collection of which Trauerses the ships uniforme motion or Corse is giuen What Instruments are necessary for the execution of this excellent skill THe Instrumentes necessary for a skilfull Seaman are a Sea Compasse a Crosse staffe a Quadrant an Astrolabie a Chart an instrument magneticall for the finding of the variation of the Compasse an Horizontall plaine Sphere a Globe and a paradoxall Compasse By which instruments all conclusions and infallible demonstrations Hidrographicall Geographicall and Cosmographicall are without controlement of errour to be performed but the Sea Compasse Chart and Crosse staffe are instruments sufficient for the seamans vse the Astrolabie and Quadrant being instruments very vncertaine for Sea obseruations What is the Sea Compasse THe Sea Compasse is a principall instrument in Nauigation representing and distnguishing the Horizon so that the Compasse may conueniently be named an Artificiall Horizon because by it are manifested all the limits and distinctions of the Horizon required to the perfect vse of Nauigation which distinctions are the 32. points of the Compasse wherby the Horizon is deuided into 32. equall partes and euery of those points hath his proper name as in the figure following appeereth Also euery point of the Compasse doth containe degrees minuts seconds and thirds c. Which degrees are called degrees of Azumuth whereof there are in euery point 11¼ so that the whole Compasse of Horizon containeth 360. degrees of Azumuth for if you multiplie 11¼ degrees the degrees that ech point containeth by 32. the points of the Compasse it yeeldeth 360. the degrees of the Compasse And of minutes eche point containeth 45. being ¾ of an hower so that the whole Compasse is heereby deuided into 24 howers by which accompt there are in an hower 15. degrees so that euery degree containeth 4. minutes of time for an hower consisting of 60. minutes hath for his fifteenth part 4. minutes of time and in euery minute there is 60. seconds and euery second containeth 60. thirds either in degrees applied to time or degrees applied to measure so that the generall content of the Compasse is 32. points 360. degrees and 24. howers with their minutes seconds and thirds What is the vse of the 32. points of the Compasse THe vse of the 32. points of the Compasse is to direct the skilful Pilote by Horizontall trauers how hee may conclude the corse or peradoxall motion of his Ship therby with the greater expedition to recouer the place desired because they deuide the Horizon into such limits as are most apt for Nauigation they doe also distinguish the windes by their proper names for the winde receiueth his name by the parte of the Horizon from whence hee bloweth What is the vse of the 360. degrees of Azumuth BY the degrees of Azumuth is knowne the quantitie of the rising and setting of the Sunne Moone and Starres whereby is knowne the length of the dayes and nightes in all climates and at all times they also shew a most precise Horizontall distiuction of the motion of the Sunne Moone and Starres whereby the certaintie of time is measured and the variation of the Compasse with the Poles height is ingeuiously knowne at all times and in all places by helpe of the Globe How is the hower of the day knowne by the Compasse IT hath been an ancient custome among Mariners to deuide the Compasse into 24. equall partes or howers by which they haue vsed to distinguish time supposing an East Sunne to be 6. of the clocke a Southeast Sunne 9. of the clocke and a South Sunne 12. of the clocke c. as in the figure following shall plainely appeere But this accompt is very absurd for with vs in England the Sunne hauing his greatest North declination it is somewhat past 7. of the clock at an East Sunne and at a Southeast Sunne it is past 10. of the clocke also when the Sunne is in the Equinoctiall the Sunne is halfe the day East and halfe the day West to all those that be vnder the same so that the Sunne then and to those people vseth but 2. pointes of the Compasse to perfourme the motion of 12. howers therfore the distinctions of time may not well be giuen by the Compasse vnlesse the Sunne be vpon the Meridian or that you be farre toward the North in such places where the Sunnes Horizontall motion is very oblique for there the hower may be giuen by the Compasse without any great errour but elsewhere it cannot Therefore those that trauaile must either vse the Globe or an Equinoctiall diall by whom time may be most certainly measured if there bee good consideration of the variation of the needle by which the Equinoctiall diall is directed for this is a generall thing to be regarded aswel in the compasse as in any dials or other instrument or conclusion whatsoeuer wherin the vse of the needle is required that vnlesse there be good regarde vnto the variation of the same there can no good conclusion follow of any such practices What is the next necessary thing to be learned HAuing perfectly learned the Compasse the next necessary thing for a Seaman to know is the alteration or shifting of tydes that thereby he may with the greater safetie bring his Ship into any barred Port Hauen Creeke or other place where tydes are to be regarded And this difference of tides in the alteration of flowing and reflowing is by long experience found to be gouerned by the Moones motion for in such proportion of time as the Moone doth seperate her selfe from the Sunne by the swiftnes of her naturall motion in the like proportion of time doth one tide differ from another therefore ta vnderstand this difference of the Moones motion is the onelye meane whereby the time of tides is most precisely knowne Of the Moones motion YOu must vnderstand the Moone hath two kinde of motions a naturall motion and a violent motion her violent motion is from the east toward the West caused by the violent swiftnes of the diurnall motion of primum mobile in which motion the Moone is caried about the earth in 24. howers and 50. minutes nerest one day with another for although the diurnall period of the first mouer the perfourmed in 24. howers yet because the Moone euery day in her slowest naturall motion moueth 12 degrees therefore she is not carried about the earth vntill that her motion be also caried about which is in 24. howers and 50. minutes nerest Her naturall motion is from the West towards the East contrary to the motion of the first mouer wherein the Moone hath 3. differences of mouing a swift motion a meane motion and a slowe motion all which is perfourmes by the diuine ordinance of the Creator in 27. daies and 8. howers nerest through all the degrees of the Zodiac Her slowe motion is in the point of Auge or apogeo being then farthest distant from the earth and then she moueth in euery day 12. degrees Her swift motion is in the
firmament is moued with the first mouer in euery houre 15 degrees by which accompt in 24. houres his motion is perfourmed And here note that the degrees of the Equinoctiall haue a double application the one to time and the other to mesure in respect of time 15. degrees make an houre so that euery degree containeth but 4 minutes of time but when his degrees haue relation to measure then euery degree containeth 60. minutes being 20 leags so that euery minute standeth for a mile after our English accompt But this allowance of 20. leags to euery degree of the Equinoctiall in sayling or measuring of distances vpon the East and West Corses is onelye when you are vnder the same because the Equinoctiall being a perallell is likewise a great circle and euery degree of a great circle is truly accompted for 20. leages or 60. myles But in the rest of the perallells where either of the Poles are eleuated aboue the Horizon if there you saile or measure vpon the Corses east or west there are not 20. Leags to be allowed to euery degree because such perallelles are lesser circles therefore they haue the fewer number of leags to euery degree so that the further you departe from the Equator the lesser are the perallelles and the lesser that any perallell is the lesser are his degrees because euery circle containeth 360. degrees and as the circles and degrees are diminished in their quantitie in like sorte the distance answerable to such degrees must abate as their circles do decrease And further know that the Equator is the beginning of all terrestriall Latitude and declination of the celestiall bodies What is the Ecliptick THe Ecliptick line is greate◠circle deuiding the sphere into 2. equall partes by crossing the Equator in oblique sort deuiding him and being diuided by him into 2. equall partes bending from the Equator towards the North and South 23. degrees and 28. minutes being in the first minute of Cancer and Capricorne there determining the Tropicall limits this line likewise deuideth the Zodiack by longitude into 2 equall partes and is deuided together with the Zodiac into 12. equal portions called signes and euery of these signes is deuided vpon the Ecliptick into 30. equall partes or degrees so that this line is deuided into 360. degrees vpon which line the center of the Sunne doth continually moue this circle is described vpon his proper poles named the Pole of the Zodiac beeing in all his partes 90. degrees from either of them The Zodiac is a circle contrary to all the other for they are mathematicall lines consisting only of length without breadth or thicknes but the Zodiac hath latitude or bredth 12. degrees whose limits are 6. degrees of either side of the Ecliptick wherein the Sunne Moone and Planets perform their motions and reuolutions the center of the Sunne onelye keeping vpon the Ecliptick but the other Planets haue sometime North latitude and sometime South latitude And here you must vnderstand that the latitude of the Planets or Starres is that portion of the eclipticall meridian which is contained betweene the center of the Planet or Star and the Ecliptick line and their longitude is that portion of the line Ecliptick which is contained betweene the the saide meridian and the eclipticall meridian that passeth by the poles of the Zodiac and the first minute of Aries The 12. deuisions or signes of the Zodiac are these Aries ♈ Taurus ♉ Gemini ♊ Cancer ♋ Leo ♌ Virgo ♠Libra ♎ Scorpio ♠Sagitari ♠Capricorne ♑ Aquarius ♒ Pisces ♓ and these are their characters that stand by them The 7. Planets that keepe within the limits of the Zodiack are these Saturne ♄ Iupiter ♃ Mars ♂ Sol ☉ Venus ♀ Mercury ☿ Luna ☽ Saturne perfourmes his course through all the degrees of the Zodiac once in euery 30. yeeres Iupiter in 12. yeeres Mars in 2. yeeres the Sunne in 365. daies and 6. houres being one yeere Venus and ☿ as the Sunne and the Moone performeth her course in 27. daies and about 8. houres through all the degrees of the Zodiac And note that this naturall motion of the Planets in the Zodiac is from the West toward the East the diurnall motion is violent caused by the first mouer or primum mobile who in euery 24. houres doth perfourme his circular motion from the East to the West carrying with him all other inferiour bodies whatsoeuer What is the vse of the Zodiac BY the Zodiac and Ecliptick is knowne the longitude and Latitude of any Celestiall body either Planets or fired Starres for a quarter of a great circle drawne from the pole of the Zodiac to the center of any Planet or Star and so continued vntill it touch the Ecliptick that degree and minute where the said quarter circle toucheth the Ecliptick is the longitude of the said body which is to be accompted from the first minute of Aries for the longitude of Aries is the portion of the Ecliptick line which is contained betweene the eclipticall meridian passing by the poles of the Zodiac and the first minute of Aries and the eclipticall meridian which passeth by the poles of the Zodiac and the centre of any Planet or Starre When the Planets are vpon the North side of the Ecliptick they haue North latitude and being South from the Ecliptick they haue South latitude Also the motions of the Planets the time of any Eclipse and the Suns declination by his place in the Ecliptick are known by this circle whose vse is very ample and to great purpose for all Astronomicall considerations What are the Colures THe Solsticiall Colure is a great circle passing by the Poles of the world and the poles of the Zodiac and the Solsticial points or first minute of ♑ and ♋ cutting the Equinoctiall at right spherick angles in his 90. and in his 270. degrees The Equinoctiall Coloure is likewise a great circle passing by the poles of the worlde and the equinoctiall point of ♈ and ♎ and crosseth the equator in his first and 180. degrees and those Coloures do intersect ech the other in the poles of the world to right spherick angles What is the vse of these Colures Their vse is to distinguish the 4. principall seasons of the yere Spring Summer Autumme and winter deuiding the Equator and Ecliptick into 4. equal parts also that arke of the Solsticiall Colure which is included betweene the first minute of ♋ and the Equinoctiall is the Sunnes greatest declination toward the North the like arke being betweene the tropicall point of ♑ and the Equator is the Sunnes greatest South declination being in these our daies 23 degrees 28. minutes What is the tropick of Cancer The Tropick of ♋ is one of the lesser circles deuiding the sphere into two vnequall partes and is described vpon the pole Artick a perallell to the Equator 23. degrees 28 minutes from him being the farthest lymit of the Ecliptick bending towards the North to
obliquitie of the sphere What is the axis of the worlde THe Axis of the worlde is a right line passing by the center of the sphere and limited in the circumference about the which the Sphere moueth and is therefore called the Axis of the Sphere and as all lines comensurable are limited betweene two pointes or pricks so is the Axis of the worlde and those two limiting pricks are called the Poles of the worlde What are the Poles of the Zodiac THe zodiac hath likewise two Poles Artick and Antartick being two prickes fixed in the firmament limiting the Axis of the zodiac and are distant from the Poles of the world 23. degrees 28. minutes which Poles by the motion of the sphere doe describe the Polar circles perfourming their motion about the Poles of the worlde in euery 24. howers by vertue of the first mouer vpon these poles the Ecliptick and zodiac is described also a quarter of a great circle graduated into 90 degrees being fastened to either of these Poles and brought to the center of any Star sheweth by that graduation the latitude of the same Starre and where the quarter retire circle toucheth the Ecliptick that is likewise his longitude also the 7. Planets do perfourme their naturall reuolutions vpon these Poles whose motion is from the West towards the East coutrary to the motion of the first mouer What is the Axis of the Zodiac THe Axis of the zodiac is a right line passing by the center of the sphere and limited in the circumference whose limiting pointes are the Poles of the zodiac and this Axis is moued with the Sphere as are his Poles What are the Poles of the Horizon THere are two Poles of the Horizon which are the limits of his perpendicular dimetient being equidistant 90. degrees from all parts of the Horizon and are the extreme limits of all altitude that Pole which is in the vpper Hemisphere is called the zenith and his opposite pole is called Nadir they are extended to the firmament but not fixed in it for they moue neuer but remaine alwaies stable to shew proper Horizon which could not be if they were fixed in the firmament for then should they be moued with the firmament as the rest are by the helpe of these Poles is found the Azumuth and Almicanter of any celestiall body for a quarter circle deuided into 90. degrees and fixed to the zenith as is the Quarta altitudo being moued to any celestiall body doth by those degrees shew the almicanter or altitude of the same bodye from the Horizon and that parte of the Horizon which the quarter circle teacheth is the azumuth of the same body alwaies prouided that the zenith stand auswerable to the Poles eleuation that is so many degrees from the Equator as the Pole is from the Horizon How many Zones are there THere are 5. zones 2. temperate zones 2. frozen zones and one burning zone the burning zone lyeth between the two Tropicks whose latitude is 46. degrees 56. minutes which zone by auncient Geographiers is reported to be not habitable by reason of the great heat which there they supposed to be through the perpendicularitie of the Sunne beames whose perpetuall motion is within the saide zone but we finde in our trauels contrary to their reporte that it is not onely habitable but very populous contayning many famous and mightie nations and yeeldeth in great plentye the most purest thinges that by natures benefits the earth may procreate twice I haue sayled through this zone which I found in no sorte to bee offenciue but rather comfortable vnto nature the extremetie of whose heate is not furious but tollerable whose greatest force lasteth but 6. howers that is from 9. of the clocke in the morning vnto 3. in the afternoone the rest of the day and night is most pleasing and delightfull therefore they did nature wrong in their rash reporte Of the frozen Zones THe frozen zones are contained within the polar circles the Artick frozen zone within the Artick polar circle and the antarttck frozen zone within the Antartick Polar circle which are also reported not to be habitable by reason of the great extremetie of colde supposed to be in those parts because of the Sunnes farre distance from those zones but in these our dayes we finde by experience that the auncient Geographiers had not the due consideration of the nature of these zones for three times I haue beene within the Artick frozen zone where I haue found the aire very temperate yea and many times in calme wether meruailous hot I haue felt the Sunne beames of as forcible action within the frozen zone in calmes neere vnto the shore as I haue at any time found within the burning zone this zone is also inhabited with people of good stature shape and tractable conditions with whome I haue conuersed and not found them rudly barberous as I haue found the Caniballs which are in the straights of Magilane and Southerne partes of America In the frozen zone I discouered a coast which I named desolation at the first viewe thereof supposing but by the loathsome shape to be waste and desolate but when I came to an Ancker within the harbours thereof the people presently came unto me without feare offering such poore thinges as they had to exchange for iron nailes and such like but the Canibals of America flye the presence of men shewing themselues in nothing to differ from brute beastes thus by experience it is most manifest that those zones which haue beene esteemed desolate and waste are habitable inhabited and fruitfull If any man be perswaded to the contrary of this truth he shall doe himselfe wrong in hauing so base an imagination of the excellency of Gods creation as to thinke that God creating the worlde for mans vse and the same being deuided but into 5. partes 3. of those partes should bee to no purpose but 〈◊〉 let this saying therefore of the Prophet Esaias be your ful satisfaction to confirme that which by experience I haue truly spoken For thus saith the Lord that created heauen God himselfe that framed the earth and made it hee that prepared it hee created it not in vaine hee framed it to be inhabited c. Esai 45 18. Of the temperate zones THe temperate Artick zone is included betweene the tropick of ♋ and the Artick Polar circle whose latitude or bredth is 42 degrees 2. miuntes within the which we haue our habitation THe temperate Antartick zone is limited by the tropick of ♑ and the Aatartick Polar circle and hath breadth or latitude 42 degrees 2 minutes What is a Climate A Climate is the space or difference vpon the vpper face of the earth included betweene two perallells wherein the day is sensibly lengthened or shortned halfe an hower for as you trauaile from the Equator toward the Artick Pole the Sunne hauing North declination the daies doe grow Ionger and longer vntill at last the Sunne not setting under the
the Ecliptick and the degree of his altitude vpon the Quarta altitudo doe meete Then againe consider the degree of the horizon which the end of the Quarta altitudo toucheth and note the Arke of the Horizon contained betweene your 2. obseruations of how many degrees it consisteth if it agree with the obseruations made by your Magneticall instrument then doth the Pole stand in his true altitude if not you must either raise or depresse the Pole and againe prosecute the former practise vntill you finde such azumuths and altitudes vpon the Globe as you found by your Magneticall obseruations for then the Pole doth stand in his true altitude and then doth also appeare the true azumuth of both your obseruations which if it agree not with your Compas then is your compas varied and may heereby be corrected so that this doth not onely giue the Poles height but also the true horizontall position without error To finde the Poles height by taking the Sunnes altitude aboue the Horizon so that the precise time of any such obseruation be knowne IF you desire at any time of the day to know the Poles height as at 8 9 or 10. of the clocke c. marke diligently the time of your obseruation at what instant you doe obserue the Sunnes altitude from the Horizon the time and altitude thus knowne bring that place of the Ecliptik wherin the Sunne is at the time of your obseruation directly vnder the Meridian there holding the Globe stedye bring the Index of the Ciclus horarius to the hower of 12 or noone then moue the Globe vntill the Index come to the hower of your obseruation there holde the Globe stedy then bring the quarta altitudo to the place of the Sunne in the Ecliptick if it agree with your obserued altitude then doth the Pole stand in his true eleuation if not moue the Meridian by raising or depressing the pole as occasion requireth vntill you bring the altitude the hower to agree and then you haue the Poles height and by the end of the quarta altitudo doth also appere the degree of azumuth wherupon the Sunne was at the time of your obseruation and note that in raysing or depressing the Pole of the Globe you must also place the Zenith so farre from the Equinoctiall as the Pole is from the Horizon for this is a generall rule that so much as the Pole is eleuated from the Horizon so much is the latitude of the Zenith from the Equator therefore you must alwaies bring the Zenith and altitude to agree whensoeuer you alter the Eleuation be it neuer so little To finde the Poles height by any two obseruations of the Sunnes altitude not regarding the hower of the day or any horizontall position of the Magnet so that you know the distance of time between the said obseruations ALthough there be some difficultie in giuing the true time of any obseruations at the Sea by reason of the alteration of Horizons and of the needles variation yet it is a matter most easie by a good hower Glasse halfe hower Glasse and minute Glasse to measure the distance of time betweene any two obserued altitudes you may therefore vpon that ground finde the Poles height with great facilitie at any time by the Sunne or any fixed Starre in this sorte Consider in what place of the Ecliptick the Sunne is at the time of your obseruation bring that place to the Meridian there with a black leade by mouing the Globe describe a perallell to the Equator answerable to the Sunnes diurnall motion and declination for the same instant then if betweene your obseruations there be an hower two howers more or lesse at your pleasure as by your running glasses may be knowne you must allowe for euery hower 15. d. of the Equator for so much ascendeth euery hower and for euery 4. minutes one degree and for euery minute 1 4 of a degree then knowing by this order how many degrees the Sunne is moued betweene your 2. obseruations you must vpon the perallell which you drawe make 2. notes so many degrees asunder as the Sunne hath moued betweene your obseruations which may be done in this sorte bring the place wherein the Sunne is vnder the Meridian and mark what degree of the Equator is then vnder the Meridian the Globe so standing vpon your perallell close by the Meridian make the first note or marke then turne the Globe and reckon the degrees of the Equator that passe vnder the Meridian vntill so many be past as was your obseruation there againe holde the Globe stedie and vpon your perallell close by the Meridian make your second note or marke then knowing the Sunnes altitude at both the obseruations you must bring the Quarta altitudo to the first note made vpon your perallell there holding the globe stedie the Quarta altitudo and marke agreeing in altitude bring the quarta altitudo to the second note if that doe also agree with your former obserued altitude then doth the Globe stand in his true Eleuation if not you must eleuate or depresse the Pole by discretion vntill you bring the two obserued altitudes of the Sunne to agree with the two markes which you made vpon your described perallell and then is the Pole at his true eleuation and what is spoken of the Sunne the like may be done by any knowne fixed Starre I holde this conclusion to be very necessary pleasant and easie for the Seamans purpose To finde the true place of the Sunne in the Ecliptick at all times BEcause it is most necessarily required in the former practises that the Sunnes true place in the Ecliptick be at all times knowne I thinke it not amisse to enforme you how the same may be done The cheefest and most certaine meane to know the same is by the tables of the Ephemerides but those tables wanting the Seaman may in this sorte doe it by the Regiment seeke out the declination of the Sunne that being knowne bring the Zenith vpon the Meridian so many degrees and minutes from the Equator as is the Sunnes declination then moue the Globe vntill some degree of the Ecliptick doe come directly vnder the point of the Zenith for that is the Sunnes place you must further consider whether it be betweene March and Inne for then you must finde the degree in that quarter of the Ecliptick contained betweene ♈ and ♋ if it be betweene Iune and September you must finde the degree in that quarter of the ecliptick contained betweene ♋ and ♎ c. of the rest It may also be knowne vpon the Horizon of the Globe by a Calender Circle that is there described in this sorte first search the day of your moneth wherein you desire to know the Sunnes declination and directly against the same degree which standeth for that day doth also stand the degree of the Zodiac wherein the Sunne is at the same time in a circle representing the Zodiac and described
vpon the Horizon But if it be Leap yeere you must not take the precise day of the moneth wherein you seeke the Sunnes place but the next day following and against that day seeke the declination To finde the Poles height by any two knowne fixed Starres WHen you see any 2. fixed Starres which you know to be both at one instant in the Horizon vpon your Globe searche for those Starres and bring one of them to touch the Horizon of the Globe if the other doe not likewise touch the Horizon you must raise or depresse the Pole by discreete mouing of the Meridian vntill you bring both those Starres to be at one instant in the Horizon for then the Globe doth stand to his true eleuation To finde the Poles height by any two knowne fixed Starres an other way WHen you see any fixed Starre that you know to be in the Horizon you must presentlye take the height of some other Starre that you likewise know before the first be risen from the Horizon then vpon your Globe search for the Starre that you obserued in the horizon bring that star to the horizon of the Globe there holding the Globe stedy bring the quarta altitudo to the other Starre whose altitude you obserued if it agree vpon the Quarta altitudo with the obserued altitude then the Globe doth stand to his true eleuation if not you must by discretion raise or lay the Pole vntill you finde the one Starre in the Horizon and the other vpon his true obserued altitude for then the Pole doth stand to his true eleuation To finde the Poles height at all times by any 2. knowne fixed Starres WIth your crosse staffe take the distance of any 2. starres from your Zenith which must be done with as much expedition as may be their distances so know with a paire of Compasses measure so many degrees vpon the Equator as is the distance of the first obserued Starre with an other paire of Compasses doe the like for the second obserued Starre vpon the first Starre set one point of the Compasses that tooke his distance and vpon the second Starre set likewise one foote of the Compasses that tooke his distance bring the other 2. feete of the Compasses to meet together there make a marke for that is the perallell wherin you be and that marke is the Zenith bring it to the Meridian by mouing the Globe and there will appeere the latitude desired for so many degrees and minutes as that marke is from the Equator so much is the Pole eleuated aboue the Horizon This conclusion the Seaman ought to haue in good esteeme To know the precise hower at all times by the Sunne FOr the finding of the hower of the day by the Globe it is necessary that the Poles height be first knowne therefore set the Pole to his true eleuation and the Zenith to his answerable latitude then bring the place of the Sunne in the Ecliptick vnder the Meridian there holding the Globe stedy place the Index of the Ciclus horarius vpon 12. of the clocke or Noone your Globe thus ordered then with your crosse staffe take the Sunnes height from the Horizon that being knowne you must bring the place of the Sun to the Quarta altitudo by mouing the Globe and Quarta altitudo vntil the place of the Sunne doe agree with the obserued altitude there holding the Globe that he moue not the Index doth shew vpon the Ciclus horarius the true hower desired To finde the hower of the night by any knowne fixed starre SEt the Globe to his true altitude and the Zenith to his answerable latitude you must also place the Index of the Ciclus horarius vpon the hower of 12. or noone by bringing the Sunnes place vnder the Meridian c. as before you did by the Sunne then take the height of any knowne fixed Starre bring that Starre to the Quarta altitudo by mouing the Globe and Quarta altitudo vntill the Starre come to his true obserued altitude there holding the Globe stedie the Index doth shew vpon the Ciclus horarius the true time of your obseruation To know the length of the daies and nights at all times and in all places THe place and time being giuen wherein you desire to know the length of the day or night first set the Globe to his true altitude for the place then search the place of the Sunne in the Ecliptick for the time wherein you seeke the daies length bring that place of the Sunne vnder the Meridian there holding the Globe that he moue not place the Index of the Ciclus horarius vpon the hower of 12. or noone then turne the Globe vntil you bring the place of Sun to touch the East part of the horizon there holding the Globe you shall see by the Index of the cyclus horarius the true time of the Sunnes rising then bring the place of the Sunne to the West parte of the Horizon and you shall there see the true time of the Sunnes setting wherby the length of the day day and night doth most plainely appeere And this may suffise for the vse of the Globe necessary for the Seamans purpose I might heere recite the triple rising and setting of the Sarres Cosmice Acronyce and Heliace the ascentions right and oblique the dawning and twylight howers equall and vnequall ordenary and planetary daies naturall and artificiall the triple rising of the Sunne Equinoctiall and Solsticiall Circles of position with their vse and nature the horoscope and domifying distinctions of the heauens the planets their motions retrogradiations and excontricitie of their orbes herologie and many other most pleasant conclusions but because they doe in no sort appertaine to the Seamans vse â— I therfore omit them as matters more troublesome then profit able for him expecting from some learned Mathematician a worke of worthy esteeme wherein these and many other excellent conclusions shall by running demonstration be made knowne vnto vs. Of the Crosse staffe and his demonstration THe Crosse staffe is an artificiall quadrant geometrically proiected into that forme as an instrument of greatest ease and exactest vse in Nauigation by which in any naturall disturbance of wether the Sunne or Starres appeering the Poles height may be knowne when the Astrolabie or quadrant are not to be vsed Conueying the vse of the quadrant from the beame of the Sunne to the beame of the eye for whereas by the quadrant the Sun beame perceiuing the Dioptra sheweth his height so by the Crosse staffe the beame of the eye conueyed to the Sunne or Starre doth likewise giue their height The demonstration whereof is thus Make a plaine square consisting of 4. right angles as is the square I. o. h. n. the angle I. shal be assigned the Center of the quadrant where placing one foote of your Compasses stretch the other foote to the angle n. and therewith describe a quarter of a circle as is the arke o. d. n. then from the
oposite of age or perigeo being then nerest vnto the earth at which time she moueth 14. degrees with some small difference of minutes in euery 24. howers Betweene those 2. points is her meane motions and then she moueth 13. degrees nerest all which differences are caused by the excontricitie of her Orbe wherein she moueth and are onely perfourmed in the Zodiac but the Sea men for their better ease in the knowledge of tides haue applied this the Moones motion to the points degrees and minutes of the Compasse whereby they haue framed it to be an Horizontall motion which sith by long practise is found to be a rule of such certaintie as that the errour therof bringeth no danger to the expert Seaman therefore it is not amisse to follow their practised precepts therein In euery 29. daies 12. howers 44. minutes one with another through the yeere the Sunne and Moone are in coniunction and therefore that is the quantitie of time betweene change and change for although the Moone in 27. daies and 8 howers perfourming her naturall motion doth returne to the same minute of the Zodiac from whence she departed yet being so returned she doth not finde the Sunne in that parte of the Ecliptick where she lefte him for the Sunne in his naturall motion mouing euery day one degree towards the East is moued so farre from the place where the Moone left him as that the Moone cannot ouertake the Sunne to come in coniunction with him vntill she haue perfourmed the motion of 2. daies 4. howers and 44. minutes nerest more then her naturall reuolution and that is the cause wherefore there are 29. daies 12. howers 44 minutes betweene change change one with another through the whole yeere but the Seaman accompteth the Moones motion to be vniforme in all places of the Zodiac alike limiting her generall seperation from the Sunne to be such as is her slowest naturall motion which is 12. degrees or 48. minutes of time in euery 24. howers By which accompt there are 30. daies reconed betweene change and change being 11 howers 16 minutes more then in truth there is but because this difference breedeth but smal errour in their accompt of tides therfore to alter practised rules where there is no vrgent cause were a matter friuolous which considered I thinke it not amisse that we proceede therein by the same methode that commonly is exercised Allowing the Moone in euery 24. howers to departe from the Sunne 12 degrees or 48. minutes of time and in this seperation the Moone moueth from the Sunne Eastwards vntill she be at the full for betweene the change and the full it is called the Moones seperation from the Sunne for after the full she doth apply towards the Sunne so that betweene the full and the change it is called the Moones application to the Sunne in which time of application she is to the Westward of the Sunne as in her seperation she is to the Eastward or I may say in the Seamans phraise all the time of her application she is before the Sunne and in the time of her seperation she is abaft the Sunne Then if the Moone doe moue 48. minutes of time in 24. howers it followeth that she doth moue 24. minutes in 12. howers and in 6. howers she moueth 12. minutes therefore euery hower she moueth 2. minutes and such as is the difference of her motion such is the alteration of tides and therfore euery tide differeth from the other 12. minutes because there is 6. howers betweene tide and tide and in euery hower the course of flowing or reflowing altereth 2. minutes whereby it appeereth that in 24. howers the foure tides of flowing and reflowing doe differ 48. minutes of time And sith the whole knowledge of this difference or alteration of tides as also the quantitie of the Moones seperation and application to and from the Sunne dependeth vpon the knowledge of the Moones age it is therfore necessary that next you learne how the Sunne may be knowne For the perfourmance whereof there are 2 numbers especially required named the Prime and the Epact for by the prime the epact is found and by helpe of the Epact the Moones age is knowne Of the prime or Golden number THe Prime is the space of 19 yeeres in which time the moone performeth all the varieties of her motion with the sunne and at the end of 19. yeres beginneth the same reuolution againe therefore the Prime neuer exceedeth the number of 19. and this prime doth alwaies begin in Ianuary and thus the prime is found vnto the yeere of the Lord wherein you desire to know the prime adde 1. then deuide that number by 19. and the remaining number which commeth not into the quotient is the prime Example in the yeere of our Lord 1590. I desire to know the prime therefore I adde I. vnto that yeere and then it is 1591. which I deuide by 19. and it yeeldeth in the quotient 83. and there remaineth 14. vpon the diuision which commeth not into the quotient which 14. is the prime in the yeere of our Lord 1590. 1590 1 1591 1 74 1591 199 83 1527 1 5 Of the Epact THe Epact is a number proceeding from the ouerplus of the solar and lunar yeere which number neuer exceedeth 30. because the Moones age neuer exceedeth 30. for the finding whereof this number onely serueth and thus the Epact is knowne which Epact doth alwaies begin in March multiplye the prime by II. being the nerest difference betweene the solar and lunar yeere deuide the product by 30. and the remainer is the epact Example in the yeere of our Lord 1590. I would know the Eqact first I seeke the prime of that yeere and finde it to be 14. I therfore multiply 14. by 11. and that yeeldeth 154. which being deuided by 30. it giueth in the quotient 5. and there remaineth 4. vpon the diuision which 4. is the Epact in the yeere 1590. which beginning in March doth continue vntill the next March of the yeere 1591. 14 11 14 17 154 15 4 130 5 50 Of the solar and lunar yeere THe solar yeere or the Suns yeere consisteth of 12. moneths being 365. daies and about 6. howers the lunar yere of the Moones yere containeth 32. Moones and euery Moone hath 29. daies 12. howers 44. minutes nerest which amount vnto 354. daies 5 howers 28. minutes the content of the Lunar yeere which being substracted from 365 dayes 6. howers there resteth 11. daies and 32 minutes the difference between the saide yeeres from which difference the Epact commeth BY this Table the prime and Epact may for euer be found for when the yeeres be expired you may begin againe and continue it for euer at yaur pleasure The first circle containeth the yeeres of our Lord the second the prime and the third and inner circle sheweth the Epact vnder euery yeere you shal finde his prime and Epact the prime beginneth in Ianuary and the Epact in
March How to finde the Moones age FIrst consider the day of the moneth wherein you seeke the Moones age then note how many moneths there are betweene the said moneth and March including both moneths vnto those numbers adde the Epact of that yeere that is you must adde into one summe the day of the moneth betweene March and your moneth reckoning both moneths and the Epact all which numbers ioyned together if they exceede not 30. is the moones age if they be more then 30. cast away 30 as often as you can and the remainer is the Moones age if it be iust 30. it is then new Moone if 7. it is the first quarter day if 15. it is full Moone if 22. it is then the last quarter day and thus the Moones age is found for euer And now being able for all times either past present or to come to giue the Moones age I think it good by a few questions conuenient for the Seamans practise to make you vnderstand the necessary vse thereof For the accompt of Tydes WHen you desire to know the time of full Sea in any place at all such seasons as occasion shall require you must first learne what moone maketh a full Sea in the same place that is vpon what point of the Compasse the Moone is when it is full Sea at the said place you must also know what hower is appropriated to that point of the Compasse as before is shewed for vpon the change day it will alwaies be full Sea in that place at the same instant of time by which considerations you must thus proceed for the search of tides Multiplie the Moones age by 4. deuide the product by 5. and to the quotient adde the hower which maketh full Sea in that place vpon the change day if it exceede 12. cast away 12. as oft as you may and then the hower of full Sea remaineth and for euery 1. that resteth vpon your diuision allow 12. minutes to be added to the howers for 2. 24. minutes for 3. 36 and for 4. 48. minutes for more then 4. will neuer remaine and thus you may know your tides to a minute Example the Moone being twelue daies olde I desire to know the time of full Sea at London first it is found by experience that a Southwest and Northeast Moone make full sea at London next I consider that 3. of the clocke is the houre appropriated to that point of the Compasse whith number I keepe in memory then I multiplie the Moones age being 12. by 4. and that yeeldeth 48. which being deuided by 5. it giueth in the quotient 9. and three remaineth I adde the quotient 9. to the hower 3. and it maketh 12. howers and for the remaining number 3. I also adde 36. minutes so that I finde when the Moone is 12. daies olde it is 12. of the clocke and 36. minutes past at the instant of full Sea at London by this order you may at all places times know the certaintie of your tides at your pleasure But those that are not practised in Arithmetick may accompt their tides in this sorte knowing how many daies olde the Moone is he must place the Moone vpon that point of the Compasse which maketh full Sea at the place desired and then reckoning from that point with the sunne according to the diurnal motion must accompt so many points and so many times 3. minutes as the Moone is daies olde that is for euery day one point and 3. minuts and there finding the Sun he must consider what is the hower allowed to that point where he findeth the Sunne for that is the hower of full Sea As for Example the moone being 12 daies olde I desire to know the hower of full Sea of London now finding by former experience that a Southwest Moone maketh full Sea at London I therefore place the Moone vpon the point Southwest then I accompt from the point Southwest 12 points reckoning with the Sunne according to the diurnall motion Southwest and by west for the first pointe West Southwest for the second West by South for the third West for the fourth point and so forth vntill I come to North which is 12. points from Southwest and because the Moone moueth 3. minutes more then a point in euery day I therefore adde three times twelue which make 36. minutes vnto the point North at which place I finde the Sunne to be and knowing that twelue of the clocke is appropriated to the point North I may therfore boldely say that at twelue of the clocke 36. minutes past it is full Sea at London when the Moone is twelue daies olde which 36. minutes are added because the Moone hath moued 36. minutes more then twelue points in those twelue daies which is one point and 3. minutes for euery day as before Heere followeth a very necessary Instrument for the knowledge of the Tydes named an Horizontall tyde Table Of this Instrument and his partes THis necessary instrument for the yong practising Seamans vse nameâ— an Horizontall tyde table whereby he may shift his Sunne and Moone as they terme it and know the times of his tides with ease and very certainly besides the answering of many pleasant and necessary questions vsed amongst Mariners I haue contriued into this methode onely for the benefite of such yong practisers in Hauigation The first parte of this instrument is a Sea Compasse deuided into 32. points or equall partes the innermost circle of which Compasse is deuided into 24. howers and euery of those into 4. quarters eche quarter being 15. minutes and against euery point of the Compasse those places are laide downe in which places it is full Sea when the Moone commeth vpon the same point so that whatsoeuer is required as touching time or the pointes of the Compasse is there to be knowne The next moueable circle vpon this Compasse is limited to the Sunne vpon whose index the Sunne is laide downe which circle is deuided into 30 equall partes or daies signifying the 30 daies between change and change according to the Seamans accompt so that whatsoeuer is demaunded as touching the age of the Moone is vpon the circle to be knowne The vppermost moueable circle is applied to the Moone vpon whose index the Moone is laide downe which is to be placed either to the points and partes of the Compasse or to the time of her age as the question requireth which considered the vse of this instrument is largely manifested by these questions with their answeres following How to know the hower of the night by the Moone being vpon any point of the Compasse by this instrument I. Q. The Moone 10. daies olde I demaund what it is a clocke when she is East Northeast 1. A. In this question the Moones age and the point of the Compasse is giuen therby to know the hower I therfore place the index of the Moone vpon the point East Northeast there keeping the same not to be moued then
and two miles leadeth from the Meridian 8. leages one mile Noreast by norht raiseth a degree in sayling 24. leages and leadeth from the Meridian 13. leages and a mile Noreast raiseth a degree in sayling 28. leages and a mile and leadeth from the Meridian 20. leages Noreast by east raiseth a degree in saling 36 leages and leadeth from the Meridian 30. leages East noreast rayseth a degree in sayling 52. leages and mile and leadeth from the meridian 48. leages and 2 mile East and by north raiseth a degree in sayling 102. leages and a mile and leadeth from the Meridian 100. leages and 2 mile East and West doe not raise or lay the Pole but keepeth still in the same perallell the like allowance is to be giuen to euery quarter of the Compasse as is laide downe vpon this Northeast quarter Leages seperated from the Meridian in raising a degree Q. I perceiue that degrees are to great purpose in Nauigation What is a degree An. IT is most true that degrees are of very great imployment in Nauigation and a degree is the 360. part of a circle how big or little so euer the the practises Gubernautick so that there be degrees of longitude degrees of latitude degree of Azumuth degrees of altitude degrees applied to measure and degrees applied to time A degree of longitude is the 360. parte of the Equinoctiall A degree of latitude is the 360. parte of the Meridian A degree of Azumuth is the 360. parte of the verticall circle or the 90. parts of the distance betweene the Zenith and the Horizon Every degree applied to measure doth containe 60. minutes and every minute 60. seconds and every second 60. thirds c and every degree of a great circle so applied containeth 20. leages which is 60. mile so that every minute standeth for a mile in the accompt of measure and a mile is limited to be 1000. paces every pace 5. foote every foote 12. inches and every inch 3. barly cornes drye and round after our English accompt which for the use of nauigation is the onely best of all other so by these rates of measure you may prove that a degree is 20 leages or 60. miles a minute is a mile or 5000. feete a second is 83 â…” feete and a third is 16 â…” inches and thus much of degrees and their partes applied to measure Of degrees applied to time there are 15. contained in every hower so that every degree of time standeth in the accompe of time for 4. minutes for an hower consisting of 60. minutes of time hath for his fifteenth parte 4. minutes so that a degree being the fifteenth parte of an hower containeth 4. minutes of time so that 15. degrees or 60. minutes make an hower 24. howers make a naturall day and 365. daies 6. howers are contained in a yeere and thus much as touching time and degrees applied to time What is the vse degrees The vse degrees is to measure distances betweene place and place to finde altitudes latitudes and longtitudes to describe countries to distinguish courses to finde the variation of the Compasse to measure time to finde the places and motions af all relesticall bodies as the Sunne Moone Planets and Starres to conclude by degrees have beene perfourmed all mathematicall observations whatsoeuer whose vse is infinite What is the Poles altitude and how may it be knowne ALtitude is the distance height or mounting of one thing aboue another so that the altitude of the pole is the distance height or mounting of the pole from the horizon and is defined to be that portion of the meridian which is contained betweene the Pole and the Horison which altitude or eleuation is to be found either by the Sunne or by the fixed Starres with the helpe of pour Crosse staffe Duadrant or Astrolabie but the crosse is the onely best instrument for the Sea mans vse And in the observation of this altitude there are 5. things especially to be regarded the first is that you know the meridionall distance between your Zenith and the Sunne of Starresa which by your Crosse staffe or Astrolabye is giuen the second that the declinaiton be truely knowne at the time of pour observation And the other three are that you consider whether your Zenith be beweene the Equinoctiall and the sunne or Starres or whether the Equinoctiall be betweene your Zenith and them or whether they be between your Zenith and the Equator for there is a severall order of working vpon eche of these three differences Latitude you must also know that so much as the Pole is aboue the Horizon so much is the Zenith from the Equinoctial and this distance between the Zenith and the Equator is called latitude or widenes and is that portion of the Meridian which is included betweene your Zenith and the Equator for it is generall rule for ever that so much as the Pole is aboue the Horizon so much the Zenith is from the vpon Equinoctiall so that in this sence altitude and latitude is all one thing the one hauing relation to that parte of the Meridian contained betweene the pole and the Horizon and the other to that parte of the Meridian which is contained betweene the Zenith and the Equinoctiall You must further vnderstand that betweene the Zenith the Horizon it is a quarter of a great circle containing 90. degrees so that knowing how much the sunne or any Starre is from the Horizon if you take that distance from 90. the remainer is the distance betweene the said body and the Zenith as for example if the Sunne be 40 degrees 37. minutes from the Horizon I subâ—tract 40. deg 37. min. from 90. and there remaineth 49. deg 23. min. which is the distance betweene my Zenith and the Sunne c. Those instruments that begin the accompt of their degrees at the Zenith concluding 90. in the Horizon are of most case for the finding of the latitude by the Sunne or fixed Starres because they giue the distance betweene the Zenith and the body obserued without further trouble and that is the number which you must haue and for which you do search in your obseruation all which things considered you must in this sorte proceede for the finding of the Poles height or altitude By the Sunne or fixed Starres being betweene your Zenith and the Equinoctiall the latitude is thus found in what parte of the worlde soeuer you be FIrst place the Crosse staffe to your eye in such good sorte as that there may grow no errour by the disorderly vsing thereof for vnlesse the Center of your staffe and the center of your sight doe ioyne together in your obseruation it will be erronious whatsoeuer you conclude thereby your staffe so ordered then mooue the transuersary vpon your staffe to and fro as occasion requireth vntil at one the same instant you may see by the vpper edge of your transuersary halfe the body of the Sunne or Starres and that lower
Nauigation that these questions are needlesse and without vse being so plaine as not deseruing in this sorte to bee published notwithstanding that their opinion I do in friendly curtesie aduise all yong practisers of this excellent arte of sayling that they doe not onely by their Charts proue the trueth of these answered questions but also indeuor themselues to propound diuers other sorts of questions and in seeking their answeres to enter into the reason thereof for by such exercise the yong beginner shal vnderstand the substantiall groūds of his Chart and grow perfect therein for whose ease and furderance onely I haue at this present published this briefe treatise of Nauigation knowing that the expert Pylote is not vnfurnished of these principles but euery little helpe doth greatly further in euery beginning and therfore for the further benefite of the practiser I haue hereunto annexed a perticular Sea Chart of our Chanell commonly called the Sleue by which all that is before spoken as touching the vse of the Chart may be practised wherin the depths of the Chanell are truely laide downe being an instrument most commodious and necessary for all such as seeke the Chanel coming out of the occean Sea much of it is from my owne practise the rest from Pylotes of very good sufficiencie I haue found great certaintie by the vse of this Chart for by the altitude and deapth I haue not at no time missed the true notice of my Ships being which through Gods mercifull fauour by my land falls I haue alwaies found to be without errour therefore haue it not in light regarde for it will giue you great euidence and is worthy to be kept as a speciall iuell for the Seamans vse be he neuer so expert And thus hauing sufficiently expressed all the practises appertaining to the skill of horizontal Nauigation which kinde of sailing is now of the greatest sort only practised I think it good for your better memory briefly to reporte that which before is spoken as touching this kinde of Nauigation and withall it will not bee a misse to shew you after what sorte I haue beene accustomed to keepe my accomptes in my practises of sailing which you shall finde to be very sure plaine and easie whereby you may at all times examine what is past and so reforme the corses laide downe vpon the Chart if by chaunce there should any errour be committed And so concluding this parte of Nauigation will in the next treatise make knowne vnto you the vse of the Globe such vses I meane as the Seaman may practise in his voyages and that are most necessary for his knowledge A Table shewing the order how the Seaman may keepe his accompts whereby hee may at all times distinctly examine his former practises for in euery 24. howers which is from noone to noone hee doth not onely lay downe his latitude with the corse and leages but also how the winde hath blowne in the same time The first Colume is the moneths and daies of the same the second is the obserued altitude the third is the Horizontall corse or motion of the Ship the fourth the number of leages that the Ship hath sailed the fifth is a space wherein must be noted by what winde those things haue beene perfourmed and the next great space is to lay downe any breefe discourse for your memory Anno. 1593. Monthes and daies of the month Latitude G. M. Corse Leages Winde The 23. of March cape S. Augustine in Brasill being 16. leags east from me I began this accōpt March 24 7 30 N. N. E. 25 East  25 5 44 N. b. E norly 36 E. b. N. Compasse varied 9. deg the South point w estward 26 4 1 N. b. N. 35 E. b. N. Compasse vried 8. deg the South point westward  27 2 49 N. 24 E. b. N.  28 1 31 N. esterly 26 E. b. N.  29 1 4 N. N. W. 9 N. E. Compassse varied 6. deg 40. ◠the South point westward Aprill 31 0 0 N. b. W. 21 E. N. E. Obseruation the Pole artick aboue the Horizon 4 0 39 N. W. b. N. 15 N. E.  7 1 53 N. N. W. 28 N. E.  9 3 5 N. W. b. N. 30 N. E. b. E.  10 4 5 N. w. b. N. 22 N. E.  11 4 45 N. W. 18 N. E. b. N.  12 5 16 N. W. 14 N. E. b. N.  13 6 11 N. W. b. N. 23 N. E.  14 7 16 N. W. b. N. 24 N. E. Compasse varied 7. deg the north point eastwards A breefe repetition of that which is before spoken THere are 3. kindes of Nauigation Horizontall Paradoxall and sayling vpon a great Circle performed by Corse and trauers A Corse is the paradoxall line which is described by the Ships motion vpon any point of Compasse A Trauers is the varietie of the Ships motion vpon euery alteration of Corses The Compasse is an artificiall Horizon by which Corses and Trauerses are directed and containeth 32. pointes and euery point containeth 11¼ degrees or 45. minutes being ¾ of an hower By such quantitie of time as the Moone seperateth her selfe from the Sunne by the like rate of time euery tide doth one differ from another In euery hower the tide altereth two minutes in euery flud twelue minutes and in euery ebbe twelue minutes and in euery day 48. minutes because that so is the Moones seperation from the Sunne for the Moone doth seperate her selfe from the Sunne in euery day one point and 3. minutes betweene the change and the full she is to the Eastwardes of the Sun and then is her seperation at which time she is before the Sunne in respect of her naturall motion but in regarde of her violent motion she is then behinde or abast the Sunne Betweene the full and the change she is to the Westward of the Sunne applying towards the Sunne and then is her application at which time she is behinde ar abast the Sunne in respect of her naturall motion but in consideration of her violent motion she is then befare the Sunne She hath a violent motion a naturall motion a slowe swift and meane motion In euery 27. daies and 8. howers she perfourmeth her naturall motion through the Zodiac Betweene change and change there is twentie nine daies twelue howers forty foure minutes nerest The solar yeere consisteth of 12. moneths and the lunar yeer of 12. Moones The Moones age is found by the Epact All instruments vsed in Nauigation of what shape or forme soeuer they be are described or demonstrated vpon a Circle or some portion of a Circle and therefore are of the nature of a Circle A degree is the 360. parte of a Circle how bigge or little soeuer the Circle be A degree is applied after 6. seuerall sortes to the Equator to the Meridian to the Horizon to the verticall Circle to measure and to time Altitude is the distance height or mounting of one thing aboue another
Horizon you shall haue continuall day and euery space or distance that altereth the day halfe on hower is called a Climate these Climates take their names from such famous places as are within the saide Climates of which there are 9. as by their distinctions may appeare 1. The first passing through Meroe beginneth in the latitude 12. de 45. m. and endeth in 20. d. 30. m. whose bredth is 7. d. 45. m. 2. The second passing through Syene begiuneth in the latitude of 20. de 30. m. and endeth in 27. d. 30. m. whose bredth is 7. d. 3. The third passing through Alexandria beginneth in the la. of 27. d. 30. m and endeth in 33. d. 40. m. whose bredth is 6. d. 10. m. 4. The fourth passing by Rhodes beginneth in the la. of 33. d. 40. m. and endeth in 39 d. whose bredth is 5. d. 20. m. 5. The fifth passing by Rome beginneth in the la. of 39. d and endeth in 43. d. 30. m. whose bredth is 4. d. 30. m. 6. The sixt passing by Boristhines beginneth in 43. d. 30. m. and endeth in 47. d. 15. m. whose bredth is 3. d. 45. m. 7. The seuenth passing by the Rhiphaan mountains beginneth in 47 d. 15. m. and endeth in 50. d. 20. m. whose bredth is 3. d. 5. m. 8. The eight passing by Meotis or London beginneth in 50. d. 20. m. and endeth in 53. d. 10. m. whose bredth is 2. d. 50. m. 9. The ninth passing by Denmarke taketh his beginning in the latitude of 53. d. 10. m. and endeth in the latitude of 55. d. 30. m. and hath in bredth 2. d. 20. m. If you desire to know how many leagues euery Climate is in bredth allow for euery degree 20. leagues or 60. miles and for euery minute a myle so is the distance giuen Thus haue I manifested vnto you all the diuisions and particularities of the Spheres distinction What is the vse of the Globe THe vse of the Globe is of so great ease certaintie and pleasure as that the commendations thereof cannot sufficiently be expressed for of all instruments it is the most rare and excellent whose conclusions are infallible giuing the true line angle and circular motion of any Corse or trauers that may in Nauigation happen whereby the longitude and latitude is most precisely knowne and the certainty of distance very plainelye manifested according to the true nature thereof it giueth the variation of the Compasse and the howre or time of the day at all seasons and in all places And by the Globe the Poles height may at all instants and vpon euery point or azumuth of the Horizon by the Sunnes altitude taken be most precisely knowne by the certainty of whose excellent vse the skilfull Pilot shall receiue great content in his pleasing practise gubernautick How are distances measured vpon the Globe VVHen there are 2 places assigned the distance betweene which you desire to know with a paire of circular compasses you must doe it in this sort set one foote of the Compasses vpon one of the places and the other foote vpon the other place the Compasses so stretched forth bring vnto the Equator and as many degrees as may bee contained betweene those two points of the Compasse allowing 20. leages for euery degree as the distance disired or if the places be of such distance as that you cannot with your Compasses reach them then take with the Compasses 5. degrees of the Equator which is 100. leages or 10. degrees for 200. leages and so measure how often the distance is contained betweene the saide places if any parte of a degree doth remaine for halfe a degree allow 10. leages for a quarter 5. leages c. but if you desire a most exquisite precisenes in measuring to the minute second and third then doe thus When your Compasses doth fal vpon any parte of a degree note the distance between the end of that degree and the point of the Compasses then with a paire of conuenient compasses take the distance then measure the same 60. times upon the Equator beginning at some certaine place then consider how many degrees are contained within the measure and allow euery degree to be a minute or myle so are the leages and miles knowne if any perallell of a degree remaine vpon this measure of minuts do as at the first measuring the same 60. times vpon the Equator the degrees comprehended within the measure are seconds if any parcell of a degree remaine vpon these seconds do as in the first and the degrees contamed in this measure are thirds and so you may proceed infinitly How may the Globe be rectified answerable to the true position of the heauens for any place Cittie or promontery THe place being knowne for the which you would rectifie the Glode doe thus bring the place vnder the Meridian and there consider the latitude thereof and as many degrees as that place is from the Equator so many degrees you must eleuate the Pole from the Horizon then bring the zenith directly ouer the same place and so is your Globe rectified for the execution of any practise and without this ordering of the Globe there is no conclusion to be executed by the same How is the longitude and latitude of places known by the Globe BY turning the Globe within the Meridian you must bring the Promontery Bay Harborow Cittie or other place whose latitude and longitude you seeke precisely vnder the Meridian there holding the Globe stedy the degree of the Meridian that is directly ouer the said place sheweth the latitude thereof and that degree of the Equinoctiall which is directly vnder the Meridian is the longitude of the same place How is the Corse found betweene place and place TWo places beeing assigned the Corse betweene which you desire to know first seek the latitude of one of these places and rectifie the Globe answerable vnto the same as before is taught then bring that place directly vnder the Meridian and Zenith if both places be vnder your Meridian they then Iye North and South if not then bring the Quarta altitudo to the other place and note vpon what parte of the Horizon the end of the same toucheth for that is the precise Horizontall Corse betweene the said places but this you must consider that the Horizontall Corse is not the nauigable corse vnles the places be of smal distance for if any place hare Northeast from me or East from me or vpon any other point North or South excepted and be distant 500. leages if I sayle vpon the Horizontall Corse I shall neuer ariue vnto the same place How then shall the Pylote saile by the Globe if the matter be so doubtfull THe shilfull Pylote that vseth this excellent instrument dooth first consider the place from whence he shapeth his corse and rectifieth the Globe answerable to the same then bringing the place directly vnder the Meridian and Zenith there holding the Globe stedie bringeth the
because the Moone is 10. daies olde I moue the index of the Sunne vntill I bring the tenth day of the Moons age vnto the index of the Moon and there I looke by the Index of the Sunne and finde vpon the Compasse that it is twelue of the clocke at noone and 30. minutes past when the Moone is vpon the point East Northeast being 10. daies olde 2. Q. The Moone being twelue daies olde I demaund at what hower she wile vpon the point S. S. 2. A. In this question the point of the oampas of Moons age is giuen as in the first therfore I place the index of the Moon upon the point S. E. C. and there holding it without mouing I turne the index of the Snnne untill the twelfth day of the moones age come to the index of the moone and then the index of the Sunne sheweth me vpon the Horizon the hower 8. therefore I say that 8. of the clock at night the moone was then vpon the point South Southeast And thus you may at al times know the hower of the night by the Moon vpon any point of the Compasse so that Moones age be also had How by this Instrument you know at all times vpon what point of the Compasse the Moone is I. Q. When the Moone is 10. daies olde vpon what pointe of the Compasse will she he at 9 of the clocke in the morning 1. A. In this question the houre of the day and the Moones age is giuen thereby to finde vpon what point of the Compasse she is at the same time I therefore place the Index of the Sunne vpon the Compasse at the houre 9. of the clocke in the morning being upon the point Southeast then I turne the Index of the Moone untill I bring it to the tenth day of her age and then I see upon the Compasse that the Moone is North and by east and 15. minutes to the Eastwards at 9. of the clocke when she is 10. daies olde 2. Q. When the Moone is 20 daies olde upon what point of the Compas will she be at 2. of the clocke in the after noone 2. A. I place the Index of the Sunne vpon the hower 2. noted in the compasse there holding the same without mouing then I turne the Index of the Moone untill I bring it unto the twentith day of her age and there I see upon the Compasse that the is Northeast and by north and 15. minutes to the Northward at 2. of the clocke in the afternoone when she is 20. daies olde To finde the Moones age by this instrument 1. Q. When the Moone is North at 7. of the clocke in the forenoone how olde is she 1. A. In this question the point of the Compasse and the hower is giuen for the finding of the Moones age therefore I set the Index of the Sunne vpon the hower 7. in the forenoone there holding it without mouing then I bring the Index of the Moone to the point North and then vpon the circle containing the daies of the Moones age I see the Moone is 8. daies and about 18. howers olde when she is North at 7. of the clocke in the forenoone 2. Q. When the Sunne is East and the Moone Southwest how olde is the Moone 2. A. In this question the points of the Compasse are onely giuen for the finding of the Moones age therefore I set the Index of the Sunne vpon the point East there holding him stedie then I put the Index of the Moone vpon the point Southwest and there I see that moone is 18. daies and 18 howers olde when the Sunne is East and the Southwest After this order by the varietie of these fewe questions you may frame vnto your selfe many other pleasant and necessary questions which are very easily answered by this Instrument and entring into the reasons of their answeres you may very readily by a little practise be able by memorye to answere all such questions with ease How to know the times of your tides by this instrument I. Q. When the Moone is 12. daies olde I desire to know the time of full Sea at London 1. A. To answere this question I first looke through all the pointes of the Compasse of my instrument I finde where London is written for when the Moone commeth vpon that point of the Compasse it will then be full Sea at London therefore I place the index of the Moone upon the same point whith I finde to be Southwest or Northeast there holding the index not to be moued then I turne the index of the Sunne untill I bring the twelfth daye of the Moones age to the Index of the Moone and then the index of the Sunne sheweth me that at 12. of the clocke 36. minutes past it is full Sea at London the Moone being 12. daies olde 2. Q. The Moone being 21. daies olde at what time is it full Sea at Dartmouth 2. A. I finde vpon my instrument that Dartmouth is noted vpon the points East and West whereby I know that when the Moone is East or West it is alwaies full Sea at Dartmouth therefore I place the Index of the Moone vpon the pointe East and there holding it without mouing I turne the Index of the Sunne untill I bring the 21. day of the Moones age unto the Index of the Moone and then the Index of the Sunne sheweth me vpon the Compasse that at 10. of the clocke and 48. minutes past it is full Sea at Dartmouth when the Moone is 21. daies olde and not onelye at Dartmouth but my instrument sheweth me that the same instant it is also full Sea at Exmouth Weymouth Plymouth Mounts bay at Lynne and at Homber and thus with great facilitie the time of flowings and reflowings is most precisely knowne And now that there may be a finall ende of the vsâ—s and effectes of the Compasse it is convenient that I make knowne unto you how many leages shall be sailed vpon every perticular point of the Compasse for the raising or laying of the degrees of latitude and in the distance sayling how farre you shall he seperated from the Meridian from whence the saide courses are begun for as euery point of the Compasse hath his certaine limited distance for the degrees of the Poles eleuation so they doe likewise leade from longitude to longtitude euery point according to his ratable limits which distances of leages are without alteration keeping one and the same proportion in euery perticular Horizon of any latitude but the degrees of Longitude answerable to such distances doe differ in euery altitude according to the nature of of the perallell as hereafter shal be more plainly manifested And now know that in sayling North and South you departe not from your Meridian and in euery 20. leages sayling you raise a degree Nor and by east raiseth a degree in sayling 20. leages and one mile and leadeth from the Meridian 4. leages Nor noreast raiseth a degree in saying 21. leages
edge or ende thereof do likewise touch the Horizon at that place where it seemeth that the Skye and seas are ioyned hauing especiall regarde in this your obseruation that you holde the transuersary as directly vpright as possibly you may and you must begin this obseruation somwhat before the Sun or Starres be at South and continue the same so long as you perceiue that they rise for when they are at the highest then are they vpon the Meridian and then you haue the meridionall altitude which you seeke at which time they will be due South from you if your Compasse be good and without variation and then doth the transuersary them vpon the staffe the degrees and minutes that the said body in from your Zenith if the degrees of your instrument be numbred from the Zenith toward the Horizon or else it sheweth the distance betweene the saide body the Horizon if the degrees of your instrument be numbred from the Horizon concluding 90. in the Zenith as commonlye Crosse staues are marked which is not the easiest way but if your staffe be accompted from the Horizen then substract the degrees of your obseruation from 90. and the remainer sheweth the distance betweene your Zenith and the Sunne or Stares which is the number you must know vnto that number so knowne by your instrument adde the declination of the bodye by which you doe obserue whether it he the Sun or any star and that which commeth by the addition of those 2. numbers together is the poles height or the latitude of the place wherein you are as for Example In the yeere of our Lord 1593. the 3. day of March the Sunne being then betweene my Zenith and the Equinoctiall I obserued the Sunnes Meridionall altitude from the Horizon to be 72. deg and 20. min. but because I must know the distance of the Sun from my Zenith I therfore substract 72. deg 20. min. from 90. deg and there remaineth 17. deg 40. min. the distance of the Sunne from my zenith to that distance I adde the Sunnes declination for that day which by my Regiment I finde to be â— degrees of South declination and it ameunteth vnto 20. deg 40. min. so much is the South pole aboue the Horizon and so much is my Zenith south from the Equinoctiall because the Sun hauing South declination and being betweene me and Equinoctiall therefore of necessitie the Antartick pole must be aboue my Horison 89 60 the distance betwene the Zenith and the Horizon 72 20 the Sunnes altitude 17 40 the Suns dist from the Zen. 3 00 Sunnes declination 20 40 Poles height When the Equinoctiall is betweene your Zenith and the Sunne or Starres the latitude is thus found in all places BY your instrument as before is taught you must seek the meridionall distance of the Sunne or Starres from your Zenith which being knowne substract the declination of the Sun or Stars from the said distance and the remaining number is the poles height or latitude which you seek Example The 20. of October 1593. I fitnde by my instrument that the Sun is 60 deg 45. min. from the Zenith at noone being then vpon the Meridian the Equator being then betweene my Zenith and the Sun I also finde by my Regiment that at that time the Sun had 13. deg 47. min. of South declination because the Equinoctiall is betweene me and the Sun therefore I substract the Suns declination from the obserued distance and there resteth 46 deg 58. min. latitude desired and because the Sun hath South declination and the Equinoctiall being betweene me and the Sun therefore I may conclude that the pole Artick is 46. deg 58. min. aboue my Horizon or that my Zenith is so much toward the North from the Equator g m 59 15 the Sunnes distance 13 47 the declination 46 58 the latitude When your Zenith is betweene the Sunne or Starres and the Equinoctiall the Latitude is thus found BY your instrument as in the first example is shewed you must obserue the Meridionall distance of the Sunne or Starres from your Zenith you must also by your Regiment or other tables search to know the declination of that body which you obserue then substract the obserued distance from pour Zenith out of the declination and the remaining number is the latitude desired Example The Sun hauing 20. deg of North declination and being vpon the Meridian is 5. deg 9. min. from my Zenith I therefore substract 5. deg 9. min. from 20. deg and there resteth 14. deg 51. min the latitude desired and because the Sun hath North declination my Zenith being between the Sun and the Equinoctiall therefore I conclude that the North Pole is 14. deg 51. min. aboue my Horizon g m 19 60 the Suns distance from my Zenith 5 09 the declination 14 51 the Poles height How shall I know the true order of placing the Crosse sffe to mine eye to anoide errour in my obseruation TO finde the true placing of the staffe at your eye thereby to amend the parallar or false shadowe of your sight do thus take a staffe hauing two crosses a long crosse which endeth in 30. degrees and a short crosse which beginneth at 30. deg where the long crosse endeth put the long crosse vpon his 30. deg and there make him fast then put the short crosse like wise vpon his 30. de there fasten him without mouing then set the end of your stasse to your eye mouing it from place to place about your eye vntill at one instant you may see the ends of both crosses which when you finde remember that place and the standing of your body for so must your staffe be placed and your body ordered in all your obseruations Are these all the rules that appertaine to the finding of the Poles height THose that trauell farre towards the North vnder whose Horizon the Sunne setteth not shall some time haue occasion to seeke the latitude by the Sunne when the Sunne is North from them the pole being then betweene the Sunne and their Zenith When such obseruations are made you must by your instrument seeke the Suns height from the Horizon substract that height from his declination and the remaining number sheweth how far the Equinoctiall is vnder the Horizon vpon the point North for so much is the oposite parte of the Equator aboue the Horizon vpon the point South substract that Meridionall altitude of the Equinoctiall from 90. and the remaining number is the poles height desired Example The Sunne hauing 22. degrees of North declination his altitude from the Horizon is obserued to be 3. degrees 15. minutes therefore substracting 3. deg 15. min. from 22. degrees there resteth 18. deg 45. min. which is the distance of the Equinoctiall from the Horizon which being taken from 90. there resteth 71. deg 15. min the poles eleuation desired g m 22 60 the Suns declination 31 15 the Sunnes altitude 18 45 the
altitude of the equinoctiall gm 89 60 the dist between Zen. Dori 18 45 altitude of the Equator 71 15 the altitude of the pole But you must know that the declination found in your Regiment is not the declination which in this case you must vse for the regiment sheweth the Suns declination vpon the Meridian or South point in the place for whose Meridian the same was calculated and not otherwise therefore it is necessary to know the Suns declination at all times and vpon euery point of the Compasse for I haue beene constrained in my Northwest voyages being within the frozen zone to search the latitude by the Sun at such times as I could see the Sun vpon what point of the Compasse soeuer by reason of the great fogges and mistes that those Northern partes are subiect vnto and there is consideration also to be had vpon euery difference of longitude for the Sunnes declination as I haue by my experience found at my being in the straights of Magilane where I haue found the suns declination to differ from my regiment calculated for London by so much as the Sunne declineth in 5. howers for so much is the difference between the meridian of London and the Meridian of Cape froward being in the midst of the said straights How may this declination be found for all times and vpon all points of the Compasse FIrst consider whether the Sun be comming towards the Equinoctiall or going from him that being knowne consider the time wherin you seeke the declination then looke for the Sunnes declination in your regiment for that day and also looke his declination for the next day substract the lesser out of the greater and the remainer is the whole declination which the Sun declineth in 24. howers or in his mouing throughu all the points of the Compasse for which number you may by the rule of proportion finde his declination vpon euery point of the compas as for euery hower of the day as by these examples may appeare Example In the yeere 1593. the 20. of March I desire to know the Suns declination when he is vpon the North parte of the Meridian of London I seeke the Suns declination for that day and finde it to be 3. deg 41. min. the Sunn then going from the Equator I also searche his declination for the next day being the 21. of March and finde it to be 4 de 3. min I then substract 3. deg 41. min. from 4. de 3. min. and there resteth 22 min. so much the Sun doth decline 24. howers or in going through all the points of the Compasse Then I say by the rule of proportion if 24. howers giue 22. min of declination what will 12. howers giue c. I multiplye and deuide and finde it to be 11. min. the Suns declination in 12. howers motion to be added to the declination of the 20. day being the Suns going from the Equator or for the points of the Compasse I may say if 32. points giue 22. min. of declination what will 16. pointes giue which is the distance betweene South and North I multiply and deuide as the rule of proportion requireth and finde that 16. points giue 11. min. the Suns declination in mouing through 16 points of the Compasse which is to be added to the declinanation of the 20. day because the Sun goeth from the equator so I conclude the declination to be 3. deg 52. min. the Sun being North the 20. of March ho. m. ho. 24 22 12 11 12 44 22 264 ho. m. po m. 32 22 16 11 16 132 22 352 Being West from the Meridian of London 19 degrees of longitude I desire to know the Suns declination when the Sun is vpon the Meridian the 20. of March 1593. I must here consider that 90. deg of longtitude make 6. howers of time for euery hower containeth 15 deg whereby I know that when the Sun is South at London he is but East from me for when it is 12 of the clocke at London it is but 6. of the clocke in the morning with mee and when it is 12. of the clocke with me it is then 6. of the clocke in the after noone at London therefore I must seeke for the declination of the Sun at 6. of the clocke in the afternoone and that is the meridionall declination which I must vse being 90. deg West from London which to doe the last example doth sufficiently teach you whereby you may easily gather the perfect notice of whatsoeuer is requisite in any of these kinde of obseruations if you reade with the eye of reason and labour to vnderstand with iudgement that which you read There is another way most excellent for the finding of the Suns declination at all times that is to search by the Ephimerides the Sunnes true place in the Ecliptick for any time proposed whatsoeuer and then by the tables of Sinus the declination is thus knowne Multiply the Sinus of the Suns longtitude from the Equinoctiall points of Aries or Libra to which soeuer he is neerest by the Sinus of the Suns greatest declination and deuide the product by the whole Sinus and the arke of the quotient is the declination dlsircl but because Seamen are not acquainted with such calculations I therfore omit to speake further thereof sith this plaine way before taught is sufficient for their purpose A necessary Instrument for the better vnderstanding of such things as are required to the finding of the Poles Eleuation The vse of this Instrument BY this instrument you may sufficiently vnderstand the reasons of whatsoeuer is before spoken for the finding of the Poles eleuation or the latitude of your being into the consideration whereof because the yong practiser may the better enter I think it not amisse by a few examples to expresse the necessary vse thereof 1. Q. The Sun hauing 7. degrees of North declination and the pole Artick being 45. degrees aboue the Horizon I demaund what will be the Sunnes meridionall distance from my Zenith 1. A. First I turne the Horizon vntill I bring the North Pole to be 45. degrees aboue the same there holding the Horizon not to be moued I then bring the thnd that is fastened to the Center of the instrument 7. degrees from the Equinoctiall towards the North because the Sun hath so much North declination and the thrid doth shew me vpon the verticall circle that the sunne is 38. degrees from my Zenith 2. Q. The pole artick being 50 deg aboue the Horizon and the Suns distance 30. deg from the Zenith I demaund what is the Suns declination 2. A. As in the first question I place the North pole 50. degrees aboue the Horizon there holding the Horizon not to be moued then I bring the thrid to the 30. degree vpon the verticall circle because the Sunne is 30. Degrees from my Zenith and then the thrid she weth vpon the Meridian betweene the tropick of Cancer and the
Charts for short courses are to very good purpose for the Pilots vse and in long courses be the distance neuer so farre if the Pilote returne by the same course whereby in the first he prosecuted his voyage his Chart will be without errour as an instrument of very great commoditie but if he returne by any other way then by that which hee went foorth the imperfections of the Chart will then appeare to be very great especially if the voyage be long or that the same be in the North partes of the worlde the farther towards the North the more imperfect therefore there is no instrument answerable to the Globe or peradoxall Chart for all courses and climats whatsoeuer by whom all desired truth is most plentifully manifested as shall hereafter at large be declared but for the costing of any shore or countrie or for shorte voyages there is no instrument more conuenient for the Seamans vse then the well described Sea Chart. What is the vse of the sea Chart BY the directions of the sea chart the skilful Pilote conuaieth his ship from place to place by such courses as by the chart are made known vnto him together with the helpe of his Compasse or Crosse staffe as before is shewed for the Crosse staffe the Compasse and Chart are so necessarily ioyned together as that the one may not well be without the other in the execution of the practises of Nauigation for as the Chart sheweth the courses so doth the compasse direct the same and the Crosse staffe by euery perticutar obserued latitude doth confirme the truth of such caurses and also giueth the certaine distance that the Ship hath sayled vpon the same And in the vse or vnderstanding of the Sea Chart there are fiue thinges cheefely to be regarded The first is that the Countries or geographie of the Chart be knowne with euery Cape Promontery Port Hauen Bay Sands Rocks and dangers therein contained Secondly that the lines drawne vpon the Chart with their seuerall properties be likewise vnderstoode Thirdly that the latitudes of such places as are within the Chart be also knowne as by the Chart they are expressed Fourthly that you be able to measure the distances betweene place and place vpon the Chart. And fiftly the Seaman must be able by his Chart to know the true courses betweene any les contenents or Capes whatsoeuer for by these fiue diuersities the Chart is to be vsed in the skill of Nauigation How is the latitude of places knowne by the Chart THe latitude is thus found by the Chart vpon the place whose latitude you desire to know set one foot of your compasses then stretch the other foote to the next East and West line for that line is your director keeping that foote still vpon the same line moue your hand and Compasses East or West as occasion requireth vntill you bring the Compasses to the graduated Meridian and there that foote of the Compasses which stoode vpon the place whose latitude you would know dooth shewe the latitude of the same place How is the course betweene place and place knowne WHen there are two places assigned the course betweene which you desire to know set one foote of your Compasses vpon one of the places then by discretion consider the lines that lead toward the other place stretching the other foote of the Compasses to one of those lines and to that part of the line which is neerest to you keeping that foote still upon the same line moue your hand and Compasses toward the other place and see whether the other foot of the Compasses that stood vpon the first place doe by this direction touch the second place which if it doe then that line wherupon you kept the one foote of your Compasses is the course betweene those places but if it touch not the place you must by discretion search vntill you finde a line whereupon keeping the one foote of the Compasses will lead the other foote directly from the one place to the other for that is the course betweene those two places How is the distance of places found vpon the Chart IF the places be not farre asunder stretch a paire of Compasses betweene them setting the one foote of the compasses vpon one of the places and the other vpon the other place then not altering the compasses set them vpon the graduated Meridian of your Chart and allowing 20. leags for euery degree that is contained betweene the 2. feet of your Compasses the distance desired is therby knowne if betweene the places there be 5. degrees then they are 100. leages asunder c. But if the distance betweene the places be so great as that the compasses cannot reach betweene them then take out 5. degrees with your compasses which is 100. leages and therewith you may measure the distance as practise will teach you There is also in euery Chart a scale of leages laide downe whereby you may measure distances as commonly is vsed How doth the Pilote order these matters thereby to conduct his Ship from place to place THe Pilote in the execution of this parte of Nauigation doth with carefull regarde consider three especiall thinges whereupon the full practises are grounded 1 Of which the first is the good obseruation of his latitude which how it may be knowne is before sufficiently expressed 2 The second is a carefull regarde vnto his steredge with very diligent examination of the truth of his Compasse that it be without variation or other impediments 3 And the third is a carefull consideration of the number of leags that the Ship saileth in euery houre or watch to the neerest estimation that possibly he can giue for any two of these three practises being truely giuen the third is therby likewise knowne As by the Corse and height the distance is manifested by the distance and Corse the height is knowne by the height and distance the Corse is giuen of which 3. thinges the Pilote hath onely his height in certaintie the corse is somewhat doubtfull and the distance is but barely supposed notwithstanding from his altitude and corse he concludeth the truth of his practise proceeding in this sort First he considereth in what latitude the place standeth from whence hee shapeth his Corse which for an example shal be the Lyzart standing in 50. degrees of septentrionall latitude then directing his corse S. w. saileth 3. or 4. daies or longer in such thick weather as that he is not able to make any obseraution of the Poles altitude in which time he omitteth not to keepe an accompt how many leages the ship hath sailed vpon that corse as neere as he can gesse which number of leages in this example shal be 100. according to his iuugement then hauing conuenient weather he obserueth in what latititude he is and findeth himselfe to be in 47. degrees now with his compasses he taketh the distance of 100. leages which is the quantitie of the Ships runne by his supposition
Poles are in the Horizon then is it a right Horizon for then the Equator doth cut the Horizon to right angles making a right Sphere and a right Horizon an oblique Horizon is where either of the Poles are eleuated aboue the same for then the Equator doth cut the Horizon to vnlike angles making an oblique Sphere and an oblique Horizon and although the Horizons be diuers and many in number for euery sencible difference of distance hath his proper Horizon yet is the Horizon of the Globe so conueniently annexed thereunto as that by the mouing of the Meridian in the Horizon and by the Globes motion in the Meridian both the Horizon and Meridian are to be applyed as proper to all places whatsoeuer and note that the place where you are is alwaies the center of the plaine superficiall Horyson What is the vse of the Horizon THe Horizon is the beginning of all altitude for whatsoeuer is aboue the Horyzon is said to haue altitude more or lesse and by the horizon such altitudes are giuen with helpe of the crosse staffe for placing the crosse staffe at your eye if by the one end of the transuersary you see the Horyzon and by the other end at the same instant you see the body obserued then doth the transuersary shew vpon the staffe the altitude desired by the Horizon the nauigable courses from place to place are like wise knowne as also the quantitie of the rising and setting of the Sunne moone and Starres whereby is knowne the length of the daies and nights in all climats and at all seasons by the Horyzon is knowne vpon what degree of Azumuth the Sun Moone or Starres are when they may be seene in what part of the Heauen soeuer whereby the variation of the Compasse is found and the Poles altitude may at all seasons be giuen Are these all the circles appertaining to the Globe There are other Circles which are fixed and doe properly appertaine to euery perticuler Horizon as Azumuths Almicantans the Artick and Antartick circles What are circles of Azumuth CIrcles of Azumuths or verticall circles are quarters of great circles concurring together in the Zenith as the Meridians do in the Pole and are extended from the Zenith to euery degree of the Horizon c. And because they cannot be conueniently described vpon the Globe to bee applyed to all Horizons therefore vpon the Meridian of the Globe there is a peece of copper artificially placed to be remoued to any degree of the Meridian at pleasure which peece of copper representeth the zenith and must alwaies be placed so many degrees from the Equator as the Pole is eleuated from the Horizon and vnto this zenith there is ioyned a quarter of a great circle called Quarta altitudo the ende whereof doth continually touch the Horyzon and is so ioyned to the zenith as that it may be moued round vpon the Horizon and to euery parte thereof at your pleasure this Quarta altitudo is deuided into 90 degrees being the distinction of all altitude and beginneth the accompt from the Horizon which is the beginning of altitude and concludeth 90 degrees in the zenith being the end and extreme lymite of all altitude What are Almicantans ALmicantans or circles of altitude are parallel circles to the Horizon and are described vpon the zenith as the perallells to the equator are described vpon the Poles of which circles there are 90. answerable to the distinctions of the Quarta altitudo which are the degrees contained betweene the Horizon and zenith these circles cannot be described vpon the Globe to be applyed to euery Horizon but they are distinguished by the circular motion of the Quarta altitudo fox if I desire to see the almicantar circle of 10. degrees by mouing the Quarta altitudo round about the Horizon the zenith degree of their quarter circle doth shew the Almicanter desired in what eleuation soeuer What is the vse of these two Circles THe quarta altitudo perfourmeth the vse of both by the quartâ—â— altitude and Horizon the courses from place to place are known according to the true horizontall position as hereafter shall plainely appeere it also sheweth the degree of Azumuth and obserued altitude of any celestiall body in what latitude soeuer by the Quarta altitudo and Horizon you may describe a peradoxall Compasse vpon the Globe the Poles length is at all times therby to be knowne and the variation of the Compasse is thereby likewise giuen as hereafter in the practise you shall be taught What are the Artick and Antartick circles EVery Horizon hath his proper Artick or Antartick circle those Horizons that haue the Pole Artick eleuated aboue them haue their proper Artick circle and those that haue the South pole eleuated haue their proper Antartick circle the quantitie of which circle is according to the Poles eleuation for if the Pole be much eleuated then is the Artick circle great for the Poles altitude is the semidiamiter of this circle if the Pole be in the Zenith then halfe the Heauens is the Artick circle What is the vse of this circle IF the Sunne Moone or any Starres be within this circle they are neuer caried vnder the Horizon during the time of their abode therin whervpon it commeth to passe that such as trauaile farre towards the North haue the Sunne in continuall viewe and those that inhabite vnder the Pole if any so doe the Sunne is in continuall sight for sixe moneths together because the sixe Septentrionall signes are within their Artick circle the Equator being in the Horizon c. There is another small circle which is called Ciclus horarius or the hower circle to be annexed to the Meridian of the Globe for the perfection of his use this circle must be deuided into 24. equall partes or howers and those againe into such partes as you please for the better distinction of time this circle must be fastened to the meridian so that the howers 12. must stand directly vpon the edge of the meridian and the Pole must bee the center of this circle vpon which Pole there must be fastened an Index to moue proportionably as the sphere vpon any occasion shal be moued There is also an halfe circle called the Circle of position which sith it serueth to no great purpose for Nauigation I heere omit and thus is the Globe fully finished for the perfection of this vse What are the Poles of the worlde THere are two Poles 〈◊〉 the North or artick Pole and the South or antartick Pole which Poles are two moueable prickes fixed in the firmament wherupon the sphere is moued by vertue of the first mouer and are the limits of the Axis of the worlde as also the extreme terme or band of all declination being 90. degrees from all partes of the Equator By the raising of the Pole from the Horizon is knowne the perallell or latitude of our being it also giueth the quantitie of the Artick circle and the