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cause_n	good_a	great_a	king_n	5,512	5	3.6764	3	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A65182	Voyages and discoveries in South-America the first up the river of Amazons to Quito in Peru, and back again to Brazil, perform'd at the command of the King of Spain by Christopher D'Acugna : the second up the river of Plata, and thence by land to the mines of Potosi by Mons Acarete : the third from Cayenne into Guiana, in search of the lake of Parima, reputed the richest place in the world by M. Grillet and Bechamel : done into English from the originals, being the only accounts of those parts hitherto extant : the whole illustrated with notes and maps.	Acuña, Cristóbal de, b. 1597. Nuevo descubrimiento del gran rio de las Amazonas. English.; Acarete, du Biscay, 17th cent. Relation des voyages dans la rivière de la Plate. English.; Grillet, Jean, 1624-1677. Journal du voyage qu'on fait les Per̀es Jean Grillet et François Bećhamel ... dans la Goyane l'an 1674. English.; Béchamel, François, 1637-1676.	1698 (1698)	Wing V746; ESTC R1215	153,168	365

beyond what they are in Spain they never go abroad unless it be to go to Mass or to make some Visit or to some publick Feast and that but rarely The Women here are generally addicted to excess in taking Coca This is a Plant that comes from the side of Cusco which when it is made up in Rowls and dry'd they chew as some do Tobacco they are so heated and sometimes absolutely fuddled by it that they have no command of themselves at all 'T is likewise often us'd by the Men and has the same effects upon them They are otherwise very Temperate in eating and drinking tho' they have before dwelt in places well stor'd with all sort of Provisions as Beef Mutton Fowls Venizon raw and preserv'd Fruits Corn and Wine which are brought hither from other parts and some from a great distance which makes these Commodities dear so that the meaner sort of People especially those that have very little before-hand would find it hard enough to live there if Money were not very plenty and easie to be got by them that are willing to work The best and finest Silver in all the Indies is that of the Mines of Potosi the principal of which are found in the Mountain of Aranzasse where besides the prodigious quantities of Silver that have been taken out of Veins in which the Mettal evidently appear'd and which are now exhausted there is almost as great quantities of it found in places where they had not digg'd before nay from some of the Earth which they threw aside formerly when they open'd the Mines and made Pits and Cross-ways in the Mountains they have taken Silver and have found by this that the Silver has been form'd since that time which shews how proper the Quality of this Ground is for the production of that Metal But indeed this Earth does not yield so much as the Mines that are found by Veins among the Rocks There are besides these another sort of Veins of Earth which they call Paillaco which are as hard as a Stone and of the Colour of Clay which were slighted heretofore and yet as Experience has since taught were not so contemptable as was suppos'd since Silver is got out of 'em with so little Charge that there is no inconsiderable profit found in the Work Besides the Mines of this Mountain there are a great many others about the Country at a greater distance that are pretty good amongst others those of Lippes of Carangas and of Porco but those of Ouroures that have been lately discover'd are better The King of Spain does not cause any of these Mines to be wrought on his own account but leaves 'em to those Persons that make the Discovery of 'em who remain Masters of 'em after the Corregidor has visited 'em and declar'd 'em Proprietors on the accustom'd Conditions and Privileges The same Corregidor describes and marks out the superfices of the Ground in which they are allow'd to open the Mine on the outside which does not for all that limit or restrain their work under-ground every Man having liberty to follow the Vein he has found let the extent and depth of it reach never so far tho' it should cross that which another has digged near it All that the King reserves for himself besides the Duties we shall hereafter speak of is to give a general direction by his Officers for all the work of the Mines and to order the number of Savages to be employ'd in 'em to prevent the disorders that would arise if every Proprietor of the Mines should have liberty to set as many of 'em to work as he pleas'd which would frequently give occasion to those that are most powerful and Rich to ingross and have so great a Number of 'em that few or none would remain for others to employ to keep their work going forward for this would be contrary to the Kings Interest which is to make Provision that that there be a sufficient number of Slaves for all the Mines that are open'd For this end he obliges all the Couracas or Chiefs of the Savages to furnish every one a certain number which they must always keep compleat or else are forc'd to give twice as much Money as would have been paid in Wages to those that are wanting if they had been present Those that are destin'd for the Mines of Potosi don't amount to above Two thousand and two or three hundred these are brought and put into a great Enclosure which is at the Foot of the Mountain where the Corregidor makes a distribution of 'em to the Conductors of the Mines according to the Number they want and after Six days constant Work the Conductor brings 'em back the Saturday following to the same place where the Corregidor causes a review to be made of 'em to make the owners of the Mines give 'em the Wages that are appointed 'em and to see how many of 'em are dead that the Couracas may be oblig'd to supply the number that is Wanting for there 's no Week passes but some of 'em die either by divers accidents that Occur as the tumbling down of great quantities of Earth and falling of Stones or by Sickness and other Casualties They are sometimes very much incommoded by Winds that are shut up in the Mines the coldness of which joyn'd to that of some parts of the Earth chills 'em so excessively that unless they chew'd Coca which heats and fuddles 'em it would be intolerable to ' em Another great hardship which they suffer is that in other places the Sulphurous and Mineral Vapours are are so great that it strangely drys 'em up so that it hinders 'em from free respiration and for this they have no other remedy than the Drink which is made with the Herb of Paraguay of which they prepare a great quantity to refresh and moisten 'em when they come out of the Mines at the times appointed for eating or sleeping this Drink serves 'em also for Physick to make 'em Vomit and cast up whatever incommodes their Stomachs Among these Savages they ordinarily choose the best Workmen to break up the Oar between the Rocks this they do with Iron-barrs which the Spaniards call Palancas and other Instruments of Iron others serve to carry what they digg in little Baskets to the entrance of the Mine others to put it in Sacks and load it upon a sort of great Sheep which they call Carneros de la Tierra they are taller than Asses and commonly carry Two hundred Pound weight these serve to carry it to the Work-houses which are in the Town along the River which comes from the Lake I have spoken of before In these Work-houses which are a Hundred and twenty in Number the Oar is refined of which take the following account They first beat it well upon Anvils with certain great Hammers which a Mill continually keeps at work when they are pretty well reduc'd to Powder they pass it thro' a fine Sieve

of Fruitful Plains and partly of Forrests full of Algarobe and Palm-trees which bear Dates somewhat less than those in the East-Countries as well as many other sorts of Trees and Plants amongst others those that yield Pitch and those that produce Cocheneil and Cotton There are divers small Lakes about which there are great quantities of Salt produc'd which is us'd by the People of that Country I stay'd one day at Esseco to prepare my self some Provisions to live upon It 's Situation is upon a very handsome broad River which yet may be foarded on Horseback This Town was formerly as big and as considerable as Cordona but is now ruin'd there being not above 30 Families left in it for the rest deserted it because of the great number of Tigers that infested 'em devouring their Children and sometimes Men when they could surprize 'em besides an incredible number of Venemous Flies that sting very smartly with which the Country is fill'd for four or five Leagues about the Town so that there 's no going abroad without being mask'd This Country is also sufficiently Fruitful in Wheat Barley Vines and other Fruit-trees and would abound in Cattle if the Tigers did not devour ' em From Esseco to Salta is 15 Leagues And this space of Land would be like that I have just now spoken of but that it is Gravelly in some places One may easily discern Salta about 2 Leagues before one comes at it because it stands in the middle of a fine Plain which is fertile in Corn Grapes and other sorts of Fruit Cattle and other necessaries of Life Encompass'd in some places with Hills and some pretty high Mountains The Town is upon the bank of a Little River over which there is a Bridge It may contain about 400 Houses and 5 or 6 Churches and Convents the Structure of which is like that of those I have before describ'd 'T is not encompass'd with any Walls Fortifications or Ditches but the Wars the Inhabitants have had with their Neighbours have train'd them in Martial Discipline and render'd 'em more careful to have Arms in a readiness than formerly They are about 500 Men who all bear Arms besides Slaves Moulatos and Blacks who are three times as many 'T is a place of great resort because of the considerable Trade they have in Corn Meal Cattle Wine Salted Meat Tallow and other Commodities wherewith they Trade with the Inhabitants of Peru. Twelve Leagues beyond it lies Xuxui which is the last Town of Tucuman on the side of Peru. There are up and down on the Road a great many Cottages or Farms and more than in any other place tho' the Country is not so pleasant nor so fruitful being almost nothing else but Hills and Mountains This Town of Xuxui contains about 300 Houses 'T is not very full of People because of the continual Wars the Inhabitants of it as well as those of Salta have with the Savages of the Valley of Calchaqui who are continually harasing of ' em The Cause that set these Wars on Foot is as follows The Governor of Tucuman Don Alonso de Mercado and de Villa Corta having receiv'd Information that the House of the last Incas or Kings of Peru which was call'd the White-house was in this Valley and that there was a great deal of Treasure there which the Natives kept as a mark of their Ancient Grandeur gave advice of it to his Catholick Majesty and begg'd leave to make a Conquest of it and subject it to his Government as it had far'd with so many other places which he obtain'd To accomplish his design he thought meet to employ Don Pedro Bohoriers a Moor and Native of Estramadura as being a Person who had been accustom'd to converse with Savage People and was capable of carrying on Intreagues amongst 'em and so more fit than another to make this design succeed but the business had a quite contrary Event For this Bohoriers when he was got among the Savages of this Valley and had gain'd their Affections instead of acquitting himself of his Commission endeavor'd to establish himself in Power amongst 'em in which he succeeded so well that by his Craft and good address he brought 'em to choose and acknowledge him for their King after which he declar'd himself against this Spanish Governor and began a War with him towards the end of 1638 and several times routed him and his Forces which gave occasion to several of the Indian Natives that were under the Dominion of the Spaniards to throw of their Yoke and joyn with the People of this Valley who by these additions have render'd themselves somewhat formidable Hither also the Slaves of Peru particularly those that serve in the Mines fly when they can find an opportunity to make their escape And the safe retreat they find here draws a great number of 'em to this place insomuch that the Spaniards would not have half Men enough to work in the Mines if they did not get Negros from Congo Angola and other places on the Coast of Guinea by means of divers Genoese that go thither to fetch 'em and sell 'em to them at a price concerted between ' em From Xuxui to Potosi they count a 100 Leagues the way is very troublesome and there is but this one Road to go from Tucuman to Peru. Two Leagues from Xuxui I began to advance to the Mountains between which there 's a little and very narrow Valley that reaches as far as Omagoaca which is 20 Leagues beyond and along it there runs a small River which one is oblig'd to pass and repass very often Before you are got 4 Leagues in this Road you meet with Vulcanos or Burning Mountains full of Sulphurous matter which break out in Flames from time to time and sometimes burst open and throw quantities of Earth into the Valley which makes the way so dirty when a Rain comes soon after it as it almost always happens that sometimes you must be forc'd to stay Five or Six Months or till the Summer comes to dry it to make it passable These Vulcanos continue for 2 Leagues upon this Road and in all this space there are no Houses either of Spaniards or Savages but beyond it all along as far as Omagoaca there are a great many little Cottages inhabited only by Indians and depending on some Towns of theirs which are govern'd by their Chiefs whom they call Couracas who have a Cacique over them whose Orders they obey and whose residence is at Omagoaca which is a Town of 200 Houses built of Earth and standing in no good Order The Land about it is none of the best however they sow Wheat there and a great quantity of Millet which the Indians ordinarily use As for Cattle they have very few and commonly eat Beef dry'd in the Sun which is brought them by those that Trade with 'em they have also Goats and Sheep of their own Product The most of these Savages are Catholicks