to Death They defeat the Greeks They fall out among themselves 1315 Luis King of France dyes and Philip succeeds 1316 John the XXth chosen Pope Infidels defeated by Prince Peter of Castile 1316 1317 Knights of Montesa in Aragon and of Christ in Portugal 1318 1319 Two extraordinary Accidents The death of the Princes of Castile Peter John Jayme heir of Aragon abdicates Several places taken by the Moors Several Governors chosen in the Provinces of Castile 1320 1321 Biscainers and Navarrois at War 1322 A Spanish Synod held at Valladolid King of Granada murder'd King Alonso of Castile enters upon the Government The Rebels associate The form of Association Sardinia conquered by the Aragonians 1324 1325 Denis K. of Portugal dies St. Elizabeth Queen of Portugal Alonso K. of Portugal Rebels of Castile punished 1327. Jayme the IId King of Aragon dies Alonso the IVth succeeds 1328. Occasion of Wars betwixt France and England Castile at War with the Moors Several Places in Castile Rebel 1329 Accord betwixt Aragon Castile and Portugal Affairs of Navarre Acts of the Cortes at Madrid 1330. Overthrow of the Moors Several Places taken from them Description of Africk Mahomet K. of Granada in Africk Alonso de la Cerda rightful K. of Castile submits to Alonso 1332 Order of the Belt instituted 1333 War with the Moors Mahomet King of Granada murder'd 1334 Rebels suppress'd in Castile 1335 Christian Kings of Spain at variance Castilans overthrow the Aragonians and Navarrois 1336. Alonso the IVth K. of Aragon dyes Rebellion of Castro and Albuquerque in Castile Rebels of Castile harden'd 1337. Castilians overthrow the Portuguses at Sea 1337. Frederick King of Sicily dies 1338. Preparations for War Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon Territories of the Moors ravaged 10000 Moors slain with their King Synod at Barcelona 470000 Moors invade Spain The Christian Fleet destroy'd by the Moors Tarifa besieg'd by the Moors The Battle of Salado 200000 Infidels slain Particulars of the successes The Kings after the Victory return to Sevil. Progress of the Christians against the Moors 1341 1342 The defeats of the Infidels at Sea Algezira besieg'd Attempts of the Infidels to Murder the King of Castile 1343. Algezira Siege continu'd Succours from England and other Parts Robert K. of Naples dies 1344. Algezira surrender'd Majorca subdued by the Aragonians 1344. The K. of Majorca delivers himself to him of Aragon Earthquake at Lisbon 1345. Troubles in Aragon 1346. 1347 K. Peter the IV. of Aragon marry'd 1348 Universal Plague Dissention among the Knights of Calatrava Canary Islands 1349 Confusions in Africk Cortes held at Alcalà Places that sent representatives to the Cortes oâ— Parliament Gibraltar besieg'd Castile and Aragon joyn in a League 1350. K. Alonso of Castile dies Peter declared K. of Castile K. Peter Sick and recovers Biscay united â—o the Crown of Castile 1351 Interviews of Kings Blanch Daughter to the Duke of Bourborn contracted to K. Peter of Castile 1352 Seditions arise in the Dominions of Castile Da. Marâ— de Padilla Mistress to King Petir 1353 King Peter marries K. Peter forsakes his Queen for Da. Moria de Padilla K. Peter changeth his Officers 1354 He punishes Rebels K. Peter marries another and forsakes her his first Wife still living Moorish K. of Granada murdered Expedition against Sardinia K. of Aragon makes Peace in Sardinia Progress of the rebellion in Castile Treaty betwixt the K. and his Rebels Queen Mother joyns the Rebels 1355 K. of Navarre murders the Constable of France Pr. Peter of Portugal marries the Lady Agnes de Castro She is murder'd K. Peter punishes Rebels Toro taken by K. Peter Infamous Life and Death of the Queen Mother of Castile War betwixt Castile and Aragon The Causes of the War Victory of the English at Poitiers 1356 1357 Towns taken on both sides Alonso the IIId K. of Portugal dies Peter King of Portugal Rebellion of the Bastards of Castile Moors called by the Christians to their assistance 1358 Rebels punished Era of Cesar abolished 1359 Expedition of King Peter by Sea The Rebels defeat the Royalists 1360 Various accidents Peter K. of Portugal executes the Murderers of the Lady Agnes de Castro Constance the K. of Aragon's Daughter marry'd to the K. of Sicily 1361. Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon Blanch Q. of Castile dies Da. Maria de Padilla dies Peter of Portugal declares his Children Legitimate Presumption of a Legate 1362. Victory of the Moors over the Christians The Moorish K. of Granada wrongfully put to Death Castile and Navarre join in League Da. Maria de Padilla declared by King Peter his lawful Wife 1363. Castile in League with England John K. of France dies Charles the Vth succeeds Constance Qu. of Sicily dies 1364 Confederation against Castile Bernard de Cabrera cruelly put to death 1365 Foreigners come to serve Count Henry 1366 Henry the Bastard proclaims himself K. of Castile Castile divided King Peter expelled the Kingdom King Peter flies to the English War of Navarre Articles betwixt K. Peter and the Prince of Wales 1367. Peter King of Portugal dies Ferdinand K. of Protugal The English pass the Perineans in defence of K. Peter The Battle of Najara Henry routed K. Peter restored Sixteen put to Death for Treason K. Peter excommunicated and absolved The French support Henry the Bastard Henry returns into Spain 1368 K. Peter provides for his defence K. Peter overthrown 1369 Betrayed and Murdred by his Bastard Brother Several pretenders to Castile Martin Lopez faithful to K. Peter Affairs of Aragon Sardinia Of Navarre Henry the Usurper finds many Enemies 1370 Treachery rewarded Allyance betwixt Portugal and Aragon Carmona besieged by the Usurper 1371 Henry the Bastard takes Carmona and breaks the Articles Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Ferdinand of Portugal marries the Lady Ellmor de Meneses The Pope returns to Rome Victory at Sea of the Spaniards and French over the English War betwixt Castile and Portugal 1373. Peace betwixt
Spain Siena given to the Duke of Florence War renewed betwixt France and Spain John III. King of Portugal dies Battel of S. Quintin Great Floods Plague Calis taken Dauphin of France Marries the Queen of Scots Battel of Graveling Mary Qu. of England dies Elizabeth Queen of England Peace betwixt Fra. and Spain K. Philip Marries his third Wife Philip returns into Spain Pius IV. chosen Pope Spaniards worsted by the Turks Rebellion in France Disputes about Religion in France Council of Trent again opened 22 Gallies cast away Duke of Guise murder'd by the Hugonots Spaniards at the Council of Trent Calvin and Beza Penol in Africk taken Malta besieged by the Turks Synods in Spain Pius V. chosen Pope Solyman dies before Sigeth Rebellion of the Low Countries Queen of Scots Imprison'd Duke of Alva Governor of the Low-Countries Rebels in France besiege Paris Prince of Orange heads the Rebels in Holland Morisco's Rebel in Spain Hugonots twice over thrown Qu. Elizabeth Excommunicated Jesuits murder'd Cosmo created D. of Tuscany Earthquake Christian League against the Turk Battel of Lepanto Pope Pius dies French K's Sister married to the Prince of Navarre Several Places in the Low-Countries revolt League against the Turk dissolved Venetians make Peace with the Turk D. John of Austria at Tunez A Comet A new Governor in the Low-Countries King of France dies D. John made Vicar of Italy Archb. of Toledo condemned The Low-Countries conspire against Spain Antwerp plunder'd D. John in the Low Countries Catherine Q. of Portugal dies A Comet Birth of P. Philip. Sebastian K. of Portugal slain with all his Army in Africk General Defection of the Low Countries D. of Alenson in the Low Countries Cardinal Henry K. of Portugal Mount Etna Henry K. of Portugal dies Duke of Alva reduces Portugal Queen of Spain dies Alenson Heads the Rebels in the Low Countries Prince of Orange wounded Synod at Toledo Gregorian Account The Empress in Spain Antony the Bastard of Portugal vanquished Pr. James of Spain dies Alençon returns into France Prince of Orange killed Pr. Philip sworn Heir of Spain Duke of Savoy in Spain Pope Gregory dies Sixtus V. chosen Prince of Parma successful against the Rebels in the Low-Countries Conspiracy against the French King Q. of Scots murder'd Sr F. Drake attempts Cadiz 30000 Germans in France Spanish Armada against England destroyed Duke of Guise put to Death Henry III. King of France murder'd by Clement Antony the Bastard with the English Fleet at Portugal Escuriall finish'd Death of two Popes Mortality Antony Perez his Sufferings Mutiniers punish'd Tumults in Aragon appeas'd K. Philip aspires to the Crown of France Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo Archduke Albertus governs the Netherlands Valladolid made a Bishoprick Sir Francis Drake plunders the Coasts of America Cadiz plundred by Drake Amiens taken by the Spaniards Netherlands given to the Princess Elizabeth K. Philip the 2d dies Marriage of K. Philip the 3d. Great Jubilee The Court at Valladolid Birth of the Princess Ann. Final betrayed Embassy into England Peace betwixt Spain and England concluded Pope Clement dies Leo the 11. succeeds Birth of P. Philip. Princess Mary born A great Tax P. Philip sworn heir of Spain Truce with the Dutch Rebels St. Ignatius beatified Henry IV. King of France murder'd Alarache in Africk taken Morisco's banish'd Queen of Spain dies Marriages of Princes An Earthquake Mamora taken War of Savoy and Mantua Pr. Philip Marries the French K's Sister New Passage into the South-Sea Victory over the Hollanders Duke of Lerma leaves the Government K. Philip in Portugal Pr. Ferdinand Archbishop of Toledo Philip III. dies Pope Paul dies Gregory 15th succeeds Philip the 3d dies Philip 4th succeeds Two Sea Fights Rod. Chalderon beheaded Martyrdoms in Japan P. Gregory dies Vrban the 8th chosen Charles P. of Wales in Spain Ormuz taken by the Persians Discovery of Cathay and Tibet Conversion of Ethiopia Dutch in Brasil Dutch and Turks defeated Jubilee at Rome Breda taken Brasil recovered Cortes of Aragon Floods Persecution in Japan Cazal besieged Birth of P. Balthasar Theatines in Spain War in Italy Gustavus Adolphus French in Lorain Pernambuco taken by the Dutch Conversion of Chaldeans A Fire at Madrid Gustavus Adolphus kill'd Death of the Princess Governess of Flanders Duke of Feria in Alsace Wallestein Executed Monstrous Birth War betwixt Fra. and Spain Spaniards take Towns in Picardy Places in Guienne taken Storm of Wind and Rain Defeat of the French in Sardinia Ships taken Landresi taken by the French Marquis de Leganez in Savoy Dukes of Savoy and Mantua die Commotions in Portugal Dutch routed French twice over thrown An Earthquake Roussillon invaded by the French Catalonia rebels Portugal follows the Example The French join with the Rebels Perpignan taken by the French Great Floods Lerida recovered Elizabeth Q. of Spain dies Cortes of Aragon Valencia A hard Winter Cortes of Castile Olivença taken from the Portugueses Spaniards overthrown in Catalonia Castle of Termes taken Overthrow of the French French in Italy Places in the Low-Countries taken by the French Pr. Balthasar dies D. John of Austria at Sea Prince of Conde in Catalonia Montferrat invaded by the Spaniards Truce with Holland Rebellion of Naples Troubles of France Actions in Portugal Courtray taken Ipres delivered to the French Cambray relieved Charles K. of England murder'd Cromwel's Embassador in Spain killed Portolongone taken English Fleet before Lisbon Catalonians return to their Duty Tortosa taken Leopold the Archduke in Champagne Year of Jubilee Castle of Alcaraz surprzed Spanish Ambassador received by the Rebels in England French decline in Catalonia Queen of Spain delivered of a Daughter D. John of Austria at the Siege of Barcelona Feast of S. Rosalia Barcelona recovered Portugueses worsted Cazal taken Taking of Gravelin Dunkirk also gained Turenne overthrown by Conde Succours sent the French Rebels by the Spaniards French invade Catalonia with the Rebels Small Encounters in Portugal Repulfe of the French Pantheon finished French pass the Pyreneans Bulls for Portugues Bishops refused by the Pope Prince of Conti takes Ville Franche Duke of Lorrain apprehended Portugues Ambassador's Brother in England beheaded Pope Innocent X. dies Duke of Guise set at liberty Turks before Candia Perfidious Act of the Portugueses Peece with Oliver Cromwell English invade Hispaniola Ships taken Galleons destroyed Berga in Catalonia recovered D. John of Austria takes Solfona Pope Alexander VII chosen D John of Austria sent for Flaudert Defeat of the French at Valenciennes D. John takes S. Gillain French and English join Montmidy surrendred to the French Plague at Naples French obliged to quit the Siege of Alexandria Exploits of Mallorquins Spanish West India Fleet burnt by Blake Dunkirk taken by the French and English Great Floods Embassie from a Black King Marquess of Mortara attacks the French and is repulsed Duke of Ossuna makes an Irruption into Portugal Badajoz besieged by the Portugueses Badajoz relieved Posture of Affairs in Flanders Cessation of Arms betwixt France and Spain Conferences for Peace Peace Concluded A Bell Rings of it self K. Philip goes with the Princess his Daughter to the Frontiers Ceremony of Contracting the Princess The marriage of the Princess D. John of Austria commands against Portugal He takes Aronches and other Places Enterprizes on the Frontiers of Portugal Duke of Ossima his Actions in Portugal Prince Philip dies A terrible Storm Riches of the Spanish Fleet. Marquess de Leganez destroys many Moors about Oran War betwixt the Venetians and Tarks Turks enter Transilvania A Prodigy D. John of Austria enters Portugal He takes Borba and Juramenha D. John takes Evora and i◠afterwards routed Duke of Ossuna again in Portugal The K.'s Daughter Margaret married to the Emperor War betwixt the Emperor and the Turk Slaughter of the English Garison at Tangier Marques de Caracena General against Portugal K. Phil IV. dies K. Charles II of Spain proclaimed Overtures of Peace betwixt Spain and Portugal Queen Regent of Portugal dies Alarache in vain attempted by the Moors A murder committed by a Woman Turkish Fleet beaten The French begin the War in Flanders French Kingtakes Towns in Flanders Pope Alexander the 7th dies Clement the 9th chosen Rogusa destroyed by an Earthquake Peace concluded with Portugal Alonso K. of Portugal imprisoned by his Brother K. Alonso of Portugal sent to the Island Tercera D John of Austria Ld. Lieutenant and Capt. General of Aragon F. Nitard sent from Court Collation rf great Officers
Romans was singular as appears by the Ruins that still remain about the place where now stands the Monastery of St. Isidorus Myrus King of the Suevians tho' a Catholick brought Forces to the assistance of Leuvigildus but dyed during the Seige Eboricus his Son succeeded him Gregory of Tours says otherwise to wit that he sided with Ermenegildus that the War ended he made Peace with Leuvigildus and returning home dy'd of a Sickness he had contracted during the Siege The River was turned another way which brought the Besieged into extreme want Ermenegildus after holding out a Year there being no hopes of withstanding any longer fled to the Romans not knowing they had forsaken his Interest and joyn'd with his Enemies Ermenegildus being gone the City was delivered up to his Father in the Year 586. This did not satisfie Leuvigildus nor did he desist till he had got his Son into his power Authors do not agree in the manner of taking him Some say That being ill treated by the Romans he went away to Cordova and was by the People of that Town delivered up to his Father Gregory of Tours says He was taken at Ossetum whither he had retired the Place being strong and the Inhabitants well affected towards him Into the Town he took 300 Men leaving the rest incamped hard by intending in case his Father attacked him to fall on him in Front and Rear he reckoned without his Host and therefore was deceived For Leuvigildus having intelligence of his design countermined all his Contrivances and falling furiously upon that Town entred and set Fire to it on all sides Ermenegildus despairing of making his escape took Sanctuary in a Church hoping to appease his Pathers Anger Recaredus the younger Brother a Person of great Generosityand Prudence was with his Father Leuvigildus He asked his Father's leave and Brother's consent to speak with him and there advised him to have recourse to his Father's mercy with assurance of Pardon and all Friendly Offices from his own part These promises were confirmed by Oath Leuvigildus was called and being come Ermenegildus with a sorrowful Countenance cast himself at his Feet He received him with exterior signs of Joy and kiss'd him in token of Forgiveness but he had other things in his Heart for having caused him to go to the Camp he soon after was stript of the Royal Robes and sent Prisoner to Sevil. The Abbot Bicliarensis says He was Banished to Valencia and dy'd at Tarragona At Sevil near the Gate called of Cordova there is still to be seen a Tower well known upon account of Ermenegildus's Imprisonment which is very high narrow and dark It is commonly received that he lived there with Bolts on his Feet and his Hands ty'd behind him and that not satisfied with those hardships he used great Austerity in his Dyet lying upon Hair-cloth and spending his time in Contemplation In this manner he continued till the Feast of Easter which fell upon the 14th of April in the Year 586. Then Leuvigildus sent an Arian Bishop to him to give him the Blessed Sacrament after the manner of the Arians Ermenegildus turned him away with Contempt which his Father took so hainously that he caused his Head immediately to be cut off Pope Sixtus I. Canoniz'd this Saint and ordered his Feast to be kept throughout Spain on the 14th of April His Prison was afterwards converted into a Chappel and he was formerly held in great Veneration so that from him many as well Women as Men are supposed to have taken the Names of Ermenegildus Ermesinda Ermenesinda Ermegildez and Ermildez Where his Body lies is not known nor have we any account how he was Buryed Gregory the Great relates the Death of Ermenegildus lib. 3. dial cap. 31. and says Musick was heard near the Dead Body and Lights were seen over it at Night About this time Pelagius the second governed the Catholick Church St. Gregory the Great was his Successor CHAP. IX The remaining part of the Reign of King Leuvilgildus He Persecutes the Catholicks Subdues the Suevians His Death and Causes of his Conversion NO sooner hand Indegundis received Advice of her Husband's Imprisonment and Death but she went over into Africk overwhelmed with Sorrow and Tears The Roman Officers in whose Custody she was designed to send her and Theodorick her Son to the Emperor Mauricius On the other side the Kings of the Franks Childebert Brother and Guntrandus Unkle to Indegundis resolved to Revenge the wrong done her and Death of Ermenegildus Recaredus having intelligence of it and intending to be beforehand with them broke into Frane plundered and wasted all the Country and took a strong Castle in the Territory of Arles called Vgernum Great was the havock he committed and greater the Terror he spread whereupon a Treaty of Peace was set a foot and Leuvigildus sent his Embassadors to assist at it Nothing was concluded for besides the former wrongs the Goths at that time took certain French Ships on the Coast of Galicia with all the Men and Merchandize in them This Action so far incensed the Franks that tho another Embassy was sent their Kings and chiefly Guntrandus would give no Ear to the Proposals of the Goths Authors say Recaredus the second time from Narbonne made roads into the Country of the Franks and did great harm Childebert who was most exposed to the danger and concerned for the injuries done to his Sister and Brother-in-Law the better to secure his revenge invited Mauricius the Emperor whose offers before he had slighted to joyn his Forces with him in order to oppose the Longobards who had possessed themselves of Italy and the Goths in Spain This Alliance being concluded he marched into Italy with a great Army The Enemy at first avoided coming to a Battle whereupon the Franks growing secure and despising them they fell upon them by surprize and put their whole Army to the rout with the greatest Slaughter that had been known of that Nation This disaster doubtless made Childebert more complying with the Goths besides that the Emperor being otherwise employed assisted his Confederates rather with his Name than Power and Indegundis the cause of this War was now dead some say in Africk others in Sicily for Authors do not agree about it neither is it known what became of her Son There is an Account that he was carryed to the Emperor and is supposed to have dyed soon after Maximus says the Mother dyed at Palermo and the Son was long after her at Constantinople Leuvigildus desiring to extirpate the Catholick Religion in Spain for that as he thought it had been the cause of all past misfortunes banished all the best and holyest Men as those that supported and maintained it Among the rest were Leander Bishop of Sevil and Fulgencius of Ezija and Mausona of Merida The King seized upon the Revenues of the Churches abolished all the Ecclesiastical Priviledges and put
to Death many Men of note some on just causes others upon false informations and enriched the Crown with their Estates His chief aim was so to weaken all other Families that none might aspire to the Crown Many not only of the Commonalty but even the Nobility Terrified with these proceedings submitted themselves to the King's Will and embraced the Arian Heresie Among others Vincencius Bishop of Zaragoca turning Arian by his ill Example drew many into the same ruin Severus Bishop of Malaga and Licinianus of Carthagena his Contemporaries writ against him The Kingdom of the Goths which by these practices seemed to increase in Power was at the same time Augmented by the additions of the Dominions of the Suevians in Spain which hap'ned in this manner King Eboricus the Son of Myrus was outed that Kingdom by Andeca a Noble Man who was Marryed to Sisegunda Eboricus his Mother-in-Law Not content with usurping the Crown he forced him to enter into a Monastery and change the Royal Robes of a Religious Habit. Eboricus was a Friend and Confederate of the Goths for which reason Leuvigildus appear'd in Arms against the Tyrant Him he overthrew in Battle took Prisoner and having stript him of the Regalia shaved his Head which according to the Custom of those times was degrading and making him incapable of being a King and after all banished him to Beja a City in Portugal These disorders gave Opportunity to one Malaricus to Rebel and being assisted by the People to take upon him the Title of King Leuvigildus soon quieted this Rebellion and made himself Master of all Galicia Eboricus 't is supposed continued as a private Man in the Monastery and the Goth had no inclination to restore him Thus the Kingdom of the Suevians that had long flourished and possessed a considerable part of Spain for the space of 174 Years was totally extinct in the Year 586. This same year Leuvigildus dyed at Toledo in the 18th Year after he began to Reign with his Brother Many Authors testify that before he dyed during his last Sickness he abjured the Arian Heresie and recommended the Catholick Religion to his Son Recaredus Our Historians relate that tho' Leuvigildus in his Heart was a Catholick yet he did not publickly abjure Arianism but temporized for fear of his Subjects Maximus says he was present at the King's Death and saw signs of his Repentance and Tears He places his decease on the second of April in the Year 587. Leuvigildus his Conversion is related to have been forwarded by several Miracles Among others it is said that in the War against his Son the Soldiers plundering a Monastery of the invocation of St. Martin near Carthagena the Monks fled into an Island and one of the Soldiers pursuing the Abbot fell down dead whereupon the King caused all that had been taken from the Monastery to be restored Another time in a dispute that was held about Religion the Catholick in testimony of the Truth he maintained took a burning Ring out of the Fire with his bare hand and received no harm which the Arian durst not do These and other Miracles caused the King to waver in his Mind He asked of an Arian Bishop why they did not work such wonders in defence of Faith He replyed he had often given sight to the blind and restored their hearing to the deaf but did it not publickly to shun Ostentation yet since it was requisite he would do it in sight of the World Soon after the King and Bishop being together an Arian who at his Instigation had feigned himself blind called upon him earnestly to restore him his sight All Men expected to see the Miracle which hap'ned contrary to what they thought for no sooner did the Bishop touch his Eyes but he was struck blind which that wretch being sensible of he openly Confessed the whole contrivance These things caused the Arian Heresie to be much slighted and the more for that during four Years continually all Spain but especially the Kingdom of Toledo was wasted by Locusts which the Commonalty said was a judgment of God for the Death of Ermenegildus and for Persecuting the Catholicks By the testimony of St. Isidorus this commendation may be given to Leuvigildus that he Corrected the Laws of the Goths at that time much corrupted abolishing some and enacting others Paul Deacon of Merida who then lived writes that Nunctus an Abbot of great Sanctity coming out of Africk to Merida to visit the Sepulcher of St. Olalia went soon after into the desart to shun the sight of Women where he was maintained by the King till the Country people of the Neighbourhood killed him upon what account is not known The King did not punish this Crime but God Almighty did for all the Murderers were possessed with Devils To conclude with Luevigildus he was the first King of the Goths that wore Garments different from the rest of the People the first that took upon him the Grandeur of a King and made use of a Crown and Scepter CHAP. X. The Reign of Recaredus his and his Peoples Conversion Conspiracies against him detected and punished He overthrows the Franks The third Council of Toledo THE Funeral Rites being performed to Leuvigildus with that State and Magnificence that was requisite Recaredus bent his Thoughts upon the setling his Court and the Government of his Kingdom His first care was to appease the Kings of France and in Order to it his first Wife Bada being Dead he indeavoured to contract an Alliance with Childebert King of Lorrain by Marrying his other Sister Clodosinda The better to effect this he sent to excuse himself of having had any hand in the Death of Ermenegildus but that on the contrary it had grieved him to the Heart The time of concluding so important an affair was not yet come but it was near at hand By the advice of the two Brothers Leander and Fulgentius he being already a Catholick in his Heart began to think of establishing the true Religion in Spain yet for the present was forced to dissemble rather than mistime such an undertaking He weighed the humour of the Commonalty which in matters of Religion is better managed by art than force Therefore he resolved to use his utmost industry cherishing some bearing with others and bestowing great Favours upon others to gain the affections of all Men. All things succeeded as he desired for the King's Will being made known as well the Nobility as Commonalty consented to it and what at first appeared so difficult was performed with more ease than could have been imagined Thus all the Goths and such of the Suevians as had till then persisted in their former Errors by a general consent embraced the Catholick Religion and at the same time hoped to gain the Favour of their Sovereign who besides the good endowments of his mind was of a Graceful Countenance and Stature which
to every Man's Fancy But what most troubled them was to see those who carried the Standards to Church to be Blessed look extraordinarily melancholy Others laughed at all these Observations as at vain and accidental things The day following the King went away to Ezija all Persons of any Note striving to have part in that Undertaking According as had been resolved they marched to Loxa where they encamped and entrenched themselves near the Suburbs among Olive Gardens on that side where the River Xenil is so straightned by high Banks that it is not sordable The Ground was streight and not proper for the Horse and the Citizens being Masters of the Bridge it was hard to pass the River Near this place is a Hill called Albohacen which being commodious to hinder the Enemy from sallying and to command the City the Master of Calatrava and Marquesses of Villena and Cadiz were ordered to possess themselves of it Within the City were about 3000 Horse Commanded by Alatar a Brave Captain They made several Sallies particularly upon a Saturday being encouraged by some Recruits they had received and the Hopes that the King of Granada was marching to relieve them they attacked our Post upon the Hill sallying in two Bodies Our Guards being surprized fled Those that encamped next them came to their Relief but without any Order or leaving a Guard in the Camp The other Body of Moors laying hold of this Opportunity easily made themselves Masters of our Works which greatly discouraged those that were engaged However they ran to defend their Camp and behaved themselves with great Bravery The Enemy pressed them in Front and Rear which was the cause our Men were defeated The Master of Calatrava was killed with many others the rest saved themselves by flight King Ferdinand discouraged by this Misfortune and perceiving that what his Brother the Duke de Villahermosa had said was true to wit That the Army was encamped in a disadventageous Post as also understanding the Enemy's Army marched towards him the next day marched away as far as the Lovers Rock called Pen̄a de los Enamorados which was seven Leagues distant from Loxa He retired in good Order the Marquess of Cadiz facing the Enemy who continually charged the Rear but were so bravely received they fled to the City This was the end of that ill laid Design The Moors encouraged by this Success returned to the Siege of Alhama King Ferdinand on the 14th of August in Person relieved the Besieged laid in Provision for 9 Months and gave the Lieutenancy of that Place to D. Luis Osorio who tho' Elect Bishop of Jaen was a brave and experienced Soldier Besides the King plundered and burnt all the Plain of Granada 600 Moors came out of the City to skirmish but the Earl of Cabra and Chief Commendary of Calatrava killed many of them and forced the rest back into the Town These were great Losses to the Moors but the greatest Mischief was Discord among themselves for a great number of the Citizens of Granada taking Arms drove their King Albohaçen out of the City They accused him of Tyranny and of beginning that bloody War In his Place they set up his own Son Mahomet Boabdil commonly called the Little King others call him Haley Muley Alcadurbil Malaga Baça and some other Cities continued Loyal to King Albohaçen Thus that Nation was divided betwixt Two Factions which did them no less harm than the Enemies abroad It is remarkable that amidst these Confusions neither Party asked Aid of the Christians but in the heat of the Civil War made Incursions into their Territories and took the Town of Can̄ete on the Frontiers of that Kingdom Other Affairs for some time diverted the King and Queen from the War with the Moores and they returned to the Kingdom of Toledo The Command of the Frontiers about Ezija was given to D. Peter Manrique Earl of Trevin̄o and lately created Duke of Najara D. Alonso de Cardenas Master of Santiago was to Command about Jaen The Government of Sevil was given to D. John de Silva Earl of Cifuentes All things thus settled the King and Queen came to Madrid about the beginning of Winter There the Cortes assembled to regulate the Association set on Foot some Years before as has been said that they might not abuse the Power they had Supplies were also demanded for the Expences of the War and they offered to furnish 16000 Beasts for Carriage Pope Sixtus commanded the Clergy to contribute 100000 Ducats for once He also granted the Croisade to such as served at their own Cost or at least contributed a certain small Sum of Money This was again granted 3 Years after and has continued ever since being Yearly Collected which brings a great Sum of Money into the Kings Coffers Besides all this much Money was borrowed of Bankers and other private Persons The Aragonians would not receive D. Raimund Folch Earl of Cardona for their Viceroy and pleaded it was a breach of their Priviledges to put a Stranger over them After some debate the King condescended and constituted his Son Alonso de Aragon Archbishop of Zaragoça Viceroy The designs of the Portugueses and Navarrois did not a little perplex King Ferdinand The King of Portugal proposed to Marry his Neece the Princess Joanna Daughter to King Henry to Francis Phebus King of Navarre who was not yet dead Navarre favoured France To prevent danger Ambassadors were sent to both Those who went to Navarre which was after the death of that King had orders to propose a Match betwixt Queen Catherine who had Inherited that Crown and Prince John King Ferdinand 's Son They had also instructions to endeavour to gain all the Men in Power particularly the Faction of the Biamonteses that was possessed of Pamplona and most of the Kingdom the Queen having little left her but the Name tho' she had appointed a Viceroy who was Monsieur de Abene a Frenchman well versed in Affairs of that nature Magdalen the Queen's Mother seemed pleased at the Match and said there could be nothing on her side to obstruct so advantageous a proposal In Galicia the Constable and Earl of Benavente with their followers were in Arms. Each of them strove to seize the Castles of the Bishops to be in a better Condition to oppose his Adversary King Ferdinand to prevent mischief Ordered Ferdinand de Acun̄a Governor of that Country to seize those Places The Governor besieging the Castle of Lugo D. Peter Ossorio Earl of Lemos came with Forces to the Assistance of his Brother who was Bishop of that City This produced a new War which obliged King Ferdinand to set out from Madrid on the 11th of February 1413 and hasten into Galicia By the way he received advice that the Earl of Lemos was dead He appointed his Grandson Roderick his Heir tho' a Bastard of his Son Alonso The Grandfather obtained a dispensation of the Pope to make him Legitimate and put him
into possession of his Estate before his death This produced a new debate for Joanna Daughter to the Earl deceased and Wife to D. Luis the Earl of Benavente's Son claimed that Earldom Upon this account both Parties were in Arms. King Ferdinand Commanded them to stand to the determination of the Law threatning to fall upon him that should refuse yet he favoured the Grandson of the deceased who was in possession Whilst he was busie in Galicia the Moores near Malaga made a great slaughter of our Men which was the greatest loss we sustained during that War Peter Enriquez Lieutenant of Andaluzia having with the Assistance of the Earl of Cadiz recovered his Town of Can̄ete and Fortified it was desirous to be revenged upon the Moores D. Alonso de Aguilar and the Master of Santiago had also resolved to make an Incursion into the Moorish Territories The Earl of Cifuentes had attempted to recover Zahara but failed All these Commanders agreed to make an Inroad into the Territory of Malaga in three Bodies That Country is rich by reason of the Silken manufactures and therefore they hoped to make a considerable Booty Near Malaga there are certain uncouth Mountains called Axarquia over those Mountains they Marched plundered and burnt all the Country and some Parties of Horse advanced even in sight of Malaga This provoked the Citizens and the People of the Mountains assembled and secured all the Passes Our Men sought to retire but could not There were two Ways the longest by the Sea which was plainest but dangerous because of the Castle of Malaga and several Creeks that cross it The other through which they came was shorter but very difficult by reason of the Woods and Mountains Two Mountains particularly close up a deep Vally through the middle of which runs a River that parts them Our Men entred this Valley in a Consternation encumbred with the Booty when on the one side the Moores attacked them and on the other they saw the Pass secured by another Party which added much to their Fear They were Tyred with Marching two days Faint for want of Food and could neither go backwards nor forwards Many were killed with Arrows and Musket Shot the Moores being very good Marksmen Night coming on the Terror increased with the darkness and the continual shouts of the Enemy Then the Master of Santiago cryed out How long shall we suffer our selves Fellow-Soldiers to be Slaughtered like sheep Our Swords and our Valour must open the Way or at least let us endeavour to Sell our Lives dear and not die unrevenged Having spoke thus they began to ascend the Hill and with much difficulty reached to the Top. There the Fight was bloody and the Slaughter on our side great many Persons of Note were killed The Marquess of Cadiz found Guides who led him off through by-ways The Earl of Cifuentes his Squadron which brought up the Rear sustained most loss he and his Brother Peter de Silva were taken and carried to Granada Of 2700 Horse 800 were killed and among them 3 Brothers of the Marquess of Cadiz James Lope and Bertran besides others of his Relations Near twice as many were taken and of them 400 of the best Gentry in Spain Some few with the Master of Santiago escaped over the desert part of the Mountain and got to Antequera Others as chance led them made their way to other Places This Misfortune hapned upon the 21th of March being the Feast of St. Benedict usually a day of Joy in Spain but now converted into Sorrow Abohardil Brother to King Albohacen and Governor of Malaga who Commanded the Moores gained great Reputation by this extraordinary Success CHAP. III. The Moores defeated and Boabdil their King taken and afterwards released The Affaires of Navarre Pope Sixtus dies Innocent the Eighth succeeds him Marquess del Gasto and Pescara from whom Descended THE Sorrow conceived by The Christians for their loss was soon allayed by a greater Defeat they gave the Moores Albohazen and Boabdil the Two Moorish Kings did one another all the harm they could yet at the same time both endeavoured to gain the Affection of their People destroying the Christians To this purpose Boabdil having gathered a good Body entred the Territory of Ecija designing to surprize Lucena a Town more large and rich than strong Alatar his Father in Law who from a mean Condition rose by his Valour to that Honour gave this Advice James Fernandez de Cordova who was Lord of that Town and some others thereabouts understanding the design of the Moores gave advice of the danger he was in to his Unckle the Earl of Cabra But few Horse remained in those parts by reason of the late slaughter and the Inhabitants of Lucena were in a Consternation because their Walls were not Strong to make resistance The Moores came before the Town on the 21th of April The Governour coveyed the Townsmen into the upper Town and gave the guard of the lower to 200 Horse and 800 Foot he had got together They defended it so bravely that the Enemy dispairing of Success and in a rage for some Men they lost in the Attack vented their Fury upon the Olive Gardens Besides Hamet Abencerrage wasted the Lands of Mon̄tilla with 300 Horse He was samiliarly acquainted with James de Cordova the Family of the Abencerrages having resided at Cordova when they were Banished out of Granada Upon account of this acquaintance he had an interview with James de Cordova designing to circumvent him His fraud was disappointed by another policy The Governor seemed inclinable to surrender the Town and by that means gained time till the Count de Cabra could come to his Relief Upon the news of his approach the Enemy raised the Siege and began to March off with the Booty which was very great The besieged Sallyed and Charged their Rear to keep them in Play till the Earl of Cabra came up It will scarce be believed that tho' the Moores were Ten times the number of the Christians they did not stand the first shock A League and a half from Lucena and in the Way to Loxa is a pleasant Brook which then with the Summer Rains was swelled The Enemies Foot having passed this Brook began to fly only taking care to drive the Booty Their Horse tho' in a Consternation made a stand the King himself striving to encourage them All proved ineffectual for the Christians advancing they were Charged in Flank by D. Alonso de Aguilar who came from Antequera with 40 Horse and some few Foot The Enemy suddenly gave way and fled The King alighted off from a white Horse and endeavoured to hide himself among the Trees and Bushes on the Banks of the River Three Foot Soldiers found him and he discovered himself for fear of being killed He was secured and sent to Lucena In the pursuit which lasted till Night above 1000 Horse were killed and among them Alatar being 90 Years of Age