North and South So that the foresaid right sections doe part the Horizont and cyrcumference of the same into foure quarters The foure principall windes of the common sorte are thus called that which bloweth from the East the Leuant winde and that right against it the Ponent that from the North Transmontanus and that right against it the Merâ—dional These foure of later yeares they haue deuided into 32. windes after the noted lines and pointes drawne in the Saylers carde and other Mappes euery where to be séene Also the Saylers compasse doth expresse so many windes directed by the adamant or lodestone which howe the same doeth direct and shewe the windes needeth not here be shewed séeing the same is sufficieÌ„tly known to euery sayler which by the guide of their compasse direct their course in clowdy weather either by day or night in marking diligently the points of the compasse how they coast To returne vnto the matter of the Meridiane the diuersitie of Meridianes is no otherwise caused then the swelling of the earth as in the first part I haue sufficiently written the cause of which is that one like parte of heauen cannot be the top or height of euery place Therefore one meridiane cannot serue all places but that in all places a proper Meridiane is caused ouer the head The meridiane also is that which when the sun commeth vnto the highest ouer vs foresheweth by his working and heat the midday This meridiane is a greater cyrcle passing by y â— poles of the world and Zenith or a direct pointe ouer the head abiding immoueable at the motion of the sphere This cyrcle is differing to euery Citty and people by reason of the East and West and is a proper meridiane caused ouer the heade For this is manifest that at the chaunging of the verticiall point there is caused an other Meridian through the swelling and roundnesse of the earth Also a man may of one meridian line describe many as writeth Iohannes a regio monte for in that instant of the Noonetide by letting downe right a plum line the shadowe of the line causeth a newe Meridiane line on the platforme Therefore these with the verticiall line in the the Center to the Horizont crossing one an other at right angles doe indicate the foure quarters of the worlde as the meridian line the North and South the verticial line the East and West The Horizont formeth the quarters of the east and west of which the one is called the East rising or easterly quarter or end the other called the West setting and quarter of the West The Meridiane defineth the boundes of the lowest and highest of heauen and the quarters or middle motions of the day and night time of which that consisting the vpper halfe Sphere is named the highest place and middle of heauen the other which containeth the lowest place right against it called the bothom or lowest of heauen The Meridiane is a greater cyrcle immoueable not one and the same euery where but to euery place peculiar and proper drawne by the top of the place and Poles of the worlde vnto which the sun carried by the motion of the first moouer doeth in the day time cause high Noone and in the night time drawne right against it causeth midnight If this cyrcle were moueable like others then at the motion of the sphere woulde it departe from our Zenith and so loose the name of the Meridiane neither woulde it deuide in proper place vnder it the artificial day into two equall parts séeing by that motion the Meridiane should approach néerer to one part of the Horizont then to the other part Nor should it stay the Horizont at right angles of which it is numbred and accompted amongest the outwarde cyrcles of the sphere The like affirmeth Proclus writing that the Meridiane is none of those cyrcles which is noted and decked with starres For the cyrcles of the sphere are distinguished by starres whereby those cyrcles may more easily be knowne in heauen The meridianes are changed by the continuall chaunging of place in the swelling or imbossing of the earth according to longitude For by going continually right forth toward the East and West it doeth purchase newe Meridianes as by going thrée miles forth then is an other pointe of heauen differing from the first ouer a mans heade and gone further by foure minutes of a degrée Proclus affirmeth that 300. furlongs cause no sensible alterations to happen of the Meridian and this is ment of those which are placed vnder diuers Meridianes and Parallelles For those which are placed vnder one Parallell and diuers Meridianes perceiue and sée no alteration at all Hee which goeth strait from the North into the South or they which directly iourney toward either of the Poles of the worlde doe continually trauaile vnder one Meridiane In that all Merdianes doe go from one Pole to another therefore no iourney causeth by this meanes an other meridiane There are as many meridians in number as there bée differences of verticiall points right ouer diuers parts of the earth in going toward the East and West The halfe of the equinoctiall hath 180. degrées whereof the Cosmographers doe assigne and distinguish so many meridians in such sorte that each Meridiane doeth passe by the twoe opposite degrées of that Equinoctiall and Poles of the world The longitude of a place is the arcke of the equinoctiall cyrcle or of any Parallell contained betwéene two Meridianes of which the one lyeth ouer the fortunate Iles and the other streacheth ouer the top of the proper place noted where the same distance of place is gathered from the fortunate Iles at the equinectiall or at the Parallell of the place The fortunate Iles are situated and lying in the sea called Oceanus Libicus beyond Mauritania betwéene the Equatoure and the tropicke of Cancer which in our time is called the Iles of Canarie and lie further into the North from the equatour then Ptholomie noted or acounted them But the latitude they accompted to bee a space of the earth lying betwéene either pole accompted in the Meridiane drawne by the poles of the worlde or a whole tract of the earth knowne and streached beyonde and on this side the equatoure toward either Pole of the worlde They stablished the beginning of the latitude in the equinoctiall as in the middle cyrcle exquisitely betweene either pole and common bound to both the Southerly and Northerly places So that the latitude of a place is the arke of the meridiane betwéene the equinoctiall and Parallell drawne by the top of the place or it is the distance of a place from the equinoctiall This alwaies is accounted in that meridian which hangeth directly ouer the top of the place and to one degrée of the same doe 500. surlongs or 15. Germaine miles answere The arks of the latitudes doe not differ from the eleuations of the pole but in the standing onely For the eleuation of the pole
depressed So that the cause of the diuersity of this appearance is onely the swelling of the earth To be briefe the beginnings and spaces of the dayes and nights and that in diuers places of the earth do vary and yet following in a maner one order But this variety could not happen if the earth were not Sphericall and all about equally rounde herein excluding both vallies and the toppes of hilles which applied vnto the body of the earth cause no inequalitie or diuersity at all For the swelling of the earth causeth that the stars be not séene togither in all countries but drawne about by little and little by a certaine succession and order that they so appeare sooner to them in the East part then to them in the West through the swelling as yet not aboue caried which swelling being high betwéene both is a let and cause of the later appearing of them to the west and by that meanes also kéepeth and hideth the stars the longer from their sight So that by these it euidently appeareth that the onely cause is the swelling of the earth If the earth were fashioned with a déepe hollownesse and compassed round about with a light inclosure then should the stars risen be soonest séene to them in the West partes and much later appeare to them in the East For that the higher inclosure to the hollownesse as a wal built about should be a let and hinderance to the sight of the beholders in such sort that those starres arising it shoulde hinder their sight If the earth were formed with places standing in sharp piller forme or in right line vp then should the stars appeare set and be hidden alike to those places and no differences of dayes should be caused but that they shoulde haue one like day and the sun also appearing to that fide which they shewed so that whiles the Sun runneth and compasseth about the backe parts they should be without light of the sun and should remaine al the time in shadow and darknesse And if it should haue a Cubicke for me then should they sée the sun sixe houres and loose or be without light and sight of the sun other eightéene houres If in round piller-wise as if the howndes were playne vnto both the Poles and the hollow partes should decline vnto the East and West then should no stars continually appeare to them dwelling in the hollow but that certaine stars should arise vp and set in the West and other certain stars néere to both the Poles should alwaies be hid To conclude if the whole earth were framed with an equal playnesse throughout then should the stars appeare at one moment to all countries and setting againe should hide the like out of sight and by that meanes shoulde the dayes begin and end alike and no differences shoulde bée obserued To all such arguments seing experience onely doth repugne or contrary them It is therefore manifest that the earth from the West towarde the East riseth vp into an equall swelling If the earth also were plaine from the East vnto the West then shoulde the starres arise so soone to them in the West as to those of the East which is a manifest error Also if the earth wéere playne from the North vnto the South and like from the South vnto the North then the starres which were to some of a continuall appearance should alwaies séene the fame and like which way or into what quarter soeuer a man goeth which also is vntrue But the cause which maketh the earth séene plaine is through the ouer great quantity which causeth it so to appeare to euery mans sight But that the earth is round according to latitude the diuers eleuations of the Pole and stars eyther alwaies in sight or continually hidden doth euidently declare For from the Equatour in going forth easilie towardes the North and that the Pole Articke be higher raysed and the stars néere to the Pole raysed vp then are the Stares right against like depressed and as they were out of sight and so much the more as they go further from the Equatoure nor the Northerly stars neuer set but continually drawne about in sight with heauen But the contrarie happeneth by going from the saide Cyrcle or Equatoure vnto the contrary part So that there is no greater cause of this diuersitie than the swelling of the earth which if the same shoulde bee plaine the starres opposite or right against according to latitude about the Poles shoulde offer and appeare togither to all countries which the swelling of the earth hindreth to be séene An instrument by which the round nesse of the Earth according to latitude may be proued and all those may easily be shewed which are taught of the dayes Artificiall That the Water hath a like swelling and runneth round THis by two reasons is prooued the first is most certaine by a mark or marks standing on the sea banke like as a tower stéeple or such like erected of purpose so that a shippe sayling into the déepe and carried so far off that no more of the sides or bottom can be descerned sauing the top of the mast which only appeareth to the sight Or thus that a marke stoode on the sea banke and a ship passing forth of the hauen sayling so far into the sea that the eie of the beholder being néere the foote of the mast cannot decerne the marke the ship in the meane time staying or standing still so that his eie being in the top of the mast shall perfectly sée that marke but the others eie being néere the foote of the mast shoulde rather better sée the marke than he which is in the top of the mast as may more euidently appeare by lynes drawne from either place vnto the mark so that the manifest cause of this appeareth to bee none other then the swelling of the water But here are all other impediments excluded that may otherwise hinder as mists foggs and such like vapours ascending Also a like reason of the impediments of this aboue written is for that the water ariseth into a swelling which hindreth the sight of the bottom or sides of the ship that being in a high place doeth not hinder the sight of the same as the top of the mast which either excéedeth or is equall with the swelling of the water For men sayling on the mayne sea sée nothing round about but the Sky and the Sea but comming nearer the banks do by litle and litle descry and sée either high hilles or cliffes as if they were rising forth of the water Also to those that dwell on a high ground the sun first ariseth and last setteth And to this agréeth that out of the higher places both more and further may bée séene into the sea then in vallies or lower places By all these therefore it is euident that the vpper face of the water swelleth as by the example following more plainly shall appeare but an other example of the same shall
and Orchades that be into the North and East which is distant from the furthest bound of Scotland but thrée dayes sayling if prosperous windes bée their helpe At this day men haue found beyond Thylen but somwhat into the East and most large bounds stretched and found beyond the articke or Northerly cyrcle these are whole without breaking of any sea betwéene and containe Suetia Norway Iseland Grunland and Lapeland The kingdome of Suetia appeareth most large and containeth sundry nations and people among which they are of most account the East and West Gutland people inhabiting neare to Norway And vnder the King of Suetia are the Lapeland people as the Finelapons and Dikilapons where are a wild and fierce people dwelling almost vnder the pole articke especially the Lapeland people to whome the sun neuer setteth in the summer for 40. dayes space Aboue these inhabit a people of a cubite long or high hauing small and crooked bodies named of some Pigmalions that liue vnder a very darke and bitter cold ayre or sky And aboue Scania néere to the West boundes of Suetia doeth Norway stretch into the North whose vttermost limit extendeth vnto the 71. degrée almost of the Northerly latitude Aboue this is the country named Iseland by reason of the frozen waters and sea where throughout the yeare it so bitterly fréezeth that through the ycie seas there thicke frozen it permitteth no ships to come vnto thē except in the thrée hottest months of the yeare It aboundeth with brimstone and burneth in many places through the sulphure brimstone veines Plinie writeth that the Occean sea in North is very large which in these our dayes is well knowne This also was learned of certaine skillfull sailers which inhabited and very much had traualed this coast that they knew not the limits or bounds of this sea toward the North but supposed that this sea did compasse the whole earth By this sea dwell many and mighty people as the Danes the Swedens Norwaies Gotelandes Finelands Russians and Pruchenians and vnder the pole artick the Laplands The reason why in these places such force of moysture aboundeth is for that a dayly and continuall cold of these places gathereth and thickneth the ayre and by a continual working resolueth into water For when the ayre is not throughly purged by the suns beames then the weaknes of them and far distance of the sun from these places must of necessity bee continually thicke and darke which afterwardes yéeldeth and giueth plentifull floodes by deawes and raines Albert mag in his booke de natura loci and 8. chapter assigneth a witty and laudable reason why the Northerly be inhabitable The cause he setteth downe in that sundry skillfull Mariners affirme that haue many times sailed into the Northerly partes of the Ocean sea that in those places is a continuall darknesse which when men sawe they returned for feare supposing nay rather doubting that none coulde saile any further in that quarter of the worlde through the darknesse and thicke mist which hindreth the direction of their iourney So that the nature of those places cannot bee sufficiently knowne to vs séeing no man as the learned report hath attempted thither through extremitie of colde their bearing sway And for that excéeding cold is a mortifying quality therefore a man may coniecture that few liuing creatures and beasts can there liue c. Yet the part of the Northerly Occean vnto the Easterly side is sufficiently knowne to many trauailers Although the vttermost boundes of the earth are not wholy knowne yet the nearest aprroaching to them shall here bee applied as the longitude of the earth distaunt betwéene Peru the Realme of America and Cathaya to expresse 315. degrées or if any minde to accompt the longitude from the fortunate Iles they may by a whole cyrcle containe them euen as the whole Orbe about in a maner doth partly giue place to the water and are partly dwellings for men beasts and other liuing creatures although some places of the earth bee more inhabited then others But as touching the latitude if towarde the North in the country of Lapous the south toward the vtmost coast of America shal end seing y ◠vtmost distance of the earth hath very litle béene noted of this shall small errour be caused If two places offered or giuen be placed vnder the Equatour of which the space is sought then the arke of the difference of latitude is the same with the arke of the distance neither doth the verticiall cyrcle differ from the Equatour For the equatour of either place doeth containe the verticiall points as may appeare in this tryangle noted with A. B. C. Of which if 15. germain miles be wrought into parts of the difference of longitude and any scruples after remaine deuide those by 4. For by so many minutes of a degrée doth a Germain mile answere that the distance shall make As Ptholomie writeth of the places vnder the Equatour The high lande or mountaine of the Satyres in the country of Syna whose longitude is of 175 degrées and no minutes nor hath any latitude Myrica an Ile of Ethiope vnder Aegipt whose longitude is of 85. degrées the angle of the difference of longitude betwéene the meridians of these places is straight or right and containeth a whole quarter or 60. degrées The like are these places standing vnder the equatour Colipolis a citty of India beyond the riuer Ganges which hath the longitude 194. degrées and 20. minutes Essina the greate Mart-towne of Aethiope vnder Aegipt whose longitude is of 70. degrées and 3. minutes The angle of the differēce of longitude which the meridians of these compasse is blunte and containeth 94. degrées and 17. minutes Againe the same or the like meridians containe and make a sharpe angle of 43 degrées as of the citty Nubarta of Taprobane which at this day is Sumatra and Colipolis of Inde beyond or aboue Ganges for it is distant from the west 122. degrées and 20. minutes and this containeth 164. degrées and 20. minutes If two places be giuen the one standing vnder the Equatour and the other distant toward any other quarter from it The first that the angle of the difference of longitude is straight to these here placed In that if two places giuen the one shall be vnder the equatoure but the other distant from the same toward some quarter thē must the angle of the difference of longitude bee considered If the same shal be right then shal the distance of either place be the quadrant of the greatest cyrcle As in this tryangle A. B. C. where the letter A. representeth the Pole of the equatour and the places giuen that the one be standing in the point B. vnder the equatour and the arke A. B. be the quadrant and that the other consisteth in the letter C. the angle then of the difference of longitude being C. A. B. is right By Regio a montano de trangulis appeareth
is so much the more increased as by how many degrées either of the Poles are néere to the earth and beeing further distant from the Equatoure is raysed and caried higher which is the cause of many obscure differences which that they may the plainer be expressed and vnderstanded the skillfull practisioners haue deuided Cyrcles in the first mouer by lynes drawn vnto certaine stars or prickes from the Center of the earth and drawn about either by a continuall or dayly motion by which they imagined them to be described That the Circles of the Sphere be some greater some lesser and the number of the Circles HEre it is not to be omitted that one Cyrcle is greater then another by foure meanes First by reason of the magnitude of the celestiall body in which it is imagined to be And of this is the Equinoctiall Cyrcle of the first mouer greater then the Equinoctial Cyrcle of the eight spher in that the first mouer is greatest of all the bodies And although the Equinoctiall of the eight Sphere doth deuide it into two equall halfes yet of the first mouer it is named the greater for that the same includeth all other bodies By the second it is euident that the Equinoctiall Cyrcle is greater by reason of the appearaunce in that the whole is séene aboue the Horizont And by the same reason the Northerly Cyrcle which is named the Arcticke Cyrcle is the greater for that it alwaies appeareth to vs aboue the Horizont By the thirde the Equinoctiall is accompted greater then the other in regarde of the influxiue vertue and for this cause also is the Zodiacke called greater then the others through his greater working into these inferior bodies For that vnder it the sun and all other Planets are drawne And Happarchus writeth that this Cyrcle is the life of all thinges which are in the world c. In that by the ascending of the sun to vs generation is caused and by his falling or going from vs diminishing that is corruption getteth the vpper hand By the fourth is a Cyrcle called greater then the other insomuch as it is one Sphere and thus the equinoctiall is greatest of all the Parallel Cyrcles in the first moouer which is euidently demonstrated by the diameter of the Cyrcle Therefore by the definitions and reasons aboue shewed the equinoctial is the greater Cyrcle described in the vpper face of the first mouer according to each part or the whole of it beeing equally distant from either Pole of the worlde And it is further to bee considered that all the Cyrcles of the Materiall Sphere are imagined to bee in the first mouer which also a materiall Sphere doeth especially represent So that these Cyrcles may also bee imagined in the other Spheres aswell as in the eight Sphere c. And although a man may enter into conference betwéene these Cyrcles and the diameter yet he shall be forced to confesse that they be on such wise vnto the sphere as the Cyrcle is vnto the diameter So that as the diameter deuideth the Cyrcle into two equall partes in that it passeth by the Center of the same euen so doeth euery of the greatest Cyrcles deuide the Sphere into two equal parts because the playne vpper face of it passeth by the Center And by this it may easily bee perceyued that those which are named the lesser Cyrcles of which is a farre greater number than is here set down haue diuers Centers from the Center of the Sphere and yet the playne vpper face of them passeth not by the Center of the same Sphere Of which ensueth that they cannot deuide the sphere into two equall halfes no more then the lyne drawne without the Center into a Cyrcle can deuide the same into two equal halfes And both the greater and lesser of these is mente according to the distance of his Center from the Center of the sphere The inward Cyrcles that be mouable are those which are descrybed in the first moouer and are drawne with it about as is the equinoctiall the Zodiacke the Colures the Tropickes the Polare Cyrcles and others descrybed from the poyntes of the first moouer But the outwarde Cyrcles are they that are as immoueable and not drawn about with the first mouer but abide steady The number of which are these the Meridiane the Horizont the houre Cyrcles the verticiall Cyrcles and Cyrcles of the progressions Further it is to bee noted that many are the Celestiall Cyrcles as is aboue declared whose vse partely vnto Astronomy and partly vnto Astrologie is necessary As the verticiall Cyrcles the Cyrcles of the altitudes the Cyrcles of the celestiall houses The Cyrcles with the which the materiall sphere is descrybed and to bee briefe there are so many celestiall Cyrcles as there may bée poynts ymagined in the first mouer Yet are there but onely ten Cyrcles which are required vnto this sphericall treatise whose names are the Equinoctiall the Zodiacke the two Colures the Meridian the Horizont the twoe Tropickes and the twoe Polare Cyrcles The greater Cyrcles are those which haue the same or a like Center with the earth whose playn vpper face doth passe by the Center of the earth so that they deuide the sphere into two equall parts and especially the equinoctiall which for that it is a greater Cyrcle doth cut the spher into two equall halfes so that his playne vpper face passeth by the Center of the earth according to the definition of the greater Cyrcles And by this consequent when the Sun is in the equinoctiall he falleth into the Center of the earth that is hée is in the vpper face which passeth by the Center of the earth And the sun is neuer in such an vpper face but when he is in y e two equinoctial poynts for other wise he runneth without that vpper face For the greater Cyrcles are a like vnto the Sphere as the diameters vnto the Cyrcle in that as the diameter cutteth the Cyrcle in two equall halfes for that it doeth passe by the Center of the same euen so doth the greater Cyrcle deuide the Sphere into twoe equall halfes in that the playne vpper face of the same doth passe by the Center of the sphere But the lesser Cyrcles are those which haue diuerse Centers from the Center of the sphere so that the playne vpper face of them doeth not passe by the Center of the sphere For how much nearer the Center of the same is to the Center of the sphere and somuch the greater is that Cyrcle as the Tropicke But the further it is from the Center euen so much â—he lesser in sight is the Cyrcle as are the Polare circle And here none may suppose that either these or other like cyrcles to be verily in the first moouer but only to be vnderstoode or imagined For the cause of deuiding heauen into certaine spaces and regions through the helpe of which the courses of the Planets are obserued brought vnto a rule Further the
Equinoctiall poynt is then imagined to be drawne aboute with the motion of the first moouer that hath the same Center with the earth at that time by which the playne of the Equatoure is then noted to passe So that this is the cause why Plinie giueth that name to it séeing a like day and night is caused the sun then running vnder the Equatoure throughout the earth as no man of skill maketh doubt of It is named the cyrcle of the high solstice but this commeth to passe by reason of those which dwell vnder the equinoctiall and haue foure solstices as two on hie two below hauing foure shadowes in the yeare and the sun passing twise a yeare by the Zenith right ouer their heads as when the sunne is in the beginning of Aries and Libra And to them also dwelling vnder the Equinoctial are two summers and two winters and the heat is mightiest and strongest when the sun draweth from them into the North or South yet doeth the sun alwaies burne the earth right vnder it causing a burning Zone and not parteth far from their heades So that their winters are not perfectly and simply named winters as with vs which are cold seasons in déede bnt rather with them is a continuall summer yet for that the causes of heate with them are not vnformally and in a like maner alwaies for that the sun doth not approch equally the Zenith of that parte as the same is known to many whereof the heat to them is not vnifourme and a like in burning But sometimes hotter and sometimes slacker and meaner of heate So that when the sun is in the Zenith as in the beginnings of Aries and Libra and that they are in their high solstices then is the heate most vehement with them yet not without the sun this heate can bee called mighty But when as the sun is gone from their Zenith which happeneth in the beginning of Cancer and Capricorne where their low solstices are the heate is then slacker that is lesser burning So that the weaker heate hapning in the lowe solstices may in a manner bée named colde in respecte of the most burning heate hapning in the high solstices yet it hath the nomination of winter although no cold may bée felt What the offices or vtilities of the Equinoctiall are THe causes whie the skilfull practisioners tooke and vsed the Equinoctiall with the offices which they attributed to it and the mani fold vses that it offereth is herein declared 1 It measureth the motion of the first and vppermost Orbe and sheweth the same to bée drawne about by a continuall and equall swiftnesse For that in euery equall houre doe fiftéene of the thrée hundereth and thrée score degrées of the same arise and so many degrées right against set and are hidden vnder the Horizont and that all the thrée hundreth and thrée score degrées in 24. houres are turned about in the appoynted times and in their periods continually agréeing And as the Equatour from the Poles of the worlde about which the first mouer is drawne and is of either side distant by equall spaces nor the Angle which is comprehended fashioneth with the Horizont doth neuer change euen so by the same order and like motion doeth the first heauen or moouer euidently shew it selfe to be caried about For the Equinoctiall measureth and determineth the motion of the first mouer in declaring his reuolution and yeare which yeare of the first moouer is the time of 24. houres equall But by what meanes the auncient astronomers first found that the Equinoctiall is drawne about in so many houres and it is supposed they came to the knowledge thereof by the office of some starre either in the Equinoctiall or placed neare it they perceiued the same as that the Equinoctial from some note marked of them did returne to it in such a certaine space as afore shewed 2 The diuers motions of the Zodiack which hapneth to it through the twart standing or lying as a cannon or rule doth dyrect and point out the beginnings boundes and time with the which each parts or degrées of the Zodiacke arise or doe set and with which they touch these or those quarters of the worlde For all the arckes of the Equatoure are drawne by a certaine and agréeable motion continually The parts of the Zodiacke drawne thwartly the Equatoure doeth not varie or is distant by like spaces from the Poles of the world nor turned about his but the same Poles of the worlde which doe differ by a long space from his and drawn about by a most vnlike motion and nothing at all agréeing in it selfe For that some parts or degrées are caried vp sooner or quicker and others appeare slower and later So that these vseth a more space of time in the rising slower and those other passe vp by a shorter and quicker space But séeing that in the Zodiack the wandring stars or Planets doe wander continually hither and thither and from one side of it to another and that vnto the middle cyrcle of it or ecclipticke line the places of all the fixed stars are referred and applied therefore cannot the times of the rising or setting of the starres bée knowne and noted except they shoulde be guessed and attained by the next arks of the equinoctiall It also declareth the equinoctialles which are caused in those proper dayes in which the sun hapneth to come into the equinoctiall cyrcle For these are caused the sun being in the first degrées of Aries and Libra in that the Zodiacke and Equinoctiall doe crosse each other in those places whereof Manilius thus writeth That these signes Aries and Libra cause a right Throughout the earth a like day and night 3. It defineth and measureth the spaces both of the naturall and artificiall dayes And although the sun which drawne about with the motion of the first moouer and in the proper motion caried forth in the meane time by force into the contrary when as hee causeth the times of the daies and nightes so wel as the differences of the natural daies mooued and runneth in the Zodiacke yet of his motion the day and night spaces cannot bee gatherrd through the diuersity and vnlikenesse of the ascending or arising of diuers parts or degrées of the Zodiacke But seeing the same motion is of all the partes of the Equatoure therefore are the ascentions of the arcks of the Zodiacke caried vp with the ascending of the nighest parts of the Equatour like arising So that both the dayes and houres by the equall motion of these are not founde and distinguished by the vnlike and vnequall motion of them in that these ascentions can be of these two cyrcles The Greekes by no meanes like of the same in that by a stedfast order they do mark the day and night times therefore they parte and deuide them into equall houres which they named times that from the degrées of the Zodiacke they might distinguish them For euerie fiftéene
regarded then any of the others in that at the appearance of them Summer is signified and at the setting of them which is sixe moneths after winter is then in entrance like which is not shewed in the other signes And in our time they are in the 22. and 23. degrée of Taurus the sun ioyneth with them euery yeare in the thirde and fourth day of May. So that after those daies through the suns departing from them they are knowne to arise Heliace before the sun and then is summer entred which in our time hapneth about the 7. 8. 9. or 10. day of may And when the sun is come by his course vnto the 22. and 23. degrée of Scorpio which hapneth in our time in the 5. and 6. day of Nouember then is the sunne directly against Pleiades and the sun then arising in the morning they doe set and aboute these daies as in the 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. and 10. day of Nouember winter is entred These as Ptholomie writeth are of the nature of Mars and the Moone but all the others being some of the third and fourth and some of the fist bignesse are of the nature of Saturne and a litle of Mercurie THe signe Gemini is placed in heauen as that betwéen them and Taurus is that constellation Orion standing Their headed deuideb from the rest of the body yet imbracing one the other by bodies and doe dyrectly set with the féete and arise together bended as they were lying Of which those two be the notablest that stand in the heads and that clear star in the head which goeth before named Castor and of some Appollo hauing besides in eyther shoulder a cleare starre in the right elbowe one in either knée one and in either foote one star And the other which followeth beeing next to Cancer hath in the heade a star named Pollux of others Hercules on the left shoulder one in the right another and in the other partes sundry other stars to the number of 18. knowne in both There is an other star standing without the forme of Gemini going before the foote of Gemini and following after called Propus and is in our time in the 24. degrée of Gemini Of which two are of the second bignesse as those in the heads but the others are of the thirde fourth and fifte bignesse And are all of the nature of Saturne sauing the head going before is of the nature of Mercurie and that in the heade following of the nature of Mars THe signe Leo looking vnto the West is placed on the body of Hydra and not in the head by which Cancer is nigh vnto the halfe of it hauing the middle deuided by the summer cyrcle in such sort that vnder that Orbe hée hath the fore féet placed setting and rising with the head Also he hath in the head thrée stars in the nape of the neck two in the breast one in the space betwéene the shoulders vnder the necke or behiude the necke thrée in the middle of the taile one in the ende of the taile another and in the belly one cleare or bright star named the hart of the Lion which also is called aroyal star in that it is more about the Zodiack then the other great fixed stars and for this cause called a star of the first bignesse although in truth it is but a star of the second bignesse being of the nature of Iupiter and Mars All the stars which this signe hath as Ptolomie writeth are 27. Of which many are of a greate brightnesse as the two in the nape of the necke of the second bignesse that on the heart of the first bignesse another on the backe of the second bignesse another in the end of the taile of the first bignesse and all the rest of the third fourth and fift bignesse THe image named the Carter or driâ—â—â— of the Car Ptolomie doeth decke with 14. staires being all nowe in Gemini and of the 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. and 6. bignesse of the nature of Mars and Mercurie Also this image named the Carter hath a cleare starre named the Goate standing on his left shoulder being a starre of the first bignesse and in our time in the 15. degrée of Gemini borowing nature of Mars and Mercurie And that image or constellation named the Kiddes beeing two small stars standing on the left hand of the Carter are in our time in the 12. degrée of Gemini of the fourth bignesse and of the nature of Mars and Mercurie THe image named Perseus hath 26. stars which forme two perticuler images of which that which is séene on his left side is named Gorgon or the head Algoll And hereof it commeth that they are called the Gorgon stars The other séene on his right side the ancient astronomers name the Cyrcle oâ— sithe Also Ptholomie in the description of Perseus attributeth to the heade of Algoll that is Medusa as to a perticular image foure starres And the brighter stars of them being in the heade of Algoll is the 12. star is in our time in the â—9 degrée and twenty minutes of Taurus The following star being of the fourth bignesse is in our time in the 18. degrée of Taurus And Ptholomie writeth that the head of Algoll beeing of the second bignesse is of the nature of Saturne and Iupiter and that on the right side of Perscus of the second bignesse is of the nature of Saturne and Iupiter and is in our time in 24. and 28. minutes of Taurus ON the head of Aries not far from the féete of Andromedâ— standeth a figure which the Gréekes for the likenesse of the letter Delta â—aâ—e Deltoton and the Latines for the similitude of the fourme called a Tryangle This figurâ— hath 〈◊〉 equall sides but the third not so perfect fashioned yet easily to bee knowne for that it shineth brighter then many other starres about it To which the starres of Aries are a litle Southerly And to it Ptholomie attributeth foure stars although all other authors affirme onely thrée stars except Alphonsus which in our time are in Taurus being of the thirde and fourth bignesse and altogether of the nature of Mercurie THe image of Andromeda placed in heauen with the armes stretched abroad and each hand bound Ptholomie declareth it to haue 23. stars of the thirde fourth and fift bignesse and in our time are in Aries and Taurus whose nature resembleth Venus This Cassiopia is figured like to a woman sitting in a chayre with the handes lifted vp after a wayling maner and in the turning of the world about she is drawne with the head alwaies vpward Ptholomie doeth number 13. stars in that image of the 3. 4. 5. and sixe bignesse which in our time are in the signes Aries and Taurus and of the nature of Saturne and Venus Among the Astrologians onely Ptholomie and Alphonsus doe place twoe horses in heauen or as I may more rightly speake the two partes of horses of which the one is called the fore
of the Zodiacke and the other by the sections of the Zodiacke and Equatoure That which passeth by the Poles of the equatour and Zodiack doth deuide in two parts each halfe cyrcle as well of the equatour as the Zodiacke Therefore the one condicion of the Colures goeth by the solsticiall pointes of the Zodiacke which are the beginnings of Cancer and Capricorn and the furthest pointes from the equatour whereof it is named the solsticiall Colure The other is named the equinoctiall Colure séeing it entreth by the saide equinoctiall sections which are the beginnings of Aries and Libra that is the equinoctiall points So that these Colures deuide aswell the equinoctiall as the Zodiacke into foure quarters in that they goe by the foure principall poyntes of them The Colures generally are called al the greater cyrcles drawne by the Poles of the world which take their name thereof insomuch as they neuer are descerned or séene whole in the turning about of the worlde as the other cyrcles but vnperfect and lacking For both the arks right against one another about the Poles in the thwart sphere are not séene both at once For they are either continually in sight to vs and neuer drawne away or hid like vnto those which be neare to the eleuated Pole Or else they neuer appeare in sight to vs but are continually hid from vs as those which be the opposites But the reaching of the Colures fastneth in the two circles extended and passing by the foure principall pointes of the ecclipticke as the equinoctials and solsticials which touching one another in the Poles of the world do in their cyrcumferences make right angles and part the Zodiack and equatoure into foure equall quarters The Colure of the equinoctials resting in the equinoctiall points The other containing the solstiticiall pointes is called the Colure of the solstices The Colure of the equinoctials is a greater cyrcle moueable and euery where alike drawne by the Poles of the worlde or equatour and the equinoctial points as the beginnings of Aries and Libra making with the equatour right sphericall angles with the Zodiack thwart angles For oftentimes the greatest cyrcles by a mutual touching togither doe make right angles in the sphere as they cut in two parts or into equall halfe cyrcles and by the Poles one another and contrariwaise when they cutte one another by the Poles then doe they forme and make right angles with their cyrcumferences and part one the other into equall parts as writeth Theodosius in his first Booke de Sphera and in propositi 18. 19. 20. and 21. Or thus the Colure of the equinoctials which is named the equinoctiall Colure is a greater Cyrcle passing by the poles of the world and the first pointes of Aries Libra where the two Equinoctiall points are said to be in that the sunne causeth a like day and night in euery place or for that these pointes are in the Equator wherof it is called the Colure distinguishing the equinoctials so that the two Colures crosse one another on the Poles of the world at right spericall Angles It is called the Colure of the equinoctials for that it passeth by the equinoctiall pointes as by the beginnings of Aries Libra which they call the Equinoctial pointes for that when the sunne hapneth into either of them the day and night is of equall length throughout the Earth which commeth to passe twise in the yeare as in the Spring and Haruest whereof the one is called the Equinoctiall spring and at this day is about the eleuenth of March which is the day before Gregory the other the Haruest Spring and hapneth in our time the 14. of September that is thrée daies afore Lambert whereof ariseth this auncient verse Lampert Gregori nox est aequata diei The Colure of the Solstices is a greater circle moueable and euery where alike drawn by the solsticiall points or the beginnings of Cancer Capricornus and the Poles of the Zodiacke and Equatoure making right sphericall angles with both for of both is the Poles comprehended And according to Theodosius propo lib. 2. de Spera that by any twoe cyrcles crossing one the other when a thirde deuideth the parts of both equally and in two partes the same is the greater cyrcle and passeth by the poles of both But that which passeth by the Poles of the other Cyrcle doth part it in two parts and at right angles Here may be demanded why the other twoe are called the solsticiall pointes séeing the Sunne stayeth no where Which is thus answered that the sun digressing from either equinoctiall poynt by his proper motion doeth dayly depart from the equinoctiall cyrcle till hée come vnto the solstitiall point where he is furthest distant from the equatoure But immediately after hee beginneth to returne and come againe vnto the equatour till he come vnto the other equinoctiall pointe So that the pointe of the suns furthest distance which is the beginning of Cancer or Capricornus and of the same called the solstice in that the sun stayeth there that is ceaseth from his further going or departure and beginneth againe to come to the Equatoure For the sun after his comming vnto that point departeth and commeth againe to the equatour so that the end the departure and beginning of his comming is the solstice Therefore not for that the sun stayeth there are they called the solstices although about those pointes of the going and comming of the sun it is so small that for foure sire or more daies after he séemeth in iudgement as it were to stay in one declination and therefore for that cause may be named the solstitials These of sundrie as of Campanus are also called Tropicke points through the suns returning And these may be called Uerticiall or Cardinal cyrcles séeing they goe by those tops of the world and expresse or shewe the foure quarters of the Zodiacke Moreouer séeing certaine parts of these cyrcles being neare the pole are hid and the other right against them nothing at all discerned at any time therefore is it that they are called in Greeke Kolouroi which is in English maimed and vnperfect as Proclus Diadochus Mocrobius and Capella write But this agréeth not in the right Horizont séeing there is no part of heauen which doeth alwaies remaine there hid But in the description of the astrolobie howe large soeuer the same bee yet onely these cyrcles appeare continually vnperfect Yet further the Colure of the solstices or the cyrcle distinguishing the solstices which also is called the solstitiall cyrcle is a greater cyrcle drawne and passing by the poles of the world and Zodiacke and the greatest declinations of the same and by the beginnings of Cancer and Capricornus It is called the Colure of the solstices in that it passeth by the solsticiall pointes as by the beginnings of Cancer and Capricornus which are named the solsticiall pointes for that in them the solstice is caused that is the suns comming vnto
latitude of the other as the former examples shew in such sort that the degrées of the other and likwise the minutes vnder the minutes After séeke the difference as well of the longitudes and latitudes in this maner subtract the lesser longitude from the greater the remainer is called the difference of the longitudes After deduct the lesser latitude out of the more and the difference of the latitudes shall remaine By the differences of the longitudes and latitudes shall the distance of cities giuen be gathered But in that there is thrée maner difference of places as that there be certaine places which differ in the onely latitude that is vnder one meridiane and yet lie vnder diuers Parallels and certaine that differ in the onely longitude that is vnder one Parallell yet are diuers meridians and certaine that do differ both in the longitude and latitude that is they lie vnder diuers meridians and Parallels thrée rules also of the searching of distances betwéene two places are taught of the Geographers The first rule WHen two cities hauing one longitude are offered but hauing sundry latitudes deducte the lesser out of the more the rest of degrées in that they be the degrées of the great cyrcle multiply by 15. for that 15. Germaine miles answere to one degrée of the great cyrcle and then shall you haue the distance of the cities But if minutes depend to the degrées of difference theÌ„ deuide them by foure the quotient adde to the fore number of the miles For séeing one degrée or 60. minutes do make 15. Germaine miles it ensueth that foure minutes make one Germaine mile c. An Example MAdeburge and Egra agrée only in longitude that is they bee equally distant from the West or from the meridian which is drawne or stretched by the fortunate Iles. For the longitude of either towne is of 29. degrées the latitude of Madeburge is of 52. and 20. minutes the latitude of Egra is of 50. degrées and 5. minutes therefore is Egra more Southerly then Madeburge The difference of the latitudes is 2. degrées 15. minutes that is 33. Germaine miles stith a halfe a quarter of a Germain mile Another TThe longitude of Trydent is of 30. degrées and 30. minutes The longitude of Viteberge is asmuch The latitude of Trydent is of 45. degrées 14. minutes The latitude of Viteberge is of 51. degrées and 50. minutes These now differ in the onely latitude which difference of the latitude is of 6. degrees and 36. minutes that is 99. Germaine miles So much is the distance almost between Trydent and Viteberge Another THe longitude of Thunis is of â—6 degrées and 50. minutes the longitude of Salerne in a maner the same The latitude of Thunis is of 32. degrées and 30. minutes The latitude of Salerne is of 40. degrées and 30. minutes The difference of latitude is of 〈◊〉 degrees 〈◊〉 minutes that is 120. miles And somuch is the distance betwéene Thunis and Salerne Another THe City of Yorke and the Towne of Barwicke agrée in longitude for the longitude of either place is of 17. degrées and no minutes But they differ in latitude in that the latitude of Yorke is of 54. degrées no minutes the latitude of Barwicke is of 56. degrées 50. minutes The difference of the latitude is of 2. degrées and 50. minutes that is 210. English miles So much in a manner is the distaunce betwéene the City of Yorke and Barwicke Another THe City of London and Northampton in a maner is of like longitude For the longitude of London is of 16. degrées and 30. minutes approued But they differ in latitude in that London hath the latitude of 51. degrées and 34. minutes the latitude of Northampton is of 52. degrées and 50. minutes The difference of the latitude is of 1. degrée and 16. minutes that is 7â— English miles So much in a maner is the distance betwéene London and Northampton Another THis example differeth both in the longitude and latitude somewhat For the longitude of Colchester is 18. degrées and 30. minutes the longitude of Oxeforde hath 15. degrées and no minutes The difference of longitude betwéene the one and the other is of 3. degrees 38 minutes that is 109. English miles The latitude of Colchester hath 51. degrees and 59. minutes The difference of latitude is no degrées and 16. minutes So that 16. English miles is the distaunce betwéene the one and the other after their standing Northward Another CYgnea and Ratisbone agrée in longitude for either is of 29. degrées and 51. minutes but they differ in latitude in that the latitude of Cygnea hath 50. degrées and 46. minutes the latitude of Ratisbone of 48. degrées and 56. minutes The difference of latitude betwéene the one and the other is 1. degrée and 50. minutes which make 27. and a halfe Germaine miles The second rule BEfore the second rule be here taught it behoueth that you know howe many Germaine miles aunswere to each degrée of the parallel passing by the Zenith of Cities offered Here conceiue that not as in the former rule to euery degrée of each parallell but to each degrées onely of the parallell Cyrcle which streacheth and is vnder the Equinoctiall and as principall of all the parallels deuideth the whole earth into twoe equall halues to which are 15. Germaine miles attributed as to a degrée of it Where the other cyrcles as afore written be not of the same bignesse but how much nearer they be to the poles so much the lesser they are and how furder of they be froÌ„ the â—nâ—â—s so much the greater they are Whereof it is manifeâ—e mile aswell the greater as the lesse Cyrcle of the parallels â—â—tes stributed or deuided into 360. degrées and that those degrées according to the distance of those parallels from the poles be greater or lesser For the same cause shall you here finde in the table following how many Germaine miles answere in each eleuations to the degrées of the parallels A Table containing the degrees of the differences of each Paralels from the Equator vnto the proper Pole by whole degrees of the Latitudes conuerted into Myles Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples 1 14 59 19 14 11 37 11 59 55 8 30 73 4 23 2 14 59 20 14 6 38 11 49 56 8 23 74 4 8 3 14 58 21 14 0 39 11 39 57 8 10 75 3 53 4 14 58 22 13 54 40 11 29 58 7 57 76 3 38 5 14 56 23 13 48 41 11 19 59 7 43 77 3 22 6 14 55 24 13 42 42 11 9 60 7 30 78 3 7 7 14 53 25 13 36 43 10 58 61 7 16 79 2 52 8 14 51 26 13 29 44 10 47 62 7 2 80 2 36 9 14 48 27 13 22 45 10 36 63 6 48 81 2 21 10 14 46 28 13 15 46 10 25 64 6 34 82 2 5 11
subtracted from the miles and minutes of the former eleuation there doe 9. minutes remaine These thus founde and knowne séeke the proportional part to bee subtracted in saying if one degrée or 60. minutes in this Parallel doe yéeld 9. minutes of a Germaine mile howe many minutes of a mile doe 45. minutes yéelde or make which depende to the degrées of the middle latitude To know this multiply 45. by 9. and the product deuide by 60. then will 9. minutes remaine in the quotient The part proportionall must also bee subtracted which deducted from the miles and minutes assigned to the latitude 36 as from the 12. miles and 8. minutes doe 12. miles and 2. minutes remaine By which appeareth that so many miles and minutes do answere to one degrée in the Parallell of the middle latitude This now is as a preparation and entrance vnto the second working To haue therefore the distance of the fore saide citties multiply first the 12. miles and minutes with the difference of the longitudes 29. degrees and 40. minutes and they shall bring foorth 356. Germaine miles and â—9 minutes which 356. miles that may bee wrought togither with the minutes 59 are to be resolued into minutes the same is performed if they bee multiplied by 60. To the same product being 21369. adde the 59. minutes and they make 21419. These minutes againe multiplied in theÌ„selues do offer the first quadrate that is 458773561. Thus you haue the vnderstanding and knowledge of the working of the first place After this multiply the 10. degrées of the difference of the latitude by 15. and you shall readily haue the miles 150. to which ad for the 10. minutes depending 2 miles and a halfe of a Germaine mile and you shall haue in this second part of the working 152. miles and a halfe or 30. scruples of a Germaine mile Which miles as they may with the minutes bee multiplied togither in themselues so are they to bee resolued by that 60. multiplied into minutes which then bring foorth 9120. to which adde the halfe or 30. miles and you shall then haue the whole to be 9150. minutes which againe multiplied in themselues doe make the later quadrate to be 8372â—500 Nowe vnto the last conioyne these two quadrates and the whole summe shall bee 542496061. minutes The roote of this nuÌ„ber that is 23299. séeing it representeth the minutes of miles deuided by 50. doth then shew the space which is betwéene Icrusalem and Roome in Germaine miles to be 388. with a third part almost of a mile Another THe longitude of Hamburge is of 37. degrées only the latitude hath 45. degrées and 24. minutes The longitude of Magdeburge hath 29. degrées and 38. minutes the latitude is of 52. degrées and 20. minutes The difference of the longitudes is of 2. degrées and 38. minutes The difference of the latitudes is of 2. degrées and 4. minutes The halfe of the difference of the latitudes is one degrée and 2. minutes The middle latitude is of 53. degrées and 22. minutes The miles assigned to the eleuation 53. are 9. and 2. minutes The miles assigned to the degrées of the eleuation following beeing 54. are 8. and 49. minutes The difference now of these two manner of miles and minutes hath 13. minutes The proportionall parte subtracted is of 4. minutes which minutes let foure be deducted out of the 9. miles and 2. minutes assigned to the eleuation 53. there will then remaine 8. miles and 58. minutes Therefore so many miles and minutes doe answere to one degrée in the Parallel of the middle latitude These miles and minutes now found multiplied with the difference of the longitudes doe bring foorth 23. miles and 36. scruples And these 23. miles wrought togither with the minutes that is multipled in it selfe and that resolued into minutes to the producte also adde the minutes 36. and the whole then shall appeare 1416. minutes This number againe wrought into it selfe doth offer the first quadrate which is 2005056 minutes After multiply the difference of the latitudes by 15. miles and the increase shall be 31. miles These miles againe resolued doe yéeld or giue 1860. minutes which multiplied againe in themselues doe offer the later quadrante which containeth 3459600. minutes The whole summe that is the numbers increased of these two quadrats are 5464656. The roote of the minutes which is of 2337. minutes deuided by 60. doth declare the distance which is betwéene Hamburge and Magdeburge to bee 39. Germaine miles almost An easier working and lesse curious THis great labour perhaps after the kind may feare some from the practise of these and the rather in that this curious or diligent multiplication of the minutes néedeth not in all or at all times especially if the space of the two cities doeth not containe many miles or that the cities offered be but alitle space distant one from the other For where the distance is great as of Viteberge Frankforde Noriberge and Roome c. The minutes then neglected do cause great errour But if the space be small betwéene the cities giuen without the acompt also of the minutes for that seldome in the onely minutes as are the neare places togither doe they onely differ the distaunce then by the onely degrées miles whole cannot be found But if any be minded not so curiously to search the distances of places then let him or them omit the minutes depending aswell to the degrées of the longitudes and latitudes as the miles and according to the instruction of the third rule the minutes beeing neglected or omitted you shall then finde without any difficulty the distance of places giuen An Example THe longitude of Franckeforde is of 25. degrées the latitude is of 53. degrees The longitude of Viteberge is of 30. degrees the latitude hath 51 degrees The difference of the longitudes is of 5. degrees The difference of the latitudes is 1. degree The halfe of the difference of the latitudes in whole degrées is nothing wherefore the middle latitude is the like nothing The miles assigned to the lesser latitude as to the 51. degrées are 9 multiply nowe these 9. miles with the difference of the longitudes with 5. degrées and the increase shall be 46. which multiplied in it selfe doe offer the first quadrate that is 2025. After multiply the difference of the latitudes that is one degrée with 15. miles which 15 miles multiplied againe in it selfe do produce or bring forth 225. which is the later quadrate These two quadrates conioyne and of the increase séek the root which then declareth the distance betwéene Franckforde and Viteberge to bee of Germaine miles about 74. Another THe longitude of Brunsweeke is of 28. degrees the latitude of 52. degrees The longitude of Viteberge is 30. degrees the latitude of 51. degrees The difference of the longitudes is of 2. degrees The difference of the latitudes is 1. degrée The miles assigned to the lesser latitude are 9. The difference of the
which we sée and obserue the celestiall bodies that rise aboue and set vnder it so that they euidently shew that the same deuideth heauen into two equall halfe spheres as aboue remembred For in euery moment doe sixe signes of the Zodiacke appeare aboue the earth as in the night to the eie may be numbred and noted that sixe signes set vnder the earth and be gone out of sight This is also called rationall séeing the eie cannot descerne vnto the highest heauen nor aptly frame this diuision of heauen into two equall halues yet the mind by examining gathereth and concludeth as by a perseuerance passing before and in the shewing of the starres that rise and set and in considering the tarriances of them in either halfe sphere This besides is called the artificiall horizone in that by the benefite of the astronomicall art it was inuented Or thus not much agréeing to the former the rationall horizone which of some is named natural and according to the mind of Ptholomie Cleomedes and Proclus belongeth vnto the Sphere of the fixed stars and reacheth euen vnto the same Sphere and deuideth heauen into equall halfe Spheres the one halfe appearing aboue the same circle and the other halfe not appearing hid vnder it Such a maner of imagining is not in vaine nor without cause determined and deuised séeing that men in the night and in a cleare season standing on an euen grounde may sée stars arise vnto sight in the East which a litle before appeared not to the sight and those after drawne by the first moouer vnto the West horizone that began to go downe be set and doe not after appeare By which they concluded that there is a cyrcle in heauen deuiding and ending matters in sight from those not séen So that they nothing doubted to call this cyrcle the rationall horizon which togither with the vpper face by the center of the earth stretched round about vnto heauen and by the foure quarters of the world as East West North and South deuided things séene from those not séene And a great helpe it giueth vnto this imagination that the earth is perfect round and imbossed in that of a Globe through his imbossing can be séene but the halfe at a time This also yéeldeth a helpe to reason by the appearances in the celestiall bodies although our sight cannot attaine vnto the starrie sky nor fully descerne heauen although a man earnestly looke vp and behold it yet doe we sée stars whose light extend vnto our eie As by this example may euidently appeare of that royall star named the heart of the Lion which in our time is in the 22. degrée almost of Leo. And the star standing on the left buttocke of Aquarius in the 22. degrée almost of the same signe◠that is diametraly or right against one the other situated Which doe on this wise that as the one appeareth aboue the horizone the other is hidden vnder it et e contra So that as the one riseth the other setteth and on this manner doe they continually Of which reason it is concluded that a certaine cyrcle deuideth heauen into twoe equall halues and do part as afore taught the things séene from those not séene Although the tariance be but small in that this star appeareth a very smal while aboue the earth through the same that this star of Aquarius is Southerly from the ecclipticke line it greatly forceth not The like examples may be applied of the superiour planets when they be situated or appeare opposite in heauen as they also may be euidently seen in the opposition of the sun and moone when they bee séene neare to the East and West horizone and where the moone is neare the suns way The diameter of the rationall horizone although the same cannot be found nor comprehended through his excéeding distaunce by exteriour sence and iudgement yet reason it selfe iudgeth that the same may extend vnto the starry sky whose sight from that not séene it doth describe and the same is of 32655932. Germaine miles and 20. minutes which distance by the outward senses is iudged as infinite The Pole of the rational horizon is the verticall point for it is distant by a quarter of the greatest cyrcle that is 90. degrées from the compasse round about of the horizon yet not to all places serueth one horizon for that as a man changeth place and country euen so ariseth a newe horizon whether so euer he trauaileth And new horizons also appeare and happen if a man either trauaile toward either of the poles of the worlde or in right line toward the East and West and the like vnto diuers quarters as into the North the East or West or contrariwise iourneying by the opposite course the Horizones vary and change And if the places bee either situated partly toward the East or West and partly toward the South or North the horizones there decline and varie them partly toward the East or West and partly toward the south or North which hapneth by reason that the City is not vnder one Parallell And Cities or countries situated vnder one meridiane doe vary their horizons directly either toward the South or North. There be as many horizons as there be meridiās And for so much as that of all places cannot bee one manner of Zenith therefore cannot one Meridiane serue for all places And séeing the Pole of the Horizone is the Zenith of it which is in the Meridiane and that to each place belongeth a proper Zenith and a proper Meridian it followeth that to each place belongeth a proper Horizone Toward the Poles by the chaunging of places are the horizons chaunged and the diuers eleuations of the Pole by a certaine occasion caused also they euidently declare a like alteration to bee caused in the respect of the opposite quarters of the East and West and doe procure and cause diuers beginnings of the daies and nights insomuch that the starres generally appearing and seene doe by order of times and in sundry places arise and set in the West and hide them vnder the Horizon For the same maner of Ecclipse which is seene at Arbela after Plinie in the fifte houre of the night to them of Carthage it appeareth in the second houre so that the sun sooner setteth to them of Arbela by thrée houres then to them of Carthage Therefore the horizon of Arbela is much further distant into the East then the horizon of Carthage The same rationall horizon as it were on the plainesse of the earth drawne and streached vnto the sky doeth the meridian extend to it downward and deuide the same into twoe halfe cyrcles of which the one declineth vnto the East and therof called the East quarter and the other vnto the West and of that named the West quarter And the diuers places of the suns rising and setting doe sundry wise deuide either halfe cyrcle For the Equinoctiall rising and the Equinoctiall setting which are points of the
one on the Northerly and the other on the Southerly side of it And the beginnings of either bee the hotter the ends colder the middle of them exquisitly temperate in the other parts doth the heat either so much the more excéede or the bitter colde ouercommeth and ruleth as howe much the nearer they approach or come vnto the burning Zone or otherwise vnto either of the extreame Zones which continually cause a bitter and an extreame colde The cause of this diuersity is through the suns beames for the sun continually moouing in the middle iourney of heauen described betwéene the two Tropicks and digressing or going beyond the prefixed bounds of nature doeth not shew his beames vnto diuers parts of the earth in one manner but vnto the places right vnder and in the burning zone the tractes or countries contained vnder them doth he send downe right beames which stretcheth to the vpper face of the earth at right angles And vnto the countries of either temperate zone doeth the sun send downe thwart or slope beames And vnto the places vnder either cold zone doth he streach long beames on the plaine of the earth euen the like as being neare to the Horizone which neither reach vnto the vpper face of the earth nor cause angles but kéep an equall distance vnto it do streach forth infinitely But those beames of the sun doe neither giue light nor heat but turne backeward in that the property of the reflexion which of the beame against a solider resistance prohibiting or letting the penetration is a certaine repercussion and reuerberation that increaseth and doubleth the force of the direct beame and by the reflexed beame to it adioyned or at the least by his vertue applied and communicated Séeing this reflexion is the especiallest cause of the heat and that the angles of the reflexions falling doe continually make or be equal in the angles for that cause do they much vnlike increase the force of the directe beames and their effectes doe notably varie So that in the burning zone the reflexion stretcheth vnto right angles séeing the straight or right beames are caried led into themselues in such sort that as direct and reâ—lexen they méete and bee mixed and in this doubling as it were the vertue and force of the direct beames is on such wise increased that it kindleth burneth and consumeth And in either temperate zone is the reflexion caused at right angles in that the sun beames doe thwartly reach to the vpper face of the earth and are turned and extended backward vnto thwart angles which how much the néerer and liker they bee to the right so much the nearer doe they ioyne either beames togither by which they procéed and come into the nearer parts of the burning zone But so much the blunter as they streach so much the longer do they seperate either beames as howe much the more they are extended vnto the extreame or outmost bounds And for this cause doe they more heat then the fore parts of the temperate zone whose heate is a litle gentler or milder then the heate of the burning zone and the beames a litle further of whose colde notwithstanding differeth somewhat from the extreame or outmost vntemperate zones And those which streach and fall into the middle region of either temperate zone doe cause a meane betwéene the right and very sharp angles and yet not directly matched or ioyned nor doe they by so neare a space communicate their vertue as in the beginning of it neither by so large a distance as in the end but in the middle in a maner So that they cause and increase a temperate heate in the same zone But in the extreame or colde Zones is no reflexion of beames caused for those beames equally distant from the earth are streached forth infinitely and for that cause doe those neither giue light nor moue or procure heat neither doe those zones at any time warme either perfectly cleare or appeare bright but that they continually be foggy misty darke and bitter or extreame cold through the continuall mists which more and more increase especially toward the northerly pole And yet many affirme a reasonable dwelling in those places yea and vnder the Northerly pole but far colder and bitterer dwelling through the far being from the way of the sun and beholding of the comfortabler starres For the Sunne through his ouer far distance cannot by his presence aboue the earth comfort and heate This now is the perfect cause of the diuers and vniuersall coustitutions of the ayre and chiefe qualities in each zones so that of the particular constitutions be other causes But to returne vnto the temperate Zones the latitude of either temperate Zone is of 43. degrées almost of Germaine miles 645. and of furlongs 21500. So that the Boreallor Northerly zone beginning from the Tropick of Cancer endeth at the arcticke cyrcle or at the degrée of latitude 66. and 31. minutes And the Southerly from the Tropicke of Capricorne is extended or reacheth vnto the antarcticke cyrcle or the degrée of the Southerly latitude 66. and 32. minutes The vntemperate cold zones that reach froÌ„ either temperate vnto the poles of the worlde doe mooue continuall cold and frosts So that the beames of the sun although they pearse and enter through yet seeing they extende not backward nor through the reflexion or streaching backeward be strengthned and sharpned therefore can they not so heate that by the thawing they dissolue the earth and yse nor put away or voyde the mist. Now the vntemperate Northerly zone beginning from the 66. degrée and 31. minutes of the Northerly latitude endeth at the Pole arcticke and the vntemperate southerly zone begun from the same bounde of the Southerly latitude extendeth and endeth at the pole antarcticke Those people which dwell vnder the burning zone bee named of the Gréekes Amphiskioi Amphiscij in that the Noone shadowes at diuers times of the yeare goe or be cast to them twoe waies as toward the South or North. And twise also in the year runneth the sun right ouer their heades as is demonstrated in the second Theorme of Euclide so that at Noone it commeth to passe that they haue almost no shadow for the sun being direct or in right line ouer their heades at Noone hee then sendeth downe right Beames which are cast or streached to the plaine of the earth at right angles so that their shadowe falleth and is right vnder the feete and not on any side of them So that the sun in any other time of the yeare beeing without the verticall pointes the shadowes at Noone are one whiles cast into the South and another whiles into the North vnto them euen as the sun digressing from their toppes or Noonstéed is either caried into the North or otherwise declineth into the South This sorte of people which bee vnder either temperate zone are called of the Gréeke Cosmographers Eteroskioi Heteroscij in that they haue a single
and reasonable well furnished of all things néedfull for mans life So that in the same middle Region of the earth vnder the Equatour it appeareth that through the coldnesse of the night it doth there temper sufficiently the burning heat of the day Besides these after the mind of Hiero. Cardane in that Saturne Mercurie and the moon which properly are cold and moyst planets haue a great force in the Regions vnder this zone but especially the moon that worketh her most force there in the night time more then the other twoe and of this cause more temperatnesse in the day time Besides these it is well known that those people haue two summers and two winters in the yeare For in the yeare of our Lord 1530. at the will and charge of Charles the fift Emperor a parte of America westward was discouered where Peru among the rest was found richest both of Gold and other rich things and costly drugges which is situated in longitude of 290. degrées from the West toward the East and is distant 5. degrées from the Equatoure toward the South But what substance of Gold and other rich things hath yearely bene brought from this yle néedeth not here any further rehersall And the like is to be considered and noted of the other two zones contained betwéene the Polare cyrcles and Poles of the worlde Although Albertus Mag. denieth a commodious dwelling for men in those places and confirmeth the same by probable reasons yet experience reclaimeth and denieth those opinions of his and other ancient writers In that it is well knowne that Gothland Norway Russia Lapeland Groueland and diuers other countries towarde the North pole is inhabited and well peopled And Galeottus Naruiensis proueth that men dwell vnder the North pole affirming the same not to bee true that the cause of the cold there is onely the far distaunce of the sun as not of the heate by nearenesse of his comming In that the sun by reason of the signe in which he is either increaseth or diminisheth them with vs. Besides he affirmeth that the colde is not so dispersed rounde about as that it compasseth rounde after the forme of a cyrcle nor that the heate in like sort doeth run round about the whole body of the earth Further Cardane writeth that vnder the poles there is no such coldnes as some suppose in that the Moone Venus and Mars haue the greatest latitudes in respect of the sun and the others besides For the moon hath fiue degrées to the North Venus and Mars excéed vnto eight degrées Northward but Saturne which is the author of cold scarcely performeth thrée degrées Northward Besides these the Moone more auaileth Northward and Southward neare to the poles then the sunne in that she nearer approacheth those parts For the Moone as aboue said hath fiue degrées of latitude as well to the North as South so that when she shall be in the first degrée of Cancer with her greatest latitude Northward that is in the head of the Dragon she shal then be néerer by fiue degrées to the Northerly pole then the sunne And in like maner when she shalbe in the taile of the Dragon at the entrance and beginning of Capricorne she shall bee nearer the pole antarcticke by fiue degrées than the sun Although in the winter the moone should be in the beginning of Capricorn with the Southerly latitude of foure or fiue degrées yet may she worke and cause more in the change of weather and shall cause more in Scotland than the sun in that her power and vertue there is such But in Brasilia and vnder the antarcticke pole for two causes the one in that shee is there of such power and the other for that in her working she is nearer What the longitudes and latitudes of the celestiall Zones are THe longitude of Zones beginneth from the West and is extended by the Noonestéede into the East and from the East againe by the midnight pointe into the West The motions of the sun in the zodiacke and Poles of the zodiacke doe describe the latitude of the zones For the suns motion or the zodiacke do describe the burnt zone séeing the sun on the one parte of the zodiacke goeth toward the North vnto the elongation of 23. degrées 28. minutes and being by his dayly motion in the beginning of Cancer doth describe the Tropick of Cancer which is the bound of the two zones the burnt zone and Northerly temperate Zone And on the other part of the zodiacke doeth the sun goe into the South vnto the same elongation and being in the beginning of Capricorne doth likewise describe the Tropicke of Capricorne which is the bounde of the other twoe zones in that it distinguisheth the burnt from the southerly temporate zone And the space also included in these two cyrcles vsing the middle place is called the burnt zone and thus the burnt zone doth imploy 46. degrées and 57. minutes The Poles of the Zodiacke which are dayly about the Poles of the worlde from which they differ 23. degrées and 28. minutes and are drawn by the motion of the first mouer doe describe two cyrcles in the diuers parts of heauen as the Polare cyrcles which also be the bounds of the zones that distinguish the twoe temperate from the colde zones So that the latitude of either colde zone vnto the poles of the world is of 23. degrées and 28. minutes The other degrées of the semicyrcle are atributed to the temperate zones so that either zone containeth 43. degrées and 3. minutes What is the Longitude and Latitude of the earthly Zones THe longitude of the earthly zones is like to the longitude of the celestiall as from the West by the noon stéed into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West And the latitude of them is like to the latitude of the celestial zones for as the maner of the latitude of the celestiall burnt Zone is vnto the whole cyrcumference euen so is the maner of the earthly burnt zone vnto the compasse about of the earthly Globe that is as 47. degrées is vnto 360. and so likewise conceiue of the others And that this may plainer appeare vse the figure following in which a l h e. is the meridian or Colure of the solstices e x l. the Equatoure a x h. the meridian s u p. the earthly Globe s n. the earthly Tropicke of Cancer k o. the Tropicke of Capricorne t u. and q p. the arcticke cyrcles To these answere f r o k b b. and d s m c c. also c ff b a g e e i. the celestiall cyrcles And what the proportion f d. is vnto the whole cōpasse d a k g f the same is as aboue written the proportion r s. vnto the whole cyrcumference of the earthly Globe and on this wise conceiue of the other cyrcles The letters f d. bee the latitude of the celestiall burnt zone and r s. of the earthly d c.
and f g. be the latitudes of the temperate zones in heauen and s t a c r q. of them on earth The twoe outwarde zones to these here drawne bee by themselues noted as well in heauen as on earth Now that wee haue declared with the fiue cyrcles the latitudes either of the celestiall or terestriall zones are defined it shall therefore be necessary to write here of the latitudes of the earthly zones in miles And that you may readily find the latitude in miles multiply the degrées by 15. in that so many Germaine miles answere to one degrée of the great cyrcle in heauen as the 43. degrées of the burnt zone being the suns greatest declination multiplied by the 15. miles doe produce 705. Germain miles which is the latitude of the burning zone The latitude of either temperate zones containeth 646. Germain miles almost And from either Tropicke vnto the pointes right vnder the poles doeth the space or distaunce containe 352. Germaine miles Where is the beginning and end of euerie Zone according to latitude and which places are in which Zones THe middle of the burning zone is vnder the Equinoctiall line where either pole is in the Horizon And both be his bounds where the eleuation of the pole aswell Southerly as Northerly is of 13. degrées and 28. minutes For either temperate zone doeth there begin and streacheth vnto the same place where the eleuation of the pole is of 66. degrées and 30. minutes which place is the beginning of the cold zones By these nowe may a man easily conceiue which places are in which zone for if the eleuation of the Pole Northerly be lesser then 23. degrées and 28. minutes this place then is in the burning zone as the inner Libia Aethiopia a part of Arabia Felix and India But if the eleuation containeth precisely so many degrées and minutes the place then is in the bounde of the burnt and temperate zone as is Siene a city of Aegypt Further if the eleuation of the Northerly Pole bee greater then 23. degrées and 28. minutes yet lesser then 66. degrées and 30. minutes this place theÌ„ is in the temperate zone as Greece Italy Spaine Germanie France England c. But if the latitude be precisely of 66 degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the bound of the temperate and cold zone as is almost Lagenlaâ—us of Suetia Last if the eleuation of the pole excéedeth 66. degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the cold zone beyond which degrées hath Nicolaus Douis a Germaine added a table of Noreway Gothland Iseland Greenland Fineland and Lapeland c. How the Zones and Climats doe differ THe Zone is a space or roome of the earth froÌ„ the West into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West But the Clymate is a space of the earth whose beginning is constituted in the west and ende in the East A Zone also is the space of earth betwéene two cyrcles equidistant but a Climate is the only space or roome of the habitable earth contained betwéene two lines equidistant What the qualities of the Zones are TO the celestiall Zones are qualities attributed not formally but onely vertually that is the celestial zones are neither cold hot nor temperate but of this named colde burning and temperate through the sunne which one whiles comming into this and another whiles declining into that parte of the worlde doâ—th send downe his beames to the earth in sundry maner as one whiles plum downe right when the sun runneth vnder the equinoctiall and another whiles by a thwart maner as in the thwart sphere which beames besides how right angles they make on earth so much the greater heate they cause and how thwarter angles they make somuch the weaker heat they procure So that vnder the Equinoctiall the beames most rightly and downe right falling doe make right angles on the vpper face of the earth which through the same causeth a most great heat Also the beames faling toward either poles doe cause thwarter angles and they make the angles more vneuen or thwarter and therof the same heat is the lesser And in the temperate zone especially in the summer the beames doe make almost angles falling vnto a rightnes but in the winter vnto a thwartnes so that in the same Region is a coÌ„modious dwelling But in the colde zones the angles are caused vnlike or vneuen thwartest or slopest as in the burnt Zone they are rightest and most downward in somuch that the cold zones euen as the burnt are commodious to dwel vnder For the beames falling and reflexed how much néerer they fal and be togither somuch the stronger and mightier they moue and cause the heat as we dayly sée that the sun in the noonstéed being as in the summer to cast or streach downe almost perpendicular or down right beames which beames also are almost reflected into theÌ„selues of which the greatest heat of the day then is caused And contrariwise the sun being in the East or west where y e beames streaching downward and reflexed are scatred and run abroade the effects be lesser and the heat much abated and féebled Euen so the beames in the burnt zone bee perpendicular or plum downright which reflexed into themselues do cause a most great heat In the temperate zone doe the beames bylitle and litle fall sloper and sloper of which they cause there a temperate heat But in the cold zones the beames furthest decline or fall slopest through which they procure no effect of the coÌ„sequent cause there a very weake heat What the vtilities of the Zones be _1 THe auncient considerers of the stars haue thus instituted the distribution of the zones for two causes The one is that by this reason they might shewe to vs which places of the earth be reasonably habitable most commodious to dwell vnder 2 The other is as wee learne by experience that the wits of men and nature of places by them appeare and are knowne in that the ayre compassing vs is a certaine cause of the temperatnes For the maners and condicions of men as writeth Galen doe for the most parte ensue the temperameÌ„ts of the bodies yea the nature of trées plants hearbs and beasts do like ensue the temperament of ayre Of which that we might bee the surer and certainer of the natures of the foresaid matter it pleased the ancient to deuide them into fiue zones Of which it is wel known that the bodies of men or people dwelling vnder the burning zone as the Moores be shorter of stature theÌ„ those people dwelling vnder the temperate zones wilder and crueler Also they bee crafty and subtill of nature hauing besides wrinkled faces thick crisped heare on the head and blacke scorched bodies and crooked of stature Also all liuing and cresent things are found to agrée according to the quality of the ayre in that Region Further the people dwelling vnder the Northerly Parallels or Polare cyrcles