to_o he_o be_v oppose_v as_o contrary_n or_o contradictory_n when_o a_o general_a affirmative_a be_v oppose_v by_o a_o general_a negative_a than_o they_o be_v oppose_v as_o contrary_n but_o when_o the_o same_o predicate_v be_v universal_o affirm_v in_o the_o one_o and_o not_o universal_o in_o the_o other_o of_o the_o same_o subject_n then_o they_o be_v oppose_v as_o contradictory_n de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 7._o a_o singular_a proposition_n be_v contradict_v by_o a_o singular_a as_o socrates_n be_v wise_a socrates_n be_v not_o wise_a cap._n 10._o perspicuum_fw-la autem_fw-la est_fw-la a_o general_a contradiction_n may_v be_v false_a in_o both_o part_n ramus_n ramus_n a_o special_a contradiction_n can_v be_v true_a and_o false_a together_o in_o both_o part_n aristotle_n have_v the_o same_o precept_n word_n for_o word_n in_o the_o place_n last_o allege_v these_o example_n follow_v will_v set_v out_o the_o precept_n of_o a_o axiom_n contain_v in_o this_o and_o the_o former_a chapter_n 1._o all_o man_n be_v learned_a 2._o no_o man_n be_v learned_a 3._o some_o man_n be_v not_o learned_a 4._o some_o man_n be_v learned_a 5._o socrates_n be_v learn_v 6._o socrates_n be_v not_o learned_a the_o first_o be_v a_o universal_a affirmative_a the_o three_o be_v a_o particular_a negative_a and_o the_o one_o do_v contradict_v the_o other_o the_o second_o be_v a_o universal_a negative_a the_o four_o a_o particular_a affirmative_a and_o they_o be_v oppose_v as_o contradictory_n the_o five_o be_v a_o affirmative_a proper_a the_o sixth_o be_v a_o negative_a proper_a therefore_o they_o also_o be_v contradictory_n the_o first_o and_o second_o be_v oppose_v as_o contrary_n ramus_n call_v their_o opposition_n a_o general_a contradiction_n now_o i_o have_v finish_v all_o that_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o simple_a axiom_n touch_v the_o dispose_n of_o argument_n in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o must_v see_v how_o truth_n be_v contain_v in_o a_o axiom_n chap._n xxxiiii_o of_o simple_a axiom_n necessary_o true_a in_o common_a in_o the_o 30._o chapter_n before_o go_v all_o axiom_n be_v say_v to_o contain_v necessary_a or_o contingent_a truth_n or_o falsehood_n and_o thereby_o be_v employ_v that_o truth_n be_v contain_v in_o they_o various_o even_o according_a unto_o the_o different_a kind_n of_o axiom_n in_o the_o 31._o chapter_n we_o have_v divide_v axiom_n into_o simple_a and_o compound_n therefore_o we_o must_v now_o set_v down_o after_o what_o manner_n truth_n be_v in_o simple_a axiom_n and_o thereby_o finish_v the_o precept_n touch_v simple_a axiom_n i_o think_v it_o sufficient_a to_o show_v how_o and_o in_o what_o case_n a_o simple_a axiom_n be_v necessary_o true_a for_o thereby_o we_o shall_v know_v how_o they_o contain_v a_o contingent_a truth_n and_o when_o we_o see_v how_o they_o contain_v truth_n we_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o judge_v how_o they_o contain_v falsehood_n in_o a_o necessary_a axiom_n the_o consequent_a be_v attribute_v to_o the_o antecedent_n 1._o to_o all_o of_o it_o ramus_n ramus_n and_o always_o 2._o by_o itself_o and_o essential_o 3._o not_o only_o to_o all_o alwate_n &_o essential_o but_o alâ—o_o first_o of_o the_o whole_a and_o enterchangable_o we_o find_v this_o precept_n take_v out_o of_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 4._o in_o which_o place_n he_o say_v thus_o in_o a_o necessary_a axiom_n the_o predicate_a be_v attribute_v to_o the_o subject_n 1._o to_o all_o that_o be_v to_o all_o of_o it_o not_o to_o some_o only_o at_o all_o time_n not_o at_o some_o only_o 2._o by_o itself_o that_o be_v 1._o as_o essential_a thereto_o 2._o the_o predicate_a be_v in_o the_o subject_n et_fw-la contra_fw-la 3._o it_o be_v not_o say_v of_o any_o other_o 4._o even_o for_o itself_o not_o by_o accident_n 3._o universal_o that_o be_v of_o all_o by_o itself_o &_o as_o it_o be_v in_o itself_o it_o do_v demonstrate_v the_o subject_n first_o in_o every_o part_n now_o we_o have_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o necessary_a simple_a axiom_n full_o lay_v out_o we_o shall_v unfold_v such_o term_n as_o seem_v doubtful_a but_o we_o can_v do_v that_o in_o this_o place_n for_o here_o we_o speak_v of_o they_o in_o a_o universal_a notion_n abstract_v from_o all_o special_a kind_n of_o simple_a axiom_n we_o shall_v come_v to_o they_o in_o the_o six_o next_o chapter_n and_o then_o we_o shall_v see_v the_o meaning_n and_o use_v of_o this_o general_a precept_n chap._n xxxv_o of_o simple_a axiom_n necessary_o true_a in_o special_a necessary_a simple_a axiom_n be_v definition_n distribution_n i_o do_v not_o find_v this_o precept_n either_o in_o ramus_n or_o aristotle_n express_o yet_o i_o bring_v it_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o they_o both_o according_a to_o ramus_n every_o precept_n of_o art_n be_v a_o necessary_a axiom_n but_o according_a to_o he_o also_o a_o definition_n and_o distribution_n be_v precept_n of_o art_n therefore_o he_o must_v confess_v they_o be_v necessary_a axiom_n the_o principle_n and_o foundation_n of_o a_o demonstration_n be_v necessary_a axiom_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o but_o a_o definition_n be_v a_o principle_n and_o foundation_n of_o a_o demonstration_n even_o in_o the_o sentence_n of_o the_o same_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 33._o lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o therefore_o according_a to_o he_o every_o definition_n be_v a_o necessary_a axiom_n we_o may_v argue_v the_o like_a from_o his_o authority_n for_o a_o distribution_n for_o he_o injoine_v he_o that_o make_v a_o definition_n to_o distribute_v the_o thing_n define_v into_o part_n top._n lib._n 6._o cap._n 1._o and_o in_o frame_v his_o art_n of_o logic_n he_o make_v distribution_n to_o be_v precept_n no_o less_o than_o definition_n last_o though_o i_o have_v not_o their_o authority_n to_o avow_v this_o precept_n yet_o i_o may_v bring_v it_o because_o a_o definition_n and_o a_o distribution_n have_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o necessary_a axiom_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v when_o we_o examine_v they_o chap._n xxxvi_o of_o a_o definition_n in_o this_o chapter_n we_o must_v see_v what_o a_o definition_n be_v a_o definition_n be_v a_o simple_a axiom_n ramus_n ramus_n wherein_o we_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v a_o definition_n be_v perfect_a this_o contain_v the_o constitute_a cause_n only_o imperfect_a this_o set_v out_o the_o thing_n by_o other_o argument_n also_o the_o first_o be_v a_o definition_n proper_o the_o second_o be_v call_v a_o description_n this_o precept_n be_v avow_v by_o aristotle_n he_o make_v a_o definition_n to_o be_v double_a in_o the_o thing_n though_o not_o in_o word_n he_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o definition_n as_o ramus_n do_v a_o definition_n say_v he_o be_v a_o sentence_n that_o signify_v what_o the_o thing_n be_v top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 5._o a_o notification_n of_o the_o essence_n and_o do_v explicate_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o a_o definition_n thus_o set_v out_o must_v needs_o be_v a_o perfect_a one_o in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o his_o topicke_n and_o 4._o chapter_n he_o have_v these_o word_n there_o be_v something_o that_o be_v proper_a that_o signify_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v and_o some_o other_o that_o do_v not_o so_o signify_v the_o first_o be_v call_v a_o definition_n the_o other_o be_v common_o call_v a_o thing_n proper_a when_o it_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o same_o subject_n with_o the_o other_o now_o in_o this_o latter_a place_n he_o speak_v of_o a_o definition_n that_o differ_v from_o the_o former_a i_o say_v it_o differ_v 1._o in_o the_o name_n he_o say_v this_o name_n be_v but_o common_o give_v he_o say_v not_o so_o of_o the_o former_a 2._o in_o this_o definition_n the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n define_v be_v set_v out_o and_o more_o too_o it_o be_v explicate_v by_o property_n that_o do_v not_o declare_v the_o essence_n and_o therefore_o in_o all_o these_o place_n together_o he_o make_v one_o kind_a of_o definition_n that_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n only_o and_o another_o that_o do_v so_o and_o more_o too_o and_o consequent_o according_a to_o he_o a_o definition_n be_v perfect_a and_o imperfect_a and_o that_o in_o the_o sense_n and_o meaning_n of_o ramus_n thomas_n teach_v the_o same_o thing_n express_o a_o definition_n say_v he_o be_v either_o perfect_a or_o imperfect_a that_o comprehend_v the_o total_a be_v of_o the_o thing_n as_o it_o be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n this_o express_v some_o of_o these_o and_o divers_a condition_n also_o and_o be_v call_v a_o description_n 2._o do_v 27_o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 9m._o in_o this_o place_n we_o speak_v of_o a_o perfect_a definition_n and_o therefore_o unto_o thomas_n i_o will_v join_v aliaco_n in_o he_o i_o find_v cheese_n word_n a_o good_a description_n may_v be_v convert_v with_o the_o thing_n define_v
term_n of_o aristotle_n and_o thomas_n be_v more_o significant_a and_o fit_a i_o think_v it_o best_o to_o follow_v they_o of_o the_o essence_n by_o these_o word_n be_v set_v out_o such_o argument_n as_o be_v essential_a unto_o the_o thing_n of_o which_o they_o be_v predicate_v now_o all_o the_o cause_n be_v of_o this_o kind_n for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o effect_n be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n as_o thomas_n have_v teach_v we_o in_o 2._o do_v 27._o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 9m._o he_o say_v the_o effect_n be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n that_o be_v each_o one_o in_o its_o kind_n and_o manner_n of_o work_v for_o all_o of_o they_o do_v concur_v and_o bestow_v their_o force_n unto_o the_o procure_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v these_o argument_n be_v all_o comprehend_v in_o the_o 9_o place_n of_o argument_n viz._n to_o do_v chap._n v._o the_o definition_n of_o a_o cause_n a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o force_n whereof_o ramus_n ramus_n a_o thing_n be_v this_o argument_n which_o we_o call_v a_o cause_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o every_o thing_n whereupon_o another_o follow_v and_o so_o say_v okam_n 1_o do_v 1._o q._n 3._o lit_fw-fr n._n wherefore_o as_o the_o same_o okam_n say_v 1._o do_v 41._o light_v f._n a_o cause_n be_v take_v two_o way_n sometime_o for_o every_o thing_n that_o have_v another_o thing_n as_o a_o effect_n thereof_o and_o sometime_o also_o for_o a_o proposition_n whereof_o another_o do_v follow_v thus_o far_o okam_n a_o cause_n in_o this_o place_n be_v take_v not_o so_o large_o as_o in_o okamâ—_n first_o and_o three_o sense_n but_o in_o the_o second_o a_o cause_n in_o this_o notion_n be_v also_o take_v for_o the_o thing_n itself_o which_o do_v cause_n and_o sometime_o also_o for_o the_o nature_n of_o cause_v or_o for_o the_o thing_n as_o it_o do_v exercise_v causallitie_n in_o act_n or_o for_o the_o relation_n of_o cause_v a_o cause_n be_v take_v in_o the_o second_o sense_n in_o this_o definition_n wherefore_o a_o cause_n be_v that_o of_o which_o the_o effect_n even_o by_o itself_o depend_v thus_o far_o the_o jesuite_n in_o their_o preface_n unto_o porphyrte_n by_o this_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o ramus_n and_o aristotle_n do_v full_o agree_v in_o the_o define_n of_o a_o cause_n and_o in_o the_o explication_n of_o that_o definition_n therefore_o we_o need_v not_o say_v more_o for_o the_o open_n thereof_o a_o few_o example_n will_v make_v it_o easy_o understand_v but_o we_o may_v not_o do_v that_o in_o this_o place_n lest_o we_o be_v force_v to_o repeat_v the_o same_o thing_n again_o when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o particular_n chap._n vi_o the_o distribution_n of_o a_o cause_n there_o be_v fourecause_n ramus_n ramus_n the_o efficient_a and_o matter_n form_n and_o end_n there_o be_v a_o universal_a agreement_n in_o this_o precept_n also_o aristotle_n make_v they_o these_o four_o as_o we_o may_v find_v in_o the_o 11._o chapter_n of_o the_o second_o book_n of_o his_o postertorum_n his_o word_n be_v these_o there_o be_v 4._o cause_n 1._o that_o which_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v 2._o that_o which_o must_v be_v when_o the_o thing_n be_v 3._o that_o which_o move_v first_o 4._o that_o for_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v he_o have_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o the_o five_o book_n of_o his_o metaphysic_n and_o 23_o chapter_n thomas_n do_v follow_v he_o and_o do_v teach_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o 1a._o 2_o a._n q._n 72._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la and_o no_o man_n think_v otherwise_o therefore_o i_o will_v descend_v to_o unfold_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o particular_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n the_o efficient_a cause_n be_v that_o ramus_n ramus_n from_o which_o the_o thing_n be_v efficient_a this_o word_n import_v no_o more_o but_o to_o do_v or_o to_o bring_v to_o pass_v and_o therefore_o it_o signify_v the_o office_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o consequent_o it_o seem_v not_o fit_a to_o be_v give_v unto_o any_o one_o cause_n distinct_o yet_o notwithstanding_o we_o must_v know_v that_o there_o be_v good_a reason_n thus_o to_o call_v it_o else_o the_o learned_a of_o all_o age_n will_v not_o have_v give_v it_o that_o name_n yea_o the_o very_a nature_n of_o it_o deserve_v we_o shall_v call_v it_o so_o as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o the_o next_o passage_n from_o which_o these_o word_n do_v set_v out_o the_o nature_n or_o office_n of_o that_o cause_n which_o be_v call_v efficient_a and_o signify_v the_o original_n or_o fountain_n from_o whence_o the_o effect_n do_v receive_v tt_n be_v i_o say_v the_o effect_n and_o i_o mean_v the_o whole_a effect_n for_o this_o cause_n do_v join_v together_o all_o the_o other_o cause_n whereof_o the_o effect_n be_v compound_v as_o namely_o it_o bestow_v the_o form_n upon_o the_o matter_n and_o do_v destinate_a the_o matter_n form_v unto_o the_o produce_v of_o something_o that_o be_v good_a and_o therefore_o it_o deserve_v well_o to_o be_v call_v efficient_a the_o form_n do_v make_v the_o effect_n to_o be_v of_o this_o or_o that_o kind_a the_o matter_n form_v do_v make_v the_o effect_n to_o be_v this_o or_o that_o individual_a thing_n the_o end_n make_v it_o fit_a for_o this_o or_o that_o good_a but_o the_o motion_n and_o efficacy_n of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n only_o do_v give_v be_v unto_o the_o effect_n in_o the_o event_n we_o have_v many_o example_n of_o this_o cause_n and_o the_o operation_n thereof_o we_o find_v one_o in_o the_o second_o of_o genesis_n the_o seven_o verse_n where_o it_o be_v say_v god_n form_v man_n of_o the_o dust_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o breathe_v into_o he_o the_o breath_n of_o life_n and_o he_o become_v a_o live_a soul_n in_o this_o example_n the_o make_n of_o man_n be_v attribute_v unto_o god_n therefore_o god_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o man_n the_o office_n of_o this_o efficiency_n be_v place_v in_o join_v the_o form_n unto_o the_o matter_n he_o frame_v he_o of_o the_o dust_n there_o be_v the_o matter_n and_o breathe_v life_n into_o he_o and_o thereby_o the_o form_n be_v impose_v on_o the_o matter_n and_o then_o god_n do_v destinate_a he_o to_o a_o end_n viz._n the_o action_n of_o life_n thereby_o he_o make_v he_o a_o live_a soul_n we_o have_v another_o the_o like_a example_n in_o the_o 11._o of_o genesis_n the_o 3._o and_o 4._o ver_fw-la where_o it_o be_v report_v that_o the_o man_n of_o the_o earth_n do_v build_v a_o high_a tower_n of_o brick_n and_o slime_n for_o a_o memorial_n of_o their_o name_n the_o man_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v make_v the_o bvilder_n of_o the_o tower_n and_o thereby_o they_o become_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o whole_a work_n they_o take_v brick_n and_o frame_v it_o into_o a_o tower_n therefore_o they_o join_v the_o matter_n and_o form_n together_o they_o destinate_a the_o same_o unto_o a_o end_n viz._n the_o continuance_n of_o their_o name_n on_o earth_n and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v to_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n we_o shall_v now_o divide_v a_o efficient_a cause_n into_o the_o several_a kind_n but_o that_o we_o can_v for_o as_o ramus_n true_o say_v they_o be_v unknown_a unto_o we_o therefore_o we_o will_v set_v down_o the_o divers_a and_o various_a manner_n wherein_o the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v for_o that_o be_v well_o know_v and_o do_v help_v we_o much_o in_o the_o understanding_n of_o the_o office_n of_o thus_o cause_n the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v by_o itself_o by_o accident_n a_o cause_n do_v then_o work_v by_o itself_o ramus_n ramus_n when_o it_o work_v by_o force_n of_o and_o according_a unto_o the_o inbred_a fitness_n thereof_o we_o find_v this_o distinction_n and_o the_o explication_n thereof_o in_o the_o school_n of_o all_o age_n the_o efficient_a cause_n say_v thomas_n work_v by_o itself_o or_o by_o accident_n the_o first_o be_v when_o it_o month_n by_o its_o own_o proper_a virtue_n the_o second_o when_o something_o be_v remove_v therefrom_o or_o that_o which_o remain_v be_v hinder_v from_o work_v 1a._o 2d_o q._n 76._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la if_o we_o join_v okam_n unto_o thomas_n we_o shall_v find_v this_o matter_n full_o open_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n say_v okam_n 1._o do_v 2._o q._n 10._o light_v b._n h._n be_v that_o which_o work_v by_o a_o thing_n different_a from_o itself_o and_o a_o cause_n which_o work_v by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o cause_v the_o effect_n according_a to_o its_o proper_a nature_n and_o not_o according_a to_o some_o other_o thing_n which_o outward_o do_v befall_v it_o the_o efficient_a do_v work_v by_o itself_o in_o natural_a thing_n when_o it_o move_v according_a unto_o the_o instinct_n and_o inbred_a disposition_n of_o nature_n as_o when_o the_o live_a
creature_n see_v eat_v sleep_v avoyd_v know_v danger_n the_o plant_n grow_v upright_o bring_v forth_o leave_v and_o fruit_n in_o due_a season_n so_o do_v it_o work_v by_o itself_o in_o the_o intellectual_a creature_n when_o man_n move_v himself_o unto_o do_v by_o the_o direction_n of_o true_a reason_n and_o the_o unrestrained_a and_o free_a choice_n of_o the_o will_n natural_a thing_n do_v work_v by_o accident_n when_o the_o instinct_n of_o nature_n be_v suppress_v or_o divert_v the_o intellectual_a creature_n work_v by_o accident_n when_o the_o judgement_n of_o reason_n be_v erroneous_a and_o the_o choice_n of_o the_o will_n carry_v by_o a_o previall_a overrule_a power_n and_o all_o these_o do_v fall_v out_o in_o case_n where_o nature_n meet_v with_o defection_n the_o understanding_n be_v possess_v with_o ignorance_n or_o the_o will_v hale_v by_o the_o naughtiness_n of_o corruption_n and_o violence_n of_o temptation_n last_o the_o secret_a providence_n of_o god_n which_o the_o heathen_a call_v fortune_n make_v the_o creature_n work_v by_o accident_n in_o all_o case_n when_o he_o work_v against_o mean_n as_o he_o do_v when_o he_o bring_v the_o people_n through_o the_o red_a sea_n exodus_fw-la the_o 14._o and_o as_o he_o do_v in_o all_o miracle_n or_o when_o man_n intend_v one_o thing_n but_o another_o thing_n come_v to_o pass_v of_o this_o we_o have_v a_o example_n in_o the_o 45._o of_o genesis_n and_o 5._o vers_fw-la &_o 37._o &_o 27._o verse_n in_o this_o place_n they_o be_v say_v to_o sell_v joseph_n because_o they_o will_v be_v rid_v of_o he_o and_o in_o that_o joseph_n say_v god_n send_v he_o into_o egypt_n to_o preserve_v their_o life_n they_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o their_o own_o preserve_n when_o they_o sell_v joseph_n but_o yet_o by_o accident_n through_o god_n secret_a providence_n that_o wrought_v contrary_a to_o their_o intent_n the_o jew_n likewise_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o christ_n glory_n and_o man_n salvation_n when_o they_o deliver_v he_o to_o death_n but_o yet_o by_o accident_n because_o god_n himself_o do_v create_v light_n out_o of_o darkness_n and_o make_v their_o evil_a intention_n serve_v unto_o that_o good_a there_o be_v many_o example_n wherein_o we_o find_v that_o the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v on_o this_o manner_n but_o these_o be_v enough_o for_o this_o present_a the_o efficient_a do_v work_v physical_o morral_o this_o distinction_n be_v receive_v in_o all_o the_o logic_n school_n and_o be_v of_o frequent_a use_n in_o the_o question_n touch_v sanctification_n and_o the_o actual_a motion_n of_o grace_n in_o man_n conversion_n the_o reader_n may_v find_v it_o in_o suarez_n opusc_fw-la 1._o lib._n 3._o cap._n 10._o no._n 1._o and_o in_o many_o other_o place_n a_o physical_a operation_n be_v a_o real_a influence_n into_o the_o effect_n we_o have_v a_o example_n of_o this_o in_o man_n creation_n he_o form_v he_o and_o that_o of_o the_o dust_n and_o pour_v life_n into_o he_o all_o these_o be_v real_a influence_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v the_o bvilder_n of_o the_o tower_n of_o babel_n they_o make_v brick_n and_o rear_v a_o build_n with_o brick_n and_o stone_n of_o this_o sort_n be_v all_o workman_n that_o labour_v with_o their_o hand_n and_o tool_n the_o strength_n of_o nature_n do_v immediate_o flow_v into_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v wrought_v make_v a_o real_a and_o sensible_a change_n in_o the_o matter_n where_o on_o they_o work_v a_o moral_a work_n be_v a_o motion_n offer_v to_o the_o understanding_n and_o serve_v to_o allure_v and_o draw_v it_o on_o with_o reason_n and_o persuasion_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v be_v all_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v object_v to_o the_o understanding_n as_o namely_o the_o testimony_n of_o god_n and_o man_n by_o command_v forbid_a promise_a threaten_a persuade_v therefore_o so_o often_o as_o we_o find_v any_o of_o these_o attribute_v to_o god_n or_o man_n we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o then_o they_o be_v efficient_a cause_n that_o work_v moral_o ramus_n do_v call_v testimony_n exhortation_n commandment_n etc._n etc._n inartificiall_a argument_n because_o they_o argue_v not_o of_o their_o own_o force_n but_z by_o the_o authority_n of_o he_o that_o do_v testify_v but_o this_o be_v altogether_o unfit_o speak_v for_o inartificiall_a and_o argument_n imply_v a_o contradiction_n if_o inartificiall_a than_o no_o argument_n if_o a_o argument_n then_o artificial_a for_o a_o argument_n be_v a_o member_n of_o art_n 2._o these_o thing_n themselves_o be_v no_o argument_n unless_o they_o be_v refer_v unto_o the_o testator_n but_o then_o they_o argue_v as_o property_n or_o adjunct_n and_o otherways_o they_o be_v never_o attribute_v to_o any_o subject_n in_o this_o place_n affirmation_n persuasion_n etc._n etc._n be_v not_o bring_v as_o moral_a cause_n in_o themselves_o but_o the_o causalitie_n be_v refer_v to_o he_o that_o affirm_v persuade_v etc._n etc._n which_o make_v it_o very_o plain_a that_o they_o belong_v to_o this_o place_n or_o seat_n of_o argument_n god_n and_o his_o servant_n be_v the_o moral_a cause_n of_o man_n holiness_n when_o they_o command_v good_a and_o forbid_v ill_a when_o they_o promise_v good_a and_o threaten_v ill_a when_o they_o persuade_v unto_o obedience_n and_o dissuade_v from_o sin_n thus_o our_o saviour_n christ_n be_v the_o moral_a cause_n of_o all_o supernatural_a thing_n when_o by_o his_o obedience_n he_o deserve_v that_o god_n shall_v bestow_v they_o upon_o we_o he_o by_o merit_v i_o say_v be_v the_o moral_a cause_n of_o god_n gift_n because_o by_o his_o merit_n he_o move_v god_n to_o bestow_v they_o and_o so_o much_o shall_v suffice_v for_o this_o distinction_n a_o physical_a efficient_a be_v principal_a first_o second_o instrumental_a this_o distinction_n be_v very_o ancient_a in_o the_o school_n and_o of_o great_a use_n when_o we_o desire_v to_o know_v how_o man_n will_n be_v wrought_v upon_o and_o work_v with_o the_o actual_a motion_n of_o god_n grace_n alvarez_n receive_v it_o from_o thomas_n and_o make_v use_v of_o it_o disp_n 68_o no._n 5._o etc._n etc._n where_o he_o do_v thus_o describe_v each_o member_n of_o it_o a_o principal_a efficient_a be_v that_o which_o work_v out_o of_o its_o own_o power_n or_o form_n as_o thomas_n say_v 1._o p._n q._n 18._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la a_o first_o principal_a efficient_a be_v that_o which_o work_v only_o out_o of_o its_o own_o power_n thus_o god_n only_o work_v of_o who_o it_o be_v say_v he_o sit_v in_o heaven_n and_o do_v what_o he_o will_n he_o be_v the_o universal_a cause_n for_o in_o he_o we_o live_v and_o moan_n and_o have_v our_o be_v a_o second_o principal_a efficient_a be_v that_o which_o be_v so_o move_v by_o another_o that_o it_o move_v itself_o by_o a_o power_n of_o its_o own_o of_o this_o sort_n be_v man_n mind_n which_o be_v move_v by_o god_n yet_o neverth_n less_o it_o work_v out_o of_o a_o active_a beginning_n remain_v in_o itself_o of_o this_o sort_n be_v all_o those_o say_n in_o the_o scripture_n which_o attribute_v man_n good_a work_n as_o his_o conversion_n and_o the_o like_a sometime_o unto_o god_n alone_o and_o other_o sometime_o unto_o man_n alone_o a_o instrument_n proper_o take_v and_o so_o we_o speak_v of_o it_o here_o be_v that_o which_o work_v only_o out_o of_o a_o power_n receive_v from_o the_o principal_a efficient_a of_o this_o kind_n be_v all_o instrument_n without_o life_n as_o namely_o the_o tool_n of_o a_o carpenter_n or_o smith_n &c_n &c_n thus_o hot_a water_n heat_v another_o thing_n that_o be_v cold_a by_o the_o heat_n receive_v from_o the_o fire_n to_o conclude_v the_o point_n touch_v the_o efficient_a cause_n we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o the_o efficient_a ramus_n ramus_n always_o work_v after_o one_o of_o these_o way_n whether_o it_o work_v alone_o or_o with_o other_o whether_o it_o begin_v the_o work_n or_o preserve_v it_o be_v already_o make_v chap._n viii_o the_o matter_n ramus_n ramus_n be_v a_o cause_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v matter_n this_o word_n be_v often_o time_n use_v to_o set_v out_o every_o bodily_a substance_n but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o take_v in_o this_o place_n for_o as_o thomas_n say_v 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la the_o matter_n as_o it_o be_v a_o matter_n remain_v only_o in_o power_n or_o capacity_n to_o receive_v many_o form_n and_o therefore_o according_a to_o itself_o have_v no_o be_v nor_o can_v be_v object_v to_o our_o understanding_n 1._o p._n q._n 15._o art_n 3._o ad_fw-la 3m._o in_o this_o place_n it_o signify_v a_o bodily_a substance_n inform_v or_o some_o intellectual_a thing_n answerable_a unto_o that_o a_o cause_n these_o word_n do_v attribute_v a_o active_a power_n and_o actual_a efficacy_n unto_o the_o matter_n whereby_o the_o effect_n be_v produce_v of_o which_o these_o word_n show_v the_o nature_n of_o that_o efficacy_n and_o
chapter_n and_o first_o book_n of_o his_o rhetoric_n a_o man_n say_v he_o be_v a_o logician_n by_o nature_n or_o art_n logic_n dialectic_a both_o these_o name_n be_v use_v indifferent_o to_o set_v out_o the_o thing_n define_v and_o we_o have_v the_o frequent_a use_n of_o learned_a man_n to_o avow_v it_o the_o jesuite_n do_v express_o teach_v it_o in_o their_o commentary_n upon_o aristotle_n organon_n col_n 26._o near_a to_o the_o end_n in_o these_o word_n the_o whole_a art_n of_o discourse_v be_v set_v out_o by_z either_o the_o word_n logic_n or_o the_o word_n dialectic_a and_o they_o do_v not_o bare_o avouch_v it_o but_o they_o confirm_v it_o with_o plenty_n of_o proof_n as_o the_o reader_n may_v find_v if_o he_o please_v to_o consult_v the_o place-alledged_n both_o the_o word_n do_v signify_v no_o more_o but_z a_o thing_n appertain_v unto_o the_o use_n of_o reason_n therefore_o the_o jesuite_n in_o the_o same_o preface_n q._n 4._o art_n 4._o col_fw-fr 40._o do_v conceive_v that_o logic_n in_o a_o universal_a apprehension_n be_v no_o more_o but_z a_o director_n of_o the_o art_n of_o reason_n and_o suarez_n have_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o his_o metaphysic_n disp_v 39_o d._n be_v this_o word_n be_v the_o band_n to_o tie_v both_o part_n of_o the_o definition_n together_o by_o it_o the_o late_a part_n be_v affirm_v of_o the_o former_a and_o it_o signify_v a_o essential_a attribution_n that_o be_v that_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o the_o definition_n do_v give_v be_v unto_o the_o former_a so_o as_o the_o first_o do_v consist_v in_o the_o second_o a_o art_n the_o word_n art_n do_v set_v out_o the_o general_a nature_n of_o logic_n that_o be_v it_o do_v signify_v that_o nature_n which_o logic_n have_v in_o common_a with_o divers_a other_o thing_n as_o grammar_n and_o rhetoric_n etc._n etc._n it_o be_v call_v a_o art_n in_o the_o most_o common_a use_n of_o man_n sometime_o it_o be_v call_v also_o a_o science_n and_o that_o we_o find_v in_o the_o jesuite_n preface_n q._n 4._o art_n 3._o aristotle_n do_v use_v both_o the_o word_n indifferent_o as_o signify_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o the_o metaphysic_n and_o first_o chapter_n the_o word_n art_n signify_v a_o multitude_n of_o precept_n orderly_o digest_v and_o approve_v by_o use_n and_o thus_o the_o jesuite_n teach_v in_o their_o preface_n q._n 6._o art_n 2._o and_o aristotle_n have_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o the_o metaphysic_n and_o first_o chapter_n where_o we_o have_v these_o word_n art_n be_v get_v by_o experience_n experience_n make_v art_n art_n be_v make_v when_o as_o one_o universal_a thing_n be_v frame_v out_o of_o many_o experimentall_n so_o as_o to_o do_v by_o experience_n differ_v nothing_o from_o art_n he_o bring_v the_o same_o thing_n and_o the_o reason_n of_o it_o poster_n lib_n 2._o cap._n 19_o the_o word_n a_o be_v use_v to_o show_v that_o logic_n be_v one_o entire_a art_n that_o can_v be_v divide_v nor_o be_v subordinate_a to_o any_o other_o art_n as_o geometry_n and_o many_o other_o art_n be_v logic_n be_v usual_o call_v the_o art_n of_o art_n the_o mistress_n and_o director_n of_o all_o other_o and_o there_o be_v good_a cause_n why_o for_o logic_n dispute_v of_o all_o thing_n and_o be_v common_a unto_o every_o being_n as_o aristotle_n have_v teach_v we_o in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o metaphysic_n cap._n 2._o text_n 4._o experience_n show_v that_o aristotle_n say_v true_a for_o there_o be_v no_o art_n but_o by_o the_o help_n of_o logic_n all_o the_o precept_n thereof_o be_v frame_v together_o in_o a_o due_a order_n and_o the_o part_n of_o each_o singular_a precept_n be_v so_o fit_v together_o that_o we_o may_v find_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n of_o discourse_n these_o word_n do_v assign_v the_o special_a nature_n of_o logic_n the_o very_a first_o and_o intrinsical_v be_v thereof_o and_o contain_v the_o form_n and_o the_o end_n i_o say_v they_o contain_v they_o both_o because_o the_o form_n be_v the_o fountain_n of_o the_o end_n and_o the_o end_n be_v the_o continuation_n of_o the_o form_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v hereafter_o the_o end_n of_o logic_n be_v next_o remote_a the_o remote_a end_n of_o logic_n be_v the_o very_a act_n itself_o of_o discourse_v but_o we_o speak_v not_o of_o this_o end_n of_o logic_n in_o the_o present_a definition_n the_o next_o end_n of_o logic_n be_v to_o prescribe_v a_o way_n and_o rule_n of_o discourse_v so_o as_o the_o end_n of_o logic_n be_v a_o frame_n of_o the_o mean_n of_o discourse_v so_o say_v the_o jesuite_n in_o their_o comment_n upon_o aristotle_n organon_n and_o the_o preface_n thereto_o col._n 27.55_o so_o likewise_o say_v gillius_fw-la lib._n 1._o tra._n 1._o cap._n 6._o no._n 4._o the_o art_n of_o logic_n deliver_v way_n and_o rule_n of_o discourse_v to_o discourse_n as_o it_o be_v here_o use_v be_v to_o declare_v one_o thing_n that_o be_v less_o know_v by_o another_o thing_n that_o be_v more_o know_v this_o we_o have_v in_o the_o jesuite_n preface_n col_fw-fr 27._o and_o 62._o as_o for_o example_n he_o that_o know_v not_o what_o a_o man_n be_v be_v make_v to_o know_v it_o by_o say_v a_o man_n be_v a_o reasonable_a creature_n the_o addition_n of_o rationalitie_n unto_o man_n show_v what_o man_n be_v so_o likewise_o when_o we_o say_v god_n be_v a_o spirit_n infinite_a in_o all_o perfection_n we_o inform_v he_o that_o be_v ignorant_a and_o know_v not_o what_o god_n be_v in_o this_o very_a thing_n this_o art_n of_o logic_n do_v differ_v from_o all_o other_o art_n whatsoever_o for_o logic_n end_v in_o speculation_n and_o proceed_v no_o further_a than_o to_o judge_v whether_o one_o thing_n be_v true_o affirm_v of_o another_o all_o other_o art_n be_v practical_a they_o concern_v man_n outward_a or_o transient_a action_n as_o their_o next_o end_n as_o grammar_n and_o rhetoric_n tend_v unto_o man_n speech_n geometry_n unto_o measure_v arithmetic_n unto_o number_v etc._n etc._n that_o art_n say_v okam_n be_v practical_a which_o direct_v we_o unto_o the_o do_n of_o a_o thing_n to_o be_v wrought_v in_o 3._o do_v q._n 11._o light_v v._o yea_o in_o this_o man_n knowledge_n differ_v from_o the_o knowledge_n that_o be_v in_o god_n and_o the_o angel_n in_o that_o they_o behold_v the_o thing_n in_o themselves_o as_o they_o be_v in_o themselves_o distinct_a each_o from_o other_o they_o do_v not_o know_v one_o thing_n less_o know_v by_o the_o light_n and_o reflection_n of_o another_o thing_n that_o be_v better_a know_v wherefore_o their_o knowledge_n be_v call_v intellection_n we_o be_v call_v rationalitie_n well_o this_o word_n seem_v unto_o some_o to_o be_v superfluous_a and_o a_o man_n will_v think_v that_o the_o jesuite_n be_v of_o that_o opinion_n because_o they_o define_v logic_n to_o be_v no_o more_o but_o a_o art_n of_o discourse_v coll_n 27._o so_o gillius_fw-la lib._n 1._o tra._n 1._o cap._n 6._o no._n 4._o yet_o indeed_o in_o other_o place_n they_o have_v as_o much_o as_o this_o word_n come_v to_o for_o thus_o they_o writein_v their_o preface_n the_o last_o question_n col_fw-fr 70._o he_o be_v a_o good_a logician_n which_o do_v exercise_v himself_o in_o each_o thing_n well_o and_o diligent_o and_o suarez_n do_v join_v with_o they_o in_o his_o metaphysic_n disp_v 39_o d._n logic_n say_v he_o be_v a_o art_n direct_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o understanding_n to_o exercise_v itself_o artifical_o and_o according_a to_o reason_n and_o all_o these_o author_n do_v add_v that_o word_n to_o very_o good_a purpose_n for_o thereby_o logic_n be_v distinguish_v from_o sophistry_n which_o be_v only_o a_o deceive_a science_n a_o sophister_n seem_v to_o know_v but_o indeed_o know_v not_o in_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o thing_n as_o we_o learn_v from_o aristotle_n in_o his_o metaphysic_n lib._n 4._o cap._n 2._o text_n 4._o and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v for_o the_o open_n of_o the_o several_a part_n of_o the_o definition_n of_o logic_n that_o we_o may_v put_v a_o final_a end_n to_o the_o matter_n in_o hand_n we_o must_v remember_v that_o the_o word_n discourse_v impli_v argument_n wherefore_o we_o must_v now_o see_v what_o a_o argument_n be_v a_o argument_n be_v that_o ramus_n ramus_n which_o have_v a_o force_n to_o argue_v altissidiorensis_n say_v in_o his_o preface_n lit_fw-fr f._n a_o argument_n be_v a_o reason_n that_o give_v we_o knowledge_n of_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v doubtful_a aristotle_n say_v that_o argument_n be_v such_o as_o whereby_o faith_n logical_o may_v be_v make_v of_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v speak_v of_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 22._o logicè_fw-la igitur_fw-la etc._n etc._n that_o this_o word_n import_v the_o general_a nature_n of_o a_o argument_n that_o be_v the_o thing_n which_o be_v common_a to_o argument_n of_o every_o kind_n
the_o manner_n how_o the_o matter_n do_v concur_v unto_o the_o effect_n and_o import_v the_o thing_n that_o so_o receive_v the_o form_n that_o it_o rest_v and_o remain_v in_o it_o this_o we_o see_v in_o a_o house_n wherein_o the_o timber_n stone_n etc._n etc._n be_v frame_v and_o fashion_v together_o and_o make_v fit_a for_o habitation_n so_o do_v a_o piece_n of_o timber_n receive_v the_o picture_n make_v upon_o it_o by_o a_o carver_n a_o thing_n be_v by_o thing_n be_v mean_v the_o effect_n produce_v by_o be_v be_v mean_v essential_o so_o as_o the_o matter_n be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o essence_n viz._n in_o a_o second_o degree_n or_o notion_n we_o conceive_v the_o timber_n etc._n etc._n of_o a_o house_n to_o be_v a_o part_n of_o it_o but_o we_o know_v that_o there_o be_v a_o other_o part_n thereof_o more_o principal_a before_o that_o namely_o the_o form_n &_o fashion_n thereof_o a_o thing_n signify_v a_o individual_a effect_n so_o as_o the_o office_n of_o the_o matter_n be_v to_o bring_v the_o effect_n unto_o asingular_a or_o individual_a be_v thus_o all_o philosopher_n do_v conceive_v of_o it_o the_o matter_n be_v the_o principium_fw-la of_o individuation_n say_v thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 86._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la and_o again_o the_o essence_n be_v restrain_v unto_o one_o individual_a thing_n by_o the_o matter_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la we_o have_v a_o instance_n of_o this_o in_o every_o singular_a creature_n peter_n be_v a_o singular_a man_n by_o his_o body_n every_o plant_n be_v singular_a by_o the_o stem_n that_o grow_v up_o for_o they_o enjoy_v all_o other_o thing_n in_o common_a with_o there_a of_o their_o kind_n the_o soul_n of_o peter_n have_v the_o same_o rationalitie_n with_o all_o other_o man_n soul_n no_o singular_a tree_n differ_v from_o other_o tree_n in_o vegititie_n sanctity_n make_v man_n christian_n peter_n sanctity_n make_v peter_n a_o christian_n because_o the_o holy_a ghost_n dwell_v in_o his_o mortal_a body_n this_o argument_n bring_v the_o subject_n to_o which_o it_o be_v attribute_v unto_o our_o clear_a understanding_n and_o it_o be_v of_o singular_a use_n to_o make_v we_o know_v the_o nature_n and_o distinction_n of_o particular_a being_n yea_o of_o absolute_a necessity_n for_o that_o i_o may_v use_v the_o word_n and_o reason_n of_o aristotle_n meta._n lib._n 2._o cap._n 1_o text_n 11_o it_o be_v not_o possible_a to_o know_v until_o we_o come_v unto_o individuall_n it_o be_v impossible_a to_o know_v until_o we_o ataine_v unto_o those_o thing_n which_o do_v not_o admit_v division_n for_o thing_n that_o be_v infinite_a can_v possible_o be_v comprehend_v by_o our_o understanding_n we_o have_v a_o pregnant_a example_n of_o it_o in_o the_o 1._o cor._n 15.39_o etc._n etc._n where_o the_o apostle_n do_v describe_v and_o distinguish_v diverse_a kind_n of_o singular_a body_n and_o say_v some_o be_v celestial_a as_o the_o sun_n moon_n and_o star_n other_o some_o be_v terrestrial_a and_o those_o be_v spiritual_a as_o man_n body_n that_o be_v raise_v other_o some_o be_v natural_a viz_o the_o flesh_n of_o man_n beast_n and_o bird_n and_o from_o hence_o he_o deliver_v the_o nature_n and_o difference_n of_o glory_n that_o these_o particular_a being_n do_v enjoy_v likewise_o the_o holy_a ghost_n revel_v 21_o 18._o etc._n etc._n make_v we_o know_v what_o the_o new_a jerusalem_n be_v by_o the_o matter_n thereof_o the_o example_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v very_o frequent_a and_o well_o know_v to_o every_o man_n therefore_o i_o take_v this_o to_o be_v sufficient_a for_o the_o explication_n of_o the_o material_a cause_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o formal_a cause_n a_o form_n be_v a_o cause_n ramus_n ramus_n by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v form_n as_o i_o say_v of_o the_o matter_n so_o must_v i_o say_v of_o the_o form_n if_o it_o be_v consider_v in_o itself_o abstract_v from_o all_o matter_n and_o individualitie_n it_o be_v a_o certain_a thing_n common_a unto_o many_o so_o thomas_n true_o say_v 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la 2._o under_o the_o name_n form_n sometime_o be_v comprehend_v a_o figure_n which_o consist_v in_o the_o termination_n of_o a_o quantity_n this_o also_o i_o have_v from_o thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 2m._o but_o we_o take_v not_o this_o word_n at_o this_o time_n in_o either_o of_o these_o sense_n by_o form_n than_o we_o here_o understand_v the_o intrinsicall_a part_n of_o the_o compound_a effect_n so_o say_v suarez_n meta_fw-la disp_n 10._o sect_n 1._o no._n 7._o that_o be_v receive_v of_o the_o matter_n inform_v the_o same_o thus_o say_v thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la a_o form_n say_v thomas_n be_v general_n a_o form_n say_v thomas_n be_v special_a a_o special_a form_n be_v that_o which_o inform_v the_o subject_n but_o itself_o be_v not_o inform_v by_o any_o other_o form_n of_o the_o same_o nature_n as_o one_o colour_n be_v not_o inform_v by_o another_o colour_n 2._o do_v 27._o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 1m._o form_n in_o this_o place_n be_v take_v in_o the_o second_o sense_n not_o in_o the_o first_o we_o have_v a_o example_n of_o this_o in_o the_o rationalitie_n of_o man_n and_o vigiditie_n of_o plant_n both_o of_o they_o be_v form_n and_o distinct_a being_n not_o receive_v any_o thing_n from_o other_o form_n of_o their_o kind_n be_v a_o cause_n that_o be_v it_o have_v actual_a exercise_v force_n to_o infer_v the_o effect_n by_o which_o these_o word_n do_v show_v that_o the_o force_n of_o the_o form_n be_v not_o receptive_a nor_o retentive_a nor_o restrictive_a as_o the_o force_n of_o the_o matter_n be_v but_o it_o be_v active_a for_o as_o aristotle_n say_v meta._n lib._n 9_o cap._n 6._o text_n 17._o the_o form_n be_v a_o act_n that_o be_v a_o actual_a determinate_a and_o active_a be_v the_o reader_n may_v see_v this_o matter_n full_o open_v by_o gillius_fw-la col_fw-fr 467._o a_o thing_n be_v by_o these_o word_n the_o essence_n of_o every_o individual_a effect_n be_v attribute_v to_o the_o formal_a cause_n every_o thing_n that_o do_v actual_o exist_v say_v thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 2._o in_o cor_fw-la have_v some_o form_n and_o again_o every_o be_v be_v cause_v by_o the_o form_n thereof_o 1._o p._n q._n 51._o art_n 4._o in_o cor_fw-la that_o which_o these_o word_n do_v attribute_v the_o whole_a effect_n unto_o the_o form_n and_o this_o be_v agree_v upon_o by_o the_o learned_a in_o all_o age_n each_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v by_o its_o form_n thus_o thomas_n think_v 1._o p._n q_o 5._o art_n 5._o &_o add_v 3m._o in_o cor_fw-la the_o whole_a compound_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o form_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o okam_n 1._o do_v 32._o q._n 1._o &_o 2._o light_v c._n and_o this_o sentence_n agree_v well_o with_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n for_o the_o matter_n do_v finite_a and_o contract_v the_o amplitude_n of_o the_o form_n and_o thereby_o it_o become_v the_o determinate_a form_n of_o this_o or_o that_o individual_a effect_n the_o form_n on_o the_o other_o side_n do_v perfect_a and_o determine_v the_o matter_n and_o bring_v it_o from_o power_n to_o act_v by_o give_v a_o essence_n thereunto_o in_o so_o much_o that_o by_o the_o form_n the_o essence_n be_v termine_v unto_o some_o special_a kind_n and_o thus_o much_o we_o receive_v from_o thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o et_fw-la 3_o in_fw-la cor_fw-la q._n 14._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 1m._o this_o argument_n be_v of_o necessary_a use_n to_o instruct_v our_o understanding_n in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o subject_n to_o which_o it_o be_v attribute_v for_o how_o can_v we_o know_v a_o thing_n more_o clear_o and_o certain_o then_o when_o we_o find_v the_o intrinsicall_a primary_n and_o proper_a nature_n and_o be_v thereof_o it_o be_v all_o one_o say_v aristotle_n 2._o post_n cap._n 8._o to_o know_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o thing_n and_o to_o know_v the_o cause_n of_o its_o nature_n we_o have_v example_n of_o this_o kind_n of_o cause_n in_o the_o word_n of_o god_n and_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o creature_n when_o god_n will_v show_v we_o what_o sin_n be_v he_o do_v set_v it_o out_o by_o the_o form_n thereof_o sin_n say_v the_o apostle_n john_n 1_o epist_n chap._n 3._o v._n 4._o be_v a_o vary_a from_o the_o law_n the_o apostle_n paul_n when_o he_o will_v set_v out_o what_o the_o righteousness_n of_o faith_n be_v he_o do_v describe_v it_o in_o his_o epistle_n to_o the_o roman_n ch_z 4._o v._n 6.7.8_o by_o forgiveness_n of_o sin_n the_o holy_a ghost_n do_v yield_v we_o many_o of_o these_o example_n but_o these_o shall_v suffice_v in_o man_n we_o have_v a_o full_a representation_n of_o every_o part_n of_o this_o argument_n we_o
say_v rationalitie_n be_v the_o formal_a cause_n of_o man_n now_o 1._o rationalitie_n be_v the_o intrinsical_a part_n of_o man_n all_o other_o of_o his_o part_n be_v more_o overt_a and_o better_o know_v 2._o rationalitie_n have_v a_o force_n to_o bestow_v a_o be_v upon_o man_n for_o when_o god_n have_v draw_v together_o the_o dust_n of_o the_o earth_n man_n have_v not_o as_o then_o his_o be_v but_o he_o receive_v that_o when_o god_n breathe_v the_o breath_n of_o life_n into_o it_o at_o that_o time_n i_o say_v and_o not_o before_o man_n become_v a_o live_a soul_n 3._o rationalitie_n bestow_v upon_o man_n a_o be_v that_o be_v actual_a and_o determine_v unto_o one_o and_o active_a whereby_o he_o be_v fit_a to_o do_v the_o action_n of_o life_n 4._o there_o be_v nothing_o essential_a unto_o man_n but_o his_o rationalitie_n bestow_v it_o on_o he_o the_o body_n indeed_o do_v make_v he_o a_o singular_a man_n by_o retain_v and_o contract_v the_o soul_n unto_o one_o but_o in_o what_o respect_n he_o be_v a_o man_n that_o he_o receive_v whole_o from_o his_o soul_n and_o from_o hence_o the_o form_n be_v true_o say_v to_o be_v the_o beginning_n of_o difference_n that_o be_v hetweene_n one_o and_o another_o and_o not_o the_o difference_n itself_o thom._n 1._o do_v 25._o q._n 1._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 2m._o i_o say_v the_o difference_n of_o thing_n do_v flow_v from_o the_o form_n for_o as_o unity_n in_o substance_n do_v make_v two_o thing_n to_o be_v the_o same_o as_o okam_n do_v true_o teach_v 1._o do_v 19_o q._n 1._o lit_fw-fr b._n opinio_fw-la 1a._o and_o aristotle_n meta_fw-la lib._n 5._o cap._n 15._o text_n 20._o so_o difference_n in_o substance_n make_v two_o thing_n to_o differ_v the_o form_n be_v not_o the_o difference_n itself_o for_o a_o form_n be_v a_o subsistence_n in_o a_o unity_n but_o a_o difference_n be_v a_o dissent_v between_o the_o essence_n of_o two_o and_o thus_o much_o for_o the_o explication_n of_o the_o formal_a cause_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o final_a cause_n the_o end_n be_v a_o cause_n for_o which_o the_o thing_n be_v ramus_n ramus_n end_v by_o end_n be_v mean_v the_o last_o notion_n which_o we_o have_v of_o the_o effect_n and_o import_v that_o whereunto_o the_o thing_n tend_v so_o aristotle_n tell_v we_o meta_fw-la lib._n 2._o cap._n 1._o text_n 9_o a_o end_n be_v externall_n internal_a in_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o doer_n the_o thing_n itself_o natural_o impose_v a_o external_a end_n be_v the_o actual_a use_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o which_o the_o effect_n be_v fit_v thus_o the_o beatifical_a vision_n be_v man_n end_n to_o which_o he_o tend_v a_o end_n in_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o doer_n be_v no_o more_o but_o either_o the_o fitness_n it_o self_n of_o the_o effect_n think_v upon_o and_o purpose_v by_o the_o efficient_a this_o be_v the_o condition_n of_o every_o workman_n that_o devise_v and_o resolve_v upon_o the_o fashion_n and_o form_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v wrought_v or_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o workman_n and_o other_o seek_v thereby_o we_o have_v example_n of_o a_o end_n thus_o understand_v in_o those_o word_n of_o john_n 3.16_o god_n so_o love_v the_o world_n etc._n etc._n where_o the_o give_v of_o christ_n be_v a_o effect_n wrought_v by_o god_n wherein_o he_o intend_v the_o glory_n of_o himself_o and_o his_o son_n and_o the_o salvation_n of_o the_o predestinate_a thus_o the_o workman_n that_o make_v a_o axe_n intend_v that_o himself_o shall_v get_v reputation_n and_o maintenance_n thereby_o a_o end_n of_o a_o thing_n impose_v upon_o it_o be_v when_o the_o efficient_a enjoin_v that_o use_n of_o it_o which_o the_o thing_n itself_o do_v not_o yield_v and_o this_o end_n we_o find_v in_o law_n and_o money_n the_o one_o be_v appoint_v to_o be_v a_o rule_n of_o obedience_n the_o other_o to_o set_v a_o price_n of_o ware_n i_o say_v appoint_v by_o he_o that_o have_v power_n to_o do_v it_o the_o thing_n themselves_o do_v not_o yield_v it_o as_o all_o man_n do_v know_v by_o experience_n but_o the_o word_n end_n in_o this_o place_n do_v not_o signify_v either_o of_o these_o four_o thing_n the_o end_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o intent_n and_o will_n of_o the_o doer_n be_v a_o cause_n indeed_o metaphorical_o not_o proper_o and_o must_v be_v reduce_v unto_o the_o efficient_a not_o the_o final_a for_o in_o that_o sort_n it_o do_v but_o move_v and_o induâ—â—â—ice_o principal_a efficient_a unto_o work_v and_o consequent_o it_o be_v a_o efficient_a that_o work_v moral_o that_o and_z unto_o which_o the_o effect_n tend_v natural_o be_v here_o understand_v and_o define_v i_o have_v receive_v all_o these_o thing_n from_o thomas_n 2._o do_v q._n 1._o art_n 1_o 2._o &_o 3._o 1._o p._n q._n 26._o art_n 3._o ad_fw-la 2m._o suarez_n de_fw-fr praedest_fw-la lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o no_o 2._o vega_fw-la in_o council_n trident_n lib._n 7._o cap._n 2._o a_o cause_n therefore_o the_o end_n have_v a_o active_a and_o a_o exercise_v act_n in_o the_o produce_v of_o the_o effect_n for_o that_o be_v the_o property_n of_o every_o cause_n as_o have_v be_v show_v for_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v these_o word_n set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o that_o force_n and_o they_o signify_v a_o tendency_n aptitude_n and_o fitness_n which_o the_o effect_n have_v natural_o unto_o something_o without_o itself_o it_o be_v of_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o final_a cause_n say_v okam_n actual_o to_o intend_v and_o whatsoever_o do_v not_o so_o be_v not_o true_o and_o proper_o a_o final_a cause_n in_o prologo_fw-la 1._o send_v q._n 11._o light_v f.g._n in_o the_o same_o sort_n write_v aristotle_n meta_fw-la lib._n 2._o cap._n 1._o text_n 8._o a_o end_n say_v he_o be_v that_o for_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v make_v that_o be_v who_o essence_n be_v not_o so_o for_o another_o that_o it_o follow_v that_o other_o but_o the_o essence_n of_o another_o follow_v that_o if_o any_o inquire_v how_o tendency_n etc._n etc._n can_v have_v a_o actual_a exercise_n unto_o do_v first_o i_o answer_v it_o can_v because_o that_o tendency_n flow_v from_o the_o form_n in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o form_n do_v determine_v the_o effect_n unto_o a_o end_n according_a to_o its_o own_o proportion_n as_o the_o form_n of_o steel_n be_v such_o as_o best_o fit_v with_o cut_v thomas_n 1a._o 2_o e._n q._n 95_o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la second_o the_o end_n import_v some_o good_a so_o say_v thomas_n 1._o p._n q_o 19_o art_n 1_o ad_fw-la 1_o and_o all_o man_n grant_v it_o therefore_o it_o have_v a_o exercise_v force_n to_o constitute_v but_o herein_o it_o differ_v from_o the_o form_n that_o do_v constitute_v good_a &_o no_o more_o this_o do_v both_o constitute_v and_o diffuse_v good_a it_o do_v constitute_v in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o be_v the_o perfection_n of_o the_o effect_n i_o say_v the_o perfection_n of_o it_o because_o when_o the_o effect_n have_v attain_v thy_o her_n it_o want_v nothing_o requisite_a to_o a_o thing_n of_o that_o kind_n it_o be_v diffusive_o good_a in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o be_v fit_a and_o apt_a to_o bestow_v good_a upon_o other_o we_o have_v many_o example_n that_o show_v we_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o argument_n fitness_n to_o rule_v the_o day_n and_o night_n be_v attribute_v to_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n genesis_n 1.14_o as_o a_o thing_n that_o follow_v their_o nature_n by_o creation_n thus_o also_o fitness_n to_o accompany_v and_o help_v adam_n be_v affirm_v of_o evah_n genesis_n 2.18.21_o as_o the_o end_n of_o her_o creation_n man_n be_v apt_a and_o fit_a to_o love_v the_o know_v good_a and_o that_o be_v his_o end_n this_o fitness_n flow_v from_o his_o reasonable_a soul_n or_o formal_a be_v who_o property_n it_o be_v to_o judge_v true_o and_o choose_v free_o now_o this_o fitness_n have_v a_o main_a stroke_n in_o the_o constitute_n of_o man_n not_o by_o the_o way_n of_o motion_n for_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o efficient_a nor_o by_o the_o way_n of_o reception_n and_o retention_n for_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o matter_n but_o by_o the_o way_n of_o settle_a position_n as_o the_o form_n do_v from_o whence_o it_o flow_v 2._o by_o this_o fitness_n a_o man_n be_v make_v a_o perfect_a and_o complete_a humane_a creature_n for_o when_o he_o attain_v unto_o that_o he_o want_v nothing_o requisite_a unto_o his_o be_v until_o he_o be_v so_o fit_v we_o can_v conceive_v he_o a_o humane_a creature_n for_o he_o will_v differ_v nothing_o from_o bruit_n beast_n the_o use_n of_o this_o argument_n be_v of_o exceed_a worth_n to_o inform_v our_o understanding_n in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o subject_n for_o by_o it_o we_o know_v the_o formal_a cause_n and_o consequent_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o conclude_v the_o doctrine_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n joint_o
etc._n etc._n both_o these_o proposition_n be_v compound_v according_a to_o aristotle_n for_o each_o of_o they_o be_v make_v one_o by_o a_o conjunction_n they_o may_v be_v call_v copulative_a because_o that_o conjunction_n be_v copulative_a the_o forename_a axiom_n be_v compound_v of_o simple_a axiom_n the_o first_o of_o two_o axiom_n the_o other_o of_o five_o but_o according_a to_o ramus_n both_o of_o they_o be_v simple_a because_o their_o band_n be_v a_o verb_n neither_o of_o they_o a_o compound_n for_o their_o conjunction_n tie_v not_o the_o part_n of_o the_o proposition_n together_o for_o it_o neither_o affirm_v nor_o infer_v truth_n or_o falsehood_n it_o ty_v one_o part_n of_o the_o axiom_n together_o and_o make_v it_o one_o by_o the_o knit_n together_o of_o divers_a part_n and_o no_o more_o if_o we_o take_v a_o view_n of_o they_o as_o they_o lie_v we_o shall_v see_v all_o these_o thing_n plain_o in_o the_o first_o instance_n christ_n be_v the_o subject_n death_n and_o resurrection_n be_v make_v the_o predicate_a both_o of_o these_o be_v join_v together_o by_o the_o word_n and_n and_o thereby_o they_o be_v make_v one_o that_o be_v not_o one_o thing_n but_o one_o truth_n together_o this_o one_o predicate_v be_v refer_v unto_o that_o subject_n by_o the_o verb_n that_o be_v include_v in_o they_o both_o in_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o thing_n the_o first_o contain_v two_o axiom_n christ_n die_v christ_n do_v rise_v from_o death_n and_o we_o find_v the_o same_o truth_n in_o they_o both_o be_v take_v apart_o that_o we_o do_v when_o both_o the_o predicate_v be_v put_v together_o into_o one_o axiom_n the_o same_o be_v the_o case_n with_o the_o second_o when_o it_o stand_v in_o due_a form_n thus_o whoremonger_n i_o dolater_n liar_n etc._n etc._n have_v no_o right_n to_o heaven_n in_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o thing_n this_o be_v a_o simple_a axiom_n as_o the_o former_a be_v the_o predicate_a damnation_n be_v refer_v to_o the_o subject_a whoremonger_n etc._n etc._n by_o a_o verb_n the_o subject_n consist_v of_o divers_a part_n distinct_a between_o themselves_o whoremonger_n i_o delater_v etc._n etc._n all_o those_o part_n be_v make_v one_o by_o the_o word_n and._n i_o say_v one_o not_o in_o themselves_o but_o in_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o proposition_n so_o as_o if_o we_o refer_v damnation_n to_o they_o all_o joint_o it_o contain_v a_o certain_a truth_n if_o that_o predicate_v be_v refer_v unto_o whoremonger_n alone_o liar_n alone_o etc._n etc._n each_o one_o of_o they_o do_v contain_v a_o truth_n no_o less_o certain_a and_o undoubted_a a_o contradiction_n be_v make_v to_o this_o kind_n of_o axiom_n by_o deny_v the_o word_n and_n for_o thereby_o we_o say_v all_o the_o part_n unite_v together_o do_v not_o agree_v unto_o the_o other_o part_n to_o which_o they_o be_v refer_v this_o precept_n be_v make_v evident_a by_o either_o of_o the_o example_n allege_v if_o i_o say_v damnation_n belong_v not_o to_o whoremonger_n christ_n suffer_v not_o death_n i_o put_v a_o express_a contradiction_n to_o they_o both_o if_o these_o be_v true_a those_o be_v false_a if_o they_o be_v true_a these_o be_v false_a but_o this_o contradiction_n be_v the_o same_o with_o simple_a axiom_n for_o one_o and_o the_o same_o predicate_v be_v deny_v of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o singular_a subject_n therefore_o we_o may_v conclude_v these_o sentence_n be_v compound_v copulative_a proposition_n in_o their_o present_a form_n but_o simple_a proposition_n in_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o thing_n if_o you_o take_v they_o as_o man_n do_v speak_v they_o than_o they_o be_v compound_v if_o you_o take_v they_o as_o man_n ought_v to_o speak_v than_o they_o be_v simple_a and_o this_o shall_v suffice_v for_o copulative_a axiom_n chap._n xliiii_o of_o connexe_v axiom_n a_o connext_v axiom_n come_v next_o the_o nature_n whereof_o may_v be_v thus_o set_v out_o a_o axiom_n ramus_n ramus_n be_v then_o connex_v when_o a_o connexive_a conjunction_n be_v the_o band_n thereof_o this_o kind_n of_o compound_v axiom_n be_v easy_a to_o be_v find_v and_o fit_o thus_o name_v it_o be_v in_o frequent_a use_n among_o man_n and_o the_o nature_n of_o it_o consist_v in_o composition_n there_o be_v precedent_n of_o it_o that_o seem_v much_o to_o differ_v i_o will_v propound_v example_n of_o they_o both_o that_o the_o matter_n may_v be_v full_o open_v 1._o if_o in_o this_o life_n we_o enjoy_v all_o our_o happiness_n than_o we_o only_o be_v miserable_a 2._o if_o righteousness_n be_v by_o the_o law_n than_o christ_n die_v in_o vain_a these_o proposition_n be_v compound_v according_a to_o aristole_n and_o ramus_n too_o for_o each_o of_o they_o be_v make_v one_o by_o a_o conjunction_n that_o so_o tie_v both_o the_o part_n together_o that_o they_o contain_v such_o truth_n as_o the_o part_n do_v not_o when_o they_o be_v take_v in_o sunder_o and_o each_o one_o by_o itself_o second_o they_o be_v compound_v of_o simple_a axiom_n in_o the_o first_o we_o have_v these_o two_o first_o all_z our_o happiness_n be_v in_o this_o life_n second_o we_o only_o be_v miserable_a in_o the_o second_o we_o have_v the_o like_a first_o justice_n be_v by_o the_o law_n second_o christ_n die_v in_o vain_a last_o these_o 2_o simple_a axiom_n be_v make_v one_o proposition_n by_o the_o conjunction_n if_o and_o then_o i_o say_v they_o be_v one_o not_o by_o mixture_n but_o by_o voice_n that_o pronounce_v the_o latter_a certain_o to_o be_v where_o the_o former_a be_v these_o compound_a axiom_n be_v call_v conditional_a in_o the_o common_a phrase_n of_o the_o school_n because_o the_o first_o part_n be_v put_v conditional_o not_o absolute_o but_o i_o think_v the_o term_n of_o connex_v be_v more_o fit_a because_o the_o latter_a part_n be_v infer_v from_o the_o former_a and_o therefore_o it_o be_v make_v to_o have_v a_o be_v together_o with_o the_o former_a and_o consequent_o it_o be_v annex_v and_o knit_v unto_o the_o former_a the_o part_n knit_v together_o in_o this_o kind_n of_o axiom_n be_v name_v antecedent_n and_o consequent_a and_o they_o be_v so_o in_o themselves_o for_o the_o first_o in_o place_n be_v the_o first_o in_o nature_n and_o our_o apprehension_n else_o it_o can_v have_v no_o force_n to_o infer_v the_o second_o the_o second_o follow_v the_o first_o and_o receive_v its_o be_v therefrom_o all_o argument_n may_v be_v dispose_v in_o this_o axiom_n that_o have_v place_n in_o a_o simple_a axiom_n because_o this_o serve_v to_o conclude_v all_o question_n that_o may_v be_v conclude_v by_o a_o simple_a axiom_n so_o also_o they_o may_v be_v dispose_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n in_o this_o that_o they_o may_v in_o a_o simple_a that_o be_v consent_v argument_n affirmative_o and_o disent_v negative_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o axiom_n depend_v upon_o the_o connexion_n of_o the_o part_n so_o as_o if_o the_o one_o do_v follow_v upon_o the_o other_o than_o the_o axiom_n be_v true_a otherwise_o it_o be_v false_a therefore_o if_o the_o one_o do_v necessary_o infer_v the_o other_o than_o the_o truth_n of_o it_o be_v also_o necessary_a if_o the_o one_o do_v infer_v the_o other_o contingent_o than_o it_o contain_v but_o opinion_n only_o or_o a_o contingent_a truth_n the_o inference_n that_o this_o rule_n contain_v be_v most_o certain_a and_o undoubted_a the_o antecedent_n part_n of_o it_o be_v agree_v upon_o in_o the_o school_n i_o will_v avow_v it_o by_o two_o author_n of_o credit_n and_o they_o shall_v be_v in_o stead_n of_o all_o the_o first_o of_o they_o be_v gregory_n de_fw-fr arim_n lib._n 1._o do_v 42_o q._n 2._o art_n 1._o in_o aecisio_fw-la questionis_fw-la conditional_a speech_n may_v be_v true_a and_o their_o part_n false_a these_o be_v his_o word_n and_o they_o imply_v that_o the_o truth_n of_o condition_n all_o speech_n depend_v upon_o their_o connexion_n not_o their_o part_n the_o second_o be_v alvarez_n de_fw-fr auxilijs_fw-la disp_n 72._o no._n 5._o ad_fw-la 3_o m_o there_o be_v require_v unto_o the_o truth_n of_o a_o conditional_a proposition_n that_o the_o consequent_a follow_v upon_o the_o autecedent_n whether_o the_o antecedent_n be_v the_o adequate_a cause_n of_o the_o consequent_a or_o a_o effect_n thereof_o or_o a_o condition_n presuppose_v another_o cause_n it_o be_v enough_o if_o the_o consequent_a follow_v by_o virtue_n of_o that_o condition_n thus_o far_o his_o word_n and_o they_o be_v so_o plain_a and_o so_o full_a that_o we_o can_v require_v no_o more_o authority_n for_o this_o question_n yet_o that_o i_o may_v conceal_v nothing_o that_o may_v give_v light_n unto_o this_o main_a and_o important_a rule_n i_o will_v proceed_v a_o little_a further_o we_o must_v understand_v the_o illation_n or_o consequence_n of_o a_o connexe_n or_o condstionall_a proposition_n be_v either_o formal_a or_o material_a the_o sentence_n allege_v out_o of_o gregory_n and_o alvarez_n be_v
it_o consist_v of_o thing_n true_a first_o immediate_a better_o know_v precede_a and_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n those_o be_v first_o and_o true_a which_o have_v force_v to_o argue_v not_o from_o other_o but_o of_o themselves_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v true_a because_o that_o which_o be_v not_o can_v be_v know_v they_o must_v be_v first_o because_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v indemonstrable_a and_o consist_v of_o their_o own_o proper_a principle_n we_o must_v not_o inquire_v of_o the_o principle_n of_o science_n wherefore_o they_o be_v so_o but_o every_o one_o of_o they_o even_o by_o itself_o aught_o to_o be_v worthy_a of_o credit_n the_o medium_n must_v contain_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n see_v we_o know_v nothing_o unless_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n the_o medium_n ought_v to_o consist_v of_o thing_n precede_v the_o conclusion_n both_o in_o nature_n and_o our_o knowledge_n therefore_o the_o principium_fw-la of_o ad_fw-la monstration_n be_v a_o immediate_a proposition_n viz._n that_o have_v none_o before_o it_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 4._o &_o 6._o top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 1._o whereupon_o demonstration_n be_v make_v by_o definition_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 33._o and_o they_o be_v the_o principle_n thereof_o poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o for_o a_o definition_n can_v no_o way_n be_v prove_v poster_n lib._n 2._o cap_n 4.5_o 6._o &_o 7._o lib._n 1._o cap_n 9_o by_o this_o whole_a discourse_n we_o have_v rule_n to_o know_v what_o syllogisine_n contain_v a_o truth_n simple_o necessary_a and_o we_o be_v send_v unto_o they_o only_o who_o three_o argument_n comprehend_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n and_o such_o cause_n also_o as_o be_v better_o know_v unto_o we_o then_o the_o conclusion_n itself_o wherefore_o for_o further_a explication_n hereof_o aristotle_n do_v show_v we_o what_o cause_v these_o be_v and_o how_o they_o concur_v in_o these_o word_n for_o as_o much_o as_o we_o do_v then_o know_v when_o we_o understand_v the_o cause_n and_o these_o be_v four_o 1._o the_o form_n 2._o the_o matter_n 3._o the_o efficient_a and_o 4._o the_o end_n then_o the_o conclusion_n have_v a_o necessary_a truth_n when_o one_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v take_v and_o place_v as_o a_o medium_n in_o two_o proposition_n with_o that_o conclusion_n and_o by_o cause_n be_v mean_v not_o only_o the_o cause_n of_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v but_o also_o of_o those_o thing_n that_o have_v be_v or_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o post_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 11._o &_o 12._o now_o we_o do_v full_o understand_v where_o to_o find_v necessary_a truth_n in_o a_o syllogism_n our_o next_o labour_n must_v be_v to_o set_v out_o these_o scientifical_a syllogism_n by_o other_o property_n that_o we_o may_v know_v they_o the_o more_o easy_o and_o certain_o for_o that_o cause_n aristotle_n do_v distribute_v a_o demonstration_n after_o this_o manner_n a_o demonstration_n be_v universal_a particular_a affirmative_a negative_a poster_n lib._n 1._o cap_n 24._o a_o demonstration_n universal_a excel_v a_o particular_a and_o a_o affirmative_a be_v better_a than_o a_o negative_a cap._n 24.25_o this_o distribution_n follow_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o syllogism_n for_o every_o demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n though_o every_o syllogism_n be_v not_o a_o demonstration_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o and_o be_v very_o useful_a to_o give_v we_o knowledge_n where_o to_o find_v this_o necessary_a truth_n and_o the_o degree_n of_o it_o to_o conclude_v this_o matter_n of_o demonstrative_a science_n he_o say_v the_o first_o figure_n be_v fit_a for_o a_o demonstration_n yea_o chief_o proper_a unto_o this_o science_n and_o it_o be_v to_o be_v seek_v out_o only_o by_o that_o poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 14._o some_o perhaps_o will_v look_v that_o i_o shall_v give_v instance_n to_o open_v the_o use_n of_o these_o precept_n and_o it_o may_v seem_v the_o more_o needful_a because_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o no_o example_n can_v be_v give_v answerable_a to_o this_o rule_n i_o answer_v this_o conceit_n be_v very_o vain_a for_o can_v any_o of_o the_o cause_n or_o all_o of_o they_o together_o serve_v to_o prove_v a_o sentence_n that_o be_v call_v into_o question_n or_o can_v the_o cause_n be_v dispose_v with_o a_o question_n into_o two_o proposition_n without_o doubt_n they_o may_v also_o it_o be_v most_o certain_a that_o every_o proposition_n comprehend_v a_o necessary_a truth_n wherein_o the_o effect_n be_v argue_v by_o the_o cause_n for_o the_o effect_n be_v no_o more_o but_o a_o comprehension_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o when_o the_o cause_n do_v argue_v the_o effect_n the_o effect_n be_v resolve_v into_o the_o cause_n therefore_o when_o we_o know_v the_o cause_n we_o can_v but_o know_v the_o effect_n and_o consequent_o such_o proposition_n be_v necessary_a and_o what_o they_o be_v such_o the_o conclusion_n must_v be_v that_o be_v lawful_o infer_v from_o they_o if_o there_o may_v be_v premise_n and_o conclusion_n answerable_a to_o this_o rule_n than_o no_o doubt_n there_o be_v example_n of_o it_o and_o we_o may_v show_v they_o if_o need_n be_v but_o i_o will_v save_v that_o labour_n for_o this_o time_n for_o divers_a reason_n 1._o aristotle_n have_v do_v that_o already_o poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 11._o so_o as_o he_o that_o will_v may_v make_v use_n of_o they_o 2._o this_o kind_n of_o knowledge_n can_v easy_o be_v discern_v see_v it_o be_v very_o hard_a for_o we_o to_o understand_v those_o principle_n of_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v true_a first_o and_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n as_o aristotle_n do_v admonish_v poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 9_o difficile_fw-la autem_fw-la etc._n etc._n 3._o by_o a_o man_n own_o practice_n and_o observation_n he_o shall_v find_v they_o and_o their_o use_n in_o natural_a thing_n and_o in_o they_o only_o for_o in_o matter_n divine_a and_o spiritual_a such_o argument_n can_v have_v no_o place_n in_o they_o we_o understand_v by_o faith_n not_o by_o sense_n and_o faith_n have_v god_n authority_n for_o the_o principle_n thereof_o not_o the_o nature_n or_o cause_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o i_o say_v a_o man_n may_v find_v they_o by_o practice_n because_o by_o sense_n we_o get_v memory_n by_o the_o remember_v the_o do_v of_o the_o same_o thing_n often_o we_o get_v experience_n by_o our_o many_o time_n remember_v our_o experience_n be_v one_o among_o all_o these_o that_o we_o do_v remember_v there_o be_v one_o thing_n wherein_o man_n mind_n do_v rest_n satisfy_v above_o many_o that_o which_o be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o among_o the_o rest_n become_v a_o principium_fw-la of_o science_n if_o it_o belong_v unto_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v thus_o much_o we_o learn_v from_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 19_o exsensu_fw-la etc._n etc._n the_o medium_n of_o a_o demonstration_n whereby_o we_o know_v that_o a_o thing_n be_v consist_v in_o some_o of_o these_o that_o follow_v 1._o of_o the_o cause_n but_o not_o the_o first_o or_o immediate_a 2._o of_o thing_n mediate_v and_o no_o cause_n but_o such_o as_o be_v reciprocate_v or_o mutual_o refer_v to_o each_o other_o 3._o of_o a_o demonstration_n that_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v 4._o of_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o reciprocate_v yet_o it_o be_v better_a know_v and_o yet_o no_o cause_n 5._o of_o a_o superior_a science_n as_o geometry_n be_v to_o the_o optic_n and_o arithmoticke_a to_o music_n 6._o of_o other_o science_n whereof_o one_o be_v not_o place_v under_o another_o as_o surgery_n be_v unto_o geometry_n to_o know_v that_o a_o wound_n be_v heal_v soon_o or_o late_a belong_v to_o the_o surgeon_n but_o to_o know_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o be_v heal_v soon_o for_o latter_a belong_v to_o geometry_n 7._o in_o a_o demonstration_n that_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v sometime_o also_o the_o medium_n be_v place_v without_o the_o extreme_n as_o when_o we_o say_v why_o do_v not_o the_o wall_n breath_n we_o answer_v because_o it_o be_v not_o a_o live_a creature_n and_o these_o syllogism_n be_v always_o make_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n after_o this_o sort_n whatsoever_o do_v breath_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n but_o a_o wall_n be_v not_o a_o live_a creature_n therefore_o a_o wall_n do_v not_o breath_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 13._o thus_o far_o go_v aristotle_n precept_n to_o show_v we_o what_o syllogism_n contain_v necessary_a truth_n and_o the_o degree_n thereof_o if_o any_o expect_v example_n of_o these_o last_o i_o answer_v they_o may_v be_v give_v because_o we_o may_v have_v example_n of_o the_o former_a as_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v they_o may_v be_v give_v with_o more_o ease_n than_o the_o former_a because_o the_o thing_n contain_v in_o they_o be_v near_o to_o our_o understanding_n but_o i_o will_v save_v that_o labour_n lest_o i_o make_v my_o discourse_n over_o long_o and_o the_o reader_n too_o idle_a we_o
the_o assumption_n and_o the_o rest_n take_v away_o in_o the_o conclusion_n by_o assume_v be_v understand_v a_o bare_a repeat_n and_o take_v away_o be_v a_o contradict_v in_o the_o same_o sort_n as_o have_v be_v before_o set_v down_o in_o this_o second_o kind_n of_o disjunct_a syllogism_n there_o be_v three_o property_n first_o the_o proposition_n be_v whoâ—y_o affirmative_a second_o one_o single_a term_n only_o of_o the_o opposition_n be_v repeat_v in_o the_o assumption_n three_o the_o other_o part_n be_v contradict_v in_o the_o conclusion_n therefore_o this_o form_n do_v real_o differ_v from_o the_o former_a that_o conclude_v affirmative_n and_o no_o negative_n this_o conclude_v negative_n and_o no_o affirmative_n gal._n cap_n 3_o ver_fw-la 2.3_o do_v yield_v we_o a_o argument_n of_o this_o kind_n you_o receive_v the_o spirit_n either_o by_o the_o law_n or_o the_o gospel_n but_o you_o receive_v it_o by_o the_o gospel_n therefore_o you_o receive_v it_o not_o by_o the_o law_n this_o disputation_n do_v suppose_v two_o thing_n first_o they_o have_v the_o spirit_n second_o one_o of_o these_o two_o the_o law_n or_o the_o gospel_n give_v it_o they_o not_o both_o together_o those_o two_o thing_n be_v grant_v the_o argument_n can_v be_v deny_v if_o either_o of_o they_o may_v be_v deny_v the_o argument_n may_v not_o be_v grant_v the_o assumption_n do_v bare_o repeat_v the_o second_o term_n oppose_v and_o the_o conclusion_n do_v contradict_v the_o first_o i_o will_v add_v this_o second_o instance_n this_o action_n be_v either_o supernatural_o good_a or_o supernatural_o evil_a or_o natural_o good_a or_o natural_o evil_a but_o it_o be_v supernatural_o good_a therefore_o it_o be_v neither_o supernatural_o evil_a nor_o natural_o good_a nor_o natural_o evil_a here_o we_o find_v first_o divers_a term_n oppose_v in_o the_o proposition_n one_o against_o many_o and_o many_o against_o one_o second_o they_o be_v all_o affirmative_a three_o the_o first_o term_n be_v bare_o repeat_v in_o the_o assumption_n four_o the_o other_o three_o be_v contradict_v in_o the_o conclusion_n five_o a_o supposition_n that_o every_o action_n have_v one_o of_o these_o property_n and_o no_o more_o but_o one_o of_o they_o the_o reason_n why_o one_o opposite_a term_n only_o be_v assume_v and_o the_o rest_n contradict_v be_v because_o but_o one_o opposite_a can_v be_v in_o the_o subject_n at_o once_o and_o the_o presence_n of_o that_o do_v enforce_v the_o absence_n of_o the_o rest_n we_o may_v bring_v these_o into_o simple_a syllogism_n after_o this_o sort_n that_o act_n which_o be_v supernatural_o good_a be_v not_o supernatural_o evil_a nor_o natural_o good_a nor_o natural_o evil_a but_o this_o act_n be_v supernatural_o good_a therefore_o it_o be_v neither_o supernatural_o evil_a nor_o natural_o good_a nor_o natural_o evil_a i_o doubt_v not_o but_o this_o will_v suffice_v to_o show_v the_o truth_n and_o use_v of_o this_o precept_n it_o be_v needle_n for_o i_o to_o set_v forth_o what_o truth_n be_v contain_v in_o these_o syllogism_n for_o if_o we_o take_v they_o as_o disjunctive_a than_o they_o contain_v truth_n no_o otherwise_o then_o as_o disiunctive_a axiom_n do_v if_o we_o take_v they_o as_o simple_a than_o they_o must_v be_v refer_v unto_o simple_a syllogism_n therefore_o in_o the_o precept_n of_o they_o we_o shall_v know_v what_o truth_n be_v contain_v in_o these_o i_o may_v also_o allege_v the_o reason_n why_o ramus_n do_v prosecute_v all_o the_o precept_n of_o compound_v syllogism_n and_o thereby_o justify_v he_o and_o for_o what_o cause_n aristotle_n do_v but_o name_v they_o &_o not_o prosecute_v they_o and_o so_o justify_v he_o also_o but_o i_o think_v i_o have_v do_v that_o sufficient_o in_o the_o matter_n of_o compound_v axiom_n cap._n 42._o they_o and_o these_o draw_v in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o line_n therefore_o i_o refer_v the_o reader_n unto_o that_o place_n repetition_n be_v but_o lose_v labour_n now_o we_o be_v come_v to_o a_o end_n of_o all_o the_o precept_n of_o logic_n so_o as_o there_o be_v no_o more_o require_v to_o make_v a_o logician_n than_o what_o have_v be_v say_v already_o but_o that_o seem_v not_o enough_o to_o ramus_n for_o he_o bring_v another_o member_n of_o this_o art_n and_o call_v it_o method_n but_o i_o omit_v the_o same_o of_o purpose_n for_o divers_a reason_n 1._o no_o precept_n of_o logic_n can_v teach_v it_o because_o even_o according_a to_o he_o method_n be_v no_o more_o but_o the_o orderly_a place_n of_o sentence_n together_o but_o the_o precept_n of_o logic_n can_v teach_v that_o it_o be_v no_o more_o but_o the_o general_a nature_n of_o art_n as_o we_o have_v already_o find_v cap._n 1._o i_o say_v of_o art_n simple_o abstract_v from_o all_o particular_n and_o not_o apply_v to_o rhetoric_n logic_n or_o any_o other_o as_o we_o do_v when_o we_o say_v rhetoric_n be_v a_o art_n etc._n etc._n 2._o if_o any_o precept_n of_o logic_n have_v power_n to_o teach_v the_o orderly_a frame_n of_o sentence_n together_o than_o they_o must_v be_v either_o some_o that_o be_v past_a or_o some_o that_o be_v yet_o to_o come_v if_o we_o must_v have_v recourse_n to_o these_o than_o their_o author_n and_o place_n must_v be_v name_v but_o that_o be_v impossible_a if_o the_o precedent_a precept_n do_v teach_v it_o than_o we_o have_v do_v enough_o already_o and_o can_v do_v no_o more_o except_o we_o will_v repeat_v the_o same_o thing_n again_o 3._o if_o we_o define_v and_o distribute_v according_a to_o the_o precept_n of_o a_o definition_n and_o distribution_n cap._n 34._o etc._n etc._n we_o can_v place_v definition_n and_o distribution_n nor_o any_o other_o sentence_n that_o depend_v upon_o they_o undue_o and_o out_o of_o order_n for_o then_o the_o most_o general_a will_v come_v first_o and_o the_o most_o special_a will_v come_v last_o and_o this_o be_v all_o the_o method_n ramus_n require_v 4._o he_o allege_v aristotle_n authority_n for_o method_n but_o altogether_o without_o cause_n for_o he_o allege_v no_o place_n nor_o word_n and_o i_o be_o sure_a he_o can_v aristotle_n call_v all_o the_o precept_n of_o logic_n a_o method_n whereby_o we_o come_v to_o know_v how_o to_o discuss_v top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o lib_n 8._o cap._n 12._o prio_fw-la lib._n 1._o cap._n 31._o therefore_o he_o do_v never_o mean_a to_o make_v method_n one_o member_n of_o his_o art_n distinct_a from_o the_o rest_n see_v therefore_o we_o have_v nothing_o to_o say_v touch_v method_n i_o must_v here_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o whole_a worke._n finis_fw-la