holye thing out of an holy place is worse then some other kynde of theft No lesse matter of argumentacion ministreth the qualitie of time which signifieth two thynges Fyrst it is taken playnly for the time present past or to come Seconde it signifieth oportunitie to do a thynge and so when a man cometh as we wold haue it we saye he cometh in time And in the seuenth of Ihon when Christ sayth My tyme is not yet come tyme is taken for oportunitie of tyme. And lykewyse in the syxt to the Galat. Therfore whyle we haue tyme. c. The Rethoricianes put chaunce vnder tyme because the ende of a thynge perteyneth to the time that foloweth but of thys wyll we speke in the place called Euent Facultie is a power to do the thynge that is taken in hand and in coniectures two thinges speciallye be considered whether he could or wold Wyll is gathered of hope to performe it and is made more probable wheÌ„ the nature of the mynde is ioyned to it as it is not like he wyl abide in his glorye because he is enuious and ambicious Also when we counsell one to leaue of vayne mournynge when it is not in his power to get agayne that is gone Instrument semeth to be a part of facultie for instrumentes sometyme are cause of oure hablenes to do a thinge and it is a more mischeuous deede to kyl with venome theÌ„ with swearde And to instrumeÌ„t soâ—e is the manour of doyng that almoste it is all one But more properlye perteyne to the manour or fashion those thynges that be eyther excused or made greater by wyl As lesse faute is it to fall into a vice by ignorance or frailtie then of a purpose and full deliberacion The vse of circuÌ„stances profiteth to amplifie to extenuate to euidence to confirmacion and probabilitie And hytherto be referred also the common places that indifferentlye apperteyne to all kyndes and partes of causes of the whyche Rodulphe entreateth and Aristotle in hys Topyckes But before we speake of them it is to be noted that thys woorde place is taken foure maner of wayes They are called common places because thei be entreated of of bothe partes althoughe not in all one cause as he that is sore spoken agaynste by witnesses swadeth that we shulde not geue credite to witnesses Contrarye he that is holâ—en by them speaketh in defence of wytnesses and so of other that we spake of before when we entreated of vnartificial argumentes Lyke to thys sorte be sentences whyche wee eâ—aggerate as it were wythoute the cause but so that they serue to the cause whiche wee haue in hande as bee the amplificacions of vertues and the exaggeracions of vices As when wee accuse anye manne that by euyll companions he was broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede A common place shall bee wyth wordes to exaggerate howe much it profiteth to keepe goodnesse to bee in companye wyth good men and contrarye howe greate myschyefe the companye of euyll men dothe cause In the third sence places be called seates of argumentes whyche the Rethoricianes do applie to echâ— kyndes of causes As in the kynde suasorie honest profitable pleasauÌ„t easye necessarie c. In demonstratiue kynde kynred contrey goodes of the bodye and of the mynde In the Iudiciall kynde inespecial deniall those that we spake of euen nowe The fourth places be general whych declare what belongeth to euerye thynge and howe oute of eche of them there be taken argumentes partly necessary and partlye probable These be commen to the Oratours with the Logicians albeit Aristotle hathe seperatelye written of them in hys Topickes and in his Rethorickes hathe not touched theÌ„ and they profite much both to iudgement and to endightynge but the varietie of authors hath made the handlynge of them sumwhat darke because amonge them selues they can not wel agre neyther of the names neyther of the number neyther of the order An example is a rehearsall of a thynge that is done and an applyynge of it vnto our cause eyther for similitude or dissimilitude profitable to perswade garnyshe and delyght Examples some be taken out of hystories some of tales some of fayned argumeÌ„tes in comedies and bothe sortes be dilated by parable and comparacion Comparacion sheweth it equall lesse or bygger Parable is a feete similitude whych sheweth y e example that is brought ether like vnlyke or coÌ„trarye Lyke as Camillus restored the common wealth of the Romaines that was oppressed by the Frenchmen and when it was brought into extreme losse by theyr valiauntnesse expelled the Barbariens So Ualla whan thorowe the ignoraÌ„ce of y e Barbarians learnyng was destroyed restored it agayn as it wer from death into hys former brightnes Unlike As not lyke thanke is done to Laurence and Camillus because that the one moued by vertue wyth the ieopardie of hys lyfe deliuered his contrey from the vngracious that other styrred vp by desyre of fame or rather wyth an euyll luste to checke manye noâ— restored agayn the latteÌ„tâ—ng oppressed but brought it as it were into certen rules CoÌ„trary Brutus kylled hys chyldren goyng about treason Manlius punished by death the valiauntnes of hys sonne Comparacion sheweth y e thing y t is brought eyther equall lesse or bigger Lesse as our elders haue warred oftentymes because theyr marchauÌ„tes and mariners wer euyl entreated What mynd ought you to be in so many thousande citizens of Rome slaine at one message and one time Equall as in the same Cicero For it happed vnto me to stand for an offyce wyth two gentlemenne that one very naughte that other very gentle yet ouercame I Catiline by dignitie and Galba by fauoure Bygger As for Milo they saye he shulde not lyue that confesseth he hathe kylled a man when M. Horacius was quitte whyche kylled hys owne syster Parable which some call similitude some coÌ„paracion is a comparyng of a thyng y t hath no life or no bodye to our cause and purpose for some thyng that is lyke or vnlyke And as example is taken of y e dede of a man and the person of an hystorye or that is fabulous and fayned so is comparison taken of thinges that be done or that be ioyned to them by nature or by chaunce As Attilius retournyng agayne to hys enemies is an example of kepynge faythe and promise But a shyp in the whych the sayles be â—oysed vp or takeÌ„ down after the blowyng of the winde is a parable whiche reacheth a wyse man to geue place to tyme and applye hymselfe to the world that is presente And lyke fashion is of dilaâ—yng a parable as we haue shewed in example For sometime it is noted in a word as Doest thou not vnderstand that the sayles muste be turned Sometyme it is more largelye declared as in the oracion for Muâ—ena And if vnto menne that sayle out of the hauen c. Analogia Icon called of the latines Imago an Image in Englyshe is
it bi hartes Thei also haue taughte vs that the eatinge of crabs is a remedy against the poyson of spyders And also we haue learned by the teachyng of lysaâ—des that dictamum doth confort vs agaynst the byting of serpentes For thys kynde of beastes fyghte naturally agaynste serpentes of whom wheÌ„ they be hurt they haue ben espyed to fetche theyr remedye of that herbe Swallowes haue shewed vs salandine and haue geuen the name vnto the hearbe The wesyll hathe shewed vs that rewe is good in medicines The Storke hathe shewed vs the herbe organye and the wylde bores haue declared y t Iuy helpeth sickenesses Serpentes haue shewed that fenel is good for the eye syght That vomite of the stomacke is stopped by lettise the Dragon mony sheth vs. And that mans donge helpeth agaynst poyson the Panthers haue taught vs and many mo remedies we haue learned of Brute beastes yea and crafâ—es also that be verye profitable for mannes lyfe Swine haue shewed vs the maner to plow the lande and the Swalowe to teÌ„per mud walles To be short there is in maner nothyng profitable for the lyfe of man but y â— nature hathe shewed vs an example in brute beastes that they that haue not learned philosophy and other sciences maye be warned at the least waye by them what they shulde do â—o we not se howe that euery beaste not only doth beget yonge but also fashion them to do their natural office The byrde is borne to flye Doest thou not se how he is taught therunto fashioned by his daÌ„me We see at home how the cattes go before their kytlynges and exercyse them to catche myse byrdes because they muste lyue by them They shewe them the praye whyle it is yet alyue and teache them to catche it by leapyng and at last to eate them What do hartes Do they not forth wyth exercise their â—awnes to swyftnes and teach theÌ„ howe to runne they brynge them to hye stiepe doune places shewe them how to leap because by these meanes they be sure agaynste the traines of the hunters Ther is put in writing as it were a certen rule of techyng elephaÌ„tes and dolphins in brynginge vp their yonge In Nyghtingales we perceiue the offices of the techer and learner how the elder goth before calleth backe and correcteth and howe the yonger foloweth and obeyeth And as the dogge is borne to huntyng the byrde is flyinge the horse to runnyng the oxe to plowynge so man is borne to philosophy and honeste doinges and as euery liuing thing lerneth very easly that to the whiche he is borne so man wyth verye lytle payne perceiueth the lernyng of vertue and honestye to the whiche nature hath graffed certen vehemente seedes and principles so that to the readinesse of nature is ioyned the diligence of the teacher What is a greater inconuenience then beastes that be wythout reason to knowe and remember theyr duetye towarde theyr yong Man whych is deuided from brute beastes by prerogatiue of reason not to know what he oweth to nature what to vertue and what to God And yet no kynde of brute beastes looketh for anye rewarde of theyre yong for their noursynge and teachynge excepte we luste to â—eleue that the Storkes noryshe agayne theyr daÌ„mes for worne wyth age and bear them vpon their backes But among men because no continuaunce of time taketh awaye the thanke of naturall loue what comfort what worshyp what succoure doth he prepare for hym selfe that seeth hys childe to be well brought vp Nature hathe geuen into thy handes a newe falowed fielde nothynge in it in deede but of a fruitfull grounde and thou thorow negligence sufferest it to he ouer growen wyth bryers and thornes whyche afterwardes can not be pulled vp wyth any diligence In a lytell grayne howe greate a tree is hyd what fruite will it geue if it spring oute All thys profite is lâ—st except thou caste seede into the forowe excepte thou noryshe wyth thy labour this tender plant as it groweth and as it were make it tame by graffyng Thou awakest in tamyng thy plaÌ„t and slepeste thou in thy sonne All the staâ—e of mans felicitie standeth specially in thre poyntes nature good orderyng and exercyse I cal nature an aptnes to be taught and a readines that is graffed within vs to honestye Good orderynge or teachyng I call doctryne whiche stondeth in monicions and preceptes I call exercyse the vse of that perfitenes which nature hath graffed in vs and that reason hath furthered Nature requyreth good order and fashionynge exercyse except it be gouerned by reason is in daunger to manye perylles and erroures They be greatly therefore deceiued whych thynke it sufficieÌ„t to be borne no lesse do they erre whyche beleue that wysedome is got by handelynge matters and greate affayres wythoute the preceptes of philosophye Tel me I praye you when shall he be a good runner whych runneth lustelye in deede but eyther runneth in the darke or knoweth not the waye When shall he bee a good sworde player whych shaketh hys sworde vp and downe wynkyng Preceptes of philosophye be as it were the eyes of the mynde and in manner geue lyght before vs that you may see what is nedefull to be done and what not Longe experience of diuerse thinges profite much in dede I confesse but to a wyse man that is diligently instructed in preceptes of well doynge Counte what thei haue done and what thei haue suffered all theyr lyfe whych haue gotten them by experience of thinges a sely small prudence thinke whether y u woldest wyshe so greate myschiues to thy sonne Moreouer philosophye teacheth more in one yere then dothe anye experience in thyrty and it teacheth safely wheÌ„ by experience mo men waxe miserable then prudent in so much that the old fathers not without a cause sayde a man to make a perill or be in ieopardy whych assayed a thing by experience Go to if a man wold haue hys sonne well seene in physycke whether wolde he rather he shulde reade the bookes of phisicions or learne by experience what thynge wolde hurt by poysonyng or helpe by a remedy Howe vnhappye prudence is it when the shypman hathe learned the arte of saylynge by often shypwrackes when the prince by continuall batayles and tumultes and by coÌ„mon myschieues hath learned to beare hys office Thys is the prudence of fooles and that is bought to dearlye that men shulde be wyse after they be strycken wyth myschief He learneth very costely whych by wanderyng lerneth not to wander Philippus wyselye learned hys sonne Alexander to shewe hym selfe glad to lerne of Aristotle and to learne philosophy perfectlye of him to the enteÌ„t he shuld not do that he shuld repent hym of And yet was Phylyp coÌ„mendâ—d for hys singuler towardnes of wytte What thynke ye then is to de looked for of the coÌ„mon sorte But the manner of teachinge doth briefly shewe what we shulde folowe what wee shulde auoyde neyther dothe it after wee
that on is committed when anye worde is fautely spoken or writen that other when in many wordes ioyned together the worde that foloweth is not wel applyed to that that goeth before Of composicion and dygnitye we wyll speake here after when we come to the figures of rethoryque Of the three kyndes of style or endyghtynge Before we come to the precepts of garnishing an oracioÌ„ we thinke good bryeâ—â—ye to shewe you of the thre kyndes of stile or endyghting in the whych all the eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied For that there be thre sundry kyndes called of the Grekes characters of vs figures I trowe there is no man though he be meanlye learned but he knoweth namely when we se so manye wryters of sciences bothe Greke and latine whych haue ben before tyme to haue folowed for the mooste parte sundrye sortes of wrytyng the one vnlyke to the other And there hath bene marked inespecially thre kyndes of endightynge The greate the small the meane The greate kynde The greate the noble the mightye and the full kynde of endyghtynge wyth an incredible a certen diuine power of oracion is vsed in wayghty causes for it hathe wyth an ample maiestye verye garnyshed wordes proper translated graue sentences whych ar handled in amplificacion and commiseracion and it hathe exornacions bothe of woordes and sentences wherunâ—o in oracions they ascribe verye great strength and grauitie And they that vse thys kynde bee vehement various copious graue appoynted and readye thorowlye to moue and turne mens myndes Thys kynd dyd Cicero vse in the oracion for Aulus Cluencius for Sylla for Titus Annius Milo for Caius Rabirius agaynste Cariline agaynste Uerres agaynste Piso. But they that can not skyll of it oftentimes fall into fautes when vnto them that seemeth a graue oracion whych swelleth and is puffed vp whych vseth straunge wordes hardelye translated or to olde and that â—e nowe longe sythens lefte of from vse of daylye talke or more graue then the thing requyreth The small kynde The small kynde of indighting is in a subtile pressed and fyled oracion meete for causes that be a lytel sharper then are in the comon vse of speakynge For it is a kynde of oracion that is lette downe euen to the mooste vsed custume of pure and clere speakyng It hathe fyne sentences subtile sharpe teachyng all thynges and makynge them more playne not more ample And in the same kynde as Cicero sayeth in hys oratoure some bee craftye but vnpolyshed and of purpose lyke the rude and vnskylfull Other in that leaâ—es are trymme that is somwhat floryshynge also and garnyshed Cicero vsed thys kynde in hys philosophicall disputacions in the oracioÌ„ for Quincius for Roscius y e Comedy plaier TeceÌ„ce Plautus in their Comedies Such as caÌ„ not haÌ„dsomly vse them selues in that mery conceyted slendeâ—nes of wordes fall into a drye and feble kynde of oracion The meane kynde The mean and temperate kynd of indyghting standeth of the lower and yet not of the loweste and moste comen wordes and sâ—nteÌ„ces And it is ryghtly called the temperate kynde of speakyng because it is very nygh vnto the small and to the greate kynde folowyng a moderacion and temper betwyxt theÌ„ And it foloweth as we saye in one tenour distinguyshyng all the oracion wyth small ornamentes bâ—th of wordes and sentences Cicero vseth thys for the lawe of Manilius for Aulus Cecinna for Marcus Marcellus and moste of all in hys bookes of oâ—â—ices In this it is fautye to come to the kynd that is nye vnto it â–ª whyche is called dissolute because it waueth hyther and thyther as it were wythout senowes and ioyntes standyng surely in no poynte And sâ—che an oracion can not caâ—se the heaâ—er to take anye heede â—hen it goeth so in and out and comprehendeth not any thyng wyth perfecte wordes Of Schemes and Tropes Scheme is a Greke worde and signifyeth properlye the maner of gesture that daunsers vse to make wheÌ„ they haue won the best game but by translacion is taken for the fourme fashion and shape of anye thynge expressed in wrytynge or payntinge and is taken here now of vs for the fashion of a word sayynge or sentence otherwyse wrytten or spoken then after the vulgar and comen vsage and that thre suÌ„dry waies by figure faâ—â—e vertue Figure Fygure of Scheme y e fyrst part is a behaueoure maner or fashion eyther of sentence oracion or wordes after some new wyse other theÌ„ men do commenlye vse to wryâ—e or speake and is of two sortes Dianoias that is of sentence and Lexeos of worde Figure of Dianoias or sentence because it properlye belongeth to oratoures â–ª we wyll speake of it hereafter in place conuenient now wyll we entrete of the figure Lexeos or of worde as it perteyneth to the Gramarians Figure of worde Figure Lexeos or of worde is when in speakyng or wrytyng any thynge touchynge the wordes is made newe or straunge otherwyse then after y e comen custume is of ii kyndes diccion construccion Figure of Diccion Figure of diccion is the transformacion of one word either written or pronouÌ„ced hath these partes Appositio apposicioÌ„ the putting to eyther of letter or sillable at the begynnyng of a worde as He all to bewretched hym Ablatio the takynge awaye of a letter or sillable from the begynnynge of a worde of a letter when we say The peÌ„thesis of thys house is to low for the epenthesis Wher note this y e word peÌ„thesis is a greke worde yet is vsed as an englishe as many mo be and is called a pentis by these figures Sincope and Apheresis the whole word beynge as is before epenthesis so called because it is betwyxt y e lyght vs as in al occupiers shops coÌ„menli it is Interpositio when a letter is added betwene the fyrste sillable of a word and the laste as RelligioÌ„ for religion relliques for reliques Consicio contrary to Epenthesis is when somewhat is cutte of from the myddeste of the worde as Idolatry for Idololatâ—y Preassumpcio when a sillable is added to a word the significacion of the worde therby nothyng altered as He vseth to slacken his matters for to slacke his matters Absissio y e cuttyng away of a letter or sillable froÌ„ the end of a word as She is a wel â—ayr may for maid Extensio the making loÌ„g of a sillable whych by nature is short as This was ordeined by acte for ordined Contractio the makynge short of a sillable which bi nature is loÌ„g as He is a man of good perseuerauÌ„ce wher some men coÌ„mit .ii. fautes at once one y t they take perseuerauÌ„ce for knoweledge whiche signifieth alwais coÌ„tinuance an other y t they make this sillable ue short where it is euerlonge and so do they erre in thys worde adherentes also makyng he short when it is alwayes longe as when they saye I defye hym and all his
vp all y t went before it was done Example Cicero oppressed the mischeuous purposes of Catiline Thus maye you set it forth The myscheuous enterpryses of Catiline by most vngracious yonge men whych went about the destruccion of the citie of Rome M Tullius the consull dyd quickelye smell out by hys foresyghte and by hys singuler vigilancye sought theÌ„ oute by his hyghe prudence espyed them by his incredible eloquence conuinced them and by hys graue authoritie repressed theÌ„ by force of armes subdued them with great happines toke them quyte awaye Hitherto also apperteineth wheÌ„ we expouÌ„d a thyng not barely but repete the causes also sumwhat before and of what begynnynges it came of As if not contente to haue sayd that the â—renchmen made bataile with the Neapolitans we rehearse also what wer the causes of theyr stryfe who was the setter forward and what was the occasion of the warre what hope and truste eyther of them had to the victorye Of these ar many examples in Saluste Liuie From thys differeth not when we do not simplye shewe forthe the matter but reherse also those thynges that eyther go with it or folowe it as thus We thanke the of thys warre Thus maye you dilate the matter The treasure spente vpon the Barbariens the youthe broken wyth laboures the corne croden downe the cattel driuen awaye stretes and vyllages euery where set on fyre fieldes lefte desolate walles ouerthrowen houses robbed temples spoyled so many olde men chylderles so manye orphanes so manye wyddowes so many virgins shamefully defiled y e maners of so many yong meÌ„ made worse by leâ—de liberty so many meÌ„ slayne so great mourning so many good artes loste lawes oppressed religion blotted al thynges of god and man confounded all good order of the citie corrupted I say all this heape of myschiefs that riseth of war we mai thaÌ„ke the only of it which wast y e beginner of this war Enargia euidence or perspicuitie called also descripcion rethoricall is when a thynge is so described that it semeth to the reader or hearer y t he beholdeth it as it were in doyng Of thys figure ben many kyndes The fyrste called effiguracion or descripcion of a thynge whereby the figure and forme of it is set out as of the vniuersall flud The seconde the descripcion of a personne when a man is described as are the noble menne in Plutarch and the Emperours in Suetonius Howe be it the rethoricianes vse thys worde Prosopopcia that is descripcion of a personne to comprehende the sixe kyndes folowinge The thyrde kinde is called Charactirismus that is the efficcion or pycture of the bodye or mynde as Dauus describeth Crito Mitio describeth Demea The .iiii. is the fainyng of a persoÌ„ called Prosopographia and is of iâ— sorts Fyrst y e descripcioÌ„ of a fained person as Uyrgyl in the syxt of Eneid faineth Sibil to be mad fayneth the persons in hell An other forme is wheÌ„ we fayne persoÌ„ coÌ„municacion or affecte of a man or of a beaste to a dumme thynge or that hath no bodye or to a dead man as to the Harpies furies deuils slepe hongar enuie fame vertue iustice and suche lyke the poetes fayne a person and communicacion This seconde fashion the Poetes do call Prosopopâ—y The fyrst kind is called AEtopeia that is an expressioÌ„ of maners or mylde affeccions and hath thre kyndes of the whych the fyrst is a significacion or expression of of maners somewhat longer as of wittes artes vertues vices Thus we expresse Thraso a boaster and Demea a sowre felowe The seconde forme is an expression of naturall propensiâ—ie and inclinacions to naturall affeccions as of the fathers loue toward the chyldren c. of fryendshyppe neyghbourhod cetâ— as you maye se in hystoryes The thyrd kynde is the expression of lighter affeccions as when wee go about by fayre meanes to gette the mery affeccions of menne to vs ward or to other when the mynd is lyft vp into hope myrth laughter and as be louyng salutations promises coÌ„munynges together in familiar epistles and dialogues and the getting of loue and fauour in the begynnynges and finallye thys figure doth teach that Rethorique is a part of flattery The sixt kynde of rethoricall descripcion is Pathopeia that is expressyng of vehement affeccions and perturbacions of y t whych ther be two sortes The fyrste called Donysis or intencion and some call it imaginacion wherby feare anger madnes hatered enuye and lyke other perturbacions of mynde is shewed and described as in Ciceros inuectiues Another forme is called â—iâ—tros or coÌ„miseâ—acion wherby teares be pyked out or pyty is moued or forgeuenes as in Ciceros peroracioÌ„s and complaintes in Poets And to be shorte ther is gotten no greater admiracion or commendacion of eloquence then of these two AEtopeia and Pathopeia if they be vsed in place The .vii. kind is Dialogismus whych is how often a short or long communicacion is fayned to a person accordyng to the comelines of it Such be the concions in Liuie other historians The .viii. kynd is called Mimisis that is a folowing eyther of the wordes or manoures whereby we expresse not onlye thâ— wordes of the person but also the gesture and these foresayd sixe kindes Quintiliane dothe put vnder Prosopopeia The .ix. kynde is the descripcion of a place as of Carthage in the fyrst of Eneid Referre hither Cosmographie and Geographie The .x. kynd is called Topotesia that is ficcion of a place when a place is described such one peraduenture as is not as of the fieldes called Elisii in Uirgil refer hither Astrothesiam that is the descripcioÌ„ of starres The .xi. kinde is Chronographia that is the descripcion of the tyme as of nyght daye and the foâ—re tymes of the yere A greate parte of eloquence is set in increasing and diminyshing and serueth for thys purpose that the thyng shulde seme as great as it is in dede lesser or greater then it seemeth to manye For the rude people haue commonly a preposterous iudgemeÌ„t and take the worst thynges for the beste and the beste for the worst Al amplificacion and dimmucion is taken eyther of thinges or of wordes Of thynges ryse effeccions of words those fashions that nowe I wyll shewe The first waye of increasyng or diminishing is by chaungynge the worde of the thynge when in encreasynge we vse a more cruell worde and a softer in diminyshynge as when we call an euyll man a thiefe and saye he hathe kylled vs when he hathe beaten vs. And it is more vehemeÌ„te if by correccion we compare greater wordes wyth those that we put before As thou haste broughte not a thyefe but an extorcioner noâ— an adulterer but a rauysher c. Lyke vnto this is Hyperbole whyche saythe more then the truthe is in deede as when we saye The crye was hearde to heauen meanyng it was a
greate crye An other kynde is by increase whyche is when the thynges goyng before beynge exaggerate we come from them to the hyeste As agaynste Uerres It is a myscheuous deede to bynde a Citizen of Rome haynous to beate hym what shall I saye to hange hym Another waye of increase is when wythoute disstinccion in the context and course of the oracion the circumstaunces sette in order somewhat alwayes is added bygger then the fyrste and that we come to the hyest by a swyfte pace As he was not ashamed to playe at dyce wyth iesters in the common cokerye beynge a prieste a Person a Diuine and a Monke There is another kynde of amplyfienge that is by comparison contrary to increase For as in increase the thynges that go before beyng exaggerat we go from them to the hyest so comparison taketh increase of the lesser whych if they be greater in all mens opinions that must nedes appeare verie greate that we wyll haue amplifieâ— And comparison is made by ficcion by puttynge to an example By ficcion eyther in one degree or in many As in the fyrst part of the amplifiyng of Automes vomite for he fayneth it had happened vnto hym at supper beyng but a priuate person If at supper in these great bowles of thine thys happened vnto thee who wolde not haue counted it a shame But now in y e syght of the people of Rome beynge a coÌ„mon officer master of the horse to whom it was shame once to belch â–ª he wyth hys gobbets of meat that stanke al of wyne fylled al his lap and the iudgement seate Here amplificacion is taken of smaller thinges and is made by one degree of many degrees this maye be an example If a maÌ„ gaue the euery yere xl pouÌ„d woldest y u not thanke him If a friend had redemed the out of prison w t hys money woldest thou not loue hym If eyther in battell or shypwracke a man by hys valiantnes had saued the woldest thou not worshyp hym as God and saye thou were neuer able to make hym amendes What ingratitude is it then that Christ God man which hathe made the to whom thou dost owe al that thou hast c. so to dispyse hym so wyth dayely fautes to anger him for so great beniuoleÌ„ce to geue hym agayn so great contumelye and despyte Neyther skylleth it that we haue rehearsed ficcion and comparacion amonge argumentes for there is no cause why that amplificacion and ornacion shuld not be taken out of the same places from whence ther commeth probacion Nor it is no newes the selfe same thynges to be applyed to diuerse vses As of all circumstaunces both of the thyng and of the person are taken argumentes but euen oute of the selfe same are feâ— affeccions and eâ—aggeracions whych is manifest in the kynde demonstraâ—iue As when we prayse chastitie in a yonge man we go not aboute to perswade that he was chaste but that that vertue shulde appeare greater in floryshyng age To lyke vse serue examples and similitudes as in Esaye The Oxe knewe hys owner and the Asse the maunger of hys master but Israel hathe not knowen me The example of the Oxe the Asse is not vsed for this to proue that the Hebrewes dyd not knowe their God but that the impietie and folishnes of that nacion shulde be amplified The same may be applied to profe after thys maner If the Oxe and Asse knowledge theyr masters of whoÌ„ they are norished and do serue them how much more conueniente is it that maÌ„ shuld knowledge hys maker and norisher and serue him bothe in bodye and mynd Contrarye when Paul sayth no man serueth in warre on his owne wages he proueth by similitudes that it is not comelye that they that war vnder the gospell shulde be compelled to be carefull for their liuynge He shuld haue applied it to amplifiyng if he had propouned it thus They that serue vnder a capteine be not careful for their liuyng but lokinge for the sustenaunce of their capteine only studye for thys to do hym faythful seruice howe muche more shame is it that some menne that haue promised to fyght vnder Christ in the gospel to distrust such a capteyne and studye all they can to gather riches CoÌ„parison by puttyng to example is wheÌ„ by setting out as it were a lyke example wee brynge to passe that that we exaggerate may be thought either very lyke eyther equal either bygger And in this kynd both the whole is coÌ„pared to the whole the partes to partes as in the oracion of â—icero for Milo Did I pray you y t noble maÌ„ Scipio being a priuat persoÌ„ kil Tiberius Gracchus whych shaked the coÌ„moÌ„ wealthe but a lytle shall wee beynge consulles suffer Catiline that gothe aboute to wast the whole worlde wyth murther and fyre Here bothe Catiline is compared to Gracchus and the estate of the common wealthe to the whole world a lytle shakyng to slaughter fyer and wastyng and a priuate person to the consuls Ther is an amplificacion also wheÌ„ contraries be set together wherby bothe the partes seme bygger and more euidente As when exhorting men to liberalitie we shewe howe foule a faute couetousenes is that the foulnes of the faute being exaggerate the goodlines of the vertue shulde be more encreased There is another kynd of amplifiyng called reasonynge when of those thinges that eyther folowe or go before the hearer doth gather how great that thynge is that we wolde to be amplified By thynges that go before as when Homer armeth Achylles or Hector to batayle by the greate preparacion we gather how sore y e fight shal be Of thinges y t folowe How much wyne Antony dranke when y t hauyng such a strong body he was not able to digeste it but spewed it vp the nexte daye after Of thynges ioyned to as wheÌ„ Maro sayeth to Poliphemus He had the bodye of a pineapple tree for a staffe in hys hande Manye other kyndes ben there of amplifiynge which who so wyl se more at large may read that right excellent boke of the famouse doctor Erasmus whych he intituled the preacher The inuencion of many proposicions is when the chyefe state or principal proposion of the cause is declared and proued by manye other proposicions and argumeÌ„tes so set in iuste order that there be no confusion of proposions And proposicions be taken partely of those that be coÌ„mon and partly of those thynges that belonge properlye to the cause As if a man wolde counsell Tullye not to take the condicion offered of Antony that is that by burnynge of hys bookes called philippia he shulde haue hys lyfe he myght vse commonly these proposicions Fyrste y t no man oughte to by his life so dere that therby he shulde lose hys immortall name To thys generall may serue a perticuler taken oute of circumstaunces that it oughte not to be done inespeâ—ialy of Cicero whych by so many laboures hathe gotten vnto
dignitie authoritie and also healthâ—â—lnes of body whych menne so desirouslye wyshe to theyr chyldren nothynge doth more get them vnto man theÌ„ vertue and learninge They wyshe vnto them a praye but they wyll not geue theÌ„ a nette to take it with all That thing which is of al most excellent thou canst not geue thy sonne but thou mayest store hym wyth those good sciences wherby the best thinges be gotten Now is this a great inconuenience but it is yet a greater that they leaue at home their dogge wel taught their horse well broken and taught and theyr son enstructed wyth no learnyng They haue land well tylled and theyr sonne shamefull rude They haue their house goodly trimmed and theyr sonne voyde of all garnyshyng Further they whych after the peoples estimacion seme to be meruelouse wyse do prolong the diligence to garnyshe the mind eyther into an age vnapte to bee taughte or else take no care at all for it and are meruelouse thoughtfull of externall goodes of fortune yea or eueâ— he be borne whom they haue appoynted to be lorde of theÌ„ all For what se we not them to do When their wyfe is greate wyth chylde then call they for a searcher of natiuities the parentes are whether it shall be a man or a woman kynde They searche oute the destenye If the astrologer by the byrth houre haue sayde that the chylde shulde be fortunate in warre wee wyll saye they dedicate this chyld to the kinges courte If he shal promyse ecclesiasticall dygnitie wee wyll saye they hunte for hym by some meanes a Byshoprycke or a fatte Abbotshyp Thys chylde wyl we make a president or a deane Thys semeth not to them to hasty a care when they preuente euen the very byrth and semeth it to hastye that is vsed in fashioning your childrens myndes So quyclye you prouide to haue your sonne a captâ—ine or an officer and therewyth wylte thou not prouide that he maie be a profitable captayn or officer of the common wealth Before the tyme come you go aboute this to haue your sonne a byshop or an abbot and wylt thou not fashion hym to this well to beare the office of a byshop or an abbot Thou seâ—â—este hym to a chariot and shewest hym not the manner to guyde it Thou puttest hym to the sterâ—e and passest not that he shulde learne those thynges that becommeth a shypmaster to know Finally in all thy possessions thou regardest nothing lesse then that that is moste precious for whose sake al other thynges be gotten Thi corne fieldes be goodly thy houses be fayre thy vessel is bright thy garmentes and al thy housholde stuffe thy horses bee wel kept thi seruauÌ„tes wel taught only thy sonnes wyt is foule filthy all sluttishe Thou hast perchauÌ„ce bought by the druÌ„me a bond slaue vyle and barbarous if he be rude and ignoraunt y u markest to what vse he is good trimly thou bryngest hym vp to some craft either of the kytchen physicke husbandrye or stewardshyp only thy soÌ„ne thou seâ—â—est lyght by as an iâ—le thynge Thei wyl say He shal haue inough to lyue on but he shall not haue to lyue well on Comonly the rycher that men be the lesse they care for the bryngyng vp of their chyldren What neede is it say they of anye learnyng they shall haue inoughe Yea the more nede haue they of the helpe of phylosophy and learnyng The greater the shyp is the more marchandyse it carieth aboute the more neede it hathe of a connynge shyppe master Howe greatlye do Prynces go about this to leaue vnto their sonnes as large a dominion as they caÌ„ and yet do none care lesse that they shuld be brought vp in those good wayes wythoute the whych principalitie can not wel be ordred How muche more dothe he geue that geueth vs to lyue well then to lyue Uerye lytel do chyldren owe vnto theyre fathers of whâ—me they be no more but begotten and not also broughte vp to lyue verteouslye The saying of Alexander is muche spoken of excepte I were Alexander I wold wishe to be Diogenes But very worthely doth Plutarch rebuke it because that so much the more he shuld haue wyshed to haue had Diogenes philosophye howe muche the greater hys dominion was But muche more shameful is theyr sluggardy whyche not onely bryng not vp their chyldreÌ„ aright but also corrupte them to wyckednesse When Crates the Thebane dyd perceiue thys abhominacion not without a cause he wolde go in to y e hyest place of the citye there crie out as loud as he could caste them in the teeth wyth theyr madnesse in this wyse You wretches what madnesse driueth you Take you suche thought to gette money and possessions take you â—o care for your children for whom you get these thynges As they be scante halfe mothers whych onlye bringe forth and not vp their chyldren so be they scante halfe fathers whith when they prouide necessaries for theyr chyldrens bodies eueÌ„ somuch that they maye ryot wythall prouide not that their myndes maye be garnyshed wyth honest disciplines Trees per adueÌ„ture wyl grow though eyther baren or wyth wild fruite horses are foled though perchaunce they be good for nothyng but menne truste me be not borne but fashioned Menne in olde tyme which by no lawes nor good order ledde theyr lyues in woodes in waÌ„derynge lustes of bodye were rather wylde beastes then men Reason maketh a man that hathe no place where all thynges are gouerned after affeccion If shape and fashion shulde make a man Images also shulde be counted among men Elegantly sayde Aristippus when a certen ryche man aâ—ed him what profite learnyng shuld brynge to a yong man it be no more but this quod he y t in the playing place one stone sytte not vpon an other Uery properly another Philosopher Diogenes I trowe bearynge in the myd day a candle in his hand walked aboute the market place that was full of men beinge axed what thynge he sought I seeke quod he a man He knewe that there was a greate company but of beastes and not men The same man on a daye when staÌ„ding on an hye place he had called a great â—ort together and sayde nothing else but come hither men come hyther men Some halfe angrye cryed agayne we are here men say what thou hast TheÌ„ quod he I wold haue men come hyther not you whych are nothyng lesse then men and therwyth draue them away wyth his staffe Surely it is very trewe that a man not instructed wyth Phylosophye nor other good sciences is a creature somewhat worse then brute beastes For beastes folowe onely the affectes of nature a manne except he be fashioned wych learning and preceptes of philosophy is â—awght into affeccions more theÌ„ beastlike For there is no beast more wylde or more hurtefull then a manne whom ambicion dryuethe desyre anger enuye ryot and luste Therfore he that prouideth not that his sonne may by and