of December And heere wyll I not omit to say how in those times at these foure dayes that is to meane in the two Solstitialles and two Equinoctialles were celebrated or dyd chaunce foure marueylous thynges in the worlde For in the spring Equinoctiall which was at the xxv of March the Sonne of GOD was incaâ—nate and afterwarde borne of the Uirgin Marie in the Solstitiall of Wynter whyche was at the xxv of December In the Equinoctiall of Autumne whiche was the xxvii of September was conceyued blessed Iohn Baptist the cryer and precursour of Christ and was borne in the sommer Solsticiall that was the xxiiii of Iune And this is the syxth Moneth whereof Saint Luke speaketh in the Gospell Whiche thyng also Iohn Chrysostome doth veryfie saying that S. Iohn was borne when the dayes beganne to decrease and our Lorde when they began to increase And it may certaynely seeme woorthie to be had in memorie that in the sayde Equinoctiall of the spring Christ suffered Adam was created and loste the estate of innocencye Abel was slayne Melchisedech offered bread and wyne Isahac by Abraham was brought to be sacrificed Iohn Baptist was beheaded at Macherunta Peter delyuered out of pryson Saint Iames beheaded by Herode the good Theefe enioyed Paradise and the bodyes of many Saintes rose wyth Chryste And who so further desyreth more precisely to knowe the entraunce of the Sunne into Aries and into the other principall signes shall in the thyrde parte of thys woorke in the eyght Chapter fynde rules whiche shall bryng hym to the knowledge thereof Bâ—t â—o returne to our tyme I say that thys present yeere of 1545. the Sunne entreth into the fyrste degree of Aries at the tenth of Marche at foure of the clocke at after noone and into the fyrst degree of Taurus the nynth of Apryll 2. houres and 7. minutes and into Gemini the 11. of May 2. houres and syxe minutes into Cancer the 11. of Iune 14. houres 44. minutes into Leo the 13. of Iuly 3. houres 50. minutes into Virgo the 13. of August 9. houres 56. minutes into Libra the 13. of September 4. houres 4. miuutes into Scorpio the 13. of October 7. houres 13. minutes into Sagittarie the 12. of Nouember iust at noone into Capricorne the 11. of December 8. houres 16. minutes into Aquarius the 9. of Ianuarie 2. houres one minute into Pisces the 8. of Februarie 1. houre 30. minutes after midday that is to say from noone 1. houre 30. minutes And that we may in the yeeres to come knowe the day houre and minute in the whiche the Sunne entreth into euery signe we will followe this order Upon the dayes houres and minutes that the Sunne entreth into euery signe thys sayde yeere 1545. we must adde for euery yeere fyue houres and 49. minutes which with the 365. dayes which euery yeere conteyneth shal be the tyme in the whiche the Sunne accomplysheth his Reuolution And because that in the yeere of the Bisextile or Leape yeere is added to Februarie one day more to his 28. which he hath once in foure yeeres from 6. to 6. houres yf we shall take from the computation that whyche we haue geuen hym turning one day backward as shal be in the yeere 1548. and vppon that that remayneth shall returne in the yeere folowyng of 1549. to adde fyue hoâ—res 49. minutes and as much more euery other yeere folowing shal be a certayne rule for euer And it is to note that the degrees and minutes which wee haue touched before are properly for the Citie of Cadiz And yf we desyre to applye them for other Cities or places more Eastwarde then for euery xv degrees that they are distaunt from Cadiz in longitude we must adde one houre And yf for Cities or places more Wâ—stwardâ— in lyke maner for euery xv degrees we must take away one houre by reason of the course of the Sun by his rapte moouing from the East to the West For it is certayne that when with vs in Cadiz it is xii houres of the clocke tâ— them that are xv degrees Eastward from vs it is one of the clock and to them that are from vs xv degrees toward the West it is xi of the clocke Nowe that we haue Rules to knowe the entraunce of the Sunne into the xii signes thereby may we also knowe his entraunce into the foure Câ—â—dinall or principall signes whiche are they that determine and ende the Equinoctialles and Solstitialles whereby are caused the foure tymes of the yeere And forasmuch as the generall chaunge of tymes is by reason of the Sunne who by his comming neare warmeth by hys remayning dryeth with his departure cooleth and by his long tarying away causeth maystnesse we will shew the qualities of the principall windes elements regions humours and ages in one briefe Table and then consequently in an other will we describe the beginning middest and ende of the foure times of the yeere aswell in the monethes as in the heauenly signes The Table of the qualities of the Elementes Qualities Hot dry Hot moyst Cold moyst Cold dry Partes of the yere Sommer Spryng Winter Autumne Principall windes East South West North. Elements Fyre Ayre Water Earth Regions East South West North. 4. Humours Choler Blood Flegme Melancholy 4. Ages Youth Mans state Aged Age. The Table of the foure tymes of the yeere Tymes Beginning Myddest Ende Spryng Marche Aries Apryl Taurus May. Gemini Somâ—er Iune Cancer Iuly Leo. August Virgo Autumne Septemâ— Libra Octob. Scorpio Nouemb. Sagit Wynter Decemb. Capricor Ianua Aquar Februa Pisces The v. Chapter of the Moone and of her motions and properties IN the Chapters past of this seconde parte wee haue entreated of the Sunne and of his motions and effects as the most noble and principall luminarie In this present Chapter we wyll entreate of the Moone which is the second luminarie although in the order of the heauens she is the first and nearest vnto vs of all other Planets or Starres The Mâ—one therefore is a round body of heauenly substaunce solide and darke in respecte of the Sunne hauing no proper light of his owne but is apt to receyue light She is mooued from the West into the East according to the order of the signes euery day 13. degrees litle more or lesse and somewhat more then 10. minutes by the proper motion of the heauen or sphere vpon the Ares and Poles of the Zodiaâ—ke I sayd more or lesse because that ouer and beside the moouing of her deferent or circle which is moued euery day the aforesayd 13. degrees and 10. minutes almost 11. she hath an Eclipse where the Moone is fixed at the motion whereof sometimes she is moued more swâ—ftly and sometimes more slowly Neuerthelesse according to her selfe motion she maketh her course in 27. dayes and almost 8. houres and hauing no light of her owne she is lyghtened of the Sunne as manifestly appeareth
hereby that being in coniunction with the Sunne or neare vnto him we see her not lyghtened because the lyght which she then receyueth is onely her vppermost or highest parte whereby she directly beholdeth the Sunne forasmuche as he is in the fourth heauen and she in the first And departing from the Sunne by her propâ—r moouing the Sunne remayneth on the West part Then toward that part we begyn to see a lytle of the part of the Moone lyghtened and so more and more by lytle and lytle as she departeth farther from the Sunne And at thys tyme she hath her hornes or corners towarde the East because the Sunne is in the West During this tyme also she is sayde to increase or that she goeth increasing vnto the opposition whiche we see by the part of her which the Sunne directly beholdeth And so do we see her altogeather lyghtened and call it the full Moone Then passyng from the opposition she commeth nearer the Sunne by lytle and lytle beyng darkened and hyd fâ—om vs and lyghtened onely by her hyghest part and this tyme is calâ—ed the decreasing or wane of the Moone Then also hath she her hornes toward the West because the Sunne is in the East and this vntyll she turne agayne in coniunction with the Sunne and that we see her not lyghtened at all The Moone is lesse then the Starres or other Planets except Mercurie and lesse then the earth And yf any shall affirme the contrary saying that it is written in the fyrst of Genesis that God made two great lyghtes the greatest to geue lyght to the day and the lesse to lyghten the nyght as Dauid also affirmeth To this I answeare that the Moone beyng nearest vnto the earth appeareth vnto vs greater then she should do yf she were further distaunt from vs. And although she be great of lyght receyued as we haue sayde and bigge of body yet is she not great in respect of the other Starres And therefore the words of Genesis aforesayd may be vnderstoode to be spoken in such maner and phrase as holy Scripture often vseth to humble and apply it selfe to the weakenesse of our vnderstanding and grosenesse of our senses The vi Chapter of the coniunctions and oppositions of the Sunne and the Moone THE Sunne and the Moone are mooued vnder the Zodiacke with diuers motions The Moone with a swifter motion then the Sunne foloweth hym ouertaketh him and goeth before him vntill she place her selfe in Diameter with him And when she hath thus ouertaken him so that they are both in one selfesame degree of the Zodiacke then is the coniunction Then departing from him and being in equall degrees of the signes opposite according to the Diameter is the opposition To knowe the times of these coniunctions and oppositions is very profitable and necessarie for Mariners These times may be knowen in two manners One way by the Ephimerides or Almanacke or other tables or Lunaâ—ie instrumentes And by these meanes is knowen precisely the day houre and minute of the coniunction and opposition It may lykewyse be knowen by the rules of computation whiche are the rules that are knowen by memorie although not precisely as by the bookes aforesayde And heere is to be vnderstoode that from one coniunction to another accordyng to the halfe moouings of the Sunne and the Moone there passeth 29. dayes twelue houres and 44. minuts And consequentâ—y from coniunction to opposition and from opposition to coniunction the halfe thereof which is fourteene dayes 18. houres and 22. minutes To knowe theâ—e coniunctions by rules of computatâ—on is presupposed to knowe the golden number and by it the concurrent or Epacte The golden number is the number of nienteene yeeres In which time the coniunctions of the Sunne and the Moone make all their varieties in the times of euery yeere so that yf the coniunction were the twelfth day of Marche in this yeere of 1545. from this yeere in the nienteene yeeres folowing which shal be in the yeere of 1564. the coniunction shall returne to be at the twelfth day of Mâ—â—che It was fyrst called the golden number by the Egyptians who fyrste found the vse thereof and sent it to Rome written in golden Letters To fynde this number it is needfull to know his rootes which is this In the yeere that Christ our Lorde and redeemer was borne whereby we make this accompt the golden number was the number of one which was the yeere of the roote or begiâ—â—â—ng and the fyrst yeere of the byrth of Christ was two of the golden number So that ioyning to the yeeres of our Lord one of the roote or begâ—â—ning and from all take away the nienteene then the rest shall be the golden number And yf you desyre to make computation by a nearer roote take for the roote the yeere of 1500. when nienteene was the golden number and in the yeere of 1501. did begin one of the golden number and so consequently euer taking away the nienteene This present yeere of 1545. we haue seuen of the golden number And in the yeere of 1546. we shall haue eyght c. The golden number being knowen it is necessarie for thys computation of the Moone to knowe the concurrent The concurrent of euery yeere is the number of the dayes passed of the coniunction of the Moone at the beginning of Marche And theâ—e grow of the difference of the Solar yeere to the Lunar As the Lunar yeere hath 354. dayes and the Solar yeere 365. so hauing euery yeere eleuen dayes of difference which are added euery yeere vntyll they come to the number of thyrtie and passyng thyrtie those that do passe are of the concurrent The number of the concurrent of euery yeere is founde in this maner And the better to beare it in memorie you must imagine three places and these commonly are assigned on the thumbe As the fyrst place at the roote of the thumbe the second in the middle ioynt thereof and the thyrd and last in the toppe of the thumbe Then â—n the fyrst place put tenne in the second twentie and in the thyrd thirtie Then by the order of these places shal be compted the golden number As one in the fyrst place two in the second and three in the third returning foure to the fyrst place c. vntiâ—â— the golden number of that yeere for the whiche the concurrent is sought And the number of that place where the golden number endeth must be ioyned with the number of the golden number and that doth amount thereof shall be the concurrent so that it passe not 30. But if it passe 30. then that that is more then 10. is the concurrent of that yeere And heere is to be noted that the yeeres of this computation of the Moone begin at the first day of March and last vntyll the last day of Februarie so that this present yeere of 1545. by computation of the
consydering the course of the Sunne made the yeére of 365. dayes Then by the commaundement of Iulius Caesar whose order we now obserue were added syxe houres to the ende to make equall this number of dayes with the course of the Sunne and hereof the Bisextile or Leape yeére had his beginning from foure to foure yeéres But to say the trueth they erred The one by somewhat too much and the other by somewhat too litle This yâ—ere conteyneth 365. dayes 5. hâ—ures 49. minutes Lykewyse at the fyrst the yéere had diuers begynninges Numa Pompilius began it from the Winter solsticiall because thâ—t then the Sunne beginneth to rise toward vs as Ouid affâ—rmeth in these verses Brumâ— noui prima est veterisque nouissima Solis Principum capiunt Phaebus Annus idem Which may thus be englyshed Brume is the fyrst of the newe yéere And last day of the olde The Sunne and yeére beginne at once As Ouid hath vs tolde Romulus began it at Marche at the Equinox of the spring because that then all thyngs reuiue and floryshe and by the opinion of the Dâ—uiâ—es it seémeth good reason to begyn the yeére at Marche because the world was created the 25. of the Kalendes of Apryl which is the 18. of the moneth aforesayde Lykewyse God speaking of this moneth to the people of Israel sayd vnto them This shal be the fyrst of the monethes of the yeére The Arabians begin from the Sommer solstiâ—iall whose opinion is that the Sunâ—e was made in the signe of Leo. Other begin the yere in September about the Equinoctial of Autumne as do the Iewes resting in the aucthoritie of Genesis where it is wrytten thus Let the earth bryng foorth greéne hearbes to haue fruite agréeable to theyr kynde c. And because Autumne is a fruitefull tyme they beganne from thence to accompt their yeére The Greékes Persians and Egyptians accompt it from October The Christians some from the Incarnation of Christe other from his byrth and other from the fyrst daye of Ianuarie In lyke manâ—er is great diuersitie in beginning the number of yeéres whiche we call Era that is the date The Greékes beganne their date from the death of great Alexander The Egyptians from the death of Nabuchodonosor The Persians from Gesdargit The Arabians or Moores from the preaching of Mâ—chomet who was after the byrth of Christ 626. yeéres Other also from the Romane Emperours The Christians began the accompt of our Sauiour Iesu Christ 500. yeéres after his byrth as writeth Cardinal Cusanus And héere it shall not be from my purpose to shewe how iustly and ryghtfully was commaunded by Don Iohn King of Spayne the fyrst of that name that iâ— the Courtes and Parliamentes whiche he helde in Segoâ—ia in the yeére of 1383. leauing the dates that they had begun from the Emperour Octauian for tributes and other payments specifyed in Wrytynges and Priuiledges they should no more put the date of the Emperour for as much as the day in the which the Sonne of God became man and was borne by the blessed Uirgin was so excellent a thyng and most worthie to be had in memorie So that in Spayne since that tyme in all common Writynges the date is made from the Natiuitie of our Lorde begynnyng there the fyrst day of the yeére and commonly the fyrst day of Ianuary Some Astronomers begyn it the fyrst of Marche We haue in this Chapter entreated of the great yeére and of the Solar yeére with his quantitie beginning and date In the Chapter folowyng we wyll entreate of the Lunar yeére which we call a moneth ¶ The xi Chapter of the moneth and of his differences COnsydering the moneth â—bsolutelyeâ— without hauing respecte to the Solar yeére it may be called a yéere according to the diuision we haue made in the Chapter of the yeére For it is a reuolution of the heauen of the Moone whicâ— moueth slowly in comparâ—son of the first heauen And yf we consyder the moneth as part of the yéere then is the name of a moneth more proper vnto it For this word Mens mensis in Latin is deriued of Mensurâ— which signifieth measure And so the moneth and yeére referred to tyme all may be called moneth forasmuch as all is the measure of tyme as we haue touched in the sayd Chapter of the yeére The moneth is to be consydered in two maners eyther as it is part of the Solar yeére or is caused by the course of the Moone The moneth that is part of the Solar yeére is that which at this day we vse And into xii oâ— these monethes is the yeere diâ—ided as Ianuarâ—e Februarie Marche Apryll May Iune Iuly August September October Nouember December They are not all of equall dayes Apryl Iune September and Nouember haue 30. dayes all the other haue 31. except Februarie which hath 28. and when the Bisextile or Leape is it hath 29. The names and numbers of these monethes were assigned at the wyll and pleasure of men and the cause why they haue remayned so long time is the aucthoritie of the Emperours that ordeined them for the common people who accepted them by the Romane Church which admitted the vse of them The Lunar moneth hath two consyderations The one is the tyme whiche the Moone tarieth from that sheé commeth foorth from one poynt of the Zodiacke vntyll she returne thyther by her proper moouing and this is called the moneth of the peragration in which reuolution she spendeth 27. dayes and almost 8. houres The other consyderation is hauyng respect to the tyme whiche the Moone taryeth from that she is in coniunction with the Sunne vntyll another coniunctiâ—n And this is called the moneth of Consecution and is more then the moneth of Peragration by two dayes 4. houres 44. minutes For the Sunne and the Moone beyng in coniunction vnder one punct of the Zodiacke and moouing both by theyr proper moouinges towarde the East as the moouyng of the Moone is swifter then the moouing of the Sunne she leaueth hym behynde And when she had ended her moneth of peregrination she returneth to the poynt from whence she departed and not findyng the Sunne there because in the meane tyme the Sunne of hys proper motion hath gone almost 27. degreés the Moone passeth from this poynt and in the sayde 2. dayes 4. houres 44. minutes ouertaketh the Sunne and so commonly hath this moneth of consecution 26. dayes 12. houres and 44. minutes So that whatsoeuer is sayd of the Lunar moneth is to be vnderstood of this moneth of consecution whiche all they vse that accompt by Moones as doo the Hebrues Arabians and Persians The Mariners ought not to neclect this computation because it is conuenient for them to knowe the tydes and other effectes caused by the aspectes of the Sunne and the Moone for their aspectes do correspond to the partes of this
the day or day spryng should equally and at one time appeare to them in the West as to them in the East But we see the contrarie that it appeareth fyrst to them that dwell in the East and afterward to them in the West This is prooued by the Eclipse of the Moone which beginning at one instant they of Hierusalem see it begin at foure a clocke of the night and we of Andalusie in Spayne at one a clocke of the night It foloweth hereby that to them it nighteneth three houres sooner then vnto vs in Spayne and this is caused by the roundnesse of the earth But heere some may mooue a doubte saying that on the earth we may see many Mountaynes and consequently many great Uallyes and Pâ—aynes with many diuersities of sundrye other deepe and vnequall places by reason whereof the earth can not truely be called rounde To this I say that in two manners the earth is called and vnderstoode to be rounde As after one manner speakyng precisely it is called rounde as a Ciâ—cle or a Sphere which we call rounde because that all ryght lines drawen from the center thereof to the circumference are equall The other roundnesse is consydered without this precisenesse and is suche as not by all his partes is equally distant from his myddest or center but hath some partes hygher and some lower yet not in such quantitie as may destroy the roundnesse of the whole As yf in a Bowle there weâ—e certayne clyftes or holes it should not thereby leaue to be round although not perfectly or precisely rounde And for this cause sayth Auerrois that although both the heauenly bodyes and the Elements are of round fourme yet differ they in this that the heauenly Spheres haue perfect roundnesse and the Elemeâ—ts not As the earth by reason of his Mountaynes and Uales the Sea by his encreasing and decreasing the Ayre also for his nearenesse to the fyre and by his contrarietie doth sometime doo and soâ—etime suffer that is to say is sometime actiue and sometyme passiue So that folowing the one it fleeth the other by reason whereof it also lacketh perfect roundnesse But the fyre for as muche as it is neare to the concaue of the circle of the Moone which is Sphericall may therefore be called Sphericall or rounde The viij Chapter of the motion of the Heauens and Elementes IT is not to be forgotten that all the Elementes are wholy mooueable by locall motion except the earth The water is mooued by the motion of the Moone or tossed by the Wyndes The fyre as sayth Aristotle is mooued circulerly by the motion of the day and is drawen of the circlesâ— that embrace it or compasse it about as is manyfest by the Cometes or blazing Starres and other fyerie exhalations conteyned and engendred in it Which beeyng caryed with thys motion conclude that the fyre mooueth in lyke maner And with thys motion is the superiour parte of the ayre violently caryed about as the other impressions therein doo shewe The inferiour part is mooued by dyuers motions that is to meane laterally as by experience we see when the wyndes blowe The Moone with her Heauen or Sphere by her proper motion geueth her turne from the West to the East in xxvii dayes and vii houres with xv minutes Venus Mercuri and the Sunne in a yeere which is the space of three hundred threescore and fyue dayes with fyue houres and fourtie and niene minutes Mars in two yeeres Iupiter in twelue yeeres Saturne in xxx yeeres The eyght heauen which is the Fyrmament or Starrie Heauen by his owne proper motion is mooued by the nienth Heauen vpon the beginning of Aries and Libra and vpon these two poyntes accomplysheth hys Reuolution in seuen thousand yeeres This motion is called Motus trepidationis that is to say the tremblyng motion or motion of accesse and recesse The nienth heauen endeth his motion from the West to the East in fourtie and niene thousand yéeres And by this motion moueth the eight heauen Tâ—e tenth heauen called Primum mobile is mooued from the East to the West and in twentie and foure houres whiche is a naturall day perfourmeth one reuolution and with the myghtye force and swyftnesse of his motioâ— caryeth wyth hym all the other inferior heauens and maketh them to geue the same turne in twentie and foure houres where as neuerthelesse they ceasse not in the meane tyme to keépe the course of theyr owne proper motion As for example yf an Ant or Pismiâ—e shoâ—ld goe about the wheéle of a Myll contrary to the moouing of the whéele before the Ant in goyng styll forward should come agayne to the poynt from whenee she fyrst departed which is once about or one turne the wheéle should in that space make many turnes The ix Chapter of the diuision of the Sphere into formall partes THE Sphere of the worlde is diuided in two manners that is to say by substaunce and by accident By substaunce into tenne Spheres as we haue sayde By accident into a right Sphere and oblique or crooked Sphere They haue the ryght Sphere that dwell vnder the Equinoctiall lyne and is called ryght because to them the Pâ—les are equally in the Hâ—rizon as appeareth by thys Figure folowing The Sphere is compounded of tenne circles imagined And as sayth Iohn de sacro bosco in his booke of the Sphere syxe of them are greater and foure lesse The greater Circle is that which deuideth the Sphere into two equall partes and hath his center with the center of it These are the Equinoctiall the Zodiacke the two Coluri the Horizon and the Meridian The lesse Circle is that that deuideth the Sphere into two vnequall partes These are the two Tropykes and two Poler Circles The x. Chapter of the Equinoctiall Circle THE Equinoctiall is a Circle that deuideth the Sphere into two equall partes and is by euery parte equally distaunt from both the Poles It is one of the greateâ— Circles in the Sphere and is the greatest Circle of those which are described in the Sphere by the motion of Primum mobile or fyrst moueable This Circle for his equalitie and regularitie is more noble then the Zodiacke which we haue described in the eightâ— sphere and also then any of the other It is imagâ—ned to gyrd the world round about by East and West It is called Equinoctiall because this word Equinoctium signifyeth equalitie of nyghtes and dayes whereof the cause is that the Sunne comming to this Circle the Arke of the day is equall with the Arke of the night and then is the Equinoctiall It is also called the Zone or gyrdle of the fyrst mooueable For euen as a gyrdle doth gyrde a man by the myddest so doth this Circle gyrd in the middest betweene both the Poles vppon the whiche the fyrst moouâ—able is mooued One of these imagined on our paâ—te
golden number we haue seuen which accompted by the sayd places endeth in the first which is 10. which also ioyned with the golden number of seuen make 7. and so much is the concurrent of this present yeere Likewise this number of Epacte or concurrent is found in multiplying the golden number by 11. deuiding the summe by 30. then that remayneth is the Epact or concurrent The concurrent being thus knowen then to knowe the dayes of the Moone it is necessary to knowe three numbers The fyrstâ— is the concurrent The second the number of the moneth in which you are beginning at March The thyrd the dayes past of the same moneth And ioyning thâ—se three numbers if they come not to 30. so many dayes olde is the Moonâ— And if they be 30. it is the coniunction And if they passe 30. they also that passe are the age of the Moone This is vnderstoode in the monethes that haue 3â—â— dayes for in them that haue onely 30. dayes the coniunction is at the 29. day and they that passe of 29. are the age of the Moone As for example The fyrst day of August of the concurrent 17. of moneths from March 6. and of dayes of the moneth 〈◊〉 make 24. and so much is the age of the Moone An other example The tenth of September of concurrent 17. of monethes seuen of dayes ten which are in all 34. And because that September hath onely 34. dayes we must take away 29. of the 34. and so rest fyue dayes whiche are the age of the Moone And in lyke maâ—ner shall wâ— geue to Februarie 29. dayes of the Moone It followetâ— that the dayes of the Moone beeyng knowen then vnreckonâ—â—g or disreckâ—ning backewarde wee fynde for example The 20. of Iuly the Moone hath 12. dayes taken from the 20. remayneth 8. Then the eight day was the coniunction The day of the coniunction is lykewyse knowen by ioyning the monethes beginning in Marche with the concurrent and if they come not to 30. then at so many dayes of that moneth as lacketh of 30. shal be the coniunction Example In August 6. of the monethes and 17. of the concurrent are 23. which of 30. lacketh 7. Then at the seuenth day was the coniunction and if they passe 30. then taking them that passe from the number of the dayes which the moneth had next before and then that which remayneth doth shew the day of the coniunction Lyke as the Moone of September of the yeere 1546. we shall count the concurrent 28. of monethes 7. which are 35. Then taking away the 5. from 30. and one which August hath remayneth 26. and so the 26. of August of the yeere to come of 1546. the Moone shall make coniunction The vij Chapter of the declaration and vse of an Instrument by the which is found the place and declination of the Sunne with the dayes and place of the Moone IN the seconde and thyrde Chapter I haue geuen rules to knowe the true place of the Sunne and his declination In this Chapter I will describe an instrument whereby may be knoweâ— the declination and place of the Sunne and knowing by the Chapter past the dayes of the Moone shall also bee knowen her place in the Zodiacke and how much of her is lightened and what aspect she hath with the Sunne This Instrument is in square fourme and hath by the sydes 23. degrees and a halfe of the which the 23. and a halfe that descende from the myddest downeward is the declination of the South signes and the other from the myddest vpwarde are the declinatâ—ons of the North signes Within this quadrature is described a circle by the circumference whereof are the twelue signes and their degrees ioyned to the circumference and further within is the number of them and then their names Yet further within this is another circle where are the twelue monethes with their numbers and dayes Then to the center of this circle are annexed two rundelles whereof the greatest and lowest is called the rundel of the Sunne This hath an Iâ—dex or shewer in which is paynted the Sun and in the circumference of it are the dayes of the age of the Moone In the other circle in the circumference thereof is a round hole representing the Moone directly from the which is another Index comming foorth of the circumference of thys rundell in which rundell are all the aspectes which the Moone maketh with the Sunne Hauing described the Instrument let vs declare the vse thereof which is this Fyrst to fynde the true place of the Sunne we must put the Index of the rundell of the Sunne vppon the day of the moneth in which we are or desire to knowe the place of the Sunne Then in the circle of the signes it shall shew the signe and degree in the which it is and in like maner resting styll vpon the degree looking in the paralels that touch in the circumference and proceeding by that line that toucheth the Sunne which the Index doth note ye shall see in the syde of the Instrument the number of the degrees of the declination which the Sunne hath at that day To fynde the place of the Moone we must holde the Index of the rundell of the Sunne fast vpon the day of the moueth in the which we desire to knowe the place of the Moone And accompting in the rundell of the Sunne the dayes that haue passed from the day of the Coniunction as I haue sayde in the Chapter before and where endeth that number of the dayes yf there wee apply the index of the Moone it shall shewe in the circle of the signes the place where she is And so shall she appeare in the instrument lightened or darkened more or lesse as in heauen In lyke manner consydering the place of the Sunne and the Moone shall be seene what aspect they haue by the lynes that trauerse the superficiall of the Lunar circle of the Moone The aspects which the Planets haue one to another or wherby they behold one another are fyue Coniunction is when two Planets be vnder one selfe same degrée and minute in the Zodiacke whosâ— charact is this ♂ Opposition is when betwéene the place of the Planetes is halfe a circle which are 180. degreés and is thus figured ☠Trinall aspect is when betwéene the Planettes shal be foure signes which are 120. degrees and is figured thus ⊦ Quadrine aspect is when one Planet is distaunt from another by thrée signes which are 90. degreés whose charact is this â–¡ Sextile aspect is when two signes are betweéne them which are threéscore degrees and is marked thus âš¹ And yf by memorie you desyre to knowe the true space of the sunne without respect of minutes whiche may sufficiently be done with the Astrolabie beaâ—e in memorie these numbers 10.9.10.11.12.13.14.13.14.13.12 Of the which the first serueth for Ianuarie the seconde for Februarie with theyr
signes and so of the rest Then to knowe in what degree the sunne is you shall take away the dayes that are applyed to euery Moneth according to the sayd numbers of the dayes for the which you desyre to knowe the true place of the sunne and in them that remayne in so many degreés is the sunne of the signe into the which it entreth the Moneth And yf the dayes past of the Moneth shal be lesse then the dayes applyed to the same Moneth you shall ioyne thirtie with those dayes past of the Moneth and of the summe that amounteth you shall take away the dayes applyed to the sayd Moneth and the rest shal be the degrées in which the sunne shal be of the signe of the Moneth past as for example Example Ianuarie 10 â™’ Februarie 9 ♓ Marche 10 ♈ Apryll 10 ♉ May. 11 ♊ Iune 12 ♋ Iuly 13 ♌ August 14 â™ September 13 ♎ October 14 â™ Nouember 14 â™ December 13 ♑ The 22. of October taking away fourâ—teéne that were applyed remaine eyght degrées of Scorpio where the Sunne is Another Example The syxe of December whiche are lesser then twelue whiche is applyed vnto it yf we ioyne syxe to thyrâ—ie whiche are the dayes of the moneth next afore they make 36. and from them we take away the 12. rest 24. So in 24. degreés is the sunne of the signe of the moneth before whiche is Sagittarie The viii Chapter of the Eclipse of the Moone and the Sunne THe Eclipses of the sunne and of the Mooâ—e is a thyng that causeth great feare and admiration among the common and ignoraunt people and â—o them that vnderstand the cause thereof nothing at all And therefore haue I thought gâ—od to declare the effectes thereof It is to vnderstand that the sunne is much bigger then the earth and by perspectiue the shadowe of the earth in howe muche the farther it parteth from it becommeth sharper and sharper vntyl it come to a poynt so that the shadoâ—â— of the whole earth is piramidally sharpe And as the Moone is lesse then the earth yet although his shadowe goeth sharpning it suffiseth to eclipse the Moone if she passe by the middest thereof The Eclipse of the Sunne is the interposâ—tion of the Moone betweéne vs and the Sunne as yf the Sunne be in the fourth heauen and the Moone in the fyrst she beyng a darke body and by her proper motion ouertake the Sunne then putting her selfe betweéne him and vs she couereth him in part or in the whole and this is the Eclipse of the Sunne As the Sunne also goeth euer vnder the Ecliptykes at that time that he commeth to the head or tayle of the Dragon if then the Moone make coniunction with him shal be the Eclipse of the Sunne for as much as they are both vnder the Ecliptyke The Eclipse of the Sunne can not be vniuersall in the whole earth I say vnto all them that may seé the Sunne at the tyme of the Eclipse as is the Eclipse of the Moone vniuersall For yf the Moone haue one part Eclipsed all that may sée her shall seé her Eclipsed But the Sunne some may seé al wholly Eclipsed and other in part or other also not at all Eclipsed and this all at one selfe same time The cause whereof is the diuersitie of the â—specte which is to seé the Moone in the Zodiacke out of her place as yf the Sunne and Moone should make coniunction in the beginning of Aries and in the head of the Dragon they that then should be in the Equinoctial vnder the Sunne and the Moone or that the Sunne and the Moone should be in theyr Zenith they should seé the Moone hyde all the Sunne And they that should be in the North Climates shoulde seé that the Moone hydeth or darkeneth onely the South part of the Sunne and not al. Againe they on the South part should seé the Moone hyde the North part of the Sunne and not all And yf at the tyme of the coniunction she haue a lytle passed the head of the Dragon or lacke a lytle to come to the tayle so that she be in the North latitude they that then should be in the North Climates shoulde seé the Moone Eclipse all the Sunne and they of the Equinoctiall shoulde seé onely the North parte of the Sunne Eclipsed and they of the South shoulde see hym nothyng at all Eclipsed So that although the Eclipse of the Sunne shal be totall or perticuler it can not be vniuersall in the whole earth It is also to be noted that although the Sunne be bigger then the Moone yet at sometyme the Moone seemeth greater then the Sunne And thys shall beé when the Sunne is in the Auge of the Eccentrike and the Moone in the opposite of the Auge of the Epicicle And when it so appeareth he may be all Eclipsed Sometymes also the Moone seemeth lesse This is when the Sunne is in the opposite of the Auge of the Eccentricke and the Moone in the Auge of the Epicicle Then although we shoulde seé the center of the Moone in the center of the Sunne she can not hyde hym all whollye because the Sunne shall appeare greater Of this that we haue sayd it foloweth that all the Eclipses of the Sunâ—e must of necessitie be in the coniuncttion and the Eclipses of the Moone in the opposition whereby is inferred that the Eclipse of the Sunne in â—â— By the description of other the great yeére is when the eight sphere ioyâ—tly with all the Aâ—ges make one perfect reuolution at the moouing of the nyenth Sphere And this shall be in the space of xlix thousand yeéres The solar yéere is a reuolution of the Sunne carried by the proper moouing of his heauen vppon the Axis and Poles of the Zodiacke ending where it began and returnyng an other yeére by the selfe same course as the Poet Viâ—gil affyrmeth saying Atque in se sua per vestigia voluitur annus That is to say The yeére turneth agayne to hym selfe by his owne proper steppes The Egyptians lackyng the vse of Letters and hauyng the same consideration paynted the yéere lyke vnto an Adder bytyng her owne tayle and heéreof was a ryng called Annulus as it were Annus that is a yeére because a ryng turneth round in it selfe as doth the yeére Of the quantitie of this yeére were diuers opinions and computations among them of auncient tyme. The Arabians and Persians accompted it regulerly by xii Mooâ—es which are 354. dayes Romulus gaue to his yéere x. monethes because that tyme suffiseth to a woman to bryng foorth her byrth and also for that duryng so much tyme it was not lawfull for a Wâ—ddow to marrie after the death of her husbande Numa Pompilius added two monethes to make it vp twelue monethes in 350. dayes whiche was the mâ—st auncient yeére of the Hebrues accordyng to the which they accompt at this day The Greékes and Egyptians
moneth as the coniunction to the beginning the opposition to the middest and the quartile aspect to the quarter and so of the other Lykewise in this moneth is considered the illumination of the Moone and the dayes that the lyght fayleth her so that neyther by day nor by nyght weé may sée her for beéyng burnt vnder the beames of the Sunne The tyme that sheé is so is called Interlunium that is the chaunge or hydyng whyche is sometyme more and sometyme lesse When the coniunction shal be from the beginning of Capricorne vntyll the ende of Gemini and the Moone hath North latitude and her moouing swyfte then shall the newe Moone soone be seéne and so â—hall the Interlunium be but lytle And when the coniunction shal be from the beginning of Cancer vntyll the ende of Sagittarius and the Moone hath South latitude and her moouing slowe the longer will it be or the new Moone shew her selfe to vs and certaine of the causes concurring and not all so shall the Interlunium be in a meane betweéne both The xii Chapter Of the weeke THe weéke is a tyme of seuen dayes the beginning whereof is Sunday and so did the Iewes count their first day saying Prima Sabati secunda Sabati that is the first of the Sabboth the seconde of the Sabboth c. to the sixth of the Sabboth and then the Sabboth The Romanes that called the Planets Gods forasmuch as the sunne was principall among them called theyr fyrst day the day of the sunne the seconde of the Moone the thyrde of Mars the fourâ—h of Mercury the fyfth of Iupiter the syxth of Uenus the seuenth of Saturne The Christians solemnising the sunday began their accompt from it as on such a day our Lorde was borne on such a day he rose and on such a day he sent the holy Ghost vpon hys Apostles c. They also accompt the dayes of the weéke for Ferias The xiii Chapter of the day and of the nyght THE daye is of two sortes as the naturall day and the artificiall day The naturall day is the space of tyme wherein the sunne is caryed by the fyrst moueable about the earth from the Meridian to the Weast and from the Weast vnder the earth comming to the East and from thence returning agayne to the sayde Meridian and this time hath the Equinoctiall geuen one whole turne and more suche parte of it as correspondeth to the proper mouing of the sunne or otherwise the naturall day is a circle described with the center of the sunne at the mouing of the first mouable The Romanes began this naturall day from midnight and ended it in the mydnight folowing and so do we accompt it for fasting dayes and from euening to euening in celebrating of festiuall dayes The Athenienses began it at the Sunne set or going downe of the Sunne The Babylonians at the risyng of the Sunne The Umbriaâ—s and Ethuscos from the mydday or noone and ended it the noone day folowing In â—his manner do the Astronomers begyn it and fynde that the day shâ—ll euer begyn at one selfe same houre for the qualitie of the Meridians And yf they had begun it from the rising or fall of the Sunne it should not be euer at one selfe same houre because the Sunne riseth and falleth at sometymes sooner and at other times later and so should the beginning of the day beé variable And it is to vnderstand that when we commonly sayâ— at the tenth day of such a moneth the same â—enth day doth ende the same day at noone and the houres that runne from that noonetyde forward are of the eleuenth day and so do the Astronomâ—rs accompt them The day artificiall is part of the day natural and is the tyme that the Sunne tarieth from that it riseth in the East vntyll it fall in the Weast And the nyght is that part that lacketh or fayleth for the naturall day which is the time that the Sunne taryeth from that he hydeth hym selfe in the Weast vntyl he returne to appeare in the East and so the day artificiall and the nyght make one naturall day And accordyng heéreunto it is written in Genesis that of euening and morning was made one day Isodorus defining this artificiall day sayth that the day is the presence of the Sunne or the beyng of the Sunne aboue the earth as it is nyght vnto vs when he is vnder it Or otherwise the night is the shadowe of the earth extended diametrally opposite to the Sunne The quantitie and differences of these dayes artificiall and theyr nyghtes and how they increase and diminishe we haue largely declared in the fyrst Chapter The xiiii Chapter of houres AS there is two differences of the day as the naturall day and artificiall so is there two differences of houres as houres naturall which correspond to the naturall day and houres artificiall which correspond to the artificiall day Hora or Ora is a Greéke name and signifieth ende And so say we Ora maris for the ende or brymme of the sea or the list or edge of apparâ—ll as sayth Isodore in his Etimolagies The houre natural or equall is a 24. part of the day natural aâ—d is the time of passâ—ng fyfteéne degreés of the Equinoctial These 24. houres that make one naturall day the Astronomers doth begin the day at the Meridian compting the houres after the order of the fyrst mooueable which is from the sayde Meridian in the angle of mydnyght where they accompt twelue houres and from thence toward the East and come to ende the 24. houres in the same Meridian where they began and this they vse for the computation of the tables of the mouings of the heauens The Astronomers vse the same in theyr instruments as in the Astrolabie and Dials Horizontall and verticall and in all other instruments for houres In Spayne also we vse to accompt these 24. in two tymes twelue begynning at noone and ending twelue at mydnight and agayne beginning at mydnight and ending other twelue at noone And to distinct the one from the other they call the one afternoone houres and the other forenoone houres and commonly we say syxe houres of the morning and syxe of the euening In Italie they accompt them from the falling of the Sunne vntyll the next fall the day folowing The artificial or temperal houre is a twelfe part of the day arcke or the nyght arcke They are called temperall houres because they â—aâ—â—e in the tymes that the day varieth For in the time that the dayes shall be great so shal be the houres and when the dayes shal be short so lykewise shall the houres be and in lyke maner of the nights So that as the artificiall day great or lytle is deuided into twelue houres euen so the nyght great or litle is deuided into other twelue The auncients deuide the day into foure partes and the nyght into other
toward the height of heauen at the 19. of Aprill And seéyng in heauen by the hole in the myddest the starre of the North holdyng the instrument in suche compasse of the face that by the circumference of the greater rundell may be seéne the guarde starre in heauen you shall turne the horne rounde about vntyll in fall vppon the Guardes so that by the two holes of the mouth of the horne the two Guard starres may be seéne and by the hole in the myddest the North starre and all threé with one eye then the right lyâ—e that goeth from the North to the fyrst Guarde shall shewe in the lesse rundell the houre that shal be The xviii Chapter of the tyme of Tydes or rysyng and fallyng of the Sea GReat accompt ought Pilottes and Mariâ—â—rs to haue of the Tydes to take Port enter vppon Barres passe by Flattes and finally for al maner of Nauigations For beyng ignoraunt heéreof great hurt and inconuenience myght chaunce vnto them as did of late to the valiant Captayne Don Iohn Gusman the Earle of Niebla in the yeére of 1436. who was drowned before the Citie of Gibraltar for that the Mariners kept noâ—e accompt neyther had consyderation of the Tydes By reason whereof not onely he was drowned but also with hym dyed many woorthâ—e Gentlemen and valiaunt Captaynes of Spayne The Mariners hold for a certaine rule that the Moone being in the Northeast or in the Southwest is ful Sea and being in the Southwest or Northwest to be lowe Water They affirme also that at the fyrst day of the newe Moone the Sunne beyng at Northeast and a quarter to the East that is Northeast and by East the Moone shall be Northeast and then shall be full Sea and thrée houres and threé quarters And at the seconde daye of the Moone when the Sunne shal be at East Northeast the Moone shal be at Northeast and then shall be full sea and foure houres and two quarters c. Theyr accompt is that the Sunne beéyng in the North is mydnyght and béeyng in the Northeast they accompte thrée and in the East syxe So that they accompte threé houres from wynde to wynde by the eyght pryncipall wyndes or lynes whyche the Spanyardes call Rumbos These wyndes must beé imagined vppon the North placed in the Angle vnder or beneath the Earth and the Sunne and the Moone at the moouing of the fyrst mooueable and they ought not to be imagined in the Horizon as the compasse sheweth For speaking by the tearmes of Astronomie you must vnderstande that the Moone touchyng in the circle of houres at the number of threé is euer full Sea and touchyng in the same circle at the number of niene is euer lowe water No lesse ought they to obserue iuste accompt of the houres by quarters of houres For to geue 30. dayes to the Moone it shal be necessarie to accompt by the fyftes of houres as shal be sayd heéreafter Heére is to be noted that the Spanyardes thynke be lyke that a Northeast and Southwest Moone maketh a full Sea in all other places as it dooth in Spayne But in that they be greatly deceyued and therefore the rule that they haue set foorth for the Tydes serueth onely for suche places where it floweth Northeast and Southwest Moone a full Sea And the better to vnderstand the increasyng and decreasyng of the Ocean Sea it shall be conuenient to knowe the cause thereof wherâ—vnto we say that the Moone is the cause of ebbyng and flowyng or rysing and falling increase or decrease of the Sea not onely by her lyght but also by her secrete or hyd propertie The Moone compasseth about the earth from the East into the West vntyll she returne to the place or poynt from whence she departed and in this course wasteth or spendeth so muche more then one naturall day in howe muche her proper moouing is more then the Sunne against the fyrst mooueable so that she maketh her turne or course about the four quarters of heauen in xxiiii houres and foure fyfthes of one houre whiche are the twelue degreés that she goeth more then the Sunne And in this tyme the Ocean increaseth and decreaseth twyse so that this increasing and decreasing answereth directly to the course of the Moone whereby it foloweth that the sea increaseth syxe houres and one fyfth part and decreaseth other syxe houres and one fyfth And yf this day at the twelfth houre was full sea the lowe water shal be at the syxth houre and one fyfth part and at the twelfth houre and two fyfth partes it shall returne to be full sea and at the syxth houre and thrée fyfthes shal be lowe water agayne and at the twelfth and foure fyfthes of the other day shal be ful sea So that from one day to another the tide doth shorten foure fyfthes of an houre which is the time that the Moone slacketh or carieth more then one natural day to returne to the poynt from whence she departed by the twelue degreés whereof we haue spoken Whereby it manifestly appeareth how they beguyle them selues that say that the sea increaseth syxe houres and decreaseth other syxe For yf it were so the tydes should euer be at one selfe same tyme and houre But for as muche as there is more then xxiiii houres by the saide foure fyfth partes thereby is caused the variation of the tydes so that if this day the tyde be at one of the clocke to morow it shal be at one and foure fyfth partes and the day folowing at two of the clocke and thrée fyftes c. For this accompt I wyl describe a Table in circular figure although not precise for the causes which we haue touched before in the fyfth Chapter speaking of the Moone who sometymes in her mouing is swyft and sometyme sâ—acketh as much because the coniunction is not euer in one selfe same poynt of the Zodiacke as y e Mariners presuppose for their rule This figure shall haue two circles in the lesse whiche shal be the fyrst and next vnto the center shal be the dayes of the Moone from one to thirtie which we count the coniunction And in the seconde and greatest circle shal be founde the houres of the tydes So that who so desyreth to knowe when the tyde shal be where it floweth Southwest and Northeast let hym at that houre take héede to the dayes of the Moone how many they are as if â—heé beé in the coniunction or if it beé the fyrst or seconde of the Moone c. And the day beyng knowen then in the second circle which answeareth directly to the day shall heé fynde when shal be hygh water or full sea and consequently the ebbe or low water which shal be syxe houres and one fyfth after the full sea and so lykewyse may he iudge when shal be the halfe tyde anâ— this aswell at the time when it encreaseth which shal be threé houres and halfe a
fyfth part of an houre before the full sea as also when it decreaseth which shal be the halfe ebbe threé houres and halfe the fyfth of one houre after the full sea ¶ The Table foloweth This increasing and decreasing of the Tydes is not euer in equall quantitie In the coniunctions and oppositions they increase and decrease much which the Mariners cal hygh spring tydes and the greatest increase of al they cal the hygh springes In the quarters of the Moone which are at the 7. and 22. of the Moone or neére there about they increase and decrease but litle which the Mariners cal nepe tydes low water dead waters or lowe flooddes The xix Chapter of certayne signes which prognosticate tempestes or fayre weather A Good Pilot or Mariner ought not to be ignorant of certayne signes or tokens which the naturall Philosophers describe of tempests For as they signifie vnto him so shall he leaue his porte or enter into it which yf he can not then ought he with patience and hope to tary the tyme that God hath appoynted for hym who mooueth and troubleth the Seas when it pleaseth hym and appeaseth them agayne at his pleasure Lesse hurteth and damageth the stroke whiche we seé comming or foreseé then that which hath stricked vs and taken vs carelesse When the Sunne ryseth fayre and cleare it signifyeth a fayre day but yf it shewe yealowe or deadly tempest is lyke to folowe Agayne yf at the rysing of the Sunne his beames shewe them selues contract or geathered togeather and short you shal haue rayne if the mistes or cloudes make a circle about the Sunne or Moone how much the greater that circle shal be so much greater shal be the tempest to come and yf â—here shal be two circles the tempest shall increase the more And yf it chaunce that at the rysyng of the Sunne the cloudes be turned â—edde it is a signe of no small tempest When the Sunne or the Moone shall haue a circle looke towarde the part where it breaketh and from thence shall wynde come yf it depart or dispearse equally fayre weather shall follow When the Moone ryseth bryght and by the whyche they passe We seé that in some oâ—e region it rayneth with one wynde and the selfe same wynde in other places disperseth the cloudes The Nâ—rthwest wynde is drye in Spayne yet in Lybia it is very moyst and rayny The South wynde in Europe causeth rayne in most places and therefore the Poets named it the wynde of waters and this wind in Palestina or Iurie is drie The cause of this diuersitie is that when the wynde bloweth in Palestina it passeth by hot and drye regions as by the desarts of Affrike and passeth not by any sea at al. But when it bloweth in these partes of Europe it must of necessâ—tie passe by and ouer the waters of the sea Mediterraneum or the Leuant sea where it gathereth moysture and causeth rayne The Leuant or East wynde in Malaga and Gibralter is moyste and in Sheres De la Frontera is hot as Hell The xx Chapter of the bright and shynyng exhalations that appeare in the tempestes which the Mariners call Santelmo or Corpus sancti IGnorance is the mother of errours and therefore will I not omitte to shewe the naturall cause héereof although among certayne simple and ignoraunt people it is accounted for a myracle that in certayne tempestes on the Sea the Maryners seé certayne shynyng and bright fyres which with great superstition they kneéle downe vnto and pray vnto affyrming that it is Santelmo that appeareth vnto them and not contented héerewith some sweare that they haue seénâ— drops of gréene wâ—xe fall downe Other affyrme that this waxe is of such heate that if it fall from the top of the Ship it doth melt the rosen and pitch of the hatches of the Ship with such other foolish imaginations and therefore it shall be good briefly to speake héereof to stop the mouthes of such fond and ignorant persons The exhalations or vapoures of the grosse â—umes or smokes that ryse from the eaâ—th are constrayned or geathered togeather by the coldnesse of the nyght and the ayre and are thickned in the fyrst region of the ayre next vnto the earth This may and is wont to be inflamed or kindled and yf it finde a body whereunto it may cleaue it abydeth in that vntyll it be consumed This fyre is cleare and shyneth and yet burneth not The Greékes call it Polyduces and the Latines call it Castor and Pollux It is accustomed to appeare vpon the shrowdes and oftentymes is séene vpon the pykes of souldyers in the armies of men of warre as Plinie wryteth and this aswell by reason of continuall smoke as also by the heate of muche people Certayne it is that smoke is none other thyng then fyre dispearsed as flame is an exhalation or euaporation that ryseth in maner of smoke from a grosse or fat body and at the tyme that it ryseth being geathered togeather is constrayned into flame inuestured with fyre This resplendence or shyâ—yng is also often tymes seéne not onely in iourneying by lande but also in sayling by ryuers and when it appeareth on the lande it ryseth of the smoke that is geathered togeather with the colde ayre of the nyght and on the bankes of ryuers this smoke is geathered of the exhalations of the water and consequently beyng kyndeled appeareth bryght and shynyng But nowe let vs come to the Shyps that sayle by the Sea and to the Mariners â—hat are accustomed to tempestes To them thereâ—ore I saye that that lyght or suche other lyghtes as they seé is engendred of the fumes and smokes of theyr Shyp with the heate of men couched close and neare togeather in a narrowe place and when a tempest ryseth the sayde smoke is thickned prest togeather and beaten downe by the wyndes in suche sorte that beyng tossed from one syde to another it is set on fyre by moouing and taketh holde sometyme on the shroudes and sometymes on the toppe and sometyme also in the poupe or in the foreshyppe So that to seé this lyght or the same to appeare is a naturall thyng and not supernaturall When Captayne Bâ—zerra was at Corron in the Emperours Nauie with his company of Souldyers he chaunced to be in a tempest and sawe the sayde fyre of Santelmo which shortly after descended so lowe that the Captayne might easily come to it and taking it in his cloke he found it to be a litle drop of water Some haue thought it to be a certayne shyning Flie called Taros whiche the sea men some time see in a calme in the Sommer season and thus Santelmo appeared no more The Captayne remayned astonished at the mockerie and the other perceyued it to be no miracle The opinion of the Maryners that affirmed it to be Santelmo may ryse of Sainct Erasmo Byshop of Naples who as they say not only in his life tyme
of the second part THe course of the Sunne in the Zodiacke Fol. xxii The true place of the Sunne in the Zodiacke Fol. xxiii The declination of the Sunne Fol. xxv The entraunce of the Sunne in the xii signes and of the Equinoctials and Solstitials which deuide the foure times of the yeere Fol. xxvii Of the Moone and her motions and properties Fol. xxix The coniunctions and oppositions of the Sunne and the Moone Fol. xxx The declaration and vse of an instrument by the which is found the place and declination of the Sunne with the dayes and place of the Moone Fol. xxxi The Eclipses of the Moone and the Sunne Fol. xxxiii Of tyme and the definition thereof Fol. xxxv Of the yeere and the diuers beginnings and reckonings or computations had thereof in olde tyme. Fol. xxxvi Of the moneth and of his differences Fol. xxxvii Of the weeke Fol. xxxix Of the day and night Fol. eod Of houres Fol. xl The making vse of an vniuersall Dyal for the day Fol. xli Of certain perticuler Dials Mural Horizontal Fol. xliii The composition and vse of an instrument for the houres of the night Fol. xlv The time of the tides or rising falling of the sea Fol. xlviii Of certayne signes which prognosticate tempests or fayre weather Fol. l. Of the bright shining exhalations that appere in teÌ„pests which the Mariners call Santelmo or Corpus sancti Fol. li. The Contentes of the third part THe number order and names of the windes Fol. liiii The composition of Cardes for the Sea Fol. lvi The vertue and propertie of the Lodestone called in Latin Magnes and in Spanish Piedrayman Fol. lxii The making of the Mariners coÌ„passe for Nauiga Fol. lxiii The effect and propertie that the compasse hath to Northeasting or Northwesting whereby is knowen the variation of the compasse Fol. lxiiii The introductioÌ„ principles of the art of Nauiga Fol. lxvii The making and vse of the Astrolabie with the which the Maâ—iners take the altitudes of the Sunne Fol. lxviii The definition of the altitudes anâ— how the altitudes of the Pole may well be knowen by the Meridian altitude and deâ—lination of the Sunne Fol. lxxi The making of the crosse staffe wherwith the Mariners take the altitude of the North starre Fol. lxxii How the altitude of the Pole is knowen by the altitude of the North starre Fol. lxxiii The composition vse of an InstrumeÌ„t by the which without obseruing the South Sunne or midday is knowen the altitude of the Pole and the houre that is Fol. lxxv Of the leagues that are run for a degree according vnto diuers courses Fol. lxxviii Howe to set or make a pricke in the carde of Nauigation Fol. lxxx Of the making and vse of an Instrument generall to knowe the houres and quantities of the day and what wind the Sunne ryseth and falleth Fol. eod FINIS Imprinted at London by Abell Ieffes for Richard VVatkins and are to be sould at his shop Cum Priuilegio The fyrst inuentours of Artes. Isis. Ceres The Cicilians Saturne gaue Lawes to the Latines Tillage of the ground The gâ—lden worlâ—e and â—aigne of Saâ—urnâ— The woortâ—y factes of Charles the fyâ—th Sicilia Spaynâ— reformed The triumphs and victoâ—ies of Charles the fyâ—th Mules horses and horsemen Bellerophoâ— Wearing of weapons and armour Frauncis the French king taken prisoner The Christian faith â—nlarged The sumptuous buyldings and riches of Spayne The Indies nauies of gold and syluer New landes and Ilandes discouered Peâ—u The straights of Magaâ—â—anes Rio de la Plata The fortunate Ilande or Canaries Religion in the Indies The Spaniardes haue euer trauailed into fâ—r countries The antiquiâ—iâ— of Nauigation Argonanti Colchos The Arte of Nauigation Things parteyning to nauigation The lodâ—stone falsly called in English Adamant is in Latine called Magnes Charles the 5. greater then the hâ—roes of olde â—yme Vniuersall bâ—nefites Comparison with the antiques Plinie Nauigationâ— of oldâ— timâ— The perfections of artes at this day The rudenessâ— of the antiquieâ— Augâ—rium The North Starre The voyage of Solomon to Tharsis and Ophir The first inuentours of â—â—â—igation Commodities difficulties of nauigaâ—iâ—â— The ignoâ—â—nce of Pilotâ— The goueâ—â—â—â—â— Three differences of creatures Corporall â—â—â—â—tures Man is called all creaturesâ— and the lesse world Man compared to the woâ—ld All that mooâ—eth is mooued by an otâ—er immoâ—eable The intellectâ—â—e soule Man knoweth part of all things Two motions in man Primum mobile Rationall motion Irrationall motion What is the world Or Mundus a Munditiâ— That is clearnâ—sse or fairâ—â—nesse Eyes were geuen to men to behold the faâ—renesse and beautie of thâ— world The roundnâ—â— of the world Definition of the Sphere The center of â—â—e Sphere The axis and Poles of the world Quinta Essentia Aristotle calâ—eth it the fift â—lement The fift essence is incorruptible What is element The inferiour â—lements are not pure nor â—â—mple The elemenâ—â— are diuisible into partes The commiâ—â—tion of elemenâ—s Pure simplâ— elements caâ— not be seene The diuisioâ— of elements VVhat is â—lâ—â—mentate Diuision of the world into Celestiall and elemeâ—tall Quintae Essentia Thâ— orders of Elemeâ—ts Earth VVaâ—â—â— Ayre Fyre The fourâ—â— of the watâ—r Thâ— Ocean Sâ—â— Psal. 107. Iob. 38. The will of God is the cause of 〈◊〉 Nature abhorreth empâ—â—â—â—s The earth is not pâ—â—fecâ—ly rounde Diuision of the ayrâ— intâ— threâ— Regionâ— The hyghest ayre is incombusâ—iblâ— The order of the heaueâ—â— The Firmament The Plaâ—ets The Chriâ—â—aline heauen The heaueâ— of water Psal. 148. Daniel 3. The moouing of the first mooueable Thâ— coldâ—esse of the Christalinâ—â—â—aâ—â—n The heauâ—n of the fyrst moueable The heaâ—eâ— called Emperiuâ— is not mooued is the habitatioâ— of Angelles The â—â—â—aniâ—ie of Christ in â—he Emperiall heauen Three orders of angelles The â—â—periall â—eauen prâ—seruâ—th â—ll the 〈◊〉 heâ—ueâ—â— Opinion that the earth mooueth Molus in loco The â—arth is immoouâ—able All heauie things enclinâ— to the center of the earth The earth is founded vppon his owne center Psal. 130. The roundnes of the earth The rysing of the Sunne The Eclipse of â—he Moone how the earth is round The ayre is actiuâ— and passiue and not perfectly round The fyrâ— is â—ound how the fyrâ— is mooued how the ayre is mooued The Moone Venus Mercuri The Sunne Mars The Starrie heauen oâ— fyrmament The Christaline heauen First moueable how the fiâ—st moueablâ— draweth the other heaâ—â—â—s The right and crooked or obliquâ— Spherâ— The x. circles of the Sphâ—re The Equinoctiall The equalitie of the day and nyght The fyrst moueâ—ble The Pole Aâ—tyke The horâ—e North Starre Pole Antarâ—ike The crossâ—â—eerâ— vnto the Pole Antartike Zodiack Thâ— twelue signes of thâ— zodiacke how the Sun is cause of generation and corruption Deuision of the twelue Signes Deuision of the signes into degrees Deuision of the zodiacke by latitude The Eclipâ—ike lyne The moouing of the Sunne and the other Planets in the zodiacke The figures oâ— beasts and other things imagined in heauen besides
the xii â—ignes The Eâ—uinoctial Colure The Solstitiaâ—â— Colurâ— Thâ— greatesâ— declination of thâ— Zodiacke Definition of the Meridian Circlâ— The mydday or noone Diuers Meridians Definition of the horizon hemisphere or horizon Diuers horizonâ— The ryght and oblique horizon Distance of the zenith from the Equinoctiall how the horizon is deuided by thâ— Meridian The true and vntrue East and VVâ—st The lesse Circles Tropykes Paralelles The Polar Circles The Poles of the zodiacke and Poles of the world The greatâ—â—â— declination of the Sunne The Artykâ— and Antartike The Sphere diuided into fiue zones Zones habitablâ— and vnhabitable The diuision of the earth according to the fiue zones of heauen An errour of Ptolomie and the Astronomâ—â— The land of Brasile The straights of Magalianes The West Indies People of long life vnder the zone Cold Regions habitable Island Gothlandâ— Norway Russia The diuisioâ— of the Sphere by longitude and latitude The degreâ—â— of the Equinoctial circlâ— Myleâ— Furlongs Leagues Grayne Fynger Foote Pase The degreâ—â— of the sea Cardes The diameter of the earth and water Diuision of the earth and water by Climates Diuersities of thyngs in diuers Climates What is â— climate Differencâ— of dayes The space of sâ—â—â—n climates The quantitiâ—â—f the lâ—ssâ— circlâ—â— The Latitude of Climates Dia Mâ—râ—â— Dia Sienâ— Dia Alexandros Dia Rhodos knightes of the Rhodes The Rhodâ—â— taken by thâ— Turke Dia Romes Dia Boristhenes Dia Rifeos The riuer Tanais Stoflerine The Meridian or South Climate A right line An angle 〈◊〉 A circlâ— The circumference of a circle The center of a circle Diâ—meter Seâ—icircle Zenith Eccâ—ntricke Epicicle Auge Opposâ—â—â— of Auge The Sunâ—e is the guyde in Nauigation The moouing of the Sunnâ— vnder the zodiackâ— The Sommer Tropicke Declination of the Sunne The Winter Tropike The cause of increasing and decreasing of the day and nyghtes The moouing of the Sunne in the center of his Sphere To fynde the true place of the 〈◊〉 The equâ—â—ion of the yeâ—re VVhat is the declination of the Suâ—â—e The entrance of the Sunne into the fouâ—â— principall signes The Latinâ— yeere The Eâ—uinoctialles in the yâ—ere of Christâ—s byrth The Solstiâ—â—â—ls â—our notable thyngs To knowe more precisely the entraunce of the Sunne into the foure principall â—ignâ—â— To knowe when the Sunne entreth into euery of the xii Signâ—â— Leape yeâ—râ— Variation of houres by the rapte mouing of the Sunne from the East to the VVest The entrance of the Sunne into the iiii principall signes causeth the chaunge of tyme. The Sunne and Moone are the principal luminaries The Eclipse of the Moone The coniunction of the Moone with the Sunne The Moone receyueth her lyght of the Sunne The aspect of the Moone to thâ— Sunne The increasing and opposition of thâ— Moone The bignes of the Moone The Moone is â—earest vnto the eâ—â—th The motion of the moonâ— The coniunction Thâ— oppositâ— To know thâ— times of oppositions and coniunctioâ—s To know the golden number The rootes of the golden number The concurrent The Solar and Lunar yeeres To fynde the number of the concurrent Epact To know thâ— dayes oâ— agâ— of the Moonâ— To know tâ—â— day of the coniunction To know the place of the Moone in the Zodiacke and what aspectes she hath with the Sunne The description of the Instrument The vse of the Instrument to fynd the truâ— place of thâ— Sunne To fynde the place of the Moone Fiue aspecteâ— of the Planets Coniunction Opposition Trinall quadrine Sextiâ—e To know thâ— place of the Sunne by thâ— rule of memorie To knowe in what degree the Sunne is The Eclipse of â—hâ— Sunne The Eclipse of the Sunne is not vniuersall â—ow â—hâ— Sunne is eclipsed in the whole or iâ— parâ— why the Moone seemeth somtime bigger and sometime lesse then the Sunne The Sunne is Eclipsed in coniunction the Moone in opposition The reuoâ—ution on oâ— the â—ight Sphere The Solâ—r yeere how the Egyptians painted the yeere The quantitie of the yeere The yeere of the hebrues The Greekes Iulius Caesar. Lâ—â—pe yeere Dayes of the yeâ—râ— Beginning of the yeere Ouid. bruma is the stay of the sunne in winter the winter solstitiall and shortest day of the yeere The Creation of the world Exod. xii VVhere the Christians begin the yeere Diuersitie in the number of the yeeres or the date Machomet The date of the Christians The Lunar yeere or moâ—eth Reuolution of the moone The deuisioâ— of the yeerâ— into twelue monethes The Lunaâ— moneth The moneâ—â— of peragratioâ— The moneth of consecutioâ— The mouing of the Suâ—ne and moone in coniunction To know the tydes by the aspectes of the Moone The illumination or change of the Moone Interlunium is the space of tyme in the which neither the olde Moone doth appeare nor the newe Moone is seene The weeke of the Iewâ—s The Romanâ—â— The Christians Ferine signifieth vacant daies or somâ—time holy or fâ—stiuall 〈◊〉 The naâ—â—â—all day The beginning of the naturall day The ende of the naâ—uâ—all day The artificiall day The nyghâ— houres natural and artificiall The hour natural or equal The houre artificial or temperal The day and nyght diuided into foure partes Interpretation of certayne places of the Gospell The night diuided into iiâ—â— quarters Four watches of the nyght how Mariners ought to watch To know the houres of the day by the Sunne The placing of the instrument The fynding of the Meridian lyne The eleuation of the Pole Dyals horizontall and verticall East â—est The Triangle The making of the Dyall houres of the horizontall Dyall Placing of tâ—â— Dyall The Meridian line of thâ— Dyall The making of the vertical Dyall The Guardâ— starres what is mydnyght Noone or mydday An errour The making of the â—nstrument The horne of the seuen starres whiche make the lesse beare To fynde the hour with the instrument The Mariners opinion of â—bbyng and flowing of the sea or tydâ—s Obseruation of the Moonâ— to know the tydes Eyght principall wyndes The Moone causeth the ebbing and flowing of the Ocean Sea The moouing of the Moone The shortning of the tydes An errour The variation of the tydes A Table to knowe thâ— variation of the tydes Signes of faâ—â—â— and sowle weather Some cal these the fiers of S. Elin and S. Nicolas wandring fyers engendred of exhalations and vapours Castor and Pollux what is smoke and flame Exhalations of the land and water Exhalations and vapours engendred in Shyps A shining flye A superstitious opinion of the Mariners A lye of the fryer preachers Psalm 67. Testimonie of auncient aucthours The buildyng of Rome The Romanâ— kyngs One lyght or fyre is an euill signe Two lyghtes Castor and Pollux an errour of the Mariners Psalm 68. why Eolus was fayned god of winds what is winde The foure principall or Cardinall wyndâ—s Luke xvii East Souâ—h west North. Collaâ—erall wyndes Twelue wyâ—des Eyght whole wyndes Diuision of the horizon by the foure principall wyndes Eyght halfe wyndes quarter windes The deuisioâ— of the windâ— xxxii windeâ— in alâ—â— The names of