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day_n	hour_n	minute_n	pole_n	5,045	5	12.8170	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A33734	Purpura anglicana being a discovery of a shell=fish found on the shores of the Severn in which there is a vein containing a juice giving the delicate and durable tincture of the antient, rich, Tyrian purple, of which it is an undoubted species, the knowledge of which hath been lost for many ages : with experimental observations upon it and figures of the shells / by W.C.	Cole, William, 1635-1716.	1689 (1689)	Wing C5044; ESTC R34825	5,987	11

are of divers colours but the most part of them white some are red when newly taken off the Rocks some yellow others of both those colours some a blackish brown many a Sandy colour and some few striped with white and brown parallel lines I have herewith sent you most of the colours with one of the largest I have found and one of the least with several of the middle sized vid. the Figures 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There are other imperfect observations which I have made of this our Purple-Fish which I may in some time give you a better account of viz. 1. At what Age of the Moon and time of the Tides i. e. Spring or Neap their Veins are fullest and give the best Tincture For I have found a difference they being sometimes fuller and whiter and the juice more viscid at other times more flaccid and watery 2. Whether they are in greater perfection in Summer or Winter having not as I expected received any of them this last Summer to make that Experiment by reason of our Western Troubles in the Duke of Monmouth's Invasion Such as are inclined to these Inquiries and have more liberty from business then I have may make farther improvements of it in the preparations of it by Urine Salt c. mentioned by Pliny and other Authors And altho' the Shells are small yet their abundance on some of our Shoars may yield matter enough with the more pains to dy a quantity of fine Wooll or Silk so as to render the discovery some way useful and to answer the vulgar objection of cui bono made by such persons who own no good but what relates to the Body I am of opinion there may be found on our marine Coasts some bigger Shells which may have a colouring juice though not the same with this for that I know few Natural things both of Animals and Vegitables but what have divers Species of the same kind sometimes in the same place This may be a sufficient intimation to all Ingenious persons living near the Sea to imploy some time to find this out My purpose was with this discourse to have drawn and sent you Figures of these Shells with the Fish pulled out and extended beyond the Vein together with their Operculums to which end I sent lately for some of them but they being not yet come to satisfy the desires of some Gent. of the Society I have sent it now in that particular not so perfect as I could wish As for the qualities of this Fish I can yet say but little only I was assured by some who had boyled drest and eaten of them that they are wholsome food as good at least and tast as well as Lympots or Winkles only the flesh something harder For what Use Nature hath designed this Vein of colouring juice unto the Animal will be difficult to find out perhaps it may be the spermatick and prolifick Matter by which they propagate their kind which I am inclinable to think from its consistence virulent and faetid savour A Microscope which I had not then by me might have given some light in this Matter and confirmed it if those Animalcula are to be found in it which are in the Masculine Sperm of Fish and other living Creatures as some affirm from the many late Experiments they have made Or else it may be a Humor in this Animal which by its Vital Energie as the spring of life and motion supplies the want of heart liver blood c. as in other exanguinious Animals Those who seek after them may find as I have done some of those Purple Shells in which are the Cancelli or rather Astaci unto which they are more like and so may mistake for those little Craw-fishes I have found in most of our English-Shells excepting the bivalved and Patella's of which in many parts especially in the West-Indies there are many sorts and some very large which our Country-men there call Soldiers for that they say they enter by force kill and take possession of those Houses they have not built and when they grow too big forsake them and enter into larger Whether that be true I know not This I have found when I have broken some of the Shells in which those Vagrants are so as not to bruise their Bodies and then put them naked into the water I have beheld them with nimble springing Motion to run to and fro till they find a Stone to hide themselves under which not finding they bury themselves in loose sand and this observation gave me full satisfaction that they were not at least all the kinds connate and coalescent with their Shells as other testaceous Animals of the Sea and Land are but this being besides my purpose I return to the Purpura There is no doubt but that it is a Species of that kind of which there are many sorts differing in bigness structure colour of the Shell according to the nature of the Sea-Grounds depth or shallowness of water Rocks Gravel Mud as also the Latitude where they are found and so differing also in the varieties of colours of the tinging juice in their Veins as black livid violaceous deep Sea-green light and deep red Amethystine c. As the Histories of this Animal doe mention But the best of all were found in the Tyrian Seas near that Island on which the renowned City of Tyre was built now an inconsiderable Town called Sur this was celebrated and prised above all the rest for that it excelled them all in its illustrious colour called in former Ages by divers Names as Ostrum Sarranum Pelagium Venenum Tyrium Purpurissum Flores Tyriani c. Almost all Authors agree that it lyes in a certain Vein in the Fish and some of them mention it to be white and viscous as this of ours is It were to little purpose to give the History at large of all the Purpurae and when and how first discovered to Phoenix the Son of Agenor the second King of the Phoenicians by means of a Shepheards Dog devouring one of the Fishes and colouring his lips with that excellent dye By which its Antiquity appears In succeeding Ages it received improvements to the time of Pliny in whose days being in the Reign of the Vespasians it seems to have arrived at its highest perfection of which he hath made more particular Observations than I can find in other Authors for which he had great opportunity living in the Imperial City of the World where the Artists in Preparations of that Tinging Succus for dying the Robes and other Vestments of the Emperors Senators c. strove to excell each other in new fashioned Purples for their own gain and 〈◊〉 to gratify the luxuriant excess of the Great Ones of those times by preparing and mixing the colour found in the several sorts of Shells as aforesaid This colour sold then at great Prises that which was fine double dyed Purple of Tyre called Dibapha yielded 1000 Roman Denarii the pound which is computed to be more than Thirty Pounds Sterling and this of ours being so excellent a colour without other preparation or addition of any thing to it may now or at least hereafter by farther improvement vye with the Tyrian Purple Iohnston out of Aristotle mentions a Species of these Fishes under the Name of Littorales quae parvae flore sunt rubro this agrees with ours which may be named Purpura littoralis sive Teniensis parva turbinata Since the importunity of some Friends hastned this Discourse sooner than I intended and so prevented those farther Experiments which I might have made this next Summer persuming on your favourable acceptance and excusing the imperfections of it which could not be so well digested in the Method of it as it might have been were I not ingaged in a publick Imployment which requires my dayly Attendance I have therefore now presented you with it as it is And if I find it gratefull to you and to such others as shall happen to read it I shall be incouraged to impart many other things which I este●m no less considerable than this to the end that the stupendious Works of Nature or rather of the God of Nature in which are clearly seen his infinite Wisdom Power and Goodness may by us as his Instruments be celebrated for his Glory In whose Service I am one of the least of your 〈◊〉 WILLIAM COLE A TABLE of Troy-weight 32 Grains of Wheat make 24 Artificial Grains 24 Grains make 1 Penny Weight 20 Penny Weight make 1 Ounce 12 Ounces make 1 Pound A TABLE of Aver du pois Weight 4 Quarters make 1 Dram. 16 Drams make 1 Ounce 16 Ounces make 1 Pound 28 Pounds make 1 Quarter of a hundred of 112 pounds 20 Hundred make 1 Tun. A TABLE of Liquid Measure 1 Pound of Wheat Troy weight make 1 Pint. 2 Pints make 1 Quart. 2 Quarts make 1 Pottle 2 Pottles make 1 Gallon 8 Gallons make 1 Firkin of Ale Soap Herrings 9 Gallons make 1 Firkin of Beer 10 Gallons and a half make 1 Firkin of Salmon or Eels 2 Firkins make 1 Kilderkin 2 Kilderkins make 1 Barrel 42 Gallons make 1 Tierce of Wine 63 Gallons make 1 Hogshead 2 Hogsheads make 1 Pipe or But. 2 Pipes make 1 Tun of Wine A TABLE of Dry Measure 2 Pints make 1 Quart. 2 Quarts make 1 Pottle 2 Pottles make 1 Gallon 2 Gallons make 1 Peck 4 Pecks make 1 Bushel Land-measure 5 Pecks make 1 Bushel Water-measure 8 Bushels make 1 Quarter 4 Quarters make 1 Chalder 5 Quarters make 1 Way A TABLE of Long Measure 3 Barly Corns in length make 1 Inch. 12 Inches make 1 Foot. 3 Foot make 1 Yard 3 Foot nine Inches make 1 Ell. 6 Foot make 1 Fathom 5 Y●rds and a half make 1 Pole or Perch 40 Poles make 1 Furlong 8 Furlongs make 1 English Mile A TABLE of Time. 60 Minutes make 1 Hour 24 Hours make 1 Day Natural 7 Days make 1 Week 4 Weeks make 1 Month of twenty eight days 13 Months 1 day and 6 hours make 1 Year very near gr p. w. oun lb.

PURPURA ANGLICANA BEING A DISCOVERY OF A SHELL-FISH Found on the Shores of the Severn in which there is a Vein containing a Juice giving the delicate and durable Tincture of the Antient Rich Tyrian PVRPLE of which it is an undoubted Species The Knowledg of which hath been lost for many Ages With Experimental OBSERVATIONS upon it and Figures of the Shells First printed at Oxford in the Year 1686. In a large Philosophical Transaction N o. 178. Now re-printed alone at the Desire and for the conveniency of many who are not disposed to buy the BOOK By W. C. the AUTHOR LONDON Printed by Joseph Streater MDCLXXXIX PURPURA ANGLICANA THere being many Natural things which I have formerly and of late happily found in the South and West Parts of England not as I can find published by any Author besides many more which have been discovered by the industrious Exquisitions of divers ingenious and curious Searchers of Nature as also others which were before thought to be Exotiques I have reason to believe that there are very many more for incouragement of such Inquirers yet undiscovered in this our Native Country Among others that of the Purple-Fish which I found the last Winter on the Sea Coasts of Somerset-shire and the shores of South-Wales opposite to it which also I doubt not but may be found on the other Coasts of England especially the South and Western parts in which I am almost assured I have formerly seen them tho' then unknown to me where there are Rocks and great Pebbles and where the Tides run not too strong Which Discovery I do not pretend to be so made by me as having no hint of it before For in October 1684 there were two Ladies at Mynehead where I then was who seeing what Collections I had made of Natural things in those Parts told me there was a certain Person living by the Sea-side in some Port or Creek in Ireland who made considerable gain by marking with a delicate durable Crimson Colour fine Linnen of Ladies Gent. c. sent from many parts of that Island with their Names or otherwise as they pleased which they told me as they were informed was made by some liquid substance taken out of a Shell-fish upon which I shewed them all the Shells I had found on that Coast one of them thought it to be taken out of a Limpot the other out of that Shell here figured and described but neither of them could inform me out of what part it was taken in either After their departure from that Port I made Experiments on all the Shell-fishes in which I might probably think to find it and brake them while the Fishes were alive in them and with a short pointed Pencil of Horse hair no other instrument being so convenient I tryed every part of each which I imagined might yield the Colour but upon washing the Linnen which I had marked in scalding water with sope there appeared nothing of any colour on them upon which I was ready to give over any farther search but at length trying that part in which I least thought the Tincture lay it immediatly turned to a light green which being presently dryed and washed as before there appeared that delicate colour they told me of as aforesaid The whole process upon my oft repeated Experiments was as followeth These Shells being harder then most of other kinds are to be broken with a smart stroak of a hammer on a plate of Iron or firm piece of Timber with their mouth downwards so as not to crush the Body of the Fish within The broken pieces being pickt off there will appear a white Vein lying transversly in a little furrow or cleft next to the head of the Fish which must be digg'd out with the stiff point of the Horse hair pencil being made short and tapering which must be so formed by reason of the viscous clamminess of that white Liquor in the Vein that so by its stiffness it may drive in the Matter into the fine Linnen or white Silk which altho' I 〈◊〉 not yet tryed it will I think be better then on Linnen and make the colour appear more bright and vivid by its reflection since which I have 〈◊〉 it on white Sarsnet and find it so The Letter Figures or what else shall be made on the Linnen or Silk as much forced in as it can be by the pencil will presently appear of a pleasant light green colour and if placed in the Sun will change into the following colours i. e. if in Winter about noon if in the Summer an hour or two after Sun rising and so much before setting for in the heat of the day in Summer the colours will come on so fast that the succession of each will scarce be distinguisht next to the first light green it will appear of a deep green and in few minutes change into a full and very fair Sea green after which in a few minutes more it will alter into a Watchet blew from that in a little time more it will be of a Purplish red after which lying about an hour or two supposing the Sun still shining it will be of a very deep Purple red beyond which the Sun can do no more Note that these changes are made faster or slower according to the degrees of the Suns heat But then the last and most beautiful colour after washing in scalding water and sope will the Matter being again put out into the Sun or wind to dry be much a differing colour from all those mention'd i. e. of a fair bright Crimson or near to the Princes Colour which afterwards notwithstanding there is no use of any Stiptic to bind the colour will continue the same if well ordered as I have found in handkercheifs that have been washt more than 40 times only it will be somwhat allayed from what it was after the first washing I made large Letters on so many cloaths as there are distinct colours to put them into a Book which kept them from the Air I have several months after shewed the various colours distinct as aforesaid yet by often opening the Book and so exposing them to the Air all the colours excepting the two last I mean before washing either will fade but all the colours being washt will be one and the same While the Cloath so writ upon lyes in the Sun it will yield a very strong fetid smell which divers who have smelt it could not endure as if Garlick Assa-faetida were mixt together which I proved but few days before I wrote this tho' it had been at least twelve months kept in a Book which before it was laid in the Sun had very little of that smell I have farther observed that the cloath dryed and washt soon after it is wrote on will appear fresher and brighter then after being kept in a Book as I found by some I newly caused to be washt after they had been 14 months so kept The Shells