if_o science_n it_o be_v call_v demonstrative_a or_o apodictical_a as_o cap._n 2._o soph._n elench_v and_o if_o opinion_n or_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n it_o be_v call_v dialectical_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o so_o that_o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n be_v nothing_o more_o than_o a_o syllogism_n generate_a opinion_n or_o any_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n or_o as_o aristotle_n explain_v himself_o book_n 1._o of_o his_o top._n cap._n 1._o argue_v out_o of_o probable_n and_o he_o be_v think_v the_o best_a dialectic_a who_o can_v best_o defend_v his_o own_o and_o dilute_a or_o wash_v away_o the_o opinion_n of_o his_o adversary_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o and_o in_o treat_v of_o this_o sort_n of_o syllogism_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v of_o question_n proposition_n and_o invention_n of_o argument_n ax._n 5._o and_o a_o question_n here_o may_v be_v any_o thing_n provide_v it_o contradict_v not_o piety_n good_a manner_n or_o common_a sense_n 1._o §_o for_o he_o that_o shall_v call_v in_o question_n whether_o god_n be_v to_o be_v worship_v or_o parent_n honour_v or_o the_o magistrate_n to_o be_v obey_v aught_o rather_o to_o be_v punish_v than_o follow_v with_o dialectical_a argument_n so_o he_o that_o shaâ—â—_n doubt_v whether_o the_o snow_n be_v white_a be_v not_o otherwise_o to_o be_v convince_v than_o by_o the_o testimony_n of_o his_o outward_a sense_n which_o he_o who_o disbelieve_v what_o be_v iâ—_n that_o he_o will_v believe_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o so_o that_o concern_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o dialectical_a problem_n we_o need_v not_o much_o to_o be_v solicitous_a anâ—_n their_o attribute_n be_v either_o of_o the_o first_o or_o second_o notion_n of_o which_o those_o constitute_v real_a these_o notional_a problem_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 7._o a_o real_a be_v when_o the_o attribute_n of_o thâ—_n question_n be_v real_a as_o be_v a_o place_n a_o superficies_n or_o so_o a_o notional_a when_o a_o notional_a as_o be_v superficies_n the_o gonus_fw-la of_o place_n or_o so_o because_o genus_fw-la be_v not_o a_o true_a thing_n but_o a_o second_o notion_n or_o logical_a and_o only_o feign_v in_o the_o mind_n whereas_o a_o superficies_n be_v a_o true_a thinâ—_n and_o not_o feign_v in_o the_o mind_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 8._o real_a again_o be_v either_o absolute_a or_o compare_v ax._n 9_o absolute_a that_o in_o which_o seek_v whether_o tâ—â—_n attribute_n agree_v to_o the_o subject_a or_o no._n ax._n 10._o compare_v when_o two_o or_o more_o subject_a be_v propose_v it_o be_v ask_v which_o the_o attribute_n degree_n or_o disagree_v most_o to_o or_o two_o or_o more_o attribute_n whether_o of_o they_o agree_v more_o or_o most_o to_o 〈◊〉_d subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o saught_v whether_o glery_n to_o be_v number_v among_o our_o good_a thing_n it_o be_v a_o absolute_a problem_n when_o whether_o virtue_n or_o glory_n a_o most_o to_o be_v desire_v or_o alexander_n more_o valiant_a or_o tâ—â—â—rate_a a_o compare_v ax._n 11._o problem_n dialectical_a of_o what_o kind_n soever_o may_v be_v take_v out_o of_o all_o discipline_n whatsoever_o ax._n 12._o proposition_n dialectical_a be_v to_o be_v true_a 〈◊〉_d least_o probable_a not_o paradoxal_a that_o be_v against_o the_o common_a or_o receive_a opinion_n for_o how_o shall_v the_o respondent_fw-la grant_v that_o which_o be_v against_o the_o common_a or_o receive_v opinion_n and_o which_o it_o may_v be_v he_o judge_v to_o be_v false_a but_o let_v we_o take_v some_o note_n from_o the_o learned_a hereboord_n and_o so_o end_v this_o chapter_n note_n and_o observation_n from_o the_o learned_a hereboord_n have_v relation_n to_o this_o chapter_n 1._o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n may_v also_o thus_o be_v define_v a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o beget_v opinion_n human_a faith_n or_o doubt_v or_o any_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n or_o error_n which_o distinguish_v it_o likewise_o from_o the_o sophistical_a syllogism_n 2._o a_o syllogism_n dialectical_a be_v also_o by_o another_o name_n call_v topical_a from_o the_o greek_a word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d place_n in_o latin_a probabilis_fw-la that_o be_v probable_a or_o contingent_a because_o though_o it_o produce_v a_o true_a yet_o be_v it_o a_o uncertain_a and_o infirm_a assent_n because_o its_o proposition_n though_o true_a be_v yet_o contingent_a as_o may_v appear_v by_o what_o be_v say_v above_o 3._o when_o a_o paradox_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o problem_n true_a against_o the_o common_a opinion_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v only_o of_o that_o of_o the_o unlearned_a or_o vulgar_a but_o also_o of_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o letter_a who_o have_v take_v up_o with_o principle_n ancient_a and_o not_o so_o well_o examine_v such_o as_o that_o viz._n the_o earth_n move_v which_o though_o it_o be_v true_a yet_o may_v it_o be_v so_o against_o the_o common_a opinion_n and_o therefore_o a_o paradox_n 4._o a_o term_n of_o art_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o this_o viz._n a_o term_n proper_a to_o every_o art_n so_o metonymy_a and_o synecdoche_n be_v term_n of_o art_n viz._n rhetorical_a meridian_n horizon_n zodiac_n astronomical_a genus_fw-la and_o species_n logical_a etc._n etc._n and_o this_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o consideration_n viz._n that_o chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o dialectical_a argument_n or_o topical_a place_n and_o rule_n ax._n 1_o now_o to_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o probable_a or_o dialectical_a argument_n belong_v place_n and_o rule_n a._n 2._o a_o place_n be_v a_o seat_n or_o certain_a common_a note_n by_o who_o admonition_n a_o argument_n be_v find_v ax._n 3_o a_o rule_n a_o canon_n or_o proposition_n contain_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o consequence_n of_o dialectical_a syllogism_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o the_o distribution_n of_o the_o argument_n here_o to_o be_v use_v viz._n in_o dialectical_a disputation_n be_v usual_o into_o artificial_a and_o inartificial_a that_o be_v into_o those_o of_o art_n to_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o question_n and_o testimony_n which_o be_v to_o be_v find_v without_o now_o the_o first_o ax._n 5._o be_v to_o be_v use_v for_o the_o confirm_v or_o refel_v of_o all_o sort_n of_o problem_n alike_o that_o be_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v no_o other_o than_o testimony_n but_o the_o artificial_a not_o but_o may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n viz._n those_o for_o the_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o notional_a and_o those_o for_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o such_o as_o we_o have_v call_v real_a problem_n because_o concern_v about_o real_a thing_n ax._n 6._o now_o those_o of_o the_o first_o kind_n viz._n for_o the_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o notional_a problem_n be_v always_o take_v from_o the_o nature_n or_o propriety_n of_o that_o affection_n or_o 2d_o notion_n concern_v which_o it_o be_v query_v in_o the_o problem_n 1._o §_o which_o or_o else_o some_o canon_n belong_v to_o it_o be_v place_v in_o the_o major_n a_o assumption_n be_v make_v the_o controvert_v affection_n be_v prove_v to_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a as_o because_o air_n be_v the_o subject_a matter_n of_o wind_n we_o prove_v it_o not_o to_o be_v its_o genus_fw-la and_o because_o immortality_n be_v the_o affection_n of_o life_n eternal_a we_o prove_v it_o not_o to_o be_v its_o genus_fw-la both_o which_o argument_n lean_a upon_o this_o rule_n viz._n that_o that_o which_o be_v the_o subject_a or_o propriety_n of_o a_o thing_n can_v be_v its_o genus_fw-la etc._n etc._n give_v we_o cap._n 11._o of_o the_o first_o book_n and_o so_o divine_v make_v it_o appear_v that_o good_a work_n be_v not_o to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o our_o justification_n because_o every_o cause_n be_v before_o its_o effect_n but_o good_a work_n be_v after_o our_o justification_n and_o therefore_o not_o its_o cause_n and_o this_o argumentation_n lean_v upon_o this_o foundation_n theorem_a 3._o cap._n 15._o of_o the_o first_o book_n viz_o that_o every_o cause_n be_v before_o it_o be_v cause_v in_o nature_n and_o knowledge_n etc._n etc._n such_o syllogism_n as_o these_o aristotle_n call_v book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 8._o syllogism_n logical_a that_o be_v notional_a and_o the_o use_v of_o they_o be_v very_o great_a in_o all_o discipline_n ax._n 9_o argument_n of_o the_o other_o sort_n viz._n for_o prove_v or_o refel_v of_o real_a problem_n be_v always_o take_v from_o the_o affection_n belong_v to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v as_o from_o their_o place_n ax._n 10._o of_o which_o those_o be_v the_o best_a which_o be_v take_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o predicate_a because_o not_o seek_v whether_o the_o subject_a be_v but_o predicate_v or_o whether_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o subject_a or_o not_o etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o for_o example_n of_o they_o both_o suppose_v any_o one_o
that_o he_o shall_v be_v a_o man_n if_o he_o have_v a_o rational_a soul_n be_v requisite_a and_o necessary_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 23._o place_v from_o efficient_a have_v two_o canon_n and_o the_o first_o of_o they_o be_v such_o as_o the_o cause_n be_v such_o be_v the_o effect_n etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o and_o thus_o god_n be_v very_o good_a and_o therefore_o his_o work_n be_v so_o this_o canon_n be_v deceitful_a unless_o cautious_o use_v for_o first_o it_o sail_v in_o cause_n that_o be_v by_o accident_n for_o neither_o do_v it_o follow_v that_o a_o son_n be_v good_a because_o his_o father_n be_v so_o nor_o yet_o bad_a for_o a_o son_n be_v not_o produce_v by_o his_o father_n as_o he_o be_v good_a or_o bad_a but_o as_o he_o be_v a_o man_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o it_o fail_v in_o equivocal_a cause_n for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o the_o sun_n be_v animate_v although_o it_o animate_v the_o world_n nor_o that_o the_o whetstone_n be_v sharp_a although_o it_o sharpen_v iron_n last_o in_o cause_n voluntary_a when_o make_v use_n of_o their_o utmost_a endeavour_n they_o do_v something_o which_o do_v not_o correspond_v to_o their_o skill_n or_o art_n as_o when_o a_o painter_n paint_v less_o elegant_o than_o become_v his_o art_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 24_o second_o that_o which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o cause_n be_v also_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o cause_v etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o virtue_n be_v partly_o from_o nature_n partly_o from_o institution_n partly_o from_o custom_n virtue_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o civil_a happiness_n and_o therefore_o civil_a happiness_n be_v partly_o from_o nature_n partly_o from_o institution_n partly_o from_o custom_n etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n have_v place_n only_o in_o cause_n subordinate_a of_o themselves_o for_o in_o cause_n subordinate_a by_o accident_n it_o for_o the_o most_o part_n fail_v for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v because_o god_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o our_o will_n and_o our_o will_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o sin_n that_o therefore_o god_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o sin_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 25._o place_v from_o the_o end_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o the_o end_n be_v put_v there_o be_v also_o put_v the_o mean_n to_o that_o end_n 1._o §_o and_o so_o ovid_n conclude_v that_o man_n be_v make_v with_o a_o upright_a countenance_n because_o to_o contemplate_v the_o heaven_n deem_v that_o to_o be_v the_o end_n of_o a_o upright_a figure_n the_o word_n of_o the_o sweet_a poet_n be_v these_o omnia_fw-la cùm_fw-la spectent_fw-la animalia_fw-la cetera_fw-la terram_fw-la os_fw-la homini_fw-la sublime_a dedit_fw-la caelùmque_fw-la tueri_fw-la jussit_fw-la &_o erectos_fw-la ad_fw-la sydera_fw-la tollere_fw-la vultus_fw-la which_o admirable_a pare-royal_a may_v be_v render_v in_o these_o two_o sorry_a couplet_n in_o this_o manner_n and_o whereas_o other_o animal_n behold_v with_o downcast_a look_v this_o sublunary_a mould_n to_o man_n he_o give_v a_o stately_a upright_a frame_n and_o bid_v he_o view_v those_o heaven_n from_o whence_o he_o come_v which_o though_o they_o fail_v as_o to_o their_o versifcation_n yet_o may_v they_o serve_v to_o show_v in_o some_o measure_n the_o mean_v of_o that_o memorable_a passage_n of_o excellent_a ovid._n now_o the_o mean_n be_v often_o express_v by_o a_o negation_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o impede_fw-la the_o end_n as_o the_o pupil_n or_o apple_n of_o the_o eye_n be_v to_o admit_v all_o colour_n and_o therefore_o to_o be_v without_o colour_n the_o elect_n must_v be_v save_v and_o therefore_o must_v not_o sin_n unto_o death_n etc._n etc._n but_o now_o though_o the_o end_v be_v put_v it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o mean_n shall_v be_v so_o yet_o that_o the_o end_v not_o be_v put_v they_o shall_v not_o be_v so_o be_v not_o always_o necessary_a for_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a that_o a_o man_n shall_v be_v destitute_a of_o book_n and_o master_n because_o he_o be_v not_o learned_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 26._o now_o the_o place_n from_o cause_v have_v four_o canon_n and_o the_o first_o be_v the_o compose_v posit_v the_o matter_n and_o form_n must_v be_v so_o too_o and_o when_o that_o be_v take_v away_o the_o material_a form_n also_o must_v be_v take_v away_o 1._o §_o and_o so_o plant_n be_v live_v thing_n and_o therefore_o they_o must_v have_v a_o body_n and_o soul_n and_o stone_n be_v not_o and_o therefore_o they_o must_v not_o have_v a_o soul_n i_o say_v form_n material_a for_o that_o the_o compose_v take_v away_o the_o matter_n shall_v be_v so_o too_o or_o the_o form_n immaterial_a be_v not_o necessary_a for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o there_o be_v no_o iron_n because_o no_o sword_n or_o that_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v not_o because_o he_o die_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 27._o second_o the_o effect_n be_v posit_v it_o follow_v that_o either_o there_o be_v a_o cause_n efficient_a or_o else_o that_o there_o have_v be_v one_o 1._o §_o as_o there_o be_v a_o building_n and_o therefore_o there_o be_v or_o be_v a_o architect_n to_o build_v it_o here_o be_v the_o footstep_n and_o therefore_o this_o way_n in_o all_o likelihood_n there_o have_v pass_v some_o man_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 28._o three_o such_o as_o be_v the_o effect_n such_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o produce_v it_o 1._o §_o as_o this_o picture_n be_v fine_a and_o therefore_o so_o must_v the_o artist_n be_v that_o draw_v it_o to_o this_o be_v to_o be_v add_v the_o same_o limitation_n which_o be_v add_v to_o the_o first_o of_o the_o place_n from_o cause_n efficient_a viz_o the_o caution_n against_o accidental_n and_o aequivocals_n because_o in_o these_o case_n this_o rule_n may_v fail_v we_o ax._n 29._o four_o the_o mean_v take_v away_o the_o end_n must_v also_o be_v so_o too_o 1._o §_o as_o stones_z be_v not_o nourish_v and_o therefore_o they_o do_v not_o live_v many_o man_n the_o gospel_n will_v not_o be_v preach_v to_o and_o therefore_o many_o man_n by_o mean_n of_o the_o gospel_n will_v not_o be_v save_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 30._o the_o place_n from_o the_o subject_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o the_o subject_a be_v posit_v the_o propriety_n must_v also_o be_v so_o too_o and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o propriety_n must_v also_o be_v so_o too_o 1._o §_o as_o christ_n be_v god_n and_o therefore_o he_o have_v the_o power_n to_o forgive_v sin_n the_o write_n of_o the_o father_n be_v not_o the_o word_n of_o god_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v not_o of_o divine_a authority_n etc._n etc._n now_o these_o canon_n without_o any_o limitation_n be_v certain_a and_o firm_a ax._n 31._o the_o place_n for_o adjunct_n be_v of_o great_a extent_n and_o have_v under_o it_o propriety_n object_n sign_n and_o circumstance_n now_o ax._n 32._o the_o place_n from_o propriety_n have_v two_o canon_n and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o the_o propriety_n be_v give_v to_o that_o also_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o to_o which_o the_o propriety_n be_v not_o give_v to_o that_o neither_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o christ_n be_v omniscient_a and_o therefore_o he_o be_v god_n angel_n fill_v up_o no_o place_n and_o therefore_o they_o have_v not_o body_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 33._o the_o second_o be_v that_o which_o be_v say_v of_o the_o propriety_n may_v be_v also_o say_v of_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o which_o can_v be_v say_v of_o the_o propriety_n that_o neither_o of_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o a_o talkative_a person_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v and_o therefore_o a_o busybody_n or_o one_o that_o be_v inquisitive_a into_o other_o people_n matter_n a_o wise_a man_n be_v not_o to_o repose_v himself_o upon_o thing_n of_o a_o fleet_a and_o transitory_a nature_n and_o therefore_o not_o upon_o riches_n or_o other_o earthly_a commodity_n or_o good_n etc._n etc._n axe_n 34._o the_o place_n from_o object_n in_o the_o second_o place_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o that_o to_o which_o the_o object_n be_v give_v to_o that_o also_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o to_o which_o the_o object_n be_v not_o to_o that_o neither_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o the_o doctrine_n of_o fallacious_a sophism_n direct_v the_o mind_n towards_o the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n and_o therefore_o be_v a_o part_n of_o logic_n logic_n have_v not_o thing_n necessary_a for_o its_o object_n and_o therefore_o be_v not_o science_n etc._n etc._n the_o argument_n of_o this_o place_n be_v very_o firm_a if_o draw_v from_o proper_a object_n but_o otherwise_o only_o probable_a as_o if_o one_o shall_v say_v thus_o he_o talk_v of_o military_a affair_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v a_o soldier_n of_o law_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v a_o lawyer_n her_o delight_n be_v not_o in_o woman_n company_n and_o therefore_o she_o be_v not_o a_o woman_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 35._o place_v from_o sign_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n posit_v the_o
and_o one_o opposite_a be_v sufficient_a to_o discern_v the_o other_o by_o book_n 1._o an._n cap._n 1._o whence_o they_o conclude_v that_o the_o precept_n of_o true_a syllogism_n be_v enough_o to_o detect_v the_o fallacy_n of_o the_o other_o by_o and_o so_o that_o this_o part_n of_o logic_n be_v nothing_o worth_a but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o for_o the_o right_n be_v then_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o wrong_n when_o the_o wrong_n as_o wrong_v be_v oppose_v to_o it_o and_o the_o knowledge_n of_o one_o opposite_a be_v then_o sufficient_a for_o the_o discernment_n of_o the_o other_o when_o the_o oppose_v as_o oppose_v be_v compose_v with_o it_o but_o now_o when_o the_o oblique_a put_v on_o the_o form_n of_o the_o right_n or_o one_o opposite_a that_o of_o the_o other_o it_o be_v not_o every_o sort_n of_o knowledge_n of_o the_o right_n that_o do_v serve_v to_o distinguish_v the_o wrong_n from_o it_o nor_o the_o one_o opposite_a to_o understand_v the_o difference_n of_o the_o other_o by_o now_o a_o fallacious_a sophism_n be_v not_o only_o vicious_a but_o also_o put_v on_o the_o show_n of_o good_a and_o therefore_o those_o precept_n of_o syllogism_n which_o we_o have_v already_o lay_v down_o be_v not_o sufficient_a full_o to_o understand_v the_o trick_n of_o sophister_n by_o why_o because_o it_o be_v not_o enough_o to_o know_v the_o fault_n of_o the_o fallacious_a syllogism_n but_o over-and-above_a we_o must_v take_v off_o the_o appearance_n of_o the_o true_a and_o plain_o demonstrate_v from_o which_o box_n of_o fallacy_n that_o varnish_n be_v take_v whereby_o the_o sophister_n have_v set_v off_o his_o vicious_a syllogism_n and_o first_o of_o those_o fallacy_n which_o be_v commit_v in_o word_n chap._n xxvi_o of_o sophism_n or_o fallacy_n in_o word_n ax._n 1_o sophism_n or_o fallacy_n be_v either_o in_o word_n or_o thing_n ax._n 2._o of_o those_o which_o be_v consist_v in_o word_n there_o be_v six_o place_n viz._n homonymy_a amphiboly_n composition_n division_n prosody_n or_o accent_n with_o figure_n of_o speech_n ax._n 3_o a_o sophism_n of_o homonymy_n be_v that_o which_o arise_v from_o the_o ambiguity_n of_o one_o word_n ax._n 4._o this_o sophism_n be_v solve_v by_o the_o distinction_n of_o that_o doubtful_a word_n 1._o §_o now_o in_o syllogism_n there_o be_v three_o term_n wherefore_o a_o fallacy_n of_o homonymy_n may_v three_o way_n happen_v and_o first_o when_o the_o medium_n ambiguous_a as_o the_o end_n of_o a_o thing_n be_v its_o good_a death_n be_v the_o end_n of_o life_n and_o therefore_o death_n be_v the_o good_a of_o it_o this_o fallacy_n solve_v by_o a_o distinction_n of_o the_o word_n end_n for_o end_n in_o the_o major_n be_v take_v for_o the_o cause_n end_v in_o the_o minor_a the_o extremity_n of_o a_o thing_n second_o when_o the_o subject_n be_v doubtful_a as_o quantity_n be_v not_o a_o substance_n a_o body_n a_o quantity_n and_o therefore_o a_o body_n be_v not_o a_o substance_n this_o fallacy_n be_v solve_v by_o the_o distinction_n of_o body_n for_o in_o the_o minor_n understand_v a_o body_n mathematical_a in_o the_o conclusion_n physical_a in_o the_o three_o place_n we_o lay_v a_o sophism_n of_o homonymy_n when_o the_o predicate_a be_v ambiguous_a as_o that_o which_o be_v round_o have_v no_o beginning_n nor_o end_n the_o world_n be_v round_o and_o therefore_o have_v no_o beginning_n nor_o end_n this_o sophism_n be_v solve_v by_o distinguish_a beginning_n and_o end_n for_o in_o the_o major_n be_v understand_v begin_v and_o end_n of_o magnitude_n in_o the_o conclusion_n of_o time_n etc._n etc._n 2._o hither_o may_v be_v refer_v those_o captious_a question_n have_v you_o leave_v off_o to_o commit_v adultery_n have_v you_o find_v that_o you_o never_o lose_v etc._n etc._n for_o whether_o you_o affirm_v or_o deny_v you_o will_v be_v catch_v by_o homonymy_a for_o if_o you_o say_v you_o have_v leave_v off_o to_o commit_v adultery_n you_o confess_v that_o sometime_o you_o have_v commit_v it_o because_o we_o have_v sometime_o do_v that_o which_o we_o cease_v to_o do_v but_o if_o you_o say_v you_o have_v not_o the_o sophister_n will_v reply_v then_o you_o still_o continue_v in_o it_o in_o like_a manner_n if_o you_o affirm_v you_o have_v that_o which_o you_o have_v not_o lose_v the_o sophister'll_a reply_n that_o then_o you_o have_v horn_n because_o you_o have_v not_o lose_v they_o and_o if_o the_o contrary_a you_o have_v not_o eye_n because_o you_o have_v not_o lose_v they_o wherefore_o you_o be_v to_o say_v that_o the_o word_n not_o to_o leave_v off_o be_v ambiguous_a for_o when_o one_o be_v say_v to_o leave_v off_o who_o have_v do_v any_o thing_n and_o do_v it_o no_o long_o the_o word_n not_o to_o leave_v off_o may_v be_v take_v either_o for_o not_o to_o have_v do_v it_o or_o for_o persist_v still_o to_o do_v it_o and_o therefore_o he_o may_v be_v say_v not_o to_o have_v leave_v off_o both_o who_o never_o do_v it_o and_o who_o still_o continue_v in_o it_o likewise_o any_o one_o may_v be_v say_v not_o to_o have_v lose_v both_o that_o which_o he_o never_o have_v as_o horn_n and_o that_o which_o he_o yet_o have_v as_o his_o eye_n for_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v lose_v who_o once_o have_v a_o thing_n and_o now_o have_v it_o not_o etc._n etc._n see_v a._n gel._n lib._n 16._o noct._n at._n c._n 2._o ax._n 5._o sophism_n of_o amphiboly_n that_o which_o arise_v from_o the_o ambiguous_a sense_n of_o a_o speech_n who_o particular_a word_n have_v no_o homonymy_n by_o themselves_o ax._n 6._o and_o this_o sophism_n be_v solve_v by_o the_o distinction_n of_o the_o ambiguous_a speech_n 1._o §_o the_o fallacy_n of_o amphiboly_n be_v lay_v two_o way_n first_o when_o the_o very_a syntax_n of_o the_o speech_n be_v ambiguous_a as_o quod_fw-la quisquam_fw-la vidit_fw-la id_fw-la ipsum_fw-la vidit_fw-la that_o be_v what_o any_o one_o see_v that_o he_o will_v have_v itself_o see_v some_o one_o see_v a_o tree_n and_o therefore_o the_o tree_n itself_o see_v this_o fallacy_n solve_v by_o the_o distinction_n of_o the_o ambiguous_a speech_n viz._n id_fw-la ipsum_fw-la vidit_fw-la for_o that_o itself_o may_v be_v either_o of_o the_o nominative_a case_n and_o then_o the_o major'll_v be_v false_a or_o the_o accusative_a and_o then_o indeed_o the_o major'll_v be_v true_a but_o yet_o thence_o this_o conclusion_n will_v not_o follow_v viz._n and_o therefore_o the_o tree_n itself_o see_v because_o the_o syllogism_n than_o will_v have_v four_o term_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n likewise_o be_v this_o catch_n those_o qui_fw-la sunt_fw-la svi_fw-la magistri_fw-la that_o be_v be_v their_o own_o master_n be_v at_o their_o own_o dispose_n servants_z sunt_fw-la magistri_fw-la svi_fw-la that_o be_v be_v their_o own_o master_n and_o therefore_o servant_n be_v at_o their_o own_o dipose_n for_o the_o ambiguity_n in_o the_o latin_a be_v in_o the_o word_n magistri_fw-la svi_fw-la their_o master_n which_o in_o the_o major_n be_v of_o the_o plural_a and_o minor_a of_o the_o singular_a number_n the_o like_a ambiguity_n in_o these_o enunciation_n viz._n socrus_fw-la oderunt_fw-la nurus_fw-la aio_fw-la te_fw-la aeacida_fw-la romanos_fw-la vincere_fw-la posse_fw-la etc._n etc._n 2._o a_o fallacy_n of_o amphiboly_n then_o make_v when_o the_o very_a kind_n or_o phrase_n of_o the_o speech_n beget_v ambiguity_n or_o uncertainty_n of_o opinion_n as_o he_o that_o send_v a_o book_n into_o the_o light_n will_v have_v it_o read_v of_o all_o man_n he_o that_o throw_v it_o into_o the_o fire_n send_v it_o into_o the_o light_n and_o therefore_o he_o that_o throw_v it_o into_o the_o fire_n will_v have_v it_o read_v of_o all_o men._n this_o fallacy_n solve_v by_o the_o distinction_n of_o the_o phrase_n send_v into_o the_o light_n which_o in_o the_o major_a proposition_n signify_v to_o publish_v in_o the_o minor_a to_o burn_v such_o be_v the_o caption_n of_o those_o who_o will_v infer_v from_o hence_o the_o invocation_n of_o the_o dead_a because_o the_o patriarch_n jacob_n in_o blessing_n his_o posterity_n when_o speak_v of_o joseph_n child_n among_o the_o rest_n say_v thus_o gen._n 48.16_o and_o my_o name_n shall_v be_v call_v upon_o these_o child_n and_o the_o name_n of_o my_o father_n abraham_n and_o isaac_n for_o the_o call_n of_o jacob_n name_n upon_o the_o child_n of_o joseph_n by_o a_o hebrew_n idiotism_n be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o call_v they_o israelites_n from_o the_o name_n of_o jacob_n etc._n etc._n axe_n 7._o a_o sophism_n of_o composition_n be_v that_o which_o arise_v from_o a_o composition_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v to_o be_v divide_v ax._n 8._o of_o division_n on_o the_o contrary_a from_o the_o division_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v to_o be_v conjoin_v ax._n 9_o to_o be_v solve_v by_o a_o distinction_n of_o the_o divers_a sense_n which_o a_o speech_n have_v according_a to_o the_o different_a composition_n or_o division_n
similitude_n accident_n in_o the_o concrete_a as_o just_o white_a etc._n etc._n in_o which_o the_o subject_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o matter_n accident_n in_o the_o abstract_n be_v the_o form_n in_o which_o number_n also_o be_v work_n perform_v by_o art_n of_o this_o place_n also_o be_v those_o thing_n in_o which_o be_v distinguish_v material_a and_o formal_a or_o in_o which_o there_o be_v something_o analogous_a to_o matter_n and_o form_n so_o the_o matter_n of_o discipline_n be_v precept_n the_o form_n method_n of_o interpretation_n voice_n the_o form_n signification_n this_o whole_a use_n to_o be_v call_v physical_a because_o physics_n vindicate_v to_o themselves_o the_o consideration_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n vulgar_o it_o be_v call_v essential_a ax._n 12._o a_o integral_a whole_a be_v that_o which_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part._n 1._o §_o now_o essential_a part_n be_v real_o different_a for_o matter_n be_v one_o thing_n and_o form_n another_o but_o yet_o one_o part_n be_v not_o out_o of_o another_o for_o matter_n permeate_n matter_n and_o inform_v all_o its_o part_n but_o part_n integral_a because_o each_o be_v endue_v with_o his_o proper_a quantity_n not_o only_o differ_v in_o themselves_o but_o also_o site_n or_o at_o least_o order_n so_o that_o one_o be_v not_o contain_v in_o another_o for_o this_o it_o be_v to_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part._n for_o example_n the_o part_n of_o the_o human_a body_n be_v head_n breast_n belly_n limb_n of_o the_o which_o one_o contain_v not_o another_o so_o the_o part_n of_o number_n be_v divers_a and_o one_o be_v not_o contain_v in_o another_o this_o whole_a be_v term_v mathematical_a because_o quantity_n be_v of_o mathematical_a consideration_n vulgar_o integral_a more_o proper_o integrate_a ax._n 13._o a_o integral_a whole_a be_v either_o continue_a or_o discrete_a ax._n 14._o both_o be_v divide_v into_o homogeneal_a and_o heterogenal_a that_o be_v similar_v and_o dissimilar_v ax._n 15._o homogeneal_a be_v that_o which_o have_v part_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o nature_n ax._n 16._o heterogeneal_a of_o a_o diverse_a 1._o §_o this_o distribution_n of_o the_o whole_a integral_n be_v extant_a in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o hist_n an._n cap._n 1._o and_o book_n 2._o of_o the_o part_n of_o an._n cap._n 1._o and_o book_n 1._o of_o the_o gener._n of_o an._n cap._n 1._o for_o example_n inanimate_a substance_n as_o water_n wine_n flesh_n also_o magnitude_n motion_n and_o time_n be_v whole_n homogeneal_a continual_a the_o body_n of_o animate_v heterogeneal_a continual_a number_n as_o three_o ten_o be_v whole_n homogeneal_a discrete_a a_o army_n church_n the_o world_n heterogeneal_a and_o of_o the_o same_o denomination_n ax._n 17._o a_o part_n heterogeneal_a be_v either_o principal_a or_o less_o principal_a ax._n 18._o that_o be_v a_o principal_a by_o who_o ablation_n or_o take_v away_o the_o whole_a be_v destroy_v ax._n 19_o the_o less_o by_o who_o take_v away_o the_o whole_a be_v only_o maim_v or_o mutilate_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n hand_n brain_n heart_n liver_n be_v principal_a part_n of_o man_n because_o these_o take_v away_o of_o necessity_n the_o man_n must_v die_v foot_n hand_n ear_n etc._n etc._n be_v less_o principal_a because_o these_o be_v take_v away_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a a_o man_n shall_v die_v ax._n 20._o a_o whole_a by_o accident_n be_v chief_o say_v four_o way_n and_o first_o of_o a_o cause_n of_o divers_a effect_n second_o a_o effect_n of_o divers_a cause_n three_o of_o a_o subject_a of_o divers_a adjunct_n fourthly_a of_o a_o adjunct_n of_o divers_a subject_n 1._o §_o first_o a_o cause_n of_o divers_a effect_n and_o so_o a_o plant_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o whole_a because_o of_o plant_n some_o heat_n other_o cool_a etc._n etc._n second_o a_o effect_n of_o divers_a cause_n as_o mouse_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v generate_v of_o the_o sun_n other_o of_o mouse_n etc._n etc._n three_o a_o subject_a of_o divers_a adjunct_n as_o man_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v bond_n some_o free_a some_o good_a some_o bad_a etc._n etc._n a_o adjunct_n of_o divers_a subject_n as_o disease_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o mind_n some_o the_o body_n these_o again_o either_o of_o the_o brain_n eye_n light_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xv._o of_o cause_n and_o cause_v in_o general_n ax._n 1_o a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o the_o force_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n come_v to_o pass_v commentary_n 1._o §_o principle_n element_n and_o cause_n be_v word_n that_o be_v ally_v in_o signification_n principle_n be_v either_o large_o take_v or_o strict_o large_o it_o be_v define_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaphysic_n cap._n 1._o to_o be_v the_o first_o from_o whence_o any_o thing_n be_v or_o exist_v or_o be_v know_v more_o strict_o book_v 4._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 5._o where_o principle_n be_v define_v to_o be_v those_o thing_n which_o be_v neither_o from_o one_o another_o nor_o other_o and_o of_o and_o from_o which_o be_v all_o thing_n in_o this_o sense_n there_o be_v only_o reckon_v three_o viz._n matter_n form_n and_o privation_n the_o definition_n of_o element_n be_v extant_a book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaphysic_n cap._n 3._o and_o be_v thus_o a_o element_n be_v that_o our_o of_o which_o any_o thing_n at_o the_o first_o be_v compound_v in_o which_o it_o be_v and_o which_o in_o its_o own_o species_n be_v indivisible_a into_o any_o other_o species_n 2._o §_o cause_o be_v here_o say_v to_o be_v that_o by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o be_v which_o confer_v somewhat_o towards_o the_o thing_n existence_n and_o therefore_o privation_n can_v be_v a_o cause_n because_o it_o confer_v nothing_o but_o only_o towards_o its_o mutation_n ax._n 2._o a_o cause_v be_v that_o which_o be_v constitute_v of_o its_o cause_n ax._n 3_o the_o cause_n be_v before_o it_o be_v cause_v both_o in_o nature_n and_o knowledge_n 1._o §_o in_o nature_n because_o the_o cause_v depend_v upon_o the_o cause_n knowledge_n that_o be_v simple_o and_o distinct_a knowledge_n which_o follow_v the_o order_n of_o nature_n for_o to_o we_o the_o cause_n be_v more_o know_v than_o it_o because_o near_o to_o the_o sense_n for_o from_o the_o sense_n do_v we_o derive_v all_o our_o sensible_a knowledge_n ax._n 4._o the_o cause_n be_v four_o viz._n matter_n form_n efficient_a and_o end_n 1._o §_o this_o partition_n be_v extant_a book_n 2._o of_o the_o post_n cap._n 2._o book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o book_n 4._o cap._n 2._o and_o be_v build_v upon_o the_o best_a reason_n for_o whatever_o be_v make_v be_v make_v by_o another_o for_o nothing_o be_v make_v by_o its_o self_n there_o be_v therefore_o a_o efficient_a cause_n nothing_o finite_a can_v produce_v any_o thing_n out_o of_o nothing_o there_o be_v therefore_o matter_n out_o of_o which_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v make_v and_o form_n which_o be_v introduce_v upon_o that_o matter_n when_o thing_n be_v make_v nothing_o last_o act_n without_o design_n there_o be_v therefore_o a_o end_n for_o who_o sake_n the_o cause_n efficient_a act_n ax._n 5._o the_o cause_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v call_v the_o compose_v of_o the_o efficient_a the_o effect_n of_o the_o end_n the_o mean_n or_o design_v and_o these_o differ_v not_o in_o reality_n but_o reason_n 1_o §_o and_o since_o to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v four_o cause_n concur_v as_o in_o all_o corporeal_a thing_n there_o do_v it_o ought_v not_o to_o seem_v strange_a that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n shall_v be_v call_v compose_v effect_v mean_n etc._n etc._n according_a as_o it_o be_v compare_v with_o divers_a cause_n ax._n 6._o in_o every_o genus_fw-la there_o be_v a_o certain_a subordination_n of_o cause_n ax._n 7._o subordinate_a be_v those_o that_o depend_v one_o upon_o another_o 1._o §_o to_o wit_n either_o as_o to_o their_o existence_n and_o so_o the_o son_n upon_o the_o father_n the_o father_n upon_o the_o grandfather_n or_o causality_n and_o so_o the_o quill_n upon_o the_o hand_n in_o write_v or_o both_o and_o so_o the_o second_o cause_n upon_o the_o first_o or_o creature_n upon_o god_n ax._n 8._o cause_n likewise_o be_v say_v either_o to_o be_v essential_o or_o accidental_o subordinate_v ax._n 9_o essential_o be_v those_o of_o which_o one_o depend_v upon_o another_o when_o and_o in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v ax._n 10._o accidental_o of_o which_o one_o indeed_o depend_v upon_o another_o but_o not_o when_o or_o in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v 1._o §_o and_o so_o a_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n subordinate_v by_o accident_n first_o when_o it_o depend_v indeed_o upon_o a_o superior_a cause_n but_o not_o when_o that_o be_v when_o it_o cause_n and_o this_o be_v effect_v when_o it_o depend_v upon_o it_o
the_o effect_n the_o less_o principal_a as_o far_o as_o it_o cause_v be_v always_o worse_o then_o or_o inferior_a to_o the_o effect_n 1._o §_o when_o we_o compare_v the_o effect_n with_o the_o cause_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v the_o cause_n as_o it_o be_v such_o that_o be_v according_a to_o that_o virtue_n by_o which_o it_o cause_v when_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o cause_n be_v such_o as_o that_o it_o contain_v in_o it_o whatever_o be_v in_o the_o effect_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o principal_a cause_n the_o effect_n be_v say_v to_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o cause_n either_o formal_o or_o eminent_o when_o formal_o or_o the_o effect_n be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o the_o cause_n the_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v univocal_a and_o be_v equal_a to_o its_o effect_n as_o when_o heat_n beget_v heat_n or_o a_o mouse_n a_o mouse_n when_o eminent_o or_o the_o cause_n by_o a_o noble_a sort_n of_o virtue_n produce_v the_o effect_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v aequivocal_a and_o be_v better_a than_o its_o effect_n as_o when_o light_n produce_v heat_n or_o the_o architect_n a_o house_n when_o neither_o formal_o nor_o eminent_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v less_o principal_a and_o that_o not_o so_o much_o effect_n as_o subserve_v the_o principal_a in_o produce_v the_o effect_n ax._n 22._o the_o less_o principal_a be_v subdivide_v into_o procatarctical_a proëgumenal_a and_o instrumental_a ax._n 23._o procatarctical_a be_v that_o which_o extrinsical_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n ax._n 24._o the_o proëgumenal_a which_o inward_o dispose_v or_o also_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n 1._o the_o cause_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o procatarctical_a in_o latin_a may_v be_v call_v incipiens_fw-la or_o inchoans_fw-la that_o be_v beginning_n or_o inchoat_v and_o be_v either_o object_n occasion_n author_n or_o merit_n so_o far_o it_o may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o object_n as_o it_o move_v or_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n occasion_n be_v the_o conveniency_n of_o time_n and_o place_n to_o act_v in_o which_o itself_o also_o have_v some_o force_n of_o move_v to_o action_n in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o remove_v impediment_n to_o action_n author_n here_o be_v say_v to_o be_v he_o who_o propose_v reason_n persuade_v the_o principal_a cause_n either_o to_o or_o from_o action_n he_o be_v also_o call_v the_o moral_a cause_n merit_n or_o meritorious_a cause_n be_v that_o which_o move_v the_o agent_n to_o a_o requital_n and_o that_o either_o in_o good_a or_o evil_a thing_n and_o even_o all_o these_o be_v without_o the_o principal_a cause_n in_o which_o they_o be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o proegumenal_a which_o consist_v in_o the_o principal_a cause_n itself_o for_o example_n if_o any_o one_o walk_v about_o in_o the_o night_n shall_v see_v many_o precious_a thing_n in_o the_o open_a house_n of_o his_o enemy_n from_o who_o just_o before_o he_o have_v receive_v a_o injury_n to_o be_v negligent_o keep_v and_o at_o the_o instigation_n of_o another_o shall_v take_v they_o away_o the_o objective_a cause_n of_o of_o this_o will_v be_v the_o precious_a thing_n themselves_o exciting_a the_o covetousness_n of_o the_o thief_n the_o occasion_n the_o darkness_n of_o the_o night_n and_o open_a house_n which_o in_o no_o little_a measure_n further_o he_o in_o his_o purpose_n the_o author_n or_o moral_a cause_n he_o who_o instigate_v he_o the_o meritorious_a the_o injury_n receive_v for_o which_o the_o thief_n come_v to_o be_v more_o prone_a to_o steal_v the_o proëgumenal_a cause_n be_v the_o proper_a avarice_n of_o the_o thief_n farthermore_o author_n or_o cause_n moral_a have_v place_n only_o in_o voluntary_a cause_n object_n occasion_n meritorious_a and_o proëgumental_a also_o in_o other_o occasion_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o cause_n meritorious_a as_o when_o a_o injury_n commit_v or_o do_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o fight_n or_o war_n or_o slaughter_n and_o in_o this_o sense_n if_o feign_v be_v call_v by_o the_o greek_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o the_o latin_n pretext_n the_o proëgumenal_a either_o dispose_v only_o the_o principal_a cause_n as_o when_o the_o temperament_n of_o the_o body_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o manner_n or_o also_o move_v it_o and_o spur_n it_o on_o as_o when_o anger_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o revenge_n or_o avarice_n of_o theft_n 2._o §_o the_o procatarctical_a and_o proëgumenal_a cause_n be_v of_o great_a use_n in_o physic_n for_o physician_n reduce_v almost_o all_o disease_n to_o three_o cause_n procatarctical_a proegumenal_a and_o synectical_a or_o contain_v the_o procatarctical_a with_o they_o be_v the_o external_n and_o evident_a cause_n the_o other_o two_o the_o internal_a and_o hide_a cause_n the_o proëgumenal_a the_o antecedent_n the_o contain_v the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o that_o which_o be_v connate_a with_o and_o also_o exist_v together_o with_o the_o disease_n and_o coheres_fw-la immediate_o with_o it_o and_o this_o with_o we_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n for_o example_n the_o procatarctical_a cause_n of_o the_o fever_n be_v either_o cold_a or_o the_o astringent_a bath_n the_o proëgumenal_a the_o skin_n bind_v up_o and_o evaporation_n hinder_v the_o contain_v the_o humour_n putrescent_fw-la and_o accend_v ax._n 25._o the_o instrumental_a cause_n be_v that_o which_o subserve_v the_o principal_a cause_n in_o its_o effect_v 1._o §_o all_o instrument_n subserve_v not_o the_o principal_a in_o the_o like_a manner_n for_o there_o be_v some_o instrument_n join_v to_o the_o principal_a cause_n in_o act_v and_o there_o be_v some_o in_o act_v separate_a from_o they_o those_o be_v instrument_n conjoin_v of_o which_o the_o principal_a cause_n make_v use_v in_o the_o effection_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o these_o be_v either_o active_a as_o the_o heat_n in_o the_o fire_n or_o passive_a as_o a_o knife_n a_o sword_n etc._n etc._n separate_a instrument_n be_v those_o which_o act_n in_o the_o place_n and_o stead_n of_o the_o principal_a cause_n so_o the_o ambassador_n be_v the_o instrument_n of_o the_o prince_n and_o the_o seed_n seem_v to_o many_o the_o instrument_n of_o generation_n but_o mistaken_o for_o separate_v instrument_n have_v no_o place_n in_o natural_n but_o moral_n and_o this_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o maxim_n viz._n ax._n 26._o the_o essence_n of_o instrument_n consist_v in_o their_o fitness_n for_o use_v 1._o §_o instrument_n say_v aristotle_n book_n 2._o of_o an._n cap._n 4._o in_o office_n and_o uses_n be_v distinguish_v or_o convene_v among_o themselves_o for_o every_o instrument_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v because_o and_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v fit_a for_o some_o certain_a use_n so_o a_o axe_n be_v so_o far_o a_o axe_n as_o that_o in_o the_o quality_n of_o its_o matter_n and_o form_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o cut_v and_o the_o eye_n so_o far_o a_o eye_n as_o it_o be_v fit_a to_o see_v with_o for_o the_o eye_n the_o hand_n and_o other_o organical_a part_n of_o man_n or_o beast_n when_o dead_a be_v not_o eye_n or_o hand_n unless_o homonymous_o or_o ambiguous_o that_o be_v doubtful_o as_o aristotle_n say_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o meteor_n cap._n 17._o ax._n 27._o six_o cause_v efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o first_o and_o second_o ax._n 28._o the_o first_o be_v that_o which_o depend_v upon_o none_o ax._n 29._o the_o second_o which_o depend_v upon_o the_o first_o 1._o §_o a_o cause_n be_v two_o way_n say_v to_o be_v first_o to_o wit_n absolute_o or_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o on_o which_o all_o thing_n depend_v both_o when_o they_o be_v make_v exist_v and_o operate_v or_o as_o they_o say_v in_o fieri_fw-la esse_fw-la and_o operation_n the_o cause_n absolute_o first_o be_v only_o one_o to_o wit_n god_n for_o all_o thing_n depend_v on_o god_n both_o as_o to_o their_o make_v be_v and_o operate_n according_a to_o that_o of_o the_o apostle_n st._n paul_n act_v 17._o in_o he_o we_o live_v and_o move_v and_o have_v our_o be_v furthermore_o all_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o god_n as_o they_o be_v make_v or_o in_o fieri_fw-la as_o they_o say_v by_o reason_n of_o creation_n and_o that_o either_o proximate_o or_o remote_o as_o they_o be_v or_o in_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o conservation_n as_o they_o operate_v of_o his_o providence_n either_o ordinary_o or_o extraordinary_o etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o that_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la on_o which_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la depend_v such_o a_o first_o cause_n be_v not_o only_o give_v in_o every_o genus_fw-la of_o cause_n but_o also_o in_o every_o subordination_n so_o adam_n be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o man_n in_o his_o species_n
sign_n viz._n antecedent_n consequent_a or_o conjoin_v the_o thing_n sign_v be_v also_o posit_v and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o thing_n sign_v also_o be_v take_v away_o 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v day_n and_o therefore_o the_o sun_n will_v rise_v the_o woman_n belong_v and_o therefore_o she_o have_v conceive_v the_o man_n fly_v and_o therefore_o he_o be_v guilty_a of_o the_o discover_v conspiracy_n it_o be_v not_o full-moon_n and_o therefore_o there_o can_v be_v no_o eclipse_n etc._n etc._n now_o argument_n draw_v from_o this_o place_n also_o be_v firm_a when_o the_o sign_n be_v necessary_a and_o proper_a to_o the_o thing_n sign_v otherwise_o they_o be_v only_o probable_a as_o he_o be_v not_o sempronius_n be_v enemy_n and_o therefore_o he_o kill_v he_o not_o the_o woman_n do_v not_o love_v the_o boy_n and_o therefore_o she_o be_v not_o his_o mother_n etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v that_o the_o philosopher_n make_v use_v of_o these_o so_o much_o the_o more_o spare_o ax._n 36._o the_o place_n from_o circumstance_n last_o have_v this_o canon_n viz._n posit_v the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o thing_n you_o posit_v the_o thing_n itself_o and_o take_v that_o away_o you_o also_o take_v away_o the_o thing_n itself_o 1._o §_o as_o he_o have_v steal_v something_o out_o of_o a_o sacred_a place_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v sacrilegious_a the_o spring_n come_v on_o and_o therefore_o flower_n will_v be_v find_v he_o go_v cover_v with_o a_o cowle_n or_o hood_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o monk_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v a_o monk_n christ_n be_v to_o be_v bear_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o jewish_a polity_n and_o that_o at_o bethlethem_n which_o polity_n be_v not_o now_o in_o be_v as_o likewise_o bethlehem_n and_o therefore_o christ_n be_v not_o now_o to_o be_v bear_v as_o believe_v the_o unconvert_v jew_n but_o be_v so_o al-already_a he_o be_v not_o in_o mourn_v and_o therefore_o he_o mourn_v not_o etc._n etc._n argument_n also_o from_o this_o place_n be_v part_v firm_a and_o part_v probable_a and_o use_v will_v be_v the_o only_a mean_n to_o distinguish_v betwixt_o they_o and_o now_o we_o come_v to_o treat_v of_o the_o canon_n belong_v to_o place_n dissentaneous_a compare_v and_o testimony_n chap._n xviii_o of_o canon_n belong_v to_o place_n dissentaneous_a compare_v and_o testimony_n ax._n 1_o the_o place_n from_o opposite_n in_o general_n have_v these_o two_o canon_n and_o first_o that_o of_o which_o one_o of_o the_o opposite_n be_v affirm_v of_o that_o the_o other_o must_v be_v deny_v commentary_n 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v a_o house_n and_o therefore_o can_v be_v a_o man_n he_o be_v sick_a and_o therefore_o can_v be_v sound_n etc._n etc._n and_o here_o the_o law_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v which_o we_o have_v recite_v book_n 1._o cap._n 22._o concern_v opposition_n ax._n 2._o the_o second_o be_v the_o predicate_v of_o opposite_n be_v also_o oppose_v 1._o §_o as._n a_o just_a man_n be_v he_o that_o keep_v the_o law_n and_o therefore_o a_o unjust_a that_o transgress_v it_o but_o here_o care_n be_v to_o be_v take_v lest_o their_o difference_n or_o affection_n generical_a be_v predicate_v for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v in_o that_o a_o man_n have_v a_o animate_v body_n that_o a_o beast_n have_v a_o inanimate_a nor_o that_o because_o whiteness_n be_v visible_a blackness_n be_v invisible_a because_o to_o be_v animate_v be_v the_o difference_n generical_a of_o man_n and_o visible_a the_o affection_n of_o colour_n not_o whiteness_n etc._n etc._n but_o this_o viz._n that_o because_o whiteness_n scatter_v therefore_o blackness_n gather_v the_o sight_n be_v a_o good_a consequence_n and_o do_v follow_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o the_o place_n from_o contrary_n have_v three_o canon_n first_o that_o which_o take_v up_o one_o contrary_a that_o take_v up_o another_o and_o that_o which_o take_v not_o up_o one_o that_o neither_o another_o 1._o §_o as_o love_n be_v in_o the_o concupiscent_a appetite_n and_o therefore_o hatred_n right_n belong_v not_o to_o beast_n and_o therefore_o they_o can_v suffer_v injury_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o second_o the_o cause_n effect_n and_o adjunct_n of_o contrary_n be_v contrary_n 1._o §_o as_o virtue_n be_v from_o a_o good_a and_o therefore_o vice_n from_o a_o ill_a habit._n that_o make_v one_o happy_a and_o therefore_o this_o miserable_a that_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v and_o therefore_o this_o to_o be_v shun_v etc._n etc._n but_o here_o two_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v and_o first_o lest_o we_o take_v the_o cause_n or_o effect_n by_o accident_n instead_o of_o those_o per_fw-la se_fw-la for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v a_o good_a man_n love_v and_o defend_v he_o and_o therefore_o a_o wicked_a man_n hate_v and_o desert_n he_o because_o love_n to_o one_o own_n be_v not_o from_o virtue_n but_o nature_n second_o who_o effect_n be_v dependent_a on_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o matter_n for_o by_o reason_n of_o dissimilitude_n of_o matter_n it_o often_o happen_v that_o the_o same_o cause_n produce_v contrary_a effect_n or_o contrary_a like_a for_o heat_n harden_v clay_n and_o soften_v wax_n and_o threaten_n not_o rare_o produce_v that_o in_o some_o which_o in_o other_o entreaty_n to_o wit_n because_o the_o efficient_a act_n not_o according_a to_o the_o measure_n of_o its_o virtue_n but_o that_o of_o the_o subject_v matter_n ax._n 5._o three_o of_o contrary_n immediate_a of_o necessity_n one_o of_o they_o must_v be_v in_o the_o capacious_a subject_n and_o the_o other_o not_o 1._o §_o as_o libertus_fw-la be_v not_o a_o servant_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v free_a the_o number_n be_v not_o even_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v odd_a the_o canon_n here_o observe_v the_o aforesaid_a limitation_n be_v firm_a enough_o and_o especial_o the_o three_o ax._n 6._o place_v from_o relateds_n have_v but_o this_o canon_n viz._n posit_v one_o of_o the_o related_n there_o be_v also_o posit_v the_o other_o and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o other_o also_o be_v take_v away_o 1._o §_o as_o he_o to_o who_o his_o father_n be_v master_n the_o same_o be_v his_o father_n servant_n the_o confederate_n of_o rome_n be_v not_o their_o subject_n and_o therefore_o the_o roman_n be_v not_o their_o master_n etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n be_v most_o certain_a ax._n 7._o the_o place_n from_o privative_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n of_o privative_n the_o one_o must_v of_o necessity_n be_v in_o the_o capacious_a subject_n the_o other_o not_o 1._o §_o as_o he_o be_v blind_a and_o therefore_o do_v not_o see_v ay_o say_v our_o saviour_n be_o the_o light_n of_o the_o world_n and_o therefore_o whosoever_o follow_v i_o walk_v not_o in_o darkness_n the_o subject_n be_v say_v to_o be_v capable_a when_o so_o in_o respect_n to_o nature_n and_o the_o time_n set_v by_o nature_n etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n hold_v firm_a ax._n 8._o place_v from_o contradicting_n have_v this_o one_o canon_n and_o that_o be_v one_o of_o the_o contradicting_n be_v place_v the_o other_o must_v be_v remove_v and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a 1._o §_o this_o canon_n be_v the_o very_a foundation_n upon_o which_o lean_a the_o principle_n of_o all_o science_n and_o which_o whosoever_o deny_v have_v no_o reason_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o that_o from_o the_o major_n have_v two_o rule_n or_o canon_n and_o the_o first_o be_v that_o to_o which_o the_o major_n agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o minor_n 1._o §_o as_o god_n give_v life_n to_o man_n and_o therefore_o he_o will_v give_v food_n body_n and_o therefore_o raiment_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 10._o the_o second_o that_o which_o convene_v not_o to_o the_o major_n that_o neither_o to_o the_o minor_n 1._o §_o as_o angel_n be_v not_o pure_a before_o god_n and_o therefore_o much_o less_o man._n a_o man_n take_v by_o his_o enemy_n can_v make_v his_o will_n much_o less_o a_o traitor_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o place_v from_o the_o minor_a have_v also_o two_o canon_n and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o the_o less_o do_v not_o agree_v to_o that_o neither_o the_o great_a 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a to_o be_v angry_a with_o one_o brother_n rash_o or_o without_o a_o cause_n much_o less_o to_o kill_v he_o ax._n 12._o second_o that_o which_o to_o the_o minor_a that_o also_o to_o the_o major_a 1._o §_o as_o a_o unchaste_a look_v upon_o a_o woman_n be_v a_o sin_n and_o therefore_o adultery_n god_n give_v food_n and_o raiment_n to_o the_o beast_n and_o therefore_o how_o much_o more_o to_o man_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 13._o place_v from_o equal_a have_v three_o canon_n and_o first_o to_o equal_v equal_a thing_n agree_v 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o david_n to_o eat_v the_o shewbread_n to_o allay_v his_o hunger_n and_o therefore_o for_o christ_n disciple_n to_o pull_v the_o ear_n of_o corn_n and_o eat_v they_o on_o the_o sabbath-day_n to_o satisfy_v
ax._n 1_o now_o canon_n compare_v be_v either_o of_o certain_a or_o else_o uncertain_a place_n ax._n 2._o and_o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v either_o general_n or_o special_a of_o which_o these_o contain_v a_o comparison_n in_o every_o those_o only_a in_o one_o certain_a genus_fw-la commentary_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n this_o canon_n that_o who_o effect_n be_v more_o such_o that_o itself_o be_v more_o such_o be_v of_o certain_a place_n because_o it_o express_v the_o place_n of_o the_o effect_n from_o whence_o this_o argument_n be_v take_v and_o general_n because_o adaptible_a to_o all_o thing_n which_o admit_v of_o any_o kind_n of_o comparison_n but_o now_o that_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o better_a subject_n that_o itself_o be_v better_o be_v indeed_o of_o certain_a place_n because_o indicating_z the_o argument_n be_v fetch_v from_o the_o place_n of_o the_o subject_a but_o not_o general_n because_o only_o to_o be_v adapt_v to_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v compare_v in_o goodness_n but_o this_o that_o which_o be_v more_o last_a be_v best_a be_v of_o uncertain_a place_n and_o special_a because_o it_o neither_o express_v where_o the_o place_n of_o the_o argument_n be_v neither_o can_v it_o be_v adapt_v to_o all_o thing_n which_o be_v compare_v among_o themselves_o etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o compare_v canon_n from_o the_o conjugate_v be_v these_o and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v more_o agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o other_o as_o caesar_n consult_v the_o republic_n more_o than_o bibulus_n and_o therefore_o in_o this_o respect_n be_v more_o a_o consul_n than_o he_o second_o if_o one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v be_v better_a than_o one_o than_o the_o other_o of_o the_o conjugate_v will_v be_v better_o than_o the_o other_o as_o if_o piety_n be_v before_o learning_n than_o a_o pious_a man_n will_v be_v before_o a_o learned_a man_n etc._n etc._n three_o from_o the_o definition_n these_o and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o the_o definition_n most_o agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o define_v as_o if_o the_o definition_n of_o whiteness_n be_v a_o colour_n disperse_v the_o sight_n it_o will_v follow_v that_o that_o which_o be_v white_a disperse_v the_o sight_n most_o etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o definition_n that_o also_o to_o the_o define_v as_o if_o a_o habit_n recall_v the_o affectious_a of_o the_o mind_n and_o action_n to_o mediocrity_n confer_v more_o to_o felicity_n than_o riches_n than_o virtue_n confer_v more_o to_o felicity_n than_o riches_n etc._n etc._n so_o from_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n four_o we_o have_v these_o as_o first_o that_o which_o agree_v most_o to_o the_o genus_fw-la that_o also_o to_o the_o species_n and_o that_o which_o most_o to_o the_o species_n that_o also_o to_o the_o individual_n as_o if_o a_o substance_n immaterial_a be_v more_o perspicacious_a than_o a_o corporeal_a than_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n separate_v will_v be_v more_o perspicacious_a than_o it_o be_v now_o when_o it_o be_v in_o the_o body_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o be_v contain_v under_o the_o better_a genus_fw-la or_o species_n that_o also_o its_o self_n be_v better_a and_o so_o because_o a_o live_a thing_n be_v better_a than_o a_o not_o a_o fly_n will_v be_v better_o than_o the_o heavent_n etc._n etc._n five_o from_o the_o whole_a and_o part_v we_o have_v these_o as_o first_o if_o the_o whole_a homogenous_a or_o whole_a consist_v of_o part_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o nature_n be_v more_o so_o than_o such_o a_o whole_a than_o its_o part_n will_v be_v more_o so_o than_o such_o a_o part_n and_o conrariwise_o as_o if_o gold_n be_v heavy_a than_o brass_n than_o it_o will_v follow_v that_o every_o part_n of_o gold_n observe_v the_o same_o proportion_n of_o magnitude_n will_v be_v heavy_a than_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o brass_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o be_v absolute_o such_o or_o effect_n any_o thing_n as_o such_o its_o whole_a will_v be_v more_o such_o and_o effect_v that_o any_o thing_n else_o be_v more_o such_o than_o its_o part_n and_o so_o if_o rhubarb_n have_v a_o power_n of_o purge_v choler_n than_o a_o drachm_n will_v have_v a_o great_a power_n than_o have_v a_o scruple_n because_o it_o be_v but_o the_o three_o part_n of_o a_o drachm_n etc._n etc._n under_o which_o general_a maxim_n be_v contain_v several_a special_a as_o first_o many_o good_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o few_o and_o so_o virtue_n with_o nobility_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o virtue_n alone_o second_o that_o which_o be_v honest_a pleasant_a and_o profitable_a will_v be_v beyond_o that_o which_o be_v only_o honest_a pleasant_a or_o profitable_a three_o that_o which_o increase_v or_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o abcess_n or_o access_n be_v better_a than_o that_o which_o neither_o increase_v nor_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o abcess_n or_o access_n four_o by_o how_o much_o more_o it_o increase_v or_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o absence_n or_o access_n by_o so_o much_o be_v it_o better_o than_o any_o other_o thing_n than_o the_o which_o it_o be_v better_a in_o this_o respect_n etc._n etc._n five_o from_o matter_n and_o form_n in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o have_v these_o and_o first_o that_o who_o matter_n be_v more_o so_o that_o also_o itself_o be_v more_o so_o so_o because_o gold_n be_v better_a and_o more_o durable_a than_o stone_n it_o follow_v that_o a_o golden_a statue_n be_v better_a and_o more_o durable_a than_o a_o stone_n one_o etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o have_v a_o noble_a form_n that_o itself_o be_v also_o noble_a so_o because_o the_o form_n of_o man_n be_v better_a than_o that_o of_o beast_n because_o this_o be_v immaterial_a and_o immortal_a and_o that_o material_a and_o mortal_a it_o follow_v that_o man_n be_v better_a than_o beast_n etc._n etc._n six_o from_o the_o cause_n efficient_a these_o and_o first_o that_o which_o by_o itself_o simple_o and_o by_o its_o nature_n be_v such_o be_v more_o so_o than_o that_o which_o by_o accident_n be_v such_o or_o in_o some_o respect_n or_o by_o participation_n and_o so_o meat_n as_o meat_n be_v wholesome_a than_o physic_n because_o that_o of_o itself_o be_v so_o and_o this_o only_a by_o accident_n and_o light_n be_v more_o profitable_a than_o darkness_n because_o that_o be_v useful_a to_o all_o this_o only_a to_o thief_n and_o such_o as_o will_v abscond_v last_o the_o sun_n be_v more_o splendid_a than_o the_o moon_n because_o that_o shine_v of_o its_o own_o nature_n this_o only_a by_o participation_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o of_o itself_o and_o by_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v more_o such_o that_o effect_n more_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a so_o fire_n heat_v more_o than_o water_n when_o it_o be_v warm_v because_o hot_a so_o you_o know_v iron_n to_o be_v heavy_a than_o wood_n because_o it_o more_o swift_o descend_v etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n can_v be_v use_v only_o in_o cause_n of_o themselves_o for_o in_o cause_n by_o accident_n it_o fail_v often_o for_o iron_n red-hot_a although_o not_o hot_a than_o flame_n burn_v yet_o more_o vehement_o the_o density_n of_o its_o matter_n assist_v it_o and_o impress_v the_o heat_n more_o strong_o upon_o the_o patient_n and_o so_o in_o other_o instance_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n three_o that_o to_o which_o the_o cause_n agree_v most_o to_o that_o also_o the_o effect_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a so_o you_o may_v prove_v old_a man_n to_o be_v more_o prudent_a than_o young_a because_o they_o have_v more_o experience_n in_o thing_n four_o that_o by_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v such_o that_o itself_o also_o must_v be_v more_o such_o and_o so_o because_o water_n grow_v warm_a by_o fire_n it_o may_v be_v collect_v that_o the_o fire_n be_v more_o hot_a than_o it_o but_o this_o canon_n in_o some_o case_n will_v fail_v we_o and_o first_o in_o cause_n by_o accident_n and_o aequivocal_a for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o because_o some_o one_o be_v drink_v by_o wine_n that_o therefore_o wine_n shall_v be_v more_o drink_v or_o because_o the_o knife_n be_v sharpen_v by_o the_o stone_n that_o therefore_o the_o stone_n shall_v be_v sharp_a than_o the_o knife_n second_o in_o effect_n which_o receive_v not_o more_o or_o less_o as_o if_o you_o shall_v prove_v the_o father_n to_o be_v more_o a_o man_n than_o his_o son_n because_o the_o son_n be_v so_o by_o his_o mean_n three_o those_o which_o depend_v not_o upon_o one_o cause_n for_o although_o the_o scholar_n derive_v his_o learning_n from_o his_o master_n yet_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o the_o master_n must_v be_v always_o learnede_a than_o the_o scholar_n for_o it_o may_v be_v that_o the_o scholar_n may_v have_v more_o ingeny_n and_o industry_n than_o his_o master_n etc._n etc._n five_o those_o who_o operation_n work_n or_o effect_v
of_o its_o part_n 1._o §_o many_o thing_n when_o divide_v be_v true_a which_o join_v be_v false_a as_o that_o one_o sit_v may_v stand_v many_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n true_a conjoin_v which_o be_v false_a divide_v as_o all_o penitent_a sinner_n shall_v be_v save_v when_o the_o argument_n run_v from_o divide_a to_o conjoin_v there_o follow_v a_o fallacy_n of_o the_o composition_n when_o from_o conjoin_v to_o divide_v of_o the_o division_n each_o of_o these_o fallacy_n may_v be_v commit_v eight_o way_n first_o in_o enunciation_n modal_n as_o it_o be_v possible_a for_o one_o sit_v to_o stand_v for_o if_o the_o participle_n sit_v be_v join_v with_o the_o verb_n stand_v the_o enunciation_n be_v false_a if_o join_v with_o the_o mode_n possible_a true_a for_o one_o sit_v even_o while_o he_o sit_v have_v the_o power_n or_o faculty_n of_o stand_v but_o not_o of_o stand_v as_o long_o as_o he_o sit_v 2._o second_o in_o enumeration_n who_o part_n be_v conjoin_v or_o separate_v by_o some_o grammatical_a conjunction_n as_o every_o animal_n either_o be_v rational_a or_o irrational_a but_o not_o every_o animal_n be_v rational_a and_o therefore_o every_o animal_n irrational_a here_o the_o division_n of_o the_o major_a cause_n the_o fallacy_n for_o the_o major_n true_a if_o take_v conjoint_o and_o as_o a_o simple_a enunciation_n who_o attribute_n rational_a or_o irrational_a be_v take_v as_o unum_fw-la quid_fw-la or_o one_o something_o but_o if_o take_v divide_o and_o as_o a_o enunciation_n compose_v in_o this_o manner_n every_o animal_n be_v rational_a or_o every_o animal_n be_v irrational_a apparent_o false_a 3._o three_o when_o in_o the_o major_a the_o note_n of_o quantity_n take_v collective_o or_o distributive_o into_o the_o genus_n of_o the_o singular_n it_o be_v so_o use_v as_o if_o it_o be_v take_v distributive_o into_o the_o singular_n of_o those_o genus_n as_o all_z the_o planet_n be_v seven_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n be_v planet_n and_o therefore_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n be_v seven_o this_o fallacy_n consist_v in_o the_o word_n all_o which_o if_o collective_o take_v the_o major_a indeed_o will_v be_v true_a but_o the_o minor_a false_a for_o this_o aught_o to_o have_v be_v the_o minor_a the_o sun_n and_o moon_n be_v all_o the_o planet_n if_o the_o word_n all_o be_v take_v distributive_o the_o major_n will_v be_v false_a another_o every_o animal_n be_v in_o noah_n be_v ark_n many_o animal_n perish_v in_o the_o flood_n therefore_o many_o animal_n perish_v in_o the_o flood_n be_v in_o noah_n be_v ark._n this_o fallacy_n also_o lie_v in_o the_o word_n every_n which_o if_o take_v of_o the_o singular_n of_o the_o genus_n the_o major_n will_v be_v false_a if_o of_o the_o genus_n of_o the_o singular_n the_o minor_n for_o none_o of_o the_o genus_n of_o those_o animal_n perish_v which_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v in_o noah_n be_v ark._n 4._o four_o when_o any_o word_n may_v be_v conjoin_v either_o to_o the_o antecedent_n or_o consequent_n as_o that_o of_o menander_n te_fw-la servum_fw-la feci_fw-la liberum_fw-la that_o be_v i_o make_v thou_o a_o servant_n a_o freeman_n which_o may_v signify_v i_o bring_v thou_o into_o servitude_n who_o be_v it_o free_a or_o i_o make_v thou_o be_v a_o servant_n a_o freeman_n that_o be_v maumise_v thou_o or_o set_v the_o free_a from_o slavery_n 5._o five_o when_o a_o place_n be_v quote_v out_o of_o any_o author_n and_o some_o part_n of_o it_o conceal_v with_o this_o fallacy_n the_o devil_n matth._n 4._o attempt_v to_o persuade_v christ_n that_o he_o shall_v throw_v himself_o down_o from_o the_o pinnacle_n of_o the_o temple_n bring_v in_o a_o testimony_n from_o david_n after_o this_o manner_n it_o be_v write_v say_v he_o he_o shall_v give_v his_o angel_n charge_v concern_v thou_o and_o they_o shall_v bear_v thou_o in_o their_o hand_n lest_o at_o any_o time_n thou_o dash_v thy_o foot_n against_o a_o stone_n but_o it_o it_o be_v write_v he_o shall_v give_v his_o angel_n charge_v concern_v thou_o to_o keep_v thou_o walk_v in_o all_o thy_o way_n that_o be_v follow_v the_o business_n of_o thy_o call_v with_o both_o hand_n shall_v they_o bear_v thou_o up_o that_o thou_o dash_v not_o thy_o foot_n against_o a_o stone_n psalm_n 92._o 6._o six_o when_o a_o word_n be_v now_o take_v in_o a_o divide_a now_o conjoin_v sense_n as_o every_o incuria_fw-la or_o neglect_v be_v worthy_a to_o be_v blame_v the_o senate_n be_v in_o curiâ_fw-la that_o be_v in_o court_n and_o therefore_o the_o senate_n be_v worthy_a to_o be_v blame_v this_o fallacy_n rather_o have_v place_n in_o speech_n than_o write_v 7._o seven_o when_o what_o be_v say_v of_o the_o part_n be_v conclude_v of_o the_o whole_a or_o what_o of_o the_o whole_a of_o the_o part_n as_o two_o and_o three_o be_v even_o and_o odd._n five_o be_v two_o and_o three_o five_o thertfore_o be_v even_o and_o odd_a this_o be_v a_o fallacy_n of_o composition_n five_o be_v one_o number_n two_o and_o three_o be_v five_o therefore_o two_o and_o three_o be_v one_o number_n this_o be_v of_o division_n 8._o eight_o when_o those_o thing_n be_v conjoin_v which_o be_v several_o predicate_v or_o divide_v which_o be_v joint_o as_o this_o dog_n be_v a_o father_n this_o dog_n be_v thou_o and_o therefore_o this_o dog_n be_v thy_o father_n this_o be_v a_o fallacy_n of_o the_o composition_n again_o mycillus_n be_v a_o good_a shoemaker_n and_o therefore_o mycillus_n be_v a_o good_a man._n this_o be_v of_o division_n this_o fallacy_n also_o may_v be_v reduce_v to_o that_o of_o from_o a_o word_n simple_o to_o one_o secundum_fw-la quid_fw-la or_o according_a to_o something_o or_o its_o contrary_a for_o nothing_o hinder_v but_o that_o several_a cause_n of_o fallacy_n may_v concur_v to_o the_o same_o catch_n ax._n 10._o the_o sophism_n of_o accident_n or_o prosody_n be_v that_o which_o rise_v from_o the_o way_n of_o write_v or_o pronounce_v any_o thing_n either_o different_o write_v those_o thing_n which_o be_v pronounce_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n or_o different_o pronounce_v those_o which_o be_v alike_o write_v ax._n 11._o and_o this_o sophism_n be_v solve_v either_o by_o show_v that_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v the_o same_o manner_n pronounce_v be_v different_o write_v or_o different_o pronounce_v which_o be_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n write_v 1._o §_o the_o word_n prosody_n or_o accent_n here_o be_v general_o take_v for_o every_o variation_n of_o the_o voice_n the_o caption_n of_o this_o place_n be_v of_o two_o kind_n as_o appear_v from_o the_o definition_n propose_v of_o the_o first_o those_o in_o which_o the_o difference_n of_o write_n dissemble_v by_o a_o similitude_n of_o pronunciation_n and_o that_o be_v do_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n for_o either_o those_o word_n be_v pronounce_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n which_o differ_v in_o letter_n or_o aspiration_n or_o note_n of_o the_o accent_n for_o example_n omnis_fw-la equus_n every_o equus_n that_o be_v horse_n be_v a_o beast_n every_o just_a man_n be_v aequus_fw-la that_o be_v righteous_a therefore_o every_o just_a man_n be_v beast_n this_o catch_n be_v in_o the_o letter_n moreover_o every_o ara_n that_o be_v altar_n be_v in_o the_o temple_n a_o stable_a of_o hog_n be_v name_v hara_n that_o be_v sty_n and_o therefore_o a_o stable_a of_o hog_n be_v in_o the_o temple_n this_o consist_v in_o the_o aspiration_n for_o in_o the_o greek_a the_o word_n be_v write_v otherwise_o both_o alike_o last_o if_o one_o confound_v the_o verb_n amare_fw-la to_o love_v with_o the_o adverb_n of_o that_o name_n which_o signify_v bitter_o the_o caption_n shall_v be_v from_o the_o note_n of_o the_o accent_n these_o caption_n be_v usual_a after_o aspiration_n and_o note_n of_o accent_n begin_v to_o be_v write_v over_o their_o word_n but_o before_o these_o caption_n belong_v to_o the_o second_o genus_fw-la 2._o which_o be_v commit_v two_o manner_n of_o way_n and_o first_o when_o we_o take_v that_o in_o earnest_n which_o be_v ironical_o write_v or_o on_o the_o contrary_a as_o if_o a_o servant_n shall_v think_v himself_o commend_v by_o his_o angry_a master_n write_v to_o he_o after_o this_o manner_n ha_o good_a sir_n you_o have_v take_v care_n very_o fair_o or_o the_o like_a second_o when_o word_n which_o have_v their_o antepenultima_fw-la or_o last_v syllable_n but_o one_o long_o shall_v be_v take_v as_o if_o short_a as_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v confound_v the_o word_n leporem_fw-la a_o hare_n with_o the_o word_n lepôrem_n facetiousness_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 12._o sophism_n from_o the_o figure_n of_o speech_n be_v then_o when_o from_o the_o likeness_n of_o word_n it_o be_v conclude_v that_o they_o have_v the_o same_o accident_n or_o signification_n ax._n 13._o this_o be_v solve_v by_o show_v the_o diversity_n of_o accident_n or_o signification_n in_o the_o word_n alike_o 1._o