the day or day spryng should equally and at one time appeare to them in the West as to them in the East But we see the contrarie that it appeareth fyrst to them that dwell in the East and afterward to them in the West This is prooued by the Eclipse of the Moone which beginning at one instant they of Hierusalem see it begin at foure a clocke of the night and we of Andalusie in Spayne at one a clocke of the night It foloweth hereby that to them it nighteneth three houres sooner then vnto vs in Spayne and this is caused by the roundnesse of the earth But heere some may mooue a doubte saying that on the earth we may see many Mountaynes and consequently many great Uallyes and Pâ—aynes with many diuersities of sundrye other deepe and vnequall places by reason whereof the earth can not truely be called rounde To this I say that in two manners the earth is called and vnderstoode to be rounde As after one manner speakyng precisely it is called rounde as a Ciâ—cle or a Sphere which we call rounde because that all ryght lines drawen from the center thereof to the circumference are equall The other roundnesse is consydered without this precisenesse and is suche as not by all his partes is equally distant from his myddest or center but hath some partes hygher and some lower yet not in such quantitie as may destroy the roundnesse of the whole As yf in a Bowle there weâ—e certayne clyftes or holes it should not thereby leaue to be round although not perfectly or precisely rounde And for this cause sayth Auerrois that although both the heauenly bodyes and the Elements are of round fourme yet differ they in this that the heauenly Spheres haue perfect roundnesse and the Elemeâ—ts not As the earth by reason of his Mountaynes and Uales the Sea by his encreasing and decreasing the Ayre also for his nearenesse to the fyre and by his contrarietie doth sometime doo and soâ—etime suffer that is to say is sometime actiue and sometyme passiue So that folowing the one it fleeth the other by reason whereof it also lacketh perfect roundnesse But the fyre for as muche as it is neare to the concaue of the circle of the Moone which is Sphericall may therefore be called Sphericall or rounde The viij Chapter of the motion of the Heauens and Elementes IT is not to be forgotten that all the Elementes are wholy mooueable by locall motion except the earth The water is mooued by the motion of the Moone or tossed by the Wyndes The fyre as sayth Aristotle is mooued circulerly by the motion of the day and is drawen of the circlesâ— that embrace it or compasse it about as is manyfest by the Cometes or blazing Starres and other fyerie exhalations conteyned and engendred in it Which beeyng caryed with thys motion conclude that the fyre mooueth in lyke maner And with thys motion is the superiour parte of the ayre violently caryed about as the other impressions therein doo shewe The inferiour part is mooued by dyuers motions that is to meane laterally as by experience we see when the wyndes blowe The Moone with her Heauen or Sphere by her proper motion geueth her turne from the West to the East in xxvii dayes and vii houres with xv minutes Venus Mercuri and the Sunne in a yeere which is the space of three hundred threescore and fyue dayes with fyue houres and fourtie and niene minutes Mars in two yeeres Iupiter in twelue yeeres Saturne in xxx yeeres The eyght heauen which is the Fyrmament or Starrie Heauen by his owne proper motion is mooued by the nienth Heauen vpon the beginning of Aries and Libra and vpon these two poyntes accomplysheth hys Reuolution in seuen thousand yeeres This motion is called Motus trepidationis that is to say the tremblyng motion or motion of accesse and recesse The nienth heauen endeth his motion from the West to the East in fourtie and niene thousand yéeres And by this motion moueth the eight heauen Tâ—e tenth heauen called Primum mobile is mooued from the East to the West and in twentie and foure houres whiche is a naturall day perfourmeth one reuolution and with the myghtye force and swyftnesse of his motioâ— caryeth wyth hym all the other inferior heauens and maketh them to geue the same turne in twentie and foure houres where as neuerthelesse they ceasse not in the meane tyme to keépe the course of theyr owne proper motion As for example yf an Ant or Pismiâ—e shoâ—ld goe about the wheéle of a Myll contrary to the moouing of the whéele before the Ant in goyng styll forward should come agayne to the poynt from whenee she fyrst departed which is once about or one turne the wheéle should in that space make many turnes The ix Chapter of the diuision of the Sphere into formall partes THE Sphere of the worlde is diuided in two manners that is to say by substaunce and by accident By substaunce into tenne Spheres as we haue sayde By accident into a right Sphere and oblique or crooked Sphere They haue the ryght Sphere that dwell vnder the Equinoctiall lyne and is called ryght because to them the Pâ—les are equally in the Hâ—rizon as appeareth by thys Figure folowing The Sphere is compounded of tenne circles imagined And as sayth Iohn de sacro bosco in his booke of the Sphere syxe of them are greater and foure lesse The greater Circle is that which deuideth the Sphere into two equall partes and hath his center with the center of it These are the Equinoctiall the Zodiacke the two Coluri the Horizon and the Meridian The lesse Circle is that that deuideth the Sphere into two vnequall partes These are the two Tropykes and two Poler Circles The x. Chapter of the Equinoctiall Circle THE Equinoctiall is a Circle that deuideth the Sphere into two equall partes and is by euery parte equally distaunt from both the Poles It is one of the greateâ— Circles in the Sphere and is the greatest Circle of those which are described in the Sphere by the motion of Primum mobile or fyrst moueable This Circle for his equalitie and regularitie is more noble then the Zodiacke which we haue described in the eightâ— sphere and also then any of the other It is imagâ—ned to gyrd the world round about by East and West It is called Equinoctiall because this word Equinoctium signifyeth equalitie of nyghtes and dayes whereof the cause is that the Sunne comming to this Circle the Arke of the day is equall with the Arke of the night and then is the Equinoctiall It is also called the Zone or gyrdle of the fyrst mooueable For euen as a gyrdle doth gyrde a man by the myddest so doth this Circle gyrd in the middest betweene both the Poles vppon the whiche the fyrst moouâ—able is mooued One of these imagined on our paâ—te
23 55 14 38 47 17 53 36 7 68 22 29 83 7 19 9 59 16 24 54 49 39 46 38 54 35 16 69 21 30 84 6 16 10 59 5 25 54 23 40 45 58 55 34 25 70 20 31 85 5 14 11 58 54 26 53 56 41 45 17 56 33 33 71 1â— 32 86 4 11 12 58 41 27 53 28 42 44 35 57 32 41 72 18 32 87 3 8 13 58 28 28 52 59 43 43 53 58 31 48 73 17 33 88 2 5 14 58 13 29 52 29 44 43 10 59 30 54 74 16 32 89 1 3 15 57 57 30 51 58 45 42 26 60 30 0 75 15 32 90 0 0 The xviii Chapter of the circuite or compasse of the Earth and Water according to the opinion of the auncient and latter aucthours IT may heere appeare to be necessarie for our purpose to declare what space of the superficie of the earth or water the auncient wryters diâ— suppose to aunsweare to one degree of a greater circle in the heauen for in diuers countries they vsed to count by diuers sorts of measures as the Latines counted by miles the Greeks by furlongs the Spanyards Frenchmen by leagues the Egyptians by signes or marks and the Persians by saguas But they all agree that foure graynes of Barly make a finger breadth four fingers a hand breadth four hands a â—oote fiue foote a Geometricall pase for two simple pases make fiue feete Also 125. Geometricall pases make a furlong eyght furlongs one myle whiche is a thousand pases and three myles one lâ—ague In Germanie they make leagues of more feete and in some places more then in other In Fraunce they count thyrâ—ie leagues to one degree The Spanyards count sixteene leagues and two terces and seuenteene and a halfe for a degree of the great ciâ—cle this difference that one league is bigger then another may come heereof that one Barly corne is bigger then another But to our purpose let vs geue to euery league three thousand pases and to euery pase fyue foote and so shall euery league haue xv thousand foote In the Cardes of the sea that haue their degrees of xvi leagues and two terces we say that of these the roundenesse of the land and the water conteyneth sixe thousande leagues And in the Cardes that haue seuenteene leagues and a halfe for a degree of these we say that it conteyneth sixe thousand and three hundred leagues And who so desyreth to knowe howe muche is the Diameter of the earth and water may knowe it by multiplying the circumference by seuen so that diuiding the summe that riseth thereof by twentie and two the part that ryseth of that calculation shall be the Diameter and the halfe thereofâ— shall be the semidiameter The xix Chapter of the seueâ— Climates THE auncient aucthours did also diuide that part of the superficie of the earth on the North side of the Equinoctiall which they supposed to be most habitable into seuen Climates wherein they did fynde to be dyuers conditions and customes of men and diuersities of beastes and of other naturall thynges the whiche thyngs they perceyued to haue a diuersâ—tie in the countreys as where the day of the one did encrease or differ aboue the day of the other by halfe an houre so that the space of the superficiall of the earth betweene two paralelle lynes wherein the longest day doth increase or differ by halfe an houre is called a Climate The place where they suppose the fyrst climate to begin is distant in Latitude from the Equinoctial by 12. degrees and 45. minutes where the longest day is 12. houres and 45. minutes the place where the last climate doth finishe is in the Latitude of 50. degrees and 30. minutes where the longest day is 16. houres and 15. minutes so that the increase of the longest day in the ende of the seuenth climate dooeth exceede it in the beginning of the fyrst climate by three houres and an halfe and the whole compasse of the earth with all the seuen climates dooeth conteyne in breadth 37. degrees and 45. minutes but their length is supposed to extend to 180. degrees of longitude In that maner a climate the neare it is vnto the Equinoctial the more it conteyneth of the superficiall of the earth because the paralelle circles the nearer they be vnto the Equinoctial the greater is the compasse of the earth which they make in length and the lesser the compasse is the nearer they be vnto the poles as dooth appeare euidently by the Meridians where they doo all concurre and meete in the poles â—heir distaunces waxeth continually lesser and lesser the nearer they be vnto the sayd poles so that the nearer the climate is vnto the pole the lesser it conteyneth of myles in the length In lyke maner shall you vnderstand that greater is the breadth of the first clime then of the second and the second then the third and lykewyse of the other For in how much the more the Equinoctial you come neare to the pole so much the more is the Sphere oblique or crooked and consequently the day encreaseth more by reason whereof in lesse space is found the increaseth of halfe an houre in which the climate maketh difference and doth varye Whiche thyng shall be more manifest to hym that beholdeth the Latitude of them all as may appeare by the Table heere folowyng In whiche you may see the houres whiche the greatest daye conteyneth of euery climate in his beginning middest and ende with also the eleuation of the Pole or distaâ—nce from the Equinoctial and also the degrees of Latitude which euery Climate conteyneth The longest day   The eleuation of the Pole  Differences of the latitude Climates Beginning Midst End beginning Midst End     Ho. M Ho. M Ho. M G M G M G M G M 1 12 45 13 0 13 15 12 45 16 40 20 30 7 45 2 13 15 13 30 13 45 20 30 24 15 27 30 7 0 3 13 45 14 0 14 15 27 30 30 45 33 40 6 10 4 14 15 14 30 14 45 33 40 36 24 39 0 5 20 5 14 45 15 0 15 15 39 0 41 20 43 30 4 30 6 15 15 15 30 15 45 43 30 45 24 47 15 3 45 7 15 45 16 0 16 15 47 15 48 40 50 30 3 15 The fyrst Climate is called Dia Meroes Meroe is a Citie of Aphrike vnder the burnt Zone on this side the Equinoctiall 16. degrees The second is called Dia Siena Siena is a Citie in the conâ—ines of Ethiope where there is a well that sheweth the Sommer solstitiall because that place is vnder the circle of the Tropike of Cancer and the Sunne seemeth to stand directly ouer that place at mydday of the solsticiall whereby the well is then very cleere and hath in it no shadowe at all as the Poet
of December And heere wyll I not omit to say how in those times at these foure dayes that is to meane in the two Solstitialles and two Equinoctialles were celebrated or dyd chaunce foure marueylous thynges in the worlde For in the spring Equinoctiall which was at the xxv of March the Sonne of GOD was incaâ—nate and afterwarde borne of the Uirgin Marie in the Solstitiall of Wynter whyche was at the xxv of December In the Equinoctiall of Autumne whiche was the xxvii of September was conceyued blessed Iohn Baptist the cryer and precursour of Christ and was borne in the sommer Solsticiall that was the xxiiii of Iune And this is the syxth Moneth whereof Saint Luke speaketh in the Gospell Whiche thyng also Iohn Chrysostome doth veryfie saying that S. Iohn was borne when the dayes beganne to decrease and our Lorde when they began to increase And it may certaynely seeme woorthie to be had in memorie that in the sayde Equinoctiall of the spring Christ suffered Adam was created and loste the estate of innocencye Abel was slayne Melchisedech offered bread and wyne Isahac by Abraham was brought to be sacrificed Iohn Baptist was beheaded at Macherunta Peter delyuered out of pryson Saint Iames beheaded by Herode the good Theefe enioyed Paradise and the bodyes of many Saintes rose wyth Chryste And who so further desyreth more precisely to knowe the entraunce of the Sunne into Aries and into the other principall signes shall in the thyrde parte of thys woorke in the eyght Chapter fynde rules whiche shall bryng hym to the knowledge thereof Bâ—t â—o returne to our tyme I say that thys present yeere of 1545. the Sunne entreth into the fyrste degree of Aries at the tenth of Marche at foure of the clocke at after noone and into the fyrst degree of Taurus the nynth of Apryll 2. houres and 7. minutes and into Gemini the 11. of May 2. houres and syxe minutes into Cancer the 11. of Iune 14. houres 44. minutes into Leo the 13. of Iuly 3. houres 50. minutes into Virgo the 13. of August 9. houres 56. minutes into Libra the 13. of September 4. houres 4. miuutes into Scorpio the 13. of October 7. houres 13. minutes into Sagittarie the 12. of Nouember iust at noone into Capricorne the 11. of December 8. houres 16. minutes into Aquarius the 9. of Ianuarie 2. houres one minute into Pisces the 8. of Februarie 1. houre 30. minutes after midday that is to say from noone 1. houre 30. minutes And that we may in the yeeres to come knowe the day houre and minute in the whiche the Sunne entreth into euery signe we will followe this order Upon the dayes houres and minutes that the Sunne entreth into euery signe thys sayde yeere 1545. we must adde for euery yeere fyue houres and 49. minutes which with the 365. dayes which euery yeere conteyneth shal be the tyme in the whiche the Sunne accomplysheth his Reuolution And because that in the yeere of the Bisextile or Leape yeere is added to Februarie one day more to his 28. which he hath once in foure yeeres from 6. to 6. houres yf we shall take from the computation that whyche we haue geuen hym turning one day backward as shal be in the yeere 1548. and vppon that that remayneth shall returne in the yeere folowyng of 1549. to adde fyue hoâ—res 49. minutes and as much more euery other yeere folowing shal be a certayne rule for euer And it is to note that the degrees and minutes which wee haue touched before are properly for the Citie of Cadiz And yf we desyre to applye them for other Cities or places more Eastwarde then for euery xv degrees that they are distaunt from Cadiz in longitude we must adde one houre And yf for Cities or places more Wâ—stwardâ— in lyke maner for euery xv degrees we must take away one houre by reason of the course of the Sun by his rapte moouing from the East to the West For it is certayne that when with vs in Cadiz it is xii houres of the clocke tâ— them that are xv degrees Eastward from vs it is one of the clock and to them that are from vs xv degrees toward the West it is xi of the clocke Nowe that we haue Rules to knowe the entraunce of the Sunne into the xii signes thereby may we also knowe his entraunce into the foure Câ—â—dinall or principall signes whiche are they that determine and ende the Equinoctialles and Solstitialles whereby are caused the foure tymes of the yeere And forasmuch as the generall chaunge of tymes is by reason of the Sunne who by his comming neare warmeth by hys remayning dryeth with his departure cooleth and by his long tarying away causeth maystnesse we will shew the qualities of the principall windes elements regions humours and ages in one briefe Table and then consequently in an other will we describe the beginning middest and ende of the foure times of the yeere aswell in the monethes as in the heauenly signes The Table of the qualities of the Elementes Qualities Hot dry Hot moyst Cold moyst Cold dry Partes of the yere Sommer Spryng Winter Autumne Principall windes East South West North. Elements Fyre Ayre Water Earth Regions East South West North. 4. Humours Choler Blood Flegme Melancholy 4. Ages Youth Mans state Aged Age. The Table of the foure tymes of the yeere Tymes Beginning Myddest Ende Spryng Marche Aries Apryl Taurus May. Gemini Somâ—er Iune Cancer Iuly Leo. August Virgo Autumne Septemâ— Libra Octob. Scorpio Nouemb. Sagit Wynter Decemb. Capricor Ianua Aquar Februa Pisces The v. Chapter of the Moone and of her motions and properties IN the Chapters past of this seconde parte wee haue entreated of the Sunne and of his motions and effects as the most noble and principall luminarie In this present Chapter we wyll entreate of the Moone which is the second luminarie although in the order of the heauens she is the first and nearest vnto vs of all other Planets or Starres The Mâ—one therefore is a round body of heauenly substaunce solide and darke in respecte of the Sunne hauing no proper light of his owne but is apt to receyue light She is mooued from the West into the East according to the order of the signes euery day 13. degrees litle more or lesse and somewhat more then 10. minutes by the proper motion of the heauen or sphere vpon the Ares and Poles of the Zodiaâ—ke I sayd more or lesse because that ouer and beside the moouing of her deferent or circle which is moued euery day the aforesayd 13. degrees and 10. minutes almost 11. she hath an Eclipse where the Moone is fixed at the motion whereof sometimes she is moued more swâ—ftly and sometimes more slowly Neuerthelesse according to her selfe motion she maketh her course in 27. dayes and almost 8. houres and hauing no light of her owne she is lyghtened of the Sunne as manifestly appeareth
Et mali corui malum oâ—um But fâ—rasmuch as these haue no place appoynted them in the body of our common wealth which we haue here before compared to the members of the body of man therefore are they no otherwise to be esteemed then as excrements of the body to whome Nature hath appoynted no place in the same but labâ—ureth continually to cast thâ—â— foorth diuers wayes least by their filthynesse they should infect the other members euen as the pompe of the Shyp if it be not auoyded is noyous to the Ship and all that are therein But the wise and honest Pilotte fyrst hauing before his eyes the feare of God and putting his chiefe trust in him shall secondarily trust in his Arte and Science without any such vaine obseruations as the supersticious Horoscopers Astrologiers I meane and not Astronomers are accustomed to vse in the elections of houres times and dayes by constellatiâ—ns and aspectes of the Starres and Planets as many fond men haue done thynkyng thereby to haue escaped such dangers as they haue thereby the rather fallen into through contempt of Arte and Science by foolish confidence in superstitious Astrologie which for the vaniâ—ie and vncertaintie thereof the ryght Worshipfull and of singuler learning in all Sciences Syr Thomas Smyth in my time the flowre of the Vniuersitie of Cambridge and sometyme my Tutor was accustomed to call Ingeniosissimam artem mentiendi that is The most ingenious arte of lying Omitting therefore the superstitious and phantasticall obseruations of the iudicials of Astrologie it shal be better and more necessarie for all Pilottes that desyre to excell in their profession to learne and obserue the principles of this Booke whereby they may haue such knowledge of the Sphere as may instruct them the making and vse of diuers goodly Astronomicall instruments pertayning to the arte of Nauigation by knowledge of the moouings of the Sunne and Moone in their Spheres and the other Planettes and fyxt Starres thereby to attayne to the true knowledge of houres tymes and tydes with the variation of the Compasse and many other goodly naturall obseruations of weather tempestes and calmes by certayne infallible signes and tokens of the same very necessarie to be obserued and this by the true principles of Astronomie and not of Astrologie And this is the true Astronomie whereof the diuine Philosopher Plato hath written so diuine a sentence that I haue thought the same heere woorthy to be alleaged that by the aucthoritie of so famous an aucthour we may know what is true Astronomie with the vse and commoditie thereof Therefore in his booke entituled Timeus vel de Natura these are his words Rerum autem optimarum cognitionem nobis oculi attulerunt Nam haec que de mundo disputantur nunquam inuenta fuissent si neque Sydera neque Sol neque Coelum suscipe potuissent Cognitio vero diei ac noctis ab oculis orta fecit vt dimensione quadam mensium annorumque ambitus metiremur tempus cognosceremus aâ— vniuersae naturae ordinem scrutaremur Quibus ex rebus Philosophiam adepti sumus That is to say Our eyes haue brought vnto vs the knowledge of most excellent things For whatsoeuer is disputed of the world had neuer been inuented if neyther the Starres neyther the Sunne neyther Heauen could haue been seene For the knowledge of the day and nyght taking beginning at the eyes cauâ—ed vs as it were by certayne limits and boundes to measure the circuites of monethes and yeeres whereby we came to the knowledge of tymes and the order of vniuersall nature And heereby also we obteyne the knowledge of Philosophie c. And thus by the aucthoritie of diuine Plato whome for his excellencie Cicero called Deum Philosophorum that is the God of Philosophers we may vnderstande that the true Astronomie is the perfect knowledge of the miraculous mouings of the Planets Stars and heauens and especially of the Sunne and Moone whereby is caused the varietie of times and diuersitie of all natural things by natural causes as by the qualities of ElemeÌ„ts as hote colde moyst and dry which are augmented or diminished by the more or lesse influence of these two Luminaries as they come neere vnto vs at sometimes or depart farther froÌ„ vs at other times with diuers motions in diuers climates which causeth not only varietie of tymes in sundrie climates but also the varietie of dyuers complexions fourmes and dispositâ—ons of all creatures vnder the face of heauen none other accidentall contingent voluntarie or violent cause to the contrary notwithstanding And this is it that Plato meaneth by these woords Vt tempus cognosceremus ac vniuersae naturae ordinem c. That is to knowe the tymes and vniuersall order of nature And doubtlesse who so well consydereth the marueylous effectes that are caused especially by the variable moouing of the Sunne in the Zodiacke must needes acknowledge it to be the chiefe instrument and meane that God vseth in the generation preseruaâ—ion and alteration of all creatures that are conteyned in the world of generation and corruption And for this consyderation certayne of the auncient Philosophers called it the soule of the world Other the eye and other also the hart of the world Plato also affyrmeth that the soule of the world is the Sunne and that all other lyuing things receiue lyfe from thence And hereof commeth the saying of the Philosopher Sol homo generant hominem that is the Sunne and man beget man And therefore as wryteth Marcilius Ficinus of all Idolaters they are most tollerable that honor the Sunne for God The which although it be not yet vndoubtedly are his effects so great and wonderfull in this inferiour world that it may seeme in manner to be Gods Vicegerent Liefetenant and Viceroy in all the works of nature except where and when it pleaseth him in any thing miraculously otherwise then by the common order and course of nature to commaund the contrarie And if it may not be tedious vnto you right Honorable and Worshipfull it shal be a pleasure vnto me for the better declaration hereof to make a briefe discourse of the marueylous and strange effects that are caused by the Sunne which perhaps few haue done otherwise then dispearsedly here and there as occasion hath serued Fyrst therefore let vs consyder what it hath done ouer the Equinoctial lyne and vnder both the Poles at one instant diuersly and contraryly the one to the other For so hath the infinite wisedome of the great God of nature the supreame Architecture of the vniuersall world disposed all things in such perfect order that to them that are vnder the Equinoctial and haue theyr Horizon passing by the two Poles the day is of twelue houres and the nyght as much and theyr yeere also is deuided into twelue monethes But they that dwell iust and perpendiculerly vnder our Pole and that haue theyr Horizon passing ouer the sayd lyne haue the day of the sixe monethes That is
to say beginning from the tenth day of March when the Sunne commeth ouer the sayde Horizon vntill it returne to passe vnder the same at the tenth of September And contrarywyse one night of sixe moneths haue the inhabitantes vnder the Pole Anâ—articke whose yeere that is to say all the course that the Sunne maketh by the twelue signes of the Zodiacke is accomplished in one day and one nyght a thing doubtlesse most wonderfull and marueylous Lykewise when we haue sommer they that are vnder our Pole haue the day of sixe monethes and they of the opposite or contrary Pole haue their night of the same length Againe when it is winter with vs then vnder our Pole is the night of the said sixe monethes and vnder the opposite Pole is the day of the same length So that as it were course by course when we haue the night they haue the day and contrarywyse wheÌ„ we haue the day they haue the night The which although it be so long of so great space of time yet is it not continually obscured with darkenesse For the Sunne maketh his course in such order that the inhabitants of that part liue not during that time altogeather in darknesses as Moles liue vnder the ground but as other creatures that liue vpon the globe and face of the Earth they haue such lyght as may suffyse to susteyne and maynteyne their life For the body of the Sunne declyneth no more either beneath the Equinoctial line either aboue the same line which is the Horizon to both the Poles then 23. degrees that is to say no lower or higher then the Tropikes which are no more then 23. degrees or there about from the sayd Equinoctial that is their Horizon as is aforesayd And yet in these 23. degrees he maketh not his course by the opposite Diameter but goeth continually round about in circuite so that his beames reuerberating heauen represent such a manner of lyght as wee haue in Sommer two houres before the Sunne rise And this example whiche we haue taken of the diuersitie of the Horizons of the Equinoctial and vnder the two Poles is to demonstrate the marueylous effect that the Sunne maketh departing from the xij houres of the Equinoctiall that is to say from Aries to Libra and comming by lytle and lytle illuminating the Globe of the earth and so reducing the yeere of xij monethes into one onely day aâ—d one night as is sayd before Vnder the infinite varietie of the which course sometyme with long dayes and sometime with short all the Inhabitants of the world are fourmed and disposed of such strength and complexion of body that euery of them are proportionate of the Climate assigned vnto them be it hote or colde and may dwell and abide there as in their naturall place and temperament not lamenting or desiring to dwell elsewhere so great a loue resteth in them to their natiue situation But not to depart from the vyage which the Sunne maketh in one whole yeere as sometime approching neere vnto vs and sometime departing from vs I say that at one selfe same time in diuers partes vpon the round Globe of the earth it causeth the Spring Sommer Autumne and Winter And neuerthelesse at the same instant and punct of time it maketh day and high noone in one place and nyght and midnight on the opposite part The which varietie although it appeare incomprehensible to the slendernesse of our wits yet beholding the same with the eyes of vnderstanding and therewith considering the vnestimable moouing that the Sunne maketh continually we shall fynde it to be true hauing respect to the diuers situations of the earth as it is continually illuminate more or lesse by the Sunne And this varietie is made with such a harmonie and consonancie and such a lawe perpetuall and immutable that yf any poynt or pricke thereof should fayle it is to be doubted lest the Elements should be confounded together and returne to their first Chaos And to haue sayd thus much of the wonderfull effects of the course of the Sunne it may suffise for an example to prooue how necessary a thing it is not onely for all Pilots and Sea men to haue the knowledge heereof but also for all other such as shall attempt great and farre voyages in vnknowen lands and strange countreys as did of late Maister Ienkinson a worthy Gentleman set foorth by you and mainteined at your charges more like an Ambassadour sent from any Prince or Emperour then from a company of Merchant men Wherein what commendation you haue deserued to the increase of your perpetuall fame and honour I referre it to that I haue sayd before And as touching Maister Ienkinson what trauayles paynes and dangers he hath susteyned and hardly escaped and what diligence and arte he hath vsed in the searching of strange countreys and in the description of those his voyages it were but in vayne for me to wryte much vnto you vnto whome the same is better knowen then to me And therefore to conclude with rendering iust commendations both vnto you and him I can say no more but as Plato wryteth in his Booke De Legibus Decens est eos ciues laudibus ornare qui corporis vel animi viribus res arduas praecláras que gesserunt legibus libenter paruerunt That is to say It is decent to commend those Citizens that by theyr industry of body and minde haue done great affayres and haue wyllyngly obeyed good lawes And thus eftsoones desiryng your Honors and Worships to accept in good part whatsoeuer I haue sayd of good will and affection toward you and your proceedings and with your shield of iustice and auctoritie to defend me against the assaults of such as are enimies to vertue and captious of other mens doings I rest at your commaundement to the vttermost of my power to do you what seruice I may The Epistle dedicatorie of Martin Cortes to the most mightie and victorious Monarch CHARLES the Emperour the fyfth of that name King of Spayne SO greatly were esteemed the inuentours of certayne Artes and Sciences in auncient time as wryteth Saint Augustine in his bookes De Ciuitate Dei that they tooke them not for mortall men but honoured them as immortall gods Isis arriuing in Egypt ordeyned common weales with iust gouernaunce gaue them lawes and kâ—owledge of letters and taught them also the vse of Flaxe In consideration whereof she was honoured of such as then knewe her and reuereâ—ced of them that came after her In so much that they establâ—shed a capitall penaltie or punâ—shment of death against all such as eyther in sport or in earnest affyrmed her to be an earthly woman and not rather a dâ—uine Goddesse Ceres beyng of lyuely wit and cleere vnderstanding beholding in the Cicilians humane similitude and shape to the outward apparance and inwardly the fiercenâ—sse of bruite beastes brideled their customes and refourmed them with newe Statutes teaching them to tame
hereby that being in coniunction with the Sunne or neare vnto him we see her not lyghtened because the lyght which she then receyueth is onely her vppermost or highest parte whereby she directly beholdeth the Sunne forasmuche as he is in the fourth heauen and she in the first And departing from the Sunne by her propâ—r moouing the Sunne remayneth on the West part Then toward that part we begyn to see a lytle of the part of the Moone lyghtened and so more and more by lytle and lytle as she departeth farther from the Sunne And at thys tyme she hath her hornes or corners towarde the East because the Sunne is in the West During this tyme also she is sayde to increase or that she goeth increasing vnto the opposition whiche we see by the part of her which the Sunne directly beholdeth And so do we see her altogeather lyghtened and call it the full Moone Then passyng from the opposition she commeth nearer the Sunne by lytle and lytle beyng darkened and hyd fâ—om vs and lyghtened onely by her hyghest part and this tyme is calâ—ed the decreasing or wane of the Moone Then also hath she her hornes toward the West because the Sunne is in the East and this vntyll she turne agayne in coniunction with the Sunne and that we see her not lyghtened at all The Moone is lesse then the Starres or other Planets except Mercurie and lesse then the earth And yf any shall affirme the contrary saying that it is written in the fyrst of Genesis that God made two great lyghtes the greatest to geue lyght to the day and the lesse to lyghten the nyght as Dauid also affirmeth To this I answeare that the Moone beyng nearest vnto the earth appeareth vnto vs greater then she should do yf she were further distaunt from vs. And although she be great of lyght receyued as we haue sayde and bigge of body yet is she not great in respect of the other Starres And therefore the words of Genesis aforesayd may be vnderstoode to be spoken in such maner and phrase as holy Scripture often vseth to humble and apply it selfe to the weakenesse of our vnderstanding and grosenesse of our senses The vi Chapter of the coniunctions and oppositions of the Sunne and the Moone THE Sunne and the Moone are mooued vnder the Zodiacke with diuers motions The Moone with a swifter motion then the Sunne foloweth hym ouertaketh him and goeth before him vntill she place her selfe in Diameter with him And when she hath thus ouertaken him so that they are both in one selfesame degree of the Zodiacke then is the coniunction Then departing from him and being in equall degrees of the signes opposite according to the Diameter is the opposition To knowe the times of these coniunctions and oppositions is very profitable and necessarie for Mariners These times may be knowen in two manners One way by the Ephimerides or Almanacke or other tables or Lunaâ—ie instrumentes And by these meanes is knowen precisely the day houre and minute of the coniunction and opposition It may lykewyse be knowen by the rules of computation whiche are the rules that are knowen by memorie although not precisely as by the bookes aforesayde And heere is to be vnderstoode that from one coniunction to another accordyng to the halfe moouings of the Sunne and the Moone there passeth 29. dayes twelue houres and 44. minuts And consequentâ—y from coniunction to opposition and from opposition to coniunction the halfe thereof which is fourteene dayes 18. houres and 22. minutes To knowe theâ—e coniunctions by rules of computatâ—on is presupposed to knowe the golden number and by it the concurrent or Epacte The golden number is the number of nienteene yeeres In which time the coniunctions of the Sunne and the Moone make all their varieties in the times of euery yeere so that yf the coniunction were the twelfth day of Marche in this yeere of 1545. from this yeere in the nienteene yeeres folowing which shal be in the yeere of 1564. the coniunction shall returne to be at the twelfth day of Mâ—â—che It was fyrst called the golden number by the Egyptians who fyrste found the vse thereof and sent it to Rome written in golden Letters To fynde this number it is needfull to know his rootes which is this In the yeere that Christ our Lorde and redeemer was borne whereby we make this accompt the golden number was the number of one which was the yeere of the roote or begiâ—â—â—ng and the fyrst yeere of the byrth of Christ was two of the golden number So that ioyning to the yeeres of our Lord one of the roote or begâ—â—ning and from all take away the nienteene then the rest shall be the golden number And yf you desyre to make computation by a nearer roote take for the roote the yeere of 1500. when nienteene was the golden number and in the yeere of 1501. did begin one of the golden number and so consequently euer taking away the nienteene This present yeere of 1545. we haue seuen of the golden number And in the yeere of 1546. we shall haue eyght c. The golden number being knowen it is necessarie for thys computation of the Moone to knowe the concurrent The concurrent of euery yeere is the number of the dayes passed of the coniunction of the Moone at the beginning of Marche And theâ—e grow of the difference of the Solar yeere to the Lunar As the Lunar yeere hath 354. dayes and the Solar yeere 365. so hauing euery yeere eleuen dayes of difference which are added euery yeere vntyll they come to the number of thyrtie and passyng thyrtie those that do passe are of the concurrent The number of the concurrent of euery yeere is founde in this maner And the better to beare it in memorie you must imagine three places and these commonly are assigned on the thumbe As the fyrst place at the roote of the thumbe the second in the middle ioynt thereof and the thyrd and last in the toppe of the thumbe Then â—n the fyrst place put tenne in the second twentie and in the thyrd thirtie Then by the order of these places shal be compted the golden number As one in the fyrst place two in the second and three in the third returning foure to the fyrst place c. vntiâ—â— the golden number of that yeere for the whiche the concurrent is sought And the number of that place where the golden number endeth must be ioyned with the number of the golden number and that doth amount thereof shall be the concurrent so that it passe not 30. But if it passe 30. then that that is more then 10. is the concurrent of that yeere And heere is to be noted that the yeeres of this computation of the Moone begin at the first day of March and last vntyll the last day of Februarie so that this present yeere of 1545. by computation of the
consydering the course of the Sunne made the yeére of 365. dayes Then by the commaundement of Iulius Caesar whose order we now obserue were added syxe houres to the ende to make equall this number of dayes with the course of the Sunne and hereof the Bisextile or Leape yeére had his beginning from foure to foure yeéres But to say the trueth they erred The one by somewhat too much and the other by somewhat too litle This yâ—ere conteyneth 365. dayes 5. hâ—ures 49. minutes Lykewyse at the fyrst the yéere had diuers begynninges Numa Pompilius began it from the Winter solsticiall because thâ—t then the Sunne beginneth to rise toward vs as Ouid affâ—rmeth in these verses Brumâ— noui prima est veterisque nouissima Solis Principum capiunt Phaebus Annus idem Which may thus be englyshed Brume is the fyrst of the newe yéere And last day of the olde The Sunne and yeére beginne at once As Ouid hath vs tolde Romulus began it at Marche at the Equinox of the spring because that then all thyngs reuiue and floryshe and by the opinion of the Dâ—uiâ—es it seémeth good reason to begyn the yeére at Marche because the world was created the 25. of the Kalendes of Apryl which is the 18. of the moneth aforesayde Lykewyse God speaking of this moneth to the people of Israel sayd vnto them This shal be the fyrst of the monethes of the yeére The Arabians begin from the Sommer solstiâ—iall whose opinion is that the Sunâ—e was made in the signe of Leo. Other begin the yere in September about the Equinoctial of Autumne as do the Iewes resting in the aucthoritie of Genesis where it is wrytten thus Let the earth bryng foorth greéne hearbes to haue fruite agréeable to theyr kynde c. And because Autumne is a fruitefull tyme they beganne from thence to accompt their yeére The Greékes Persians and Egyptians accompt it from October The Christians some from the Incarnation of Christe other from his byrth and other from the fyrst daye of Ianuarie In lyke manâ—er is great diuersitie in beginning the number of yeéres whiche we call Era that is the date The Greékes beganne their date from the death of great Alexander The Egyptians from the death of Nabuchodonosor The Persians from Gesdargit The Arabians or Moores from the preaching of Mâ—chomet who was after the byrth of Christ 626. yeéres Other also from the Romane Emperours The Christians began the accompt of our Sauiour Iesu Christ 500. yeéres after his byrth as writeth Cardinal Cusanus And héere it shall not be from my purpose to shewe how iustly and ryghtfully was commaunded by Don Iohn King of Spayne the fyrst of that name that iâ— the Courtes and Parliamentes whiche he helde in Segoâ—ia in the yeére of 1383. leauing the dates that they had begun from the Emperour Octauian for tributes and other payments specifyed in Wrytynges and Priuiledges they should no more put the date of the Emperour for as much as the day in the which the Sonne of God became man and was borne by the blessed Uirgin was so excellent a thyng and most worthie to be had in memorie So that in Spayne since that tyme in all common Writynges the date is made from the Natiuitie of our Lorde begynnyng there the fyrst day of the yeére and commonly the fyrst day of Ianuary Some Astronomers begyn it the fyrst of Marche We haue in this Chapter entreated of the great yeére and of the Solar yeére with his quantitie beginning and date In the Chapter folowyng we wyll entreate of the Lunar yeére which we call a moneth ¶ The xi Chapter of the moneth and of his differences COnsydering the moneth â—bsolutelyeâ— without hauing respecte to the Solar yeére it may be called a yéere according to the diuision we haue made in the Chapter of the yeére For it is a reuolution of the heauen of the Moone whicâ— moueth slowly in comparâ—son of the first heauen And yf we consyder the moneth as part of the yéere then is the name of a moneth more proper vnto it For this word Mens mensis in Latin is deriued of Mensurâ— which signifieth measure And so the moneth and yeére referred to tyme all may be called moneth forasmuch as all is the measure of tyme as we haue touched in the sayd Chapter of the yeére The moneth is to be consydered in two maners eyther as it is part of the Solar yeére or is caused by the course of the Moone The moneth that is part of the Solar yeére is that which at this day we vse And into xii oâ— these monethes is the yeere diâ—ided as Ianuarâ—e Februarie Marche Apryll May Iune Iuly August September October Nouember December They are not all of equall dayes Apryl Iune September and Nouember haue 30. dayes all the other haue 31. except Februarie which hath 28. and when the Bisextile or Leape is it hath 29. The names and numbers of these monethes were assigned at the wyll and pleasure of men and the cause why they haue remayned so long time is the aucthoritie of the Emperours that ordeined them for the common people who accepted them by the Romane Church which admitted the vse of them The Lunar moneth hath two consyderations The one is the tyme whiche the Moone tarieth from that sheé commeth foorth from one poynt of the Zodiacke vntyll she returne thyther by her proper moouing and this is called the moneth of the peragration in which reuolution she spendeth 27. dayes and almost 8. houres The other consyderation is hauyng respect to the tyme whiche the Moone taryeth from that she is in coniunction with the Sunne vntyll another coniunctiâ—n And this is called the moneth of Consecution and is more then the moneth of Peragration by two dayes 4. houres 44. minutes For the Sunne and the Moone beyng in coniunction vnder one punct of the Zodiacke and moouing both by theyr proper moouinges towarde the East as the moouyng of the Moone is swifter then the moouing of the Sunne she leaueth hym behynde And when she had ended her moneth of peregrination she returneth to the poynt from whence she departed and not findyng the Sunne there because in the meane tyme the Sunne of hys proper motion hath gone almost 27. degreés the Moone passeth from this poynt and in the sayde 2. dayes 4. houres 44. minutes ouertaketh the Sunne and so commonly hath this moneth of consecution 26. dayes 12. houres and 44. minutes So that whatsoeuer is sayd of the Lunar moneth is to be vnderstood of this moneth of consecution whiche all they vse that accompt by Moones as doo the Hebrues Arabians and Persians The Mariners ought not to neclect this computation because it is conuenient for them to knowe the tydes and other effectes caused by the aspectes of the Sunne and the Moone for their aspectes do correspond to the partes of this
distaunt froÌ„ the Equinoctial the complement of the Meridian altitude toward the Pole where the shadowes are By these rules beside the vse whereof we haue spoken may be knowen how much is the greatest declination of the Sunne thâ— altitude of the Equinoctial the day houre and minute when the Equinox was the which is knowen as foloweth Hauing taken the greater Meridian altitude of the Sommet which is in the beginning of Cancer and the lesse of Winter which is in the beginning of Capricorne taking away the lesse from the more the â—est is that that is from Tropike to Tropike consequently parâ—ed by the middest is the greatest declination As for example I suppose that being in the Citie of Cadiâ— to finde the great Meridian altitude of the Sunne being in the beginning of Cancer to be 77. degrées and the lesser Meridian altitude which is when the Sunne is in the beginning of Capricorne to be 30. degreés then taking 30. from 77. remayne 28. degrées and so much is froÌ„ Tropike to Tropike And the halfe which is 23. and a halfe is the greatest declination Consequently the greatest declination added to the lesse Meridian altitude taking it away from the greater Meridian altitude that riseth thereof is the altitude of the Equinoctiall Example 23. and a half of the greatest declination ioined with 30. of the least Meridian altitude or taken away from the 77. of the greatest Meridian altitude remayne 53. degreés and a halfe which is the altitude of the Equinoctiall in the Citie of Cadiz Hereof it foloweth that wâ—eÌ„ we shal â—ake the meridian altitude in 53. degreés and a halfe that day is the true Equinoctial But if it had one day lesse and the other day folowing it had more we must take the lesse from the more fourme the rule of threé vppon the rest saying If 24. minutes which is that that the Sunne declineth in one day doth yeéld 24. houres how much shall those minutes that lacketh of 53. degreés and a halfe of the altitude of the Equinoctial yeéld me Multiplying deuiding according to the foresayd rule then that which commeth thereof shall be the houres after the midday when it is Equinox Example of the experience that I made in the Citie of Cadiz the tenth day of March at midday or high noone I toke the altitude of the Sunne in 53â— degreés and 26. minutes they lacke to be the Equinoctial 4. minutes An other day the xi of Marche at noone I tooke the Sunne in 53. degrées and fiftie minutes which are more then the Equinoctiall by twenty minutes Then to knowe at what houre the Sunne was in the 53. degreés and thirtie minutes of the Equinoctiall I tooke away the Meridian altitude that I tooke at the tenth of March from that that I tooke at the eleuenth which is the difference 24. minutes and I formed the rule saying if 24. minutes the Sunne did rise to me in 24. houres then in how much time shall ryse vnto me the four minutes that failed me at the tenth of March I multiplyed deuided found that in four houres and so shall you say that the Equinoctiall was in the citie of Cadiz the tenth day of March at foure of the clocke at after noone which is vnderstoode according to the Astronomers at foure houres run at the eleuenth day of March at this present yeére 1545. The ix Chapter of the making of the crosse staffe wherewith the Marinerâ— take the altitude of the North Starre MAke a square sâ—affe or yarde of the thicknesse of a â—â—nger more or lesse according to the goodnesse of the wood and of length sixe spannes or more For the longer that it is the more precise shall it be and the degreés shall be the greater whereby followeth the certainetie of the altitude Then take a very plaine table of the length of the staâ—â—e and two spannes of breadth or at the least a spanne and a halfe and in the myddest of this Table make a ryght lyne by longitude and in the one end of this lyne make another lyne that may cut it in right angles And vppon the cutting of these two lynes put the foote of the compasse and make halfe a circle which may remayne on the parte of the long lyne so that the halfe circle may haue so much Diameter as you desire the height of the hammer head or crossepéece of the staffe to be This halfe circle being made you shall drawe two lynes equidistaunt to the lyne which you haue made by the middest of the Table These lines must touch in the extremities or ends of the half circle Then deuide euery halfe of y e halfe circle or quarter of the circle into two equal parts the two halfes that shal end in the first line deuide eche of them into 90. equall parts Then take a ruler and put the edge thereof vpon the center of the half circle and vpon euery of the marks which deuide the 90. parts and so proceéde making punctes in the lynes which you haue made equidistant to the fyrst lyne Then drawe certayne ryght lynes from the punctes of the one lyne to the opposite punctes of the other and so shal the draught be ended Then take y e staffe or yard put the one end therof in the center of the halfe circle and apply the edge of the yarde to the lyne that goeth by the middest of the Table and marke in the yarde the markes that are in the said lyne by meanes of the trauersing lynes and seé also that the markes which you make in the yard be trauersing lynes and make them their numbers beginning at the end or poynt of the yarde that shal be to the contrary part from that whiche you did in the punct of the halfe circle And to knowe with what degreés you shall beginne the yarde or staffe and what number you shal marke in the fyrst lyne of the punct looke how many degreés are from the circle whiche you deuided betweéne the lyne that goeth to the last marke and with so many degreés enter and so consequently shall you place the numbers from fyue to fyue or from tenne to tenne When you haue thus numbred the yard then to make the crosse peéce thereof take a table or planke of good wood which shal be so muche in lengthâ— as shal be the Diameter of the halfe circle so much in breadth as thrée tymes the thycknesse of the yarde and of thicknesse two fyngers or litle lesse On the one syde also it must bée very playne and on the other side in the myddest it must haue a square or quadrature of al the thicknes of the plancke and from the square to the ends it must be made thinner and thinner so that it hath in maner the fourme of suche pickars wherewith milstones are pycked And in the myddest by longitude and latitude it must haue a square hole by the whiche the yarde may enter iust
of the second part THe course of the Sunne in the Zodiacke Fol. xxii The true place of the Sunne in the Zodiacke Fol. xxiii The declination of the Sunne Fol. xxv The entraunce of the Sunne in the xii signes and of the Equinoctials and Solstitials which deuide the foure times of the yeere Fol. xxvii Of the Moone and her motions and properties Fol. xxix The coniunctions and oppositions of the Sunne and the Moone Fol. xxx The declaration and vse of an instrument by the which is found the place and declination of the Sunne with the dayes and place of the Moone Fol. xxxi The Eclipses of the Moone and the Sunne Fol. xxxiii Of tyme and the definition thereof Fol. xxxv Of the yeere and the diuers beginnings and reckonings or computations had thereof in olde tyme. Fol. xxxvi Of the moneth and of his differences Fol. xxxvii Of the weeke Fol. xxxix Of the day and night Fol. eod Of houres Fol. xl The making vse of an vniuersall Dyal for the day Fol. xli Of certain perticuler Dials Mural Horizontal Fol. xliii The composition and vse of an instrument for the houres of the night Fol. xlv The time of the tides or rising falling of the sea Fol. xlviii Of certayne signes which prognosticate tempests or fayre weather Fol. l. Of the bright shining exhalations that appere in teÌ„pests which the Mariners call Santelmo or Corpus sancti Fol. li. The Contentes of the third part THe number order and names of the windes Fol. liiii The composition of Cardes for the Sea Fol. lvi The vertue and propertie of the Lodestone called in Latin Magnes and in Spanish Piedrayman Fol. lxii The making of the Mariners coÌ„passe for Nauiga Fol. lxiii The effect and propertie that the compasse hath to Northeasting or Northwesting whereby is knowen the variation of the compasse Fol. lxiiii The introductioÌ„ principles of the art of Nauiga Fol. lxvii The making and vse of the Astrolabie with the which the Maâ—iners take the altitudes of the Sunne Fol. lxviii The definition of the altitudes anâ— how the altitudes of the Pole may well be knowen by the Meridian altitude and deâ—lination of the Sunne Fol. lxxi The making of the crosse staffe wherwith the Mariners take the altitude of the North starre Fol. lxxii How the altitude of the Pole is knowen by the altitude of the North starre Fol. lxxiii The composition vse of an InstrumeÌ„t by the which without obseruing the South Sunne or midday is knowen the altitude of the Pole and the houre that is Fol. lxxv Of the leagues that are run for a degree according vnto diuers courses Fol. lxxviii Howe to set or make a pricke in the carde of Nauigation Fol. lxxx Of the making and vse of an Instrument generall to knowe the houres and quantities of the day and what wind the Sunne ryseth and falleth Fol. eod FINIS Imprinted at London by Abell Ieffes for Richard VVatkins and are to be sould at his shop Cum Priuilegio The fyrst inuentours of Artes. Isis. Ceres The Cicilians Saturne gaue Lawes to the Latines Tillage of the ground The gâ—lden worlâ—e and â—aigne of Saâ—urnâ— The woortâ—y factes of Charles the fyâ—th Sicilia Spaynâ— reformed The triumphs and victoâ—ies of Charles the fyâ—th Mules horses and horsemen Bellerophoâ— Wearing of weapons and armour Frauncis the French king taken prisoner The Christian faith â—nlarged The sumptuous buyldings and riches of Spayne The Indies nauies of gold and syluer New landes and Ilandes discouered Peâ—u The straights of Magaâ—â—anes Rio de la Plata The fortunate Ilande or Canaries Religion in the Indies The Spaniardes haue euer trauailed into fâ—r countries The antiquiâ—iâ— of Nauigation Argonanti Colchos The Arte of Nauigation Things parteyning to nauigation The lodâ—stone falsly called in English Adamant is in Latine called Magnes Charles the 5. greater then the hâ—roes of olde â—yme Vniuersall bâ—nefites Comparison with the antiques Plinie Nauigationâ— of oldâ— timâ— The perfections of artes at this day The rudenessâ— of the antiquieâ— Augâ—rium The North Starre The voyage of Solomon to Tharsis and Ophir The first inuentours of â—â—â—igation Commodities difficulties of nauigaâ—iâ—â— The ignoâ—â—nce of Pilotâ— The goueâ—â—â—â—â— Three differences of creatures Corporall â—â—â—â—tures Man is called all creaturesâ— and the lesse world Man compared to the woâ—ld All that mooâ—eth is mooued by an otâ—er immoâ—eable The intellectâ—â—e soule Man knoweth part of all things Two motions in man Primum mobile Rationall motion Irrationall motion What is the world Or Mundus a Munditiâ— That is clearnâ—sse or fairâ—â—nesse Eyes were geuen to men to behold the faâ—renesse and beautie of thâ— world The roundnâ—â— of the world Definition of the Sphere The center of â—â—e Sphere The axis and Poles of the world Quinta Essentia Aristotle calâ—eth it the fift â—lement The fift essence is incorruptible What is element The inferiour â—lements are not pure nor â—â—mple The elemenâ—â— are diuisible into partes The commiâ—â—tion of elemenâ—s Pure simplâ— elements caâ— not be seene The diuisioâ— of elements VVhat is â—lâ—â—mentate Diuision of the world into Celestiall and elemeâ—tall Quintae Essentia Thâ— orders of Elemeâ—ts Earth VVaâ—â—â— Ayre Fyre The fourâ—â— of the watâ—r Thâ— Ocean Sâ—â— Psal. 107. Iob. 38. The will of God is the cause of 〈◊〉 Nature abhorreth empâ—â—â—â—s The earth is not pâ—â—fecâ—ly rounde Diuision of the ayrâ— intâ— threâ— Regionâ— The hyghest ayre is incombusâ—iblâ— The order of the heaueâ—â— The Firmament The Plaâ—ets The Chriâ—â—aline heauen The heaueâ— of water Psal. 148. Daniel 3. The moouing of the first mooueable Thâ— coldâ—esse of the Christalinâ—â—â—aâ—â—n The heauâ—n of the fyrst moueable The heaâ—eâ— called Emperiuâ— is not mooued is the habitatioâ— of Angelles The â—â—â—aniâ—ie of Christ in â—he Emperiall heauen Three orders of angelles The â—â—periall â—eauen prâ—seruâ—th â—ll the 〈◊〉 heâ—ueâ—â— Opinion that the earth mooueth Molus in loco The â—arth is immoouâ—able All heauie things enclinâ— to the center of the earth The earth is founded vppon his owne center Psal. 130. The roundnes of the earth The rysing of the Sunne The Eclipse of â—he Moone how the earth is round The ayre is actiuâ— and passiue and not perfectly round The fyrâ— is â—ound how the fyrâ— is mooued how the ayre is mooued The Moone Venus Mercuri The Sunne Mars The Starrie heauen oâ— fyrmament The Christaline heauen First moueable how the fiâ—st moueablâ— draweth the other heaâ—â—â—s The right and crooked or obliquâ— Spherâ— The x. circles of the Sphâ—re The Equinoctiall The equalitie of the day and nyght The fyrst moueâ—ble The Pole Aâ—tyke The horâ—e North Starre Pole Antarâ—ike The crossâ—â—eerâ— vnto the Pole Antartike Zodiack Thâ— twelue signes of thâ— zodiacke how the Sun is cause of generation and corruption Deuision of the twelue Signes Deuision of the signes into degrees Deuision of the zodiacke by latitude The Eclipâ—ike lyne The moouing of the Sunne and the other Planets in the zodiacke The figures oâ— beasts and other things imagined in heauen besides
the xii â—ignes The Eâ—uinoctial Colure The Solstitiaâ—â— Colurâ— Thâ— greatesâ— declination of thâ— Zodiacke Definition of the Meridian Circlâ— The mydday or noone Diuers Meridians Definition of the horizon hemisphere or horizon Diuers horizonâ— The ryght and oblique horizon Distance of the zenith from the Equinoctiall how the horizon is deuided by thâ— Meridian The true and vntrue East and VVâ—st The lesse Circles Tropykes Paralelles The Polar Circles The Poles of the zodiacke and Poles of the world The greatâ—â—â— declination of the Sunne The Artykâ— and Antartike The Sphere diuided into fiue zones Zones habitablâ— and vnhabitable The diuision of the earth according to the fiue zones of heauen An errour of Ptolomie and the Astronomâ—â— The land of Brasile The straights of Magalianes The West Indies People of long life vnder the zone Cold Regions habitable Island Gothlandâ— Norway Russia The diuisioâ— of the Sphere by longitude and latitude The degreâ—â— of the Equinoctial circlâ— Myleâ— Furlongs Leagues Grayne Fynger Foote Pase The degreâ—â— of the sea Cardes The diameter of the earth and water Diuision of the earth and water by Climates Diuersities of thyngs in diuers Climates What is â— climate Differencâ— of dayes The space of sâ—â—â—n climates The quantitiâ—â—f the lâ—ssâ— circlâ—â— The Latitude of Climates Dia Mâ—râ—â— Dia Sienâ— Dia Alexandros Dia Rhodos knightes of the Rhodes The Rhodâ—â— taken by thâ— Turke Dia Romes Dia Boristhenes Dia Rifeos The riuer Tanais Stoflerine The Meridian or South Climate A right line An angle 〈◊〉 A circlâ— The circumference of a circle The center of a circle Diâ—meter Seâ—icircle Zenith Eccâ—ntricke Epicicle Auge Opposâ—â—â— of Auge The Sunâ—e is the guyde in Nauigation The moouing of the Sunnâ— vnder the zodiackâ— The Sommer Tropicke Declination of the Sunne The Winter Tropike The cause of increasing and decreasing of the day and nyghtes The moouing of the Sunne in the center of his Sphere To fynde the true place of the 〈◊〉 The equâ—â—ion of the yeâ—re VVhat is the declination of the Suâ—â—e The entrance of the Sunne into the fouâ—â— principall signes The Latinâ— yeere The Eâ—uinoctialles in the yâ—ere of Christâ—s byrth The Solstiâ—â—â—ls â—our notable thyngs To knowe more precisely the entraunce of the Sunne into the foure principall â—ignâ—â— To knowe when the Sunne entreth into euery of the xii Signâ—â— Leape yeâ—râ— Variation of houres by the rapte mouing of the Sunne from the East to the VVest The entrance of the Sunne into the iiii principall signes causeth the chaunge of tyme. The Sunne and Moone are the principal luminaries The Eclipse of the Moone The coniunction of the Moone with the Sunne The Moone receyueth her lyght of the Sunne The aspect of the Moone to thâ— Sunne The increasing and opposition of thâ— Moone The bignes of the Moone The Moone is â—earest vnto the eâ—â—th The motion of the moonâ— The coniunction Thâ— oppositâ— To know thâ— times of oppositions and coniunctioâ—s To know the golden number The rootes of the golden number The concurrent The Solar and Lunar yeeres To fynde the number of the concurrent Epact To know thâ— dayes oâ— agâ— of the Moonâ— To know tâ—â— day of the coniunction To know the place of the Moone in the Zodiacke and what aspectes she hath with the Sunne The description of the Instrument The vse of the Instrument to fynd the truâ— place of thâ— Sunne To fynde the place of the Moone Fiue aspecteâ— of the Planets Coniunction Opposition Trinall quadrine Sextiâ—e To know thâ— place of the Sunne by thâ— rule of memorie To knowe in what degree the Sunne is The Eclipse of â—hâ— Sunne The Eclipse of the Sunne is not vniuersall â—ow â—hâ— Sunne is eclipsed in the whole or iâ— parâ— why the Moone seemeth somtime bigger and sometime lesse then the Sunne The Sunne is Eclipsed in coniunction the Moone in opposition The reuoâ—ution on oâ— the â—ight Sphere The Solâ—r yeere how the Egyptians painted the yeere The quantitie of the yeere The yeere of the hebrues The Greekes Iulius Caesar. Lâ—â—pe yeere Dayes of the yeâ—râ— Beginning of the yeere Ouid. bruma is the stay of the sunne in winter the winter solstitiall and shortest day of the yeere The Creation of the world Exod. xii VVhere the Christians begin the yeere Diuersitie in the number of the yeeres or the date Machomet The date of the Christians The Lunar yeere or moâ—eth Reuolution of the moone The deuisioâ— of the yeerâ— into twelue monethes The Lunaâ— moneth The moneâ—â— of peragratioâ— The moneth of consecutioâ— The mouing of the Suâ—ne and moone in coniunction To know the tydes by the aspectes of the Moone The illumination or change of the Moone Interlunium is the space of tyme in the which neither the olde Moone doth appeare nor the newe Moone is seene The weeke of the Iewâ—s The Romanâ—â— The Christians Ferine signifieth vacant daies or somâ—time holy or fâ—stiuall 〈◊〉 The naâ—â—â—all day The beginning of the naturall day The ende of the naâ—uâ—all day The artificiall day The nyghâ— houres natural and artificiall The hour natural or equal The houre artificial or temperal The day and nyght diuided into foure partes Interpretation of certayne places of the Gospell The night diuided into iiâ—â— quarters Four watches of the nyght how Mariners ought to watch To know the houres of the day by the Sunne The placing of the instrument The fynding of the Meridian lyne The eleuation of the Pole Dyals horizontall and verticall East â—est The Triangle The making of the Dyall houres of the horizontall Dyall Placing of tâ—â— Dyall The Meridian line of thâ— Dyall The making of the vertical Dyall The Guardâ— starres what is mydnyght Noone or mydday An errour The making of the â—nstrument The horne of the seuen starres whiche make the lesse beare To fynde the hour with the instrument The Mariners opinion of â—bbyng and flowing of the sea or tydâ—s Obseruation of the Moonâ— to know the tydes Eyght principall wyndes The Moone causeth the ebbing and flowing of the Ocean Sea The moouing of the Moone The shortning of the tydes An errour The variation of the tydes A Table to knowe thâ— variation of the tydes Signes of faâ—â—â— and sowle weather Some cal these the fiers of S. Elin and S. Nicolas wandring fyers engendred of exhalations and vapours Castor and Pollux what is smoke and flame Exhalations of the land and water Exhalations and vapours engendred in Shyps A shining flye A superstitious opinion of the Mariners A lye of the fryer preachers Psalm 67. Testimonie of auncient aucthours The buildyng of Rome The Romanâ— kyngs One lyght or fyre is an euill signe Two lyghtes Castor and Pollux an errour of the Mariners Psalm 68. why Eolus was fayned god of winds what is winde The foure principall or Cardinall wyndâ—s Luke xvii East Souâ—h west North. Collaâ—erall wyndes Twelue wyâ—des Eyght whole wyndes Diuision of the horizon by the foure principall wyndes Eyght halfe wyndes quarter windes The deuisioâ— of the windâ— xxxii windeâ— in alâ—â— The names of
maketh Solstice and toucheth the Sommer or Estiuall Tropike and then are the dayes longest with vs and the nightes shortest Then declyneth he no farther from the Equinoctiall but returning towarde it passeth by this signe shortening the dayes to vs and lengthening the nightes From thys signe of Cancer it entreth into Leo and passeth by it into Uirgo and by it entreth into the first degree of Libra where he is in the Equinoctiall and then he maketh the other Equinox so that the nyght is then equall vnto the day ouer all the worlde And passyng by this signe goeth declyning from the Equinoctiall towarde the pole Antartike increasyng the nyghtes to vs and shortening the dayes and so entreth into Scorpio and from thence into Sagittarius And passyng by it entreth into the fyrst degree of Capricorne to the Hyemall or Winter Tropike and then are the longest nyghtes vnto vs and the shortest dayes From hence he returneth towarde the Equinoctiall shortening vnto vs the nyghtes and lengthening the dayes He passeth by thys signe of Capricorne and entreth into Aquarius and passyng by it entreth into Pisces and passyng from thence returneth to hys fyrst poynt of the Equinoctiall of Aries whâ—â—e he begâ—n Heereby it followeth that as the Sunne goeth the halfe of the Zodiacke on thys part of the Equinoctiall and the other halfe on the other part of it and in these halfes hath diuers declinations is caused the increasing or decreasing of the dayes and nyghtes to one more and to another lesse accordyng as euery one with his Horizon discouereth of the course of the Sunne by the lytle or muche that he is departed or distant from the Equinoctiall or as the pole is raysed aboue his Horizon So that when as to them that are on this part of the Equinoctiall is the longest day and the shortest nyght euen so to them on the other part is the longest nyght and shortest day And contrarywise when vnto vs is the shortest day vnto them is the longest which shall further appeare by euident demonstration in the last Chapter of the thyrd part The discreete Reader shall heere note that the Sunne is not mooued regularly in the Zodiacke making so much by his proper motion in one day as in the other because his reguler motion is in respect of the center of his owne proper sphere or orbe wherein he is mooued whose center is distaunt without the center of the world toward that part of Cancer so that the greater part of his orbe eccentricke is toward the septentrionall part where the Sunne passyng by the septentrionall signes is more distaunt from the earth and hath more to goe of his orbe eccentricke then being in the South signes for passyng by the North signes he â—aryeth nyne dayes more to describe that halfe of the Zodiacke then the other halfe toward the South part and for that cause the Sunne is more swifter in his motion in the Zodiacke one time then another for his motion in one day in the South signes shall be greater then it is in one day in the North signes as shall appeare in the table that foloweth whose vse is for the fynding of the motion and true place of the Sunne in the Zodiacke for euery day of the yeere And hereby it foloweth of the sayd vnequall moouing of the Sunne and by the obliquite of the Zodiacke certayne dayes of Wiâ—ter with their â—yghtes are longer then certayne other of Sommer with their nyghtes that is to say that the day naturall in the Winter doth surmount that in the Sommer because the ryght assension which answeareth to one dayes motion of the Sunne being in the South signes is greater then the assension for one dayes moouing being in the North signes The ij Chapter of the true place of the Sunne in the Zodiacke THE true place of the Sunne is a poynt or prick in the Zodiacke which is thus found that drawyng a ryght lyne from the center of the world to the center of the sunne and carying the same continually right foorth vnto the Zodiack where this lyne sheweth or toucheth that is the true place of the Sunne This place is found in three maners One way by a table anâ—ther way by an instrument and the thyrde way by a certayne rule to be borne in memorie To fynde the true place of the Sunne by a table seeke in the table folowing the moneth that you are in in the front or head of the table and the dayes of the moneth on the left syde of the table Then directly against the dayes vnder the litle of the monethes you shall fynde two numbers which are the degrees and minutes of the signe which you shall fyrst fynde named ouer the head or aboue the sayde numbers Tâ—en to the degrees and minutes whiche you shall fynde you shal adde the equation that is directly of the yeere in the which you are or seeke to knowe And this shall you seeke in the table of equations which is after this and that which doth amount or rise thereof shall be the true place of the Sunne And heere is to be noted that in the comâ—on yeeres which are they that haue not the bisextile or leape yeeres from the ende of Februarie vntyll the ende of the yeere I say of December shal euer one degree be diminished or taken away and the degrees and minutes that shall remayne is the true place of the Sun How to knowe this by an instrument and by memorie shall be said in the seuenth Chapter The Table of the true place of the Sunne Months Ianuary February March Apryll May. Iune Signes Caprico Aquarius Pisces Aries Taurus Gemini Dayes G M G M G M G M G M G M 1 20 22 21 53 20 55 21 24 20 21 19 55 2 21 24 22 54 21 55 22 22 21 18 20 52 3 22 25 23 54 22 54 23 21 22 16 21 49 4 23 26 24 55 23 54 24 19 23 11 22 46 5 24 27 25 55 24 53 25 17 24 13 23 43 6 25 28 26 56 25 53 26 16 25 8 24 40 7 26 30 27 56 26 52 27 14 26 6 25 37 8 27 31 28 56 27 52 28 12 27 3 26 34 9 28 32 29 57 28 51 29 10 28 0 27 31 10 29 33 ☉ ♓ 57 29 50 ☉ ♉ 8 28 58 28 28 11 ☉ â™’ 35 1 57 ☉ ♈ 49 1 6 29 55 29 25 12 1 36 2 58 1 48 2 4 ☉ ♊ 52 ☉ ♋ 22 13 2 37 3 58 2 47 3 2 1 50 1 19 14 3 38 4 58 3 46 4 0 2 47 2 16 15 4 39 5 58 4 45 4 58 3 44 3 13 16 5 40 6 58 5 44 5 56 4 41 4 10 17 6 41 7 58 6 43 6 54 5 38 5 7 18 7 42 8 58 7 42 7 52 6 36 6 4 19 8 43 9 58 8 41 8 49 7 33 7 1 20 9 44 10 58 9 39 9 47 8 30 7 58 21 10
moneth as the coniunction to the beginning the opposition to the middest and the quartile aspect to the quarter and so of the other Lykewise in this moneth is considered the illumination of the Moone and the dayes that the lyght fayleth her so that neyther by day nor by nyght weé may sée her for beéyng burnt vnder the beames of the Sunne The tyme that sheé is so is called Interlunium that is the chaunge or hydyng whyche is sometyme more and sometyme lesse When the coniunction shal be from the beginning of Capricorne vntyll the ende of Gemini and the Moone hath North latitude and her moouing swyfte then shall the newe Moone soone be seéne and so â—hall the Interlunium be but lytle And when the coniunction shal be from the beginning of Cancer vntyll the ende of Sagittarius and the Moone hath South latitude and her moouing slowe the longer will it be or the new Moone shew her selfe to vs and certaine of the causes concurring and not all so shall the Interlunium be in a meane betweéne both The xii Chapter Of the weeke THe weéke is a tyme of seuen dayes the beginning whereof is Sunday and so did the Iewes count their first day saying Prima Sabati secunda Sabati that is the first of the Sabboth the seconde of the Sabboth c. to the sixth of the Sabboth and then the Sabboth The Romanes that called the Planets Gods forasmuch as the sunne was principall among them called theyr fyrst day the day of the sunne the seconde of the Moone the thyrde of Mars the fourâ—h of Mercury the fyfth of Iupiter the syxth of Uenus the seuenth of Saturne The Christians solemnising the sunday began their accompt from it as on such a day our Lorde was borne on such a day he rose and on such a day he sent the holy Ghost vpon hys Apostles c. They also accompt the dayes of the weéke for Ferias The xiii Chapter of the day and of the nyght THE daye is of two sortes as the naturall day and the artificiall day The naturall day is the space of tyme wherein the sunne is caryed by the fyrst moueable about the earth from the Meridian to the Weast and from the Weast vnder the earth comming to the East and from thence returning agayne to the sayde Meridian and this time hath the Equinoctiall geuen one whole turne and more suche parte of it as correspondeth to the proper mouing of the sunne or otherwise the naturall day is a circle described with the center of the sunne at the mouing of the first mouable The Romanes began this naturall day from midnight and ended it in the mydnight folowing and so do we accompt it for fasting dayes and from euening to euening in celebrating of festiuall dayes The Athenienses began it at the Sunne set or going downe of the Sunne The Babylonians at the risyng of the Sunne The Umbriaâ—s and Ethuscos from the mydday or noone and ended it the noone day folowing In â—his manner do the Astronomers begyn it and fynde that the day shâ—ll euer begyn at one selfe same houre for the qualitie of the Meridians And yf they had begun it from the rising or fall of the Sunne it should not be euer at one selfe same houre because the Sunne riseth and falleth at sometymes sooner and at other times later and so should the beginning of the day beé variable And it is to vnderstand that when we commonly sayâ— at the tenth day of such a moneth the same â—enth day doth ende the same day at noone and the houres that runne from that noonetyde forward are of the eleuenth day and so do the Astronomâ—rs accompt them The day artificiall is part of the day natural and is the tyme that the Sunne tarieth from that it riseth in the East vntyll it fall in the Weast And the nyght is that part that lacketh or fayleth for the naturall day which is the time that the Sunne taryeth from that he hydeth hym selfe in the Weast vntyl he returne to appeare in the East and so the day artificiall and the nyght make one naturall day And accordyng heéreunto it is written in Genesis that of euening and morning was made one day Isodorus defining this artificiall day sayth that the day is the presence of the Sunne or the beyng of the Sunne aboue the earth as it is nyght vnto vs when he is vnder it Or otherwise the night is the shadowe of the earth extended diametrally opposite to the Sunne The quantitie and differences of these dayes artificiall and theyr nyghtes and how they increase and diminishe we haue largely declared in the fyrst Chapter The xiiii Chapter of houres AS there is two differences of the day as the naturall day and artificiall so is there two differences of houres as houres naturall which correspond to the naturall day and houres artificiall which correspond to the artificiall day Hora or Ora is a Greéke name and signifieth ende And so say we Ora maris for the ende or brymme of the sea or the list or edge of apparâ—ll as sayth Isodore in his Etimolagies The houre natural or equall is a 24. part of the day natural aâ—d is the time of passâ—ng fyfteéne degreés of the Equinoctial These 24. houres that make one naturall day the Astronomers doth begin the day at the Meridian compting the houres after the order of the fyrst mooueable which is from the sayde Meridian in the angle of mydnyght where they accompt twelue houres and from thence toward the East and come to ende the 24. houres in the same Meridian where they began and this they vse for the computation of the tables of the mouings of the heauens The Astronomers vse the same in theyr instruments as in the Astrolabie and Dials Horizontall and verticall and in all other instruments for houres In Spayne also we vse to accompt these 24. in two tymes twelue begynning at noone and ending twelue at mydnight and agayne beginning at mydnight and ending other twelue at noone And to distinct the one from the other they call the one afternoone houres and the other forenoone houres and commonly we say syxe houres of the morning and syxe of the euening In Italie they accompt them from the falling of the Sunne vntyll the next fall the day folowing The artificial or temperal houre is a twelfe part of the day arcke or the nyght arcke They are called temperall houres because they â—aâ—â—e in the tymes that the day varieth For in the time that the dayes shall be great so shal be the houres and when the dayes shal be short so lykewise shall the houres be and in lyke maner of the nights So that as the artificiall day great or lytle is deuided into twelue houres euen so the nyght great or litle is deuided into other twelue The auncients deuide the day into foure partes and the nyght into other
foure geuing vnto euery quarter part threé houres At the rysyng of the Sunne which was the fyrst houre of the fyrst quarter they called the fyrst houre and thrée houres passed they called the thyrd houre and syxe houres passed of the day they called the syxth houre which was the midday or noone tyde Also the nienth houre they named at niene houres past of the day And the Sunne set or goyng downe of the Sunne they called the Euening as sayth the Poet Uirgil in this verse Ante diem clausam componet vesper olimpo And according to this computation is to be vnderstoode that wryteth Saint Matthewe That the labourers came to the Uineyarde at the eleuenth houre whereby is meant the fyfth houre one houre before the Sunne was set And when we reade in S. Iohn The ague left hym the seuenth houre c. By this accompt it was one houre after noone when Christ healed the sonne of the Ruler that was diseased in Capernaum In lyke maner by these houres the auncients deuided the nyght into foure quarters geuing threé houres to euery quarter And in these foure partes of the nyght were Souldiers appointed to watche In the fyrst quarter whiche they call Canticinium and we the fyrst sleépe they watched all In the second which they called Intempestiuum being the turne of midnyght the young men watched In the thyrd which they called Gallicinium of the crowing of Cockes watched the Souldiers of middle age In the fourth and last quarter called Matutinum or Antilucanum that is the spring of the day the old Souldiers watched And thus is vnderstood the fyrst the seconde and thyrde watch of the nyght in lyke maner ought the Mariners to keépe watch and warde to auoyde aswell the peryll of the sea as also the daungers of Rouers and to deuide the nyght by quarters after the maner of Souldiers as dyd also the Mariners in olde tyme. The xv Chapter of the making and vse of an vniuersall Dyal for the day WHereas in the Chapter before we haue intreated of houres and theyr differences we entend héere to describe the making of an Instrument general to know the houres of the day by the beames of the Sunne which is done in this maner Take a round plate of Laton and let it be called the Equinoctiall circle the circumference whereof you shall deuide into 24. equall partes by both the sydes and from the center to euery of these partes you shall drawe a right lyne one of the which shal be a Meridian And in the one part of that write twelue whiche shall be the houre of the mydday or Noone And in the other part write other twelue which shall be for Mydnyght In the highest part turnyng vpon the center towarde the ryght hande write one two three foureâ— c. In the lower or neather part you shall count towarde the left hande turnyng it vppon the center so that the one houre of the one parte come vppon the lyne of the one houre of the other parte in lyke maner two vppon two threé vppon threé and so foorth of the other And note that in the lyne of syxe at after Noone and at the lyne of syxe in the Morning there remayne certayne rounde péeces corners or endes after the maner of Axis of the thicknesse of the selfe same plate Then make a halfe circle of the same mettall as bygge as the halfe circumference of the plate and of the thicknesse of a peéce of foure ryalles of Plate or somewhat more euen as the plate it selfe and of the breadth of halfe a fynger if the instrument shal be great or lesse if the instrument shal be lesse This halfe circle shall you graduate or diuide into 180. degrées beginning at the one ende one two threé and so foorth vnto 90. in the myddest and the lyke shall you doo from the other ende vnto the same 90. Also you must number them in the breadth of the same halfe circle and this halfe circle shall you make fast on the neather part of the instrument so that the endes thereof may be fixed in the endes of the Meridian line Then through the center of the plate or Equinoctiall circle shal passe a rounde steéle or wyre of the same mettall made fast or sodered in it so that it rise and come foorth equally from euery side of the plaâ—e the fourth part of the Diameter of the same and this shal be called the Axis or exiltrée of the world The instrument being thus made you shall place it or set it in a frame hauing two armes standards or arches so that it change betweéne the sayd arches borne vp by the ronnde peéces or endes of the plate left therof at the endes of the line of the syxe houres aforesayd in such sort that being thus stayed it may be directly turned And in the middest betweéne these two armes beneath in the foote of them or where they are placed you shal rayse a prick or poynt so that the plate which signifieth the Equinoctial being perpendiculer the brimme or edge thereof may fall vpon the poynt or pricke and consequently the plate standing playne or flatte the nientie degreés of the halfe circle must shew or touche the sayde prick as shal also the end or extremitie of the Axis of the world and the other ende shall shewe the Zenith or vertical poynt This instrument must be so placed that the Meridian line be North and South which you shall finde in this maner In an open and playne place where the Sunne shyneth for the most part of the day you shall make a circle with a payre of compasses in the middes whereof you shall set a steéle or wyre so vpright that it declyne not or bend not eyther one way or other and the same no longer then the fourth part of the Diameter of the circle Then in the morning when the Sunne ryseth the shadowe shall be very long and as it ryseth hygher and hygher so the shadowe waxeth shorter and shorter Then must you obserue the tyme when the extremitie or ende of the shadowe toucheth in the circumference of the Circle and where it toucheth you shall make a pricke Then goeth the shadowe shortnyng vnto the mydday or noone tyde and as from thence the Sunne declineth so doeth the shadowe encrease and wheÌ„ it shall come aâ—aine to the circumference of the Circle you shal make another prycke Then shall you part in the myddest the arke that is betweéne the one pricke and the other and from the middle prickeâ— draw a ryght lyne to the center of the Circle And that shall be the Meridian line whereupon you shal set the instrument Furthermore in the foote of the frame of the instrument you shall set a compasse or Dyal which shall shewe the Meridian lyne This done vpon the arches of the frame and corners of the sixe houres you shall turne the Equinoctiall so far that it passe so much of
according to the forme or paterne thereof make the wyre of Iron and cause the same to be set in all sortes of Dials as is before The xvii Chapter of the composition and vse of an instrument generall for the houres of the nyght WHere as in the Chapters past I haue described the manner and forme to make two Dials for the houres of the day me séemeth that for the more perfection of this worke it would be conuenient héere to teach the making of a Dyal to knowe the houres of the nyght by the Circle which the two Starres called the Guardians or the mouth of the horne doo describe by the moouing of the fyrste mooueable But for as much as it is a common opinion that in the myddest of Apryll it is mydnyght when the Guardes be in the head whereof they take the begynnyng of the yeare I wyll declare how it ought to beé vnderstoode Certayne it is that to be mydnyght is none other thyng but the Sunne to beé by the moouing of the fyrst moueable to euery one in that part of his Meridyan that is to hym vnder the earth euen as is to hym mydday or noone when to hym it is in that parte of the Meridyan that is aboue the earth And in this present yeére of 1545. to be out of doubt heéreof I made experience with a precise Astrolabie so that the fyrst or foremost Guard Starre beyng perpendiculerly ouer or aboue the North Starre I found in the Meridyan where the Sunne maketh mydnyght the ix degreé of Taurus whereby it foloweth that the Sunne being in thys degreé which is at the xix of Apryl the same Guard Starre shall be perpendiculerly ouer the North starre which is the lyne of the head and consequently the Sunne beéing in the nienth degreé of Scorpio which is at the xxii of October the guard starre shal be in the lyne of the féete and by thys calculation may be knowen when it shal be in the ryght or in the leaâ—t and in all the other lynes so that they manyfestly erre that accompt the mydnyght at the xv of Apryll when the fyrst guard starre is in the lyne of the head accompting a terce or thyrde parte of an houre sooner and more then they should doo Hâ—uing thus geuen principles for the instrument you shall procâ—éde in the making thereof as foloweth In paste or on a plate of â—aton make a circle of the quantitie of a spanne or of the bignesse that you desyre the instrument or Dyal to be then make an other circle somewhat lesse so farre distaunt from the greater that betweéne the one and the other may be a space in the which may be signed or marked the dayes and monethes Likewyse shall you make another lesse circle leauing space to set the numbers of the dayes of euery moneth And vnder this circle shal you make an other leauing space to write the names of the moneths then shall you deuide the first and greatest circle into eyght equal partes so that the xix of Apryl may be in the highest or vppermost part of the instrument which is where they say the lyne of the head to be and the xxii of October must be in the neather part Also the xiii of Ianuarie in the ryght arme and in the leaft arme the xvii of Iuly and so the other dayes that doo fall to the other lynes accordyng as they answeare to the ryght assension of the Sunne as you may sée in this figure This being done vpon the outward part of the great circle you shal cut downe the paper paste or plate of laton leauing of the same for a signe or marke a floure Deluce vpon the 19. of Apryl for that it must be the head and lykewyse at the 22. of October may be left a handel to holde it by Then must you make a rundel to the same paste or laton of the bignesse of the lesse circle without the circumference whereof shal be left a tooth or index in the which you shall wryte Tyme And from the one syde of this index towards the left hand you shal draw a ryght lyne that may passe through the center to the circumference and this shal be the Meridian lyne Also to this rundel you shal geue a circle so muche lower from the circumference that there may be left a space where the number of the dayes may be written And this rundel you shall deuide into 24. equall partes begynnyng at the Meridian lyne of the index at the twelfth houre of the nyght Then in the next space towarde the left hand you shal make the number of one Likewise in the second space the number of two in the thyrde the number of threé and so foorth of the residue vnto the other twelue of the day in the opposite or contrary part of the index So consequently proceeding i. ii iii. c. vnto the twelue of the index which shall be the xxiiii houres of the naturall day Furthermore also you must make another peéce of the same substaunce of past or metal in maner of a horne in forme and order as are in heauen the seuen starres whiche make the lesse beare And this of such quantitie that the first or formost guarde starre may reach without the great rundell close to the circumference thereof hauyng the North starre his center with the center of the instrument And from this starre or center vnto the fyrst and formost guard starre must be a right lyne by the whiche the horne must be cut néere from the center vnto the discouering or shewing of the houres Also from the fyrst guarde to the seconde must be two partes of niene of that that is from the Starre whiche signifieth the North to the fyrst guarde Agayne the second last guarde must be toward the left hand ouer or aboue the fyrst threé quarter partes of one halfe Circle which hath for the Semidiameter the two partes of niene whereof we haue spoken before geuen vpon the right line that goeth from the North to the fyrst guard These two guarde Starres must be boared through with holes of the bygnesse of an Aglet of a poynt and lykewyse the North Starre with also the two rundelles through the center and by that al threé peéces annexed so that there remayne a hole in the myddest lyke the holes of the guardesâ— so that by it and by the other of the guardes may be seéne the Starres in heauen in suche sorte that the lesse rundell and the horne may be turned round about the Axis as doth appeare in the demonstration folowing The instrument thus ended and brought to perfection when you desire to know the houre you shal turne the index of the lesse rundell in the which is written Time to that part of the great rundell where is marked the day in the whiche you desyre to knowe the houre and directing your face towarde the North you shal make the head
toward the height of heauen at the 19. of Aprill And seéyng in heauen by the hole in the myddest the starre of the North holdyng the instrument in suche compasse of the face that by the circumference of the greater rundell may be seéne the guarde starre in heauen you shall turne the horne rounde about vntyll in fall vppon the Guardes so that by the two holes of the mouth of the horne the two Guard starres may be seéne and by the hole in the myddest the North starre and all threé with one eye then the right lyâ—e that goeth from the North to the fyrst Guarde shall shewe in the lesse rundell the houre that shal be The xviii Chapter of the tyme of Tydes or rysyng and fallyng of the Sea GReat accompt ought Pilottes and Mariâ—â—rs to haue of the Tydes to take Port enter vppon Barres passe by Flattes and finally for al maner of Nauigations For beyng ignoraunt heéreof great hurt and inconuenience myght chaunce vnto them as did of late to the valiant Captayne Don Iohn Gusman the Earle of Niebla in the yeére of 1436. who was drowned before the Citie of Gibraltar for that the Mariners kept noâ—e accompt neyther had consyderation of the Tydes By reason whereof not onely he was drowned but also with hym dyed many woorthâ—e Gentlemen and valiaunt Captaynes of Spayne The Mariners hold for a certaine rule that the Moone being in the Northeast or in the Southwest is ful Sea and being in the Southwest or Northwest to be lowe Water They affirme also that at the fyrst day of the newe Moone the Sunne beyng at Northeast and a quarter to the East that is Northeast and by East the Moone shall be Northeast and then shall be full Sea and thrée houres and threé quarters And at the seconde daye of the Moone when the Sunne shal be at East Northeast the Moone shal be at Northeast and then shall be full sea and foure houres and two quarters c. Theyr accompt is that the Sunne beéyng in the North is mydnyght and béeyng in the Northeast they accompte thrée and in the East syxe So that they accompte threé houres from wynde to wynde by the eyght pryncipall wyndes or lynes whyche the Spanyardes call Rumbos These wyndes must beé imagined vppon the North placed in the Angle vnder or beneath the Earth and the Sunne and the Moone at the moouing of the fyrst mooueable and they ought not to be imagined in the Horizon as the compasse sheweth For speaking by the tearmes of Astronomie you must vnderstande that the Moone touchyng in the circle of houres at the number of threé is euer full Sea and touchyng in the same circle at the number of niene is euer lowe water No lesse ought they to obserue iuste accompt of the houres by quarters of houres For to geue 30. dayes to the Moone it shal be necessarie to accompt by the fyftes of houres as shal be sayd heéreafter Heére is to be noted that the Spanyardes thynke be lyke that a Northeast and Southwest Moone maketh a full Sea in all other places as it dooth in Spayne But in that they be greatly deceyued and therefore the rule that they haue set foorth for the Tydes serueth onely for suche places where it floweth Northeast and Southwest Moone a full Sea And the better to vnderstand the increasyng and decreasyng of the Ocean Sea it shall be conuenient to knowe the cause thereof wherâ—vnto we say that the Moone is the cause of ebbyng and flowyng or rysing and falling increase or decrease of the Sea not onely by her lyght but also by her secrete or hyd propertie The Moone compasseth about the earth from the East into the West vntyll she returne to the place or poynt from whence she departed and in this course wasteth or spendeth so muche more then one naturall day in howe muche her proper moouing is more then the Sunne against the fyrst mooueable so that she maketh her turne or course about the four quarters of heauen in xxiiii houres and foure fyfthes of one houre whiche are the twelue degreés that she goeth more then the Sunne And in this tyme the Ocean increaseth and decreaseth twyse so that this increasing and decreasing answereth directly to the course of the Moone whereby it foloweth that the sea increaseth syxe houres and one fyfth part and decreaseth other syxe houres and one fyfth And yf this day at the twelfth houre was full sea the lowe water shal be at the syxth houre and one fyfth part and at the twelfth houre and two fyfth partes it shall returne to be full sea and at the syxth houre and thrée fyfthes shal be lowe water agayne and at the twelfth and foure fyfthes of the other day shal be ful sea So that from one day to another the tide doth shorten foure fyfthes of an houre which is the time that the Moone slacketh or carieth more then one natural day to returne to the poynt from whence she departed by the twelue degreés whereof we haue spoken Whereby it manifestly appeareth how they beguyle them selues that say that the sea increaseth syxe houres and decreaseth other syxe For yf it were so the tydes should euer be at one selfe same tyme and houre But for as muche as there is more then xxiiii houres by the saide foure fyfth partes thereby is caused the variation of the tydes so that if this day the tyde be at one of the clocke to morow it shal be at one and foure fyfth partes and the day folowing at two of the clocke and thrée fyftes c. For this accompt I wyl describe a Table in circular figure although not precise for the causes which we haue touched before in the fyfth Chapter speaking of the Moone who sometymes in her mouing is swyft and sometyme sâ—acketh as much because the coniunction is not euer in one selfe same poynt of the Zodiacke as y e Mariners presuppose for their rule This figure shall haue two circles in the lesse whiche shal be the fyrst and next vnto the center shal be the dayes of the Moone from one to thirtie which we count the coniunction And in the seconde and greatest circle shal be founde the houres of the tydes So that who so desyreth to knowe when the tyde shal be where it floweth Southwest and Northeast let hym at that houre take héede to the dayes of the Moone how many they are as if â—heé beé in the coniunction or if it beé the fyrst or seconde of the Moone c. And the day beyng knowen then in the second circle which answeareth directly to the day shall heé fynde when shal be hygh water or full sea and consequently the ebbe or low water which shal be syxe houres and one fyfth after the full sea and so lykewyse may he iudge when shal be the halfe tyde anâ— this aswell at the time when it encreaseth which shal be threé houres and halfe a
the other foure degrees and nine minutes vnder it And they are deuided by certaine lynes equidistant to the East and West In y e center of this circle is annexed a horne with his seuen stars moueable round about by all the windes And seeing them in heauen how in what wind they are euen so in this figure shal we seé the North starre in what part it is of the degrees high or lowe from the pole that the Pilot or Mariners shall not erre I say that he ought not to put the foreguard in the windes that passe through the center of the figure for it shal be North and South with the pole and not with the starre of the North as it ought to be and so of the other windes And in this maner the starre of the North shall shew in the lynes equidistant from the lesse circle the degreés partes of degreés that it is higher or lower then the pole of the world for the same course differences and variations it maketh in heauen ¶ This figure is after the Astronomers Which affirme that thâ— North starre is four degrees and nine minutes from the Pâ—lâ— Thus being knowen how muche the North starre is vnder or aâ—oue the pole let vs take the altitude thereof and that of if that is vnder the Pole let vs ioyne to his height and as muche of it as is aboue let vs take away and that shall rise thereof shall be the altitude of the Pole aboue our Horizon The xi Chapter of the composition and vse of an instrument by the which without obseruing the South Sunne or mid-day is knowen the altitude of the Pole and the houre that is WE haue geuen rules whereby the Pilotte may knowe in what paralel he findeth himselfe with his Shippe But hee may not knowe this at all houres for as muche as for the altitudes of the Sunne it is necessary to obserue the mid-day iustly and for the altitudes of the North it is necessâ—ry to obserue that the foremost guarde be placed iustly with the North in some of the foure lynes of the eight wyndes And ouer and besyde the rules aforesaide I haue thought good to describe an instrument by the which may be knowen the paralel where the Shippe is and what the houre is at any time of the day by the beames of the sunne Make a rounde plaâ—e of Laâ—on or other conuenient mettall of the Diameter of a spâ—â—ne or more For the greater that it is the more precisâ— shall it beé and make in it two Diameters that may cut themselues in ryght angles vpon the center In the foure extreames or endes of these Diameters leaue foure rounde puncâ—es or poyntes that may serue for axis The one of these Diameters shal be called the axis of the world and the other the lyne of East and West This doone make of the same laâ—on a semicircular peéce of the thicknes of the plate or litle lesse and of the breadth of halfe a â—inger this must stand vpon an edge so that the coâ—â—ex part may come iustly with the halfe of the circumference of the plate to the whiche it must be nayled or sothered in the neather part of the plate the semicircle being raysed that the endes thereof may come with the endes of the axis of the world And this semicircle shal you deuide into â—wo equal partes and euery halfe into 90. degreés beginning from the halfe poynt toward the ende of the Axis of the world which are the Poles In lyke maner shall you makeâ— two circuler peeces of the bignesse of a peâ—ce of foure ryals of plate which thâ—y call rundels for the houres these must be made fast in the plate by the Poles of the worlde whiche may hold or beare them by their cenâ—ers And euery of these rundelles must be deuided into 24. equall parts and although not all yet the vppermost part of the plate And aboue in y e highest point of these diuisions you must write 12. because that there it shall shew the midday or noone And froÌ„ thence the afternoone houres must begin their numbers toward the West part and shall ende 6. houres in the halfe or middest of the ioynt of the circle with the plate In the other ioynt of the other part shall begin 6. of the houres before noone shal ende 12. in the â—ighest poynt You must also make another Semicircular peece of the breadth of a finger this must be playne or flat the concauitie or holownesse thereof equall to the Semicircle of the edge or syde of the plate and in the endes muste haue two holes wherein may iustly enter the poynts that come foorth of the circle for the houres which are the Poles of the world Also this Semicircle must haue two lynes one on the vppermost part and the other on the neathermost whiche may deuide the breadth into two equall parts This halfe circle likewise must be deuided into two equal parts by longitude with a â—â—auersed line which shal be called the Equinoctiall from this lyne to the inwarde part thereof must be counted 13. degreés and a halfe towarde the one part and as muche towarde the other parte of the 90. that euery halfe of the circle conteyneth And at euery part where ende the 13. degreés a halfe make a trauersed line so that from the one to the other may be 47. degreés And in this space shall you drawe certayne lynes equidistaunte with them of the middest that they and the middle lyne may deuide into 4. equall partes the breadth of the halfe circle Then looke in the table of the declinations of the sunne what declination haue the 5. degreés of Aries and that shall you accompt from the Equinoctiall towarde the one part and as much more toward the other making a lyne that may trauerse that of the myddest where that declination doth end and touch in the other two lynes And the same shall you doo at 10.15.20.25 and 30. wâ—ich is the end of Aries and beginning of Taurus and then the lyne shal trauerse al the breadth The like also shall yoâ— doo to Taurus and Gemini then in the spaces write the caractes of the xii signes beginning Aries from the Equinoctial toward the North Pole And then doo Taurus and Gemini end in the greatest declination beginning Cancer in the other part of it Then Leo and Uirgo do end in the Equinoctial where shal begin Libra Scorpio Sagittarius and in the other part Capricornus Aquarius and Pisces shall end in the Equinoctiall where Aries began This halfe circle must haue an opening or open place euen and iust in the middest from the Equinoctial vnto somewhat more then the greatest declinations and must be a litle broder on the inner part then without and not so brode as may come to the two lynes because it would then take away the graduation of the signes And in this open place
froÌ„ one paralel to another The other number shal be the leagues parâ—es of lâ—agues that such degreés and minutes do amount vnto after the rate of 17. leagues and a halfe for a degrée In like maner in the paralell where the lynes of the wyndes do concurre shal be set ioyntly to euery lyne the degreés minutes of the distaunce from the lyne of North and South and leagues partes of leagues that such degreés and minutes amount vnto And so it is that sayling by the lyne wynd or point of North and South vntil the altitude of the pole vary one degrée is run another degreé which conteineth leagues 17. and a halfe And by the next line for one dâ—greé of the variation of the altitude of the pole is run one degreé one minute 17. leagues and 5. syxe partes And thâ—y that run vpon that lyne or poynt depart from the lyne of North and South or Meridian line 12. minutes leagues 3. and a halfe By the second lyne is runne one degrée 5. minutes and leagues 19. scant and in this course they part from the Meridian 25. minutes leagues 17. and a quarter By the third line is runne one degrée 12. minutes leagues 21. and a 20. part of a league and depart from the Meridian lyne 40. minutes leagues 11. and two terces By the fourth lyne is run one degreâ— minutes 25. leagues 24. and threé quarters and depart from the Meridian one degrée iustly leagues 17. and a halfe By the fyfth lyne is runne one degreé minutes 48. leagues 31. and a halfe and depart from the lyne one degreé 30. minutes leagues 26. and one quarter By the syxth lyne is runne two degreés minutes 37. leagues 45. and of the 45. partes of one league the 11. part and depart from the lyne two degreés minutes 25. leagues 42. and a quarter By the seuenth lyne is runne â—yue degrées minutes 8. leagues 29. and two terâ—es and depart from the lyne fyue degreés minuâ—s 2. which are leagues 88. accompting 17. lâ—agues and a halfe for a degreé of the greater circle And yf for euery lyne you desire to know this câ—mputation of leagues after 16. leagues and two terces for a degreé or for more or lesse leagues or myles multiply those such degrâ—es by the number of the leagues or myles which â—nter into euery degreé likewise shall you number the minutes that are more then the degreés by the same number of the leagues that â—nter in euery degreé deuiding them by sixtie and that that shall come of the diuision you shall ioyne with the multiplication of the degrées and that shall amount thereof shal be the leagues and parts of leagues that was in those such degreés The xiii Chapter how to set or make a prycke in the Carde of Nauigation THe Mariners call the pricking of a poynt in the Carde to seé and appoynt in it in what poynt or part of the Sea the Ship is in Nauigation For the perfourming whereof it shall be requisite that the Pilot knowe from what degreé or how many degreés of the altitude of the Pole heé departed and with what wynde heé sayleth And when heé desyreth to knowe where he is let hym knowe the altitude of the Pole by some of the aforesayde rules And if taking the altitude he fynd him selfe in the same degreés where he was when he departed his Nauigation hath beén from the East to the West and what he hath gone can not be knowen but by the iudgement of a wyse and expert man according to the sâ—yâ—â—nesse or goodnesse of his Ship with consideration of the more or lesse time he hath had as we haue sayd before in the sixth Chapter But if â—e fynde him selfe in more or lesse degreés let him take two payre of compasses and put the foote of one in the poynt or plate where his Ship was when he departed and the other in the line or wind by the which he sayleth and likewise let him set the one poynt of the other compasse in the graduation of the Card in that number of degreés that he findeth the altitude of â—hâ— Pole and the other poynt of the same compasse in the next line oâ— East West and so with both the compasses one in the one hand and the other in the other hand let hâ—m goe ioyning them togeather taking good heéde that the poynt of the compasse do â—ot swarue frâ—m the wynde whereby he hath sayled neythâ—r the pâ—ynt of the other compasse from the lyne of East and West where he set it And folowing those two compasses by these two lynes vntyll the poynts of the two compasses ioyne that is to meane the poynt that was set in the place from whence he departed and the other that was set in the degrees that were found then where these two poynts do ioyne is the poynt where the Ship is But as we haue sayd in the syxth Chapter they must haue great respect to the wyndes and seas and other things which experience sheweth them to knowe yf they haue gone directly by that lyne or yf they haue fallen from it and to what part the which I remit to the iudgement of men of good experience From thence forward they shall returne to keépe the same accompt as when they departed from the hauen especially when they change their course ¶ The xiiii Chapter of the making and vse of the Instrument generll to knowe the houres and quantities of the day and at what winde the Sunne ryseth and falleth MAke a rounde plate wyth a ryng or a handle aboue as in the Astrolabie drawing a lyne from the ring downeward passing through the center and another lyne that may cut it in ryght angles throngh the center And this last lyne shall be called the Horizon Then shall you geue a circle vppon the center leauing so much space betweéne it and the edge of the plate that therein may be written the numbers of the degrees then also make another circle somewhat more within leauing lykewyse a space where the graduations may be deuided This done deâ—ide one of the highest quadrants towarde the left hand into 90. partes whiche shall be called the degrees of latitude beginning the number of them from the ring and ending the same in the Horizon Then make another rundell somewhat lesse then this in such maner that the degrees and numbers of the greater remayne vncouered And deuid this lesse by two Diameters into four equal parts And at the one end of the one Diameter leaue a poynt coÌ„myng foorth of the lesse rundell cut directly with the same Diameter by the one part and this shal be called the index or shewer In this rundell you shall make a circle half a fynger lesse then the rundel Then with a compasse take 23. Degrées and a halfe from the Diameter which signifieth the Equinoctiall and where as end the. 23. degreés and a halfe for euery part make a