when_o the_o matter_n of_o generation_n and_o composition_n be_v divers_a that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o remote_a this_o the_o proximate_a matter_n 2._o §_o now_o aristotle_n divide_v matter_n also_o book_n 8._o of_o the_o met._n cap._n 6._o into_o intelligible_a and_o sensible_a and_o intelligible_a be_v that_o when_o in_o accident_n or_o other_o simple_a thing_n the_o mind_n distinguish_v between_o material_a and_o formal_a so_o letter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o matter_n of_o word_n word_n of_o speech_n so_o precept_n of_o discipline_n method_n the_o form_n after_o this_o manner_n be_v distinguish_v material_a and_o formal_a in_o the_o subject_n of_o discipline_n material_a be_v the_o thing_n itself_o which_o be_v consider_v formal_a the_o manner_n of_o its_o consideration_n so_o the_o material_a of_o physics_n be_v natural_a body_n formal_a as_o natural_a ax._n 12._o form_n be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o which_o explain_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v or_o the_o ratio_fw-la of_o that_o by_o which_o it_o be_v explain_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v or_o last_o the_o ratio_fw-la of_o the_o essence_n 1._o §_o form_n in_o the_o greek_a be_v be_v term_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o also_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v species_n or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v exemplar_n sometime_o also_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v according_a to_o hermolaus_n barbarus_fw-la its_o perfect_a habitude_n or_o the_o like_a these_o three_o all_o conspire_v in_o the_o same_o thing_n and_o return_v to_o this_o viz._n that_o form_n be_v the_o internal_a cause_n by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v for_o by_o matter_n also_o it_o exist_v but_o by_o form_n it_o be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v that_o be_v of_o this_o or_o that_o species_n for_o example_n that_o man_n exist_v be_v no_o less_o from_o matter_n than_o form_n but_o that_o he_o be_v a_o man_n rather_o than_o of_o any_o other_o species_n of_o creature_n be_v due_a only_a to_o form_n ax._n 13._o the_o office_n of_o form_n be_v two_o viz._n to_o inform_v the_o matter_n and_o with_o such_o matter_n to_o constitute_v the_o compose_v 1._o §_o and_o these_o be_v not_o so_o much_o different_a in_o the_o thing_n itself_o as_o in_o reason_n for_o when_o matter_n of_o itself_o inform_v and_o determine_v receive_v form_n it_o be_v determine_v with_o form_n to_o constitute_v a_o certain_a species_n of_o compositum_fw-la both_o therefore_o constitute_v the_o compose_v matter_n by_o receive_v form_n and_o form_n by_o determine_v or_o form_v matter_n and_o that_o by_o a_o union_n intervening_a for_o without_o a_o union_n of_o form_n with_o matter_n the_o compose_v be_v not_o constitute_v which_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o theorem_n viz._n that_o ax._n 14._o form_n be_v four_o way_n divide_v and_o first_o into_o material_a and_o immaterial_a ax._n 15._o material_a form_n be_v that_o which_o be_v produce_v out_o of_o the_o power_n of_o matter_n or_o which_o depend_v upon_o matter_n in_o that_o self_n same_o moment_n and_o act_n by_o which_o it_o be_v make_v ax._n 16._o immaterial_a which_o be_v not_o produce_v neither_o do_v it_o depend_v &c_n &c_n 1._o §_o to_o be_v produce_v out_o of_o the_o power_n of_o matter_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o to_o be_v produce_v by_o a_o efficient_a cause_n in_o the_o matter_n and_o so_o as_o that_o the_o matter_n promote_v that_o action_n by_o its_o causality_n after_o this_o manner_n be_v produce_v material_a form_n form_n immaterial_a be_v also_o produce_v by_o a_o efficient_a cause_n in_o the_o matter_n but_o the_o matter_n itself_o do_v not_o contribute_v towards_o the_o action_n and_o this_o proper_o be_v say_v to_o create_v material_a form_n not_o only_o when_o make_n but_o also_o when_o make_v depend_v upon_o matter_n immaterial_a neither_o hence_o be_v it_o that_o those_o be_v corruptible_a these_o incorruptible_a all_o form_n of_o natural_a thing_n the_o humane_a soul_n except_v be_v material_a which_o only_o be_v immaterial_a ax._n 17._o second_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o substantial_a and_o accidental_a of_o which_o that_o constitute_v the_o substance_n this_o the_o accident_n in_o the_o concrete_a 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o substantial_a form_n of_o a_o musician_n as_o he_o be_v man_n be_v the_o rational_a soul_n accidental_a as_o he_o be_v a_o musician_n music_n in_o the_o like_a manner_n the_o substantial_a form_n of_o a_o statue_n be_v the_o form_n itself_o abstract_o of_o the_o marble_n or_o brass_n accidental_a as_o a_o statue_n the_o figure_n ax._n 18._o three_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o natural_a and_o artificial_a ax._n 19_o natural_a be_v that_o which_o be_v of_o nature_n artificial_a of_o art_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o soul_n be_v the_o form_n natural_a of_o every_o live_a thing_n the_o form_n of_o other_o natural_a thing_n want_v name_n and_o therefore_o be_v to_o we_o almost_o unknown_a figure_n be_v the_o artificial_a form_n of_o a_o statue_n as_o a_o artificial_a thing_n not_o as_o a_o natural_a to_o wit_n marble_n or_o brass_n for_o artificial_a form_n be_v quality_n of_o natural_a thing_n no_o formal_a cause_n but_o yet_o they_o be_v the_o formal_a cause_n of_o artificial_a thing_n as_o artificial_a for_o artificial_o be_v certain_a accident_n concrete_a with_o their_o substance_n ax._n 20._o four_o and_o last_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o principal_n and_o dispose_v ax._n 21._o the_o principal_a be_v that_o which_o constitute_v the_o species_n itself_o ax._n 22._o disponent_fw-la which_o dispose_v the_o matter_n to_o a_o aptitude_n for_o the_o reception_n of_o the_o principal_a form_n 1._o §_o the_o principal_a form_n be_v always_o a_o substantial_a form_n dispose_v either_o accidental_a or_o substantial_a disposition_n accidental_a be_v require_v in_o all_o thing_n have_v a_o substantial_a form_n substantial_a in_o animate_v only_o for_o example_n when_o wood_n burn_v it_o be_v first_o make_v hot_a and_o dry_v and_o after_o this_o manner_n make_v fit_a to_o receive_v the_o form_n of_o fire_n so_o likewise_o when_o a_o statue_n be_v make_v out_o of_o a_o beam_n or_o timber_n it_o be_v by_o degree_n to_o be_v dispose_v and_o form_v into_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o statue_n but_o when_o a_o animal_n be_v to_o be_v generate_v of_o seed_n this_o seed_n not_o only_o by_o its_o quality_n but_o also_o substantial_a form_n be_v to_o be_v dispose_v and_o make_v fit_a to_o receive_v the_o soul_n which_o form_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o seed_n be_v a_o principal_a though_o of_o the_o soul_n or_o animal_n a_o dispose_v etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o form_n also_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o intelligible_a and_o sensible_a but_o of_o this_o enough_o have_v be_v say_v already_o in_o the_o doctrine_n of_o matter_n chap._n xvii_o of_o efficient_a cause_n ax._n 1_o have_v external_n be_v those_o which_o enter_v not_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o thing_n as_o efficient_a and_o end_n ax._n 2._o a_o efficient_a be_v a_o external_n cause_n from_o which_o a_o thing_n proceed_v by_o a_o true_a causality_n 1._o §_o for_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o proceed_v also_o from_o the_o end_n but_o by_o a_o metaphorical_a not_o a_o true_a causality_n ax._n 3_o a_o efficient_a be_v of_o a_o very_a large_a extent_n ax._n 4._o and_o be_v first_o divide_v into_o active_a which_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o action_n cause_v the_o effect_n and_o into_o that_o from_o which_o a_o thing_n immediate_o flow_v and_o proceed_v without_o any_o action_n 1._o §_o it_o sometime_o happen_v that_o a_o cause_n cause_v the_o effect_n by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o action_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v its_o causality_n in_o cause_v such_o a_o cause_n we_o call_v active_a sometime_o by_o its_o own_o existence_n without_o any_o causality_n distinct_a from_o its_o existence_n and_o this_o by_o some_o be_v call_v emanative_n which_o word_n though_o feign_v with_o repugnance_n to_o the_o analogy_n of_o the_o latin_a tongue_n yet_o be_v it_o to_o be_v use_v upon_o this_o occasion_n till_o a_o more_o convenient_a can_v be_v find_v out_o for_o example_n the_o fire_n be_v the_o emanative_a cause_n of_o its_o own_o heat_n but_o the_o active_a of_o another_o ax._n 5._o second_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o immanent_a and_o transient_a ax._n 6._o immanent_a be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n in_o its_o self_n ax._n 7._o transient_a out_o of_o itself_o 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o a_o workman_n build_v a_o house_n or_o any_o one_o throw_v a_o stone_n both_o these_o be_v say_v to_o be_v transient_a but_o when_o our_o mind_n understand_v or_o desire_v any_o thing_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o immanent_a cause_n of_o those_o conception_n or_o affection_n which_o in_o understanding_n or_o desire_v it_o form_n ax._n 8._o the_o condition_n of_o the_o transient_a cause_n be_v two_o one_a
world_n shall_v thankful_a be_v and_o grateful_o extol_v thy_o charity_n which_o like_o the_o sun_n extend_v it_o useful_a light_n and_o dissipate_v the_o shadow_n of_o our_o night_n whilst_o wisdom_n here_o in_o england_n do_v remain_v like_o benefit_n impart_v and_o fame_n obtain_v l._n c._n book_n print_v for_o and_o sell_v by_o richard_n cumberland_n at_o the_o angel_n in_o st._n paul_n churchyard_n a_o scriptural_a catechism_n or_o the_o whole_a duty_n of_o man_n lay_v down_o in_o express_a word_n of_o scripture_n chief_o intend_v for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o young_a sort_n divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o first_o contain_v the_o chief_a principle_n of_o our_o christian_a belief_n the_o second_o instruct_v we_o in_o our_o duty_n to_o god_n and_o man_n according_a to_o the_o method_n observe_v in_o the_o excellent_a book_n entitle_v the_o whole_a duty_n of_o man._n to_o which_o be_v add_v some_o private_a devotion_n in_o express_a word_n of_o scripture_n with_o devout_a collect_v for_o several_a occasion_n recommend_v by_o the_o right_n reverend_a father_n in_o god_n edward_n lord_n bishop_n of_o gloucester_n price_n 6_o s._n reform_a devotion_n in_o meditation_n hymn_n and_o petition_n for_o every_o day_n in_o the_o week_n and_o every_o holiday_n in_o the_o year_n divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o four_o edition_n review'd_n price_n 2_o s._n 6_o d._n a_o antidote_n against_o the_o principal_a error_n of_o the_o predestinarian_a a_o work_n design_v for_o the_o information_n of_o the_o common_a people_n price_n 4_o d._n reflection_n upon_o the_o devotion_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n with_o the_o prayer_n hymn_n and_o lesson_n themselves_o take_v out_o of_o their_o authentic_a book_n the_o three_o edition_n with_o a_o appendix_n concern_v the_o miracle_n and_o relic_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n by_o john_n patrick_n d._n d._n late_a preacher_n of_o the_o charterhouse_n london_n 8_o vo_z price_n 2_o s._n a_o essay_n concern_v friendly_a reproof_n explain_v clear_o the_o nature_n excellency_n and_o usefulness_n of_o it_o prove_v both_o from_o reason_n and_o revelation_n that_o it_o be_v a_o indispensable_a duty_n and_o lay_v down_o very_o plain_a rule_n concern_v the_o proper_a method_n both_o of_o give_v and_o receive_v it_o etc._n etc._n price_n 6_o s._n serious_n reflection_n on_o time_n and_o eternity_n with_o some_o other_o subject_n moral_a and_o divine_a to_o which_o be_v annex_v a_o appendix_n concern_v the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o year_n how_o observe_v by_o the_o jew_n and_o may_v be_v best_a employ_v by_o a_o serious_a christian_a with_o a_o exhortation_n to_o youth_n to_o prepare_v for_o judgement_n by_o john_n shower_n the_o three_o edition_n correct_v and_o very_o much_o enlarge_v price_n 1_o s._n 6_o d._n horological_a disquisition_n concern_v the_o nature_n of_o time_n and_o the_o reason_n why_o all_o day_n from_o noon_n to_o noon_n be_v not_o alike_o twenty_o four_o hour_n long_o in_o which_o appear_v the_o impossibility_n of_o a_o clock_n be_v always_o keep_v exact_o true_a to_o the_o sun_n with_o table_n of_o equation_n and_o new_a and_o better_a rule_n than_o any_o yet_o extant_a how_o thereby_o precise_o to_o adjust_a royal_a pendulum_n and_o keep_v they_o afterward_o as_o near_o as_o possible_a to_o the_o apparent_a time_n with_o a_o table_n of_o pendulum_n show_v the_o beat_v that_o any_o length_n make_v in_o a_o hour_n a_o work_n very_o necessary_a for_o all_o that_o will_v understand_v the_o true_a way_n of_o right_o manage_v clock_n and_o watch_n by_o john_n smith_n c._n m._n to_o which_o be_v add_v the_o best_a rule_n for_o the_o order_v and_o use_n both_o of_o the_o quicksilver_n and_o spirit_n weather-glass_n and_o mr._n watson_n rule_n for_o adjust_v a_o clock_n by_o the_o fix_a star_n price_n 1_o s._n just_o publish_v a_o compendium_n of_o devotion_n contain_v a_o treatise_n of_o prayer_n and_o thanksgiving_n with_o morning_n and_o evening_n psayer_n for_o every_o day_n in_o the_o week_n &c_n &c_n also_o a_o sermon_n of_o draw_v nigh_o to_o god_n by_o the_o late_a reverend_a b._n whitcott_n d._n d._n pr._n 2_o s._n a_o letter_n from_o dr._n w._n p._n to_o the_o right_n reverend_a the_o bp._n of_o r_n in_o vindication_n of_o his_o sermon_n on_o trinity-súnday_a quarto_n pr._n 1_o s._n 6_o d._n the_o english_a atlas_n volume_n the_o 2_o d._n contain_v the_o description_n of_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n viz._n the_o upper_a and_o low_a saxony_n the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n bramen_n the_o marquisates_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o mismia_n with_o the_o territory_n adjoinng_a the_o palatinate_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n by_o w._n nicholson_n m._n a._n fellow_n of_o queens-college_n oxon_n with_o map_n always_o sell_v for_o 40_o s._n but_o now_o may_v be_v have_v for_o 15_o s._n the_o english_a atlas_n volume_n the_o 3d_o contain_v the_o description_n of_o part_n of_o germany_n viz._n schwaben_n the_o palatinate_n of_o bavaria_n arch-dukedom_n of_o austria_n kingdom_n of_o hungary_n principality_n of_o transylvania_n the_o circle_n of_o westphalia_n with_o the_o neighbour_a province_n by_o w._n nicholson_n m._n a._n arch-dcacon_a of_o carlisle_n and_o fellow_n of_o queens-college_n in_o oxon._n print_a for_o moses_n pitt_n with_o map_n always_o sell_v for_o 40_o s._n but_o now_o without_o at_o 5_o s._n advertisement_n all_o gentleman_n and_o other_o may_v be_v furnish_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o pamphlet_n either_o new_a or_o old_a a_o complete_a sett_n of_o all_o the_o philosophical_a transaction_n to_o this_o day_n at_o very_o reasonable_a rate_n may_v be_v have_v at_o the_o abovesaid_a place_n a_o table_n of_o the_o chapter_n and_o title_n contain_v in_o these_o two_o follow_a book_n of_o logic_n book_n i._n chap._n i._o of_o the_o nature_n and_o division_n of_o logic_n chap._n ii_o of_o theme_n simple_a and_o compose_v universal_a and_o singular_a chap._n iii_o of_o the_o category_n in_o general_n chap._n iu._n of_o substance_n chap._n v._o of_o quality_n chap._n vi_o of_o quantity_n chap._n vii_o of_o thing_n relate_v to_o each_o other_o chap._n viii_o of_o action_n and_o passion_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o four_o last_o category_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o predicate_v in_o general_n chap._n xi_o of_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n chap._n xii_o of_o difference_n chap._n xiii_o of_o property_n and_o accident_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o whole_a and_o part._n chap._n xv._o of_o cause_n and_o cause_v in_o general_n chap._n xvi_o of_o matter_n and_o form_n chap._n xvii_o of_o efficient_a cause_n chap._n xviii_o of_o end_n chap._n xix_o of_o subject_a and_o adjunct_n chap._n xx._n of_o conveniency_n of_o thing_n chap._n xxi_o of_o diversity_n or_o distinction_n of_o thing_n chap._n xxii_o of_o opposition_n of_o thing_n chap._n xxiii_o of_o order_n and_o of_o that_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o last_o and_o together_o with_o chap._n xxiv_o of_o interpretation_n in_o general_n and_o of_o noun_n and_o verb._n chap._n xxv_o of_o etymology_n and_o conjugate_v chap._n xxvi_o of_o synonym_n homonym_n and_o various_a acceptation_n of_o word_n chap._n xxvii_o of_o utterance_n or_o enunciation_n in_o general_n and_o that_o which_o be_v simple_a and_o compose_v in_o special_a chap._n xxviii_o of_o enunciation_n pure_a and_o modal_n chap._n xxix_o of_o enunciation_n universal_a particular_a indefinite_a and_o singular_a chap._n xxx_o of_o enunciation_n affirm_v deny_v finite_a and_o infinite_a chap._n xxxi_o of_o enunciation_n true_a and_o false_a necessary_a and_o contingent_a and_o their_o degree_n chap._n xxxii_o of_o conversion_n aequipollence_n and_o subalternation_n of_o enunciation_n chap._n xxxiii_o of_o opposition_n of_o enunciation_n book_n ii_o chap_n i._o of_o definition_n in_o general_n and_o definition_n nominal_a chap._n ii_o of_o perfect_a definition_n chap._n iii_o of_o imperfect_a definition_n chap._n iu._n of_o the_o manner_n of_o investigation_n or_o quest_n of_o definition_n chap._n v._o of_o division_n its_o law_n and_o species_n chap._n vi_o of_o definition_n of_o syllogism_n and_o all_o its_o part_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o three_o figure_n of_o syllogism_n and_o their_o modes_n chap._n viii_o of_o the_o law_n rule_n and_o propriety_n of_o syllogism_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o declaration_n of_o the_o second_o and_o three_o figure_n by_o reduction_n to_o the_o first_o and_o exposition_n so_o far_o as_o be_v necessary_a for_o our_o purpose_n chap._n x._o of_o find_v out_o a_o medium_fw-la with_o propriety_n to_o each_o figure_n and_o mode_n chap._n xi_o of_o induction_n enthymeme_n and_o example_n chap._n xii_o of_o syllogism_n hypothetical_n disjunctive_a and_o relative_n chap._n xiii_o of_o dilemma_n prosyllogism_n and_o sorite_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o syllogism_n modal_n and_o indirect_a chap._n xv._o of_o syllogism_n dialectical_a or_o probable_a chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o
be_v say_v to_o be_v action_n as_o receive_v by_o the_o patient_n a_o passion_n for_o as_o the_o way_n from_o athens_n to_o thebes_n and_o from_o thebes_n to_o athens_n be_v one_o only_a way_n collate_v to_o diverse_a term_n and_o as_o the_o rise_n and_o fall_v of_o a_o mountain_n or_o hill_n differ_v only_o in_o respect_n so_o also_o action_n and_o passion_n be_v in_o this_o only_a respect_n different_a one_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o agent_n the_o other_o to_o the_o patient_n ax._n 11._o of_o action_n some_o be_v immanent_a other_o transient_a ax._n 12._o a_o action_n immanent_a be_v that_o who_o effect_n be_v in_o the_o agent_n as_o to_o understand_v to_o will_n ax._n 13._o transient_a who_o effect_n be_v in_o another_o thing_n as_o to_o burn_v to_o beat_v ax._n 14._o in_o the_o action_n immanent_a the_o agent_n and_o the_o patient_n be_v the_o same_o in_o the_o transient_a different_a in_o the_o thing_n itself_o ax._n 15._o a_o action_n transient_a be_v divide_v according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o its_o term_n to_o which_o into_o four_o species_n the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v that_o of_o substance_n as_o generation_n to_o which_o be_v oppose_v corruption_n the_o second_o quantity_n as_o accretion_n to_o which_o be_v oppose_v diminution_n the_o three_o quality_n as_o alteration_n the_o four_o of_o place_n or_o ubi_fw-la as_o local_a motion_n 1._o §_o these_o thing_n be_v deliver_v by_o aristotle_n in_o the_o 14_o chapter_n of_o the_o category_n but_o more_o full_o to_o be_v handle_v in_o the_o physics_n ax._n 16._o action_n may_v also_o be_v divide_v into_o univocal_a and_o aequivocal_a ax._n 17._o action_n univocal_a be_v that_o by_o which_o the_o agent_n produce_v a_o effect_n of_o its_o own_o species_n ax._n 18._o action_n aequivocal_a of_o a_o diverse_a 1._o §_o as_o when_o a_o mouse_n generate_v a_o mouse_n or_o heat_v heatt_z the_o action_n be_v univocal_a but_o when_o the_o sun_n generate_v mouse_n or_o light_n heatt_z the_o action_n be_v aequivocal_a ax._n 19_o last_o action_n be_v divide_v into_o perficient_fw-la or_o corrupt_v that_o be_v spoil_v ax._n 20._o action_n perficient_fw-la be_v that_o by_o which_o something_o be_v effect_v without_o the_o destruction_n of_o any_o thing_n ax._n 21._o corrupt_v that_o by_o which_o something_o be_v do_v and_o another_o thing_n destroy_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n illumination_n be_v a_o action_n perficient_fw-la for_o when_o the_o air_n be_v enlighten_v it_o be_v do_v by_o light_n nothing_o of_o form_n destroy_v but_o generation_n and_o heat_n be_v action_n corrupt_v for_o when_o a_o animal_n or_o any_o such_o thing_n be_v generate_v at_o the_o same_o time_n something_o else_o be_v destroy_v and_o he_o that_o be_v hot_a become_v so_o by_o the_o dismission_n of_o the_o cold._a the_o cause_n of_o this_o difference_n be_v because_o action_n perficient_fw-la be_v conversant_a among_o term_n privative_o oppose_v corrupt_v between_o either_o contrury_n or_o disparate_v ax._n 22._o the_o note_n of_o action_n be_v two_o first_o action_n have_v a_o contrary_a ax._n 23._o second_o action_n receive_v more_o or_o less_o 1._o §_o the_o action_n of_o heat_n be_v contrary_a to_o that_o of_o make_v cold_a and_o some_o thing_n heat_n or_o cool_v more_o other_o less_o and_o to_o heat_v more_o in_o this_o place_n be_v not_o to_o heat_v more_o swift_o but_o intense_o that_o be_v to_o produce_v a_o more_o intense_a heatt_z both_o these_o note_n belong_v to_o action_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o term_n to_o which_o and_o therefore_o neither_o to_o all_o but_o those_o only_a who_o term_n be_v contrary_a and_o receive_v intention_n and_o remission_n and_o therefore_o to_o generate_v to_o figure_n etc._n etc._n have_v no_o contrary_a nor_o be_v they_o intend_v or_o remit_v because_o substance_n or_o figure_n neither_o have_v a_o coutrary_a or_o be_v intend_v or_o remit_v 2._o §_o and_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o we_o have_v say_v of_o action_n agree_v also_o to_o passion_n for_o the_o division_n and_o note_n of_o both_o be_v the_o same_o chap._n ix_o of_o the_o four_o last_o category_n ax._n 1_o ubi_fw-la be_v a_o mode_n after_o which_o finite_a thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v somewhere_o 1._o §_o ubi_fw-la differ_v from_o place_n in_o that_o place_n if_o strict_o take_v agree_v only_o with_o body_n ubi_fw-la also_o with_o incorporeal_a substance_n if_o finite_a for_o substance_n incorporeal_a be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n definitive_o that_o be_v they_o be_v so_o say_v to_o be_v somewhere_o as_o not_o to_o be_v elsewhere_o but_o yet_o so_o as_o they_o occupy_v not_o any_o place_n or_o exclude_v other_o substance_n whether_o corporeal_a or_o incorporeal_a out_o of_o it_o which_o be_v improper_o to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n but_o corporeal_a substance_n be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n circumscriptive_o that_o be_v be_v say_v to_o occupy_v and_o expel_v other_o corporeal_a substance_n out_o of_o it_o which_o be_v proper_o to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n i_o say_v definite_a because_o god_n who_o be_v infinite_a be_v not_o say_v to_o be_v somewhere_o but_o everywhere_o 2._o §_o there_o be_v also_o another_o difference_n between_o place_n and_o ubi_fw-la for_o place_n belong_v to_o the_o question_n in_o which_o it_o be_v ask_v how_o much_o a_o thing_n be_v in_o quantity_n or_o how_o much_o room_n will_v it_o take_v up_o ubi_fw-la to_o the_o question_n in_o which_o it_o be_v ask_v where_o or_o whence_o the_o thing_n be_v whither_o or_o which_o way_n go_v and_o those_o answer_n which_o be_v make_v to_o these_o question_n as_o at_o home_n abroad_o in_o the_o country_n in_o the_o temple_n hence_o thence_o hither_o thither_o this_o way_n that_o way_n etc._n etc._n be_v place_v in_o this_o category_n ax._n 2._o when_o be_v a_o mode_n after_o which_o finite_a thing_n be_v say_v sometime_o to_o be_v to_o have_v be_v or_o to_o come_v 1._o §_o quando_fw-la or_o when_o differ_v from_o time_n strict_o and_o proper_o so_o call_v as_o ubi_fw-la from_o place_n for_o time_n strict_o take_v agree_v only_o to_o thing_n successive_a and_o consist_v in_o a_o perpetual_a motion_n and_o flux_n of_o part_n posterinrity_n that_o be_v according_a to_o priomty_n or_o posterinrity_n for_o it_o be_v define_v a_o number_n of_o motion_n according_a to_o first_o and_o last_o in_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 11._o but_o when_o be_v also_o attribute_v to_o thing_n moment_n any_o and_o permanent_a if_o finite_a for_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v infinite_a and_o eternal_a be_v not_o say_v sometime_o to_o be_v but_o always_o 2._o sect_n beside_o the_o word_n of_o time_n belong_v to_o quantity_n and_o to_o the_o question_n make_v by_o how_o long_o as_o a_o hour_n a_o year_n a_o age_n &c_n &c_n but_o the_o word_n which_o belong_v to_o this_o category_n to_o the_o question_n make_v by_o when_o as_o to_o day_n to_o morrow_n yesterday_n in_o the_o summer_n in_o the_o spring_n in_o the_o calends_o in_o the_o nones_n in_o the_o consulship_n of_o manlius_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o site_n be_v the_o order_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o body_n among_o themselves_o 5._o §_o for_o site_n belong_v only_o to_o body_n for_o the_o order_n of_o the_o part_n in_o time_n or_o number_n use_v not_o to_o be_v call_v site_n for_o although_o site_n can_v be_v change_v without_o local_a motion_n which_o be_v a_o motion_n to_o where_o yet_o be_v not_o site_n to_o be_v confound_v with_o ubi_fw-la not_o so_o much_o as_o in_o body_n for_o the_o ubi_fw-la may_v be_v change_v not_o change_v the_o site_n as_o when_o one_o without_o any_o motion_n of_o part_n be_v carry_v out_o of_o one_o place_n into_o another_o 2._o §_o site_n be_v either_o natural_a as_o that_o of_o the_o arm_n at_o the_o shoulder-blade_n or_o of_o the_o hand_n at_o the_o wrist_n or_o voluntary_a as_o to_o sit_v to_o stand_v to_o lie_v to_o be_v prone_a supine_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o habit_n be_v a_o manner_n after_o which_o clothes_n or_o any_o thing_n like_o clothes_n be_v put_v about_o the_o body_n append_v or_o any_o other_o way_n adjoin_v to_o it_o 1._o §_o to_o this_o category_n belong_v all_o those_o word_n which_o signify_v the_o conjunction_n of_o clothes_n armour_n and_o such_o like_a thing_n with_o the_o body_n as_o clothe_v arm_v gowned_a shield_v spear_v beard_a strew_v or_o cover_v with_o arras_n tapestry_n etc._n etc._n these_o and_o the_o like_a word_n signify_v not_o clothes_n or_o arm_n but_o the_o conjunction_n of_o clothes_n or_o arm_n with_o the_o body_n which_o aristotle_n signify_v when_o in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 20._o he_o call_v habit_n the_o act_n of_o he_o which_o have_v and_o of_o that_o which_o be_v have_v and_o between_o he_o which_o have_v on_o the_o garment_n and_o the_o garment_n itself_o etc._n
similitude_n accident_n in_o the_o concrete_a as_o just_o white_a etc._n etc._n in_o which_o the_o subject_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o matter_n accident_n in_o the_o abstract_n be_v the_o form_n in_o which_o number_n also_o be_v work_n perform_v by_o art_n of_o this_o place_n also_o be_v those_o thing_n in_o which_o be_v distinguish_v material_a and_o formal_a or_o in_o which_o there_o be_v something_o analogous_a to_o matter_n and_o form_n so_o the_o matter_n of_o discipline_n be_v precept_n the_o form_n method_n of_o interpretation_n voice_n the_o form_n signification_n this_o whole_a use_n to_o be_v call_v physical_a because_o physics_n vindicate_v to_o themselves_o the_o consideration_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n vulgar_o it_o be_v call_v essential_a ax._n 12._o a_o integral_a whole_a be_v that_o which_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part._n 1._o §_o now_o essential_a part_n be_v real_o different_a for_o matter_n be_v one_o thing_n and_o form_n another_o but_o yet_o one_o part_n be_v not_o out_o of_o another_o for_o matter_n permeate_n matter_n and_o inform_v all_o its_o part_n but_o part_n integral_a because_o each_o be_v endue_v with_o his_o proper_a quantity_n not_o only_o differ_v in_o themselves_o but_o also_o site_n or_o at_o least_o order_n so_o that_o one_o be_v not_o contain_v in_o another_o for_o this_o it_o be_v to_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part._n for_o example_n the_o part_n of_o the_o human_a body_n be_v head_n breast_n belly_n limb_n of_o the_o which_o one_o contain_v not_o another_o so_o the_o part_n of_o number_n be_v divers_a and_o one_o be_v not_o contain_v in_o another_o this_o whole_a be_v term_v mathematical_a because_o quantity_n be_v of_o mathematical_a consideration_n vulgar_o integral_a more_o proper_o integrate_a ax._n 13._o a_o integral_a whole_a be_v either_o continue_a or_o discrete_a ax._n 14._o both_o be_v divide_v into_o homogeneal_a and_o heterogenal_a that_o be_v similar_v and_o dissimilar_v ax._n 15._o homogeneal_a be_v that_o which_o have_v part_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o nature_n ax._n 16._o heterogeneal_a of_o a_o diverse_a 1._o §_o this_o distribution_n of_o the_o whole_a integral_n be_v extant_a in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o hist_n an._n cap._n 1._o and_o book_n 2._o of_o the_o part_n of_o an._n cap._n 1._o and_o book_n 1._o of_o the_o gener._n of_o an._n cap._n 1._o for_o example_n inanimate_a substance_n as_o water_n wine_n flesh_n also_o magnitude_n motion_n and_o time_n be_v whole_n homogeneal_a continual_a the_o body_n of_o animate_v heterogeneal_a continual_a number_n as_o three_o ten_o be_v whole_n homogeneal_a discrete_a a_o army_n church_n the_o world_n heterogeneal_a and_o of_o the_o same_o denomination_n ax._n 17._o a_o part_n heterogeneal_a be_v either_o principal_a or_o less_o principal_a ax._n 18._o that_o be_v a_o principal_a by_o who_o ablation_n or_o take_v away_o the_o whole_a be_v destroy_v ax._n 19_o the_o less_o by_o who_o take_v away_o the_o whole_a be_v only_o maim_v or_o mutilate_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n hand_n brain_n heart_n liver_n be_v principal_a part_n of_o man_n because_o these_o take_v away_o of_o necessity_n the_o man_n must_v die_v foot_n hand_n ear_n etc._n etc._n be_v less_o principal_a because_o these_o be_v take_v away_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a a_o man_n shall_v die_v ax._n 20._o a_o whole_a by_o accident_n be_v chief_o say_v four_o way_n and_o first_o of_o a_o cause_n of_o divers_a effect_n second_o a_o effect_n of_o divers_a cause_n three_o of_o a_o subject_a of_o divers_a adjunct_n fourthly_a of_o a_o adjunct_n of_o divers_a subject_n 1._o §_o first_o a_o cause_n of_o divers_a effect_n and_o so_o a_o plant_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o whole_a because_o of_o plant_n some_o heat_n other_o cool_a etc._n etc._n second_o a_o effect_n of_o divers_a cause_n as_o mouse_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v generate_v of_o the_o sun_n other_o of_o mouse_n etc._n etc._n three_o a_o subject_a of_o divers_a adjunct_n as_o man_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v bond_n some_o free_a some_o good_a some_o bad_a etc._n etc._n a_o adjunct_n of_o divers_a subject_n as_o disease_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o mind_n some_o the_o body_n these_o again_o either_o of_o the_o brain_n eye_n light_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xv._o of_o cause_n and_o cause_v in_o general_n ax._n 1_o a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o the_o force_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n come_v to_o pass_v commentary_n 1._o §_o principle_n element_n and_o cause_n be_v word_n that_o be_v ally_v in_o signification_n principle_n be_v either_o large_o take_v or_o strict_o large_o it_o be_v define_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaphysic_n cap._n 1._o to_o be_v the_o first_o from_o whence_o any_o thing_n be_v or_o exist_v or_o be_v know_v more_o strict_o book_v 4._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 5._o where_o principle_n be_v define_v to_o be_v those_o thing_n which_o be_v neither_o from_o one_o another_o nor_o other_o and_o of_o and_o from_o which_o be_v all_o thing_n in_o this_o sense_n there_o be_v only_o reckon_v three_o viz._n matter_n form_n and_o privation_n the_o definition_n of_o element_n be_v extant_a book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaphysic_n cap._n 3._o and_o be_v thus_o a_o element_n be_v that_o our_o of_o which_o any_o thing_n at_o the_o first_o be_v compound_v in_o which_o it_o be_v and_o which_o in_o its_o own_o species_n be_v indivisible_a into_o any_o other_o species_n 2._o §_o cause_o be_v here_o say_v to_o be_v that_o by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o be_v which_o confer_v somewhat_o towards_o the_o thing_n existence_n and_o therefore_o privation_n can_v be_v a_o cause_n because_o it_o confer_v nothing_o but_o only_o towards_o its_o mutation_n ax._n 2._o a_o cause_v be_v that_o which_o be_v constitute_v of_o its_o cause_n ax._n 3_o the_o cause_n be_v before_o it_o be_v cause_v both_o in_o nature_n and_o knowledge_n 1._o §_o in_o nature_n because_o the_o cause_v depend_v upon_o the_o cause_n knowledge_n that_o be_v simple_o and_o distinct_a knowledge_n which_o follow_v the_o order_n of_o nature_n for_o to_o we_o the_o cause_n be_v more_o know_v than_o it_o because_o near_o to_o the_o sense_n for_o from_o the_o sense_n do_v we_o derive_v all_o our_o sensible_a knowledge_n ax._n 4._o the_o cause_n be_v four_o viz._n matter_n form_n efficient_a and_o end_n 1._o §_o this_o partition_n be_v extant_a book_n 2._o of_o the_o post_n cap._n 2._o book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o book_n 4._o cap._n 2._o and_o be_v build_v upon_o the_o best_a reason_n for_o whatever_o be_v make_v be_v make_v by_o another_o for_o nothing_o be_v make_v by_o its_o self_n there_o be_v therefore_o a_o efficient_a cause_n nothing_o finite_a can_v produce_v any_o thing_n out_o of_o nothing_o there_o be_v therefore_o matter_n out_o of_o which_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v make_v and_o form_n which_o be_v introduce_v upon_o that_o matter_n when_o thing_n be_v make_v nothing_o last_o act_n without_o design_n there_o be_v therefore_o a_o end_n for_o who_o sake_n the_o cause_n efficient_a act_n ax._n 5._o the_o cause_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v call_v the_o compose_v of_o the_o efficient_a the_o effect_n of_o the_o end_n the_o mean_n or_o design_v and_o these_o differ_v not_o in_o reality_n but_o reason_n 1_o §_o and_o since_o to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v four_o cause_n concur_v as_o in_o all_o corporeal_a thing_n there_o do_v it_o ought_v not_o to_o seem_v strange_a that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n shall_v be_v call_v compose_v effect_v mean_n etc._n etc._n according_a as_o it_o be_v compare_v with_o divers_a cause_n ax._n 6._o in_o every_o genus_fw-la there_o be_v a_o certain_a subordination_n of_o cause_n ax._n 7._o subordinate_a be_v those_o that_o depend_v one_o upon_o another_o 1._o §_o to_o wit_n either_o as_o to_o their_o existence_n and_o so_o the_o son_n upon_o the_o father_n the_o father_n upon_o the_o grandfather_n or_o causality_n and_o so_o the_o quill_n upon_o the_o hand_n in_o write_v or_o both_o and_o so_o the_o second_o cause_n upon_o the_o first_o or_o creature_n upon_o god_n ax._n 8._o cause_n likewise_o be_v say_v either_o to_o be_v essential_o or_o accidental_o subordinate_v ax._n 9_o essential_o be_v those_o of_o which_o one_o depend_v upon_o another_o when_o and_o in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v ax._n 10._o accidental_o of_o which_o one_o indeed_o depend_v upon_o another_o but_o not_o when_o or_o in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v 1._o §_o and_o so_o a_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n subordinate_v by_o accident_n first_o when_o it_o depend_v indeed_o upon_o a_o superior_a cause_n but_o not_o when_o that_o be_v when_o it_o cause_n and_o this_o be_v effect_v when_o it_o depend_v upon_o it_o
for_o existence_n and_o not_o causality_n after_o this_o manner_n depend_v the_o father_n upon_o his_o ancestor_n in_o the_o beget_n of_o his_o son_n and_o every_o near_a cause_n upon_o the_o more_o remote_a second_o when_o it_o also_o depend_v upon_o a_o superior_a cause_n when_o it_o cause_n or_o for_o its_o causality_n but_o not_o for_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v or_o not_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n after_o which_o it_o cause_v in_o this_o manner_n the_o statuary_n be_v subordinate_a to_o the_o heaven_n in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statue_n for_o because_o the_o statuary_n stand_v in_o need_n of_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o heaven_n towards_o his_o work_n he_o may_v be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o heaven_n in_o respect_n of_o his_o causality_n but_o because_o not_o as_o he_o make_v the_o statue_n but_o as_o he_o live_v he_o be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o heaven_n by_o accident_n and_o to_o be_v accidental_o subordinate_v to_o they_o in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statue_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o horse_n spur_v on_o by_o his_o rider_n hurt_v his_o leg_n halt_v the_o hurt_a leg_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o halt_a subordinate_v to_o the_o rader_n by_o accident_n for_o the_o leg_n or_o horse_n be_v impel_v on_o by_o the_o rider_n to_o motion_n but_o not_o to_o a_o vicious_a motion_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o in_o such_o a_o subordination_n there_o be_v ever_o one_o next_o cause_n the_o rest_n be_v remote_a ax._n 12._o the_o next_o cause_n be_v that_o which_o immediate_o constitute_v the_o cause_v ax._n 13._o remote_a that_o which_o concur_v to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la 1._o §_o a_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o two_o way_n either_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la or_o absolute_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o next_o which_o not_o only_o immediate_o but_o by_o its_o own_o existence_n constitute_v the_o cause_v and_o so_o that_o it_o be_v suppose_v it_o be_v necessary_a the_o cause_v be_v so_o too_o the_o next_o cause_n in_o its_o genus_fw-la we_o have_v already_o define_v and_o have_v say_v it_o immediate_o concur_v towards_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v no_o other_o of_o its_o own_o order_n come_v between_o one_o thing_n may_v have_v many_o cause_n in_o their_o own_o genus_fw-la next_z but_o one_o only_a that_o be_v absolute_o next_o which_o in_o substance_n be_v form_n accident_n efficient_a and_o end_n so_o whereas_o to_o man_n the_o proximate_a matter_n be_v humane_a body_n efficient_a father_n end_v well-being_a form_n rational_a soul_n the_o rational_a soul_n yet_o only_o be_v the_o next_o absolute_a cause_n ax._n 14._o last_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la there_o be_v some_o cause_n total_a some_o partial_a ax._n 15._o that_o cause_n be_v total_a which_o in_o its_o species_n whole_o cause_v the_o whole_a cause_v ax._n 16._o that_o partial_a which_o join_v with_o the_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o species_n cause_n the_o cause_v only_o in_o part._n 1._o §_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la of_o cause_n there_o be_v many_o species_n of_o cause_n and_o those_o either_o subordinate_a as_o cause_o first_o and_o second_o next_o and_o remote_a principal_a and_o instrumental_a or_o coordinate_a of_o which_o one_o depend_v not_o upon_o another_o a_o total_a cause_n be_v say_v whole_o to_o constitute_v the_o cause_v because_o not_o assist_v by_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o species_n for_o example_n the_o write_v depend_v upon_o the_o quill_n and_o the_o hand_n but_o upon_o both_o as_o total_a cause_n for_o the_o quill_n be_v only_o or_o whole_o the_o instrumental_a and_o the_o hand_n the_o principal_a cause_n so_o likewise_o when_o god_n the_o sun_n and_o man_n be_v say_v to_o generate_v man_n every_o one_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v total_a god_n be_v the_o first_o the_o sun_n or_o heaven_n be_v the_o total_a universal_a man_n the_o total_a second_o and_o particular_a but_o when_o two_o horse_n draw_v in_o a_o cart_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v partial_a cause_n because_o they_o be_v both_o of_o the_o same_o species_n which_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o axiom_n viz._n ax._n 17._o of_o one_o thing_n there_o can_v be_v many_o total_a cause_n of_o the_o same_o species_n but_o there_o may_v be_v many_o different_a in_o species_n and_o subordinate_a 1._o §_o if_o many_o cause_n not_o subordinate_a do_v concur_v to_o the_o same_o cause_v of_o necessity_n they_o must_v be_v partial_a for_o the_o total_a cause_n cause_v the_o whole_a thing_n wherefore_o if_o there_o be_v many_o total_a cause_n either_o the_o rest_n cause_n nothing_o and_o so_o be_v not_o cause_n or_o else_o cause_n again_o what_o be_v cause_v before_o but_o if_o cause_n different_a in_o species_n be_v subordinate_a it_o may_v so_o be_v that_o the_o same_o cause_v may_v depend_v upon_o many_o cause_n total_a so_o the_o whole_a write_n depend_v on_o the_o hand_n and_o the_o quill_n and_o the_o whole_a man_n upon_o god_n and_o the_o sun_n and_o his_o parent_n chap._n xvi_o of_o matter_n and_o form_n ax._n 1_o of_o the_o four_o cause_n two_o be_v internal_a matter_n and_o form_n and_o as_o many_o external_n efficient_a and_o end_n ax._n 2._o those_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v internal_a which_o enter_v the_o essence_n of_o the_o cause_v as_o part_n commentary_n 1._o §_o although_o form_n be_v far_o more_o noble_a than_o matter_n and_o confer_v more_o to_o the_o constitute_v the_o cause_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o matter_n also_o be_v part_n of_o the_o essence_n and_o not_o only_o a_o vehicle_n or_o receiver_n ax._n 3_o matter_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o out_o of_o which_o inexi_v something_o be_v make_v 1._o §_o this_o definition_n be_v extant_a book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 2._o but_o it_o may_v more_o full_o and_o explicatious_o be_v define_v in_o this_o manner_n matter_n be_v a_o internal_a cause_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v make_v or_o consist_v why_o i_o add_v consist_v will_n be_v sufficient_o understand_v out_o of_o the_o 9th_o theorem_a matter_n be_v also_o define_v book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 11._o but_o more_o obscure_o to_o be_v that_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v suppose_v of_o necessity_n must_v be_v so_o too_o 2._o §_o general_o matter_n be_v divide_v into_o that_o out_o of_o which_o in_o which_o and_o about_o which_o that_o out_o of_o which_o be_v that_o which_o be_v proper_o so_o call_v and_o we_o have_v but_o now_o define_v in_o which_o the_o subject_a about_o which_o the_o object_n of_o which_o in_o their_o place_n ax._n 4._o the_o office_n of_o matter_n be_v two_o to_o take_v up_o form_n and_o sustain_v they_o and_o with_o the_o form_n to_o constitute_v the_o compose_v ax._n 5._o matter_n be_v either_o first_o or_o second_o ax._n 6._o the_o first_o matter_n be_v inform_v ax._n 7._o the_o second_o form_v 1._o §_o although_o no_o matter_n may_v exist_v without_o form_n yet_o because_o matter_n be_v not_o altogether_o nothing_o nor_o the_o same_o with_o form_n why_o may_v it_o not_o by_o itself_o be_v understand_v not_o understand_v form_n and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o matter_n which_o aristotle_n book_n 1._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 9_o define_v in_o this_o manner_n that_o be_v matter_n say_v he_o which_o be_v the_o first_o subject_n out_o of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v make_v so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o in_o it_o by_o accident_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v spoil_v it_o will_v be_v into_o that_o resolve_v at_o last_o nor_o be_v it_o yet_o to_o be_v think_v that_o the_o first_o and_o second_o matter_n be_v two_o several_a matter_n nay_o one_o and_o the_o same_o matter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o and_o second_o as_o it_o be_v this_o way_n or_o that_o way_n consider_v ax._n 8._o far_o matter_n be_v either_o of_o natural_a or_o artificial_a body_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n element_n be_v the_o matter_n of_o mix_v body_n seed_n of_o live_v gold_n or_o silver_n of_o the_o cup_n wood_n of_o the_o shelf_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o and_o both_o of_o these_o either_o of_o composition_n or_o generation_n ax._n 10._o the_o matter_n of_o composition_n be_v that_o of_o which_o a_o thing_n consist_v ax._n 11._o of_o generation_n out_o of_o which_o it_o be_v make_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o body_n be_v the_o matter_n of_o composition_n in_o a_o animal_n seed_n of_o generation_n in_o thing_n of_o art_n the_o matter_n of_o generation_n and_o composition_n be_v almost_o the_o same_o as_o also_o in_o meteor_n for_o a_o shelf_n be_v make_v and_o consist_v of_o wood_n cloud_n of_o vapour_n ice_n of_o water_n etc._n etc._n
because_o beget_v of_o no_o other_o man_n as_o the_o rest_n be_v but_o immediate_o create_v of_o god_n so_o also_o the_o heaven_n be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o motion_n not_o absolute_o but_o in_o the_o genus_fw-la of_o natural_a cause_n as_o be_v collect_v from_o the_o one_a book_n of_o the_o meteor_n cap._n 1._o in_o the_o same_o manner_n may_v the_o soul_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o vital_a operation_n and_o likewise_o every_o principal_a cause_n in_o regard_n of_o its_o instrument_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 30._o seven_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o universal_a and_o particular_a ax._n 31._o universal_a be_v that_o which_o concur_v with_o other_o cause_n with_o the_o same_o efficiency_n to_o the_o produce_v of_o many_o effect_n ax._n 32._o a_o particular_a only_a which_o by_o its_o efficiency_n produce_v but_o one_o effect_n 1._o §_o universal_a cause_n be_v god_n and_o the_o heaven_n god_n concur_v with_o particular_a cause_n to_o all_o effect_n the_o heaven_n only_o to_o they_o which_o be_v natural_a and_o material_a in_o this_o sense_n book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 2._o the_o sun_n and_o man_n i_o add_v god_n be_v say_v to_o beget_v man_n the_o sun_n as_o a_o universal_a for_o with_o the_o same_o efficiency_n it_o concur_v to_o the_o produce_v of_o all_o thing_n man_n as_o a_o particular_a so_o also_o may_v a_o driver_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o universal_a when_o drive_v a_o team_n of_o horse_n because_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n and_o with_o the_o same_o virtue_n he_o drive_v all_o his_o horse_n as_o well_o the_o sound_n as_o the_o lame_a ax._n 33._o last_o and_o eighthly_a cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o next_o and_o remote_a ax._n 34._o the_o next_o be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n immediate_o ax._n 35._o the_o remote_a which_o produce_v the_o effect_n by_o mean_n of_o some_o more_o neighbour_a cause_n 1._o §_o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n next_o to_o wit_n either_o general_o or_o special_o in_o general_n that_o cause_o be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o which_o either_o by_o its_o existence_n they_o common_o say_v suppositum_fw-la or_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n for_o such_o virtue_n be_v a_o instrument_n of_o the_o principal_a cause_n it_o be_v deem_v with_o the_o principal_a to_o be_v one_o only_a and_o therefore_o when_o the_o principal_a cause_n by_o its_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n it_o be_v its_o self_n esteem_v to_o be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n neither_o be_v it_o any_o matter_n whether_o that_o virtue_n be_v a_o instrument_n conjoin_v or_o separate_v for_o example_n the_o fire_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o ustion_n parent_n of_o their_o child_n notwithstanding_o the_o fire_n act_n by_o mediation_n of_o heat_n and_o the_o parent_n of_o seed_n for_o although_o heat_n and_o seed_n be_v instrument_n yet_o do_v they_o not_o effect_v by_o their_o intervening_a but_o that_o the_o principal_a cause_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o to_o the_o effect_n a_o cause_n therefore_o be_v say_v to_o be_v remote_a in_o this_o sense_n viz._n which_o neither_o by_o its_o existence_n nor_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n as_o when_o the_o grandfather_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o son_n son_n or_o grandson_n etc._n etc._n 2._o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o in_o species_n which_o be_v so_o join_v by_o its_o existence_n to_o its_o effect_n as_o that_o it_o be_v join_v to_o it_o without_o any_o mediate_a virtue_n and_o a_o next_o cause_n have_v no_o place_n in_o substance_n but_o only_a accident_n especial_o proper_a for_o a_o substance_n do_v not_o effect_v a_o substance_n without_o some_o mediate_a or_o instrumental_a virtue_n and_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o next_o and_o that_o be_v either_o internal_a or_o external_n internal_a be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a of_o the_o accident_n of_o which_o it_o be_v the_o cause_n so_o the_o soul_n and_o every_o substantial_a form_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o propriety_n hitherto_o appertain_v the_o emanative_a cause_n likewise_o the_o continent_n or_o synectical_a of_o the_o physician_n external_n be_v that_o which_o be_v not_o in_o the_o subject_a of_o that_o accident_n who_o cause_n it_o be_v and_o so_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o a_o eclipse_n but_o the_o use_v of_o this_o cause_n in_o the_o definition_n and_o demonstration_n of_o proper_a accident_n be_v much_o the_o more_o great_a chap._n xviii_o of_o end_n ax._n 1_o end_n be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v 1._o §_o be_v that_o which_o move_v the_o efficient_a to_o action_n by_o superinduce_v its_o love_n upon_o it_o and_o beget_v a_o appetite_n on_o and_o desire_v of_o itself_o ax._n 2._o end_n be_v three_o way_n divide_v and_o first_o into_o that_o of_o which_o and_o for_o which_o ax._n 3_o the_o end_n of_o which_o be_v that_o which_o the_o efficient_a desire_n ax._n 4._o for_o which_o for_o who_o sake_n or_o for_o which_o the_o efficient_a desire_n such_o a_o end_n 1._o §_o as_o for_o instance_n the_o of_o which_o of_o medicine_n be_v health_n for_o which_o the_o sick_n ax._n 5._o second_o end_n be_v divide_v into_o principal_n and_o secondary_a ax._n 6._o the_o principal_a end_n be_v that_o which_o the_o agent_n first_o or_o also_o principal_o intend_v ax._n 7._o the_o secondary_a which_o the_o agent_n so_o intend_v as_o that_o it_o may_v enjoy_v it_o with_o the_o principal_a or_o else_o attain_v it_o if_o the_o first_o and_o principal_a end_n shall_v fail_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o principal_a end_n of_o clothes_n be_v that_o our_o body_n shall_v be_v defend_v against_o the_o inclemency_n of_o the_o heaven_n the_o secondary_a conjoin_v with_o that_o principal_a be_v that_o they_o shall_v adorn_v it_o so_o the_o principal_a end_n for_o which_o god_n be_v please_v to_o manifest_v himself_o in_o the_o creation_n of_o the_o world_n be_v that_o man_n shall_v be_v endue_v with_o the_o knowledge_n of_o god_n and_o piety_n the_o secondary_a and_o succedaneous_a that_o he_o may_v render_v they_o inexcusable_a who_o hold_v the_o truth_n in_o unrighteousness_n go_v on_o still_o in_o iniquity_n ax._n 8._o three_o and_o last_o end_n be_v divide_v into_o subordinate_a and_o last_o ax._n 9_o a_o subordinate_a end_n be_v that_o which_o be_v refer_v to_o some_o far_a end_n ax._n 10._o the_o last_o to_o which_o all_o other_o end_n be_v refer_v that_o itself_o to_o no_o far_o 1._o §_o there_o be_v often_o a_o long_a series_n of_o subordinate_a end_n in_o which_o the_o subordinate_a be_v a_o mean_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o sequent_a end_n for_o example_n one_o dig_v in_o the_o earth_n to_o fetch_v out_o iron_n iron_n be_v draw_v out_o that_o of_o it_o may_v be_v make_v some_o instrument_n which_o may_v be_v serviceable_a for_o our_o use_n as_o suppose_v a_o penknife_n or_o a_o lancet_n the_o lancet_n inserve_n the_o physician_n for_o the_o cut_v of_o the_o vein_n the_o cut_v of_o the_o vein_n to_o transmit_v the_o superfluous_a blood_n or_o take_v away_o the_o vicious_a the_o loss_n of_o blood_n conduce_v to_o the_o conservation_n or_o recuperation_n of_o health_n our_o health_n indeed_o of_o itself_o be_v to_o be_v desire_v but_o refer_v notwithstanding_o to_o this_o end_n that_o our_o action_n may_v be_v free_a and_o expedite_a action_n again_o be_v refer_v either_o to_o pleasure_n or_o glory_n or_o honesty_n or_o something_o else_o in_o which_o subordination_n of_o end_n there_o be_v no_o go_v to_o infinity_o as_o we_o have_v teach_v before_o for_o otherwise_o vain_a and_o fruitless_a will_v be_v that_o appetition_n which_o nature_n have_v plant_v in_o all_o thing_n as_o the_o philosopher_n argue_v book_n 1._o of_o the_o ethic_n cap._n 1._o there_o be_v therefore_o some_o chief_a end_n in_o which_o the_o appetite_n must_v terminate_v and_o acquiesce_v 2._o §_o a_o end_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n last_o either_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la or_o absolute_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v so_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la which_o be_v the_o last_o among_o those_o end_n which_o be_v intend_v by_o the_o same_o agent_n so_o in_o that_o series_n which_o i_o have_v bring_v there_o be_v many_o end_n which_o be_v last_o in_o their_o own_o genus_fw-la for_o to_o fetch_v forth_o iron_n be_v the_o last_o end_n of_o such_o who_o dig_v in_o the_o mine_n the_o penknife_n of_o the_o smith_n health_n of_o the_o physician_n but_o there_o be_v but_o one_o absolute_o last_v and_o that_o be_v felicity_n 3._o §_o that_o end_n which_o be_v subordinate_v in_o
declare_v not_o the_o essence_n of_o a_o thing_n and_o therefore_o be_v imperfect_a unless_o the_o same_o thing_n happen_v to_o be_v more_o know_v to_o we_o and_o more_o know_v in_o itself_o but_o neither_o must_v a_o perfect_a definition_n consist_v only_o of_o those_o that_o be_v more_o know_v but_o also_o indemonstrable_a for_o definition_n be_v the_o principle_n of_o demonstration_n as_o be_v say_v book_n 1._o of_o the_o soul_n cap._n 1._o and_o book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 1._o it_o be_v teach_v that_o the_o principle_n of_o demonstration_n be_v immediate_a which_o certain_o can_v not_o be_v if_o their_o part_n be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v by_o former_a cause_n ax._n 11._o a_o perfect_a definition_n consist_v of_o the_o next_o genus_fw-la and_o specific_a difference_n 1._o §_o this_o canon_n be_v precept_v book_n 6._o top._n cap._n 1._o but_o yet_o if_o the_o next_o genus_fw-la want_n a_o name_n there_o be_v add_v in_o its_o place_n a_o remote_a with_o a_o difference_n to_o limit_v it_o and_o make_v it_o a_o next_o genus_fw-la so_o when_o a_o animal_n be_v design_v to_o be_v a_o live_n feel_v corporeal_a substance_n live_v corporeal_a substance_n be_v put_v in_o place_n or_o lieu_n of_o a_o next_o genus_fw-la and_o the_o specific_a difference_n be_v feel_v ax._n 12._o the_o difference_n of_o substance_n if_o not_o without_o be_v always_o take_v from_o their_o form_n but_o if_o without_o or_o that_o form_n be_v unknown_a propriety_n be_v add_v in_o the_o stead_n of_o form_n 1._o §_o so_o when_o man_n be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o rational_a animal_n the_o difference_n be_v take_v from_o his_o form_n which_o be_v a_o rational_a soul_n but_o because_o incorporeal_a substance_n have_v none_o and_o the_o specific_v of_o corporeal_a even_o lie_v hide_v because_o of_o themselves_o they_o incur_v not_o our_o sense_n in_o the_o place_n of_o form_n some_o property_n must_v be_v take_v as_o a_o angel_n be_v a_o incorporeal_a substance_n a_o dog_n a_o barking-beast_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 13._o the_o difference_n of_o accident_n be_v not_o take_v from_o their_o form_n or_o essence_n but_o their_o respect_n to_o their_o subject_n object_n cause_o efficient_a or_o final_a or_o somewhat_o else_o not_o contain_v in_o the_o essence_n 1._o §_o which_o be_v the_o cause_n or_o reason_n why_o aristotle_n book_n 6._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 5._o say_v that_o substance_n be_v simple_o and_o primary_o define_v accident_n secondary_o only_a or_o according_a to_o something_o and_o that_o the_o definition_n of_o accident_n be_v oration_n through_o addition_n because_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v add_v to_o their_o genus_fw-la in_o their_o definition_n be_v without_o their_o essence_n and_o almost_o of_o another_o category_n ax._n 14._o propriety_n be_v define_v by_o genus_fw-la subject_a and_o next_o cause_n and_o that_o either_o efficient_a final_a or_o both_o 1._o §_o and_o first_o efficient_a as_o a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o moon_n be_v a_o defect_n of_o light_n in_o it_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v diametrical_o interpose_v between_o the_o sun_n and_o it_o thunder_n be_v the_o noise_n of_o a_o break_a cloud_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o fire_n be_v be_v oppress_v and_o so_o two_o final_a as_o sense_n be_v a_o natural_a faculty_n in_o a_o animal_n for_o the_o end_n of_o judge_v betwixt_o singular_n the_o appetite_n for_o the_o gain_n of_o what_o be_v good_a to_o its_o self_n and_o avoid_v what_o be_v evil_a or_o both_o as_o the_o act_n of_o respiration_n be_v a_o reciprocal_a attraction_n and_o expulsion_n of_o the_o air_n by_o the_o lung_n for_o the_o refreshment_n of_o the_o heart_n etc._n etc._n the_o subject_n now_o be_v sometime_o in_o a_o definition_n of_o propriety_n unmentioned_a because_o it_o be_v contain_v either_o in_o the_o genus_fw-la or_o next_o cause_n as_o the_o memory_n be_v a_o internal_a sense_n conserve_n of_o the_o image_n of_o thing_n know_v here_o the_o subject_a of_o memory_n be_v not_o express_v to_o wit_n animal_n because_o contain_v in_o the_o word_n sense_n and_o express_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o that_o so_o also_o risibility_n be_v a_o nanural_a faculty_n of_o laugh_v arise_v from_o a_o rational_a animal_n i_o say_v not_o of_o man_n because_o sufficient_o understand_v when_o i_o say_v arise_v from_o a_o rational_a animal_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 15._o accident_n improper_a beside_o the_o genus_fw-la take_v to_o themselves_o in_o definition_n in_o the_o place_n of_o difference_n either_o subject_a or_o object_n cause_o efficient_a or_o final_a or_o something_o that_o be_v make_v out_o of_o these_o but_o 1._o §_o the_o manner_n of_o define_v of_o these_o be_v scarce_o to_o be_v contain_v within_o any_o certain_a rule_n for_o some_o be_v define_v by_o genus_fw-la and_o subject_a as_o simity_n be_v the_o crookedness_n of_o the_o nose_n some_o genus_fw-la and_o object_n as_o physic_n be_v the_o science_n of_o natural_a body_n and_o after_o this_o manner_n theoretical_a science_n and_o some_o again_o by_o genus_fw-la and_o end_n as_o grammar_n be_v the_o art_n of_o speak_v well_o also_o genus_fw-la end_v and_o object_n as_o logic_n be_v a_o art_n of_o make_v of_o instrument_n and_o therewith_o direct_v the_o understanding_n in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n or_o liberality_n be_v a_o virtue_n observe_v a_o mediocrity_n in_o give_v and_o receive_v of_o money_n etc._n etc._n after_o this_o manner_n art_n and_o habit_n moral_a some_o last_o by_o genus_fw-la and_o cause_o efficient_a as_o whiteness_n be_v a_o colour_n arise_v from_o a_o predomination_n of_o clear_n sound_v a_o patible_a quality_n arise_v from_o a_o stroke_n of_o the_o air_n between_o two_o body_n collide_v or_o hit_v one_o against_o another_o and_o after_o this_o manner_n all_o patible_a quality_n if_o not_o proper_a of_o other_o genus_n of_o accident_n there_o can_v scarce_o be_v give_v any_o certain_a rule_n but_o each_o how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v design_v use_v and_o example_n of_o approve_a author_n must_v teach_v which_o for_o this_o end_v the_o studious_a of_o logic_n ought_v to_o collect_v together_o ax._n 16._o the_o part_n of_o definition_n be_v always_o so_o to_o be_v place_v as_o that_o the_o genus_fw-la may_v precede_v the_o difference_n and_o every_o word_n follow_v may_v limit_v its_o forego_n 1._o §_o so_o teach_v aristotle_n book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 13._o for_o example_n a_o animal_n be_v not_o to_o be_v define_v a_o feel_n animate_v but_o a_o animate_v feel_v body_n &c_n &c_n and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o imperfect_a definition_n chap._n iii_o of_o imperfect_a definition_n ax._n 1_o imperfect_a definition_n be_v proper_o a_o description_n and_o that_o be_v either_o necessary_a or_o arbitrary_a ax._n 2._o necessary_a viz._n when_o the_o define_v be_v either_o not_o capable_a of_o a_o perfect_a definition_n or_o else_o through_o the_o imbecility_n of_o our_o mind_n we_o can_v attain_v to_o a_o perfect_a definition_n of_o it_o or_o last_o when_o there_o be_v want_v fit_a word_n require_v for_o a_o accurate_a definition_n ax._n 3_o of_o the_o first_o sort_n be_v first_o infinite_a thing_n and_o second_o those_o which_o have_v not_o a_o true_a essence_n three_o a_o perfect_a one_o and_o four_o one_o by_o itself_o five_o and_o last_o those_o which_o be_v not_o place_v immediate_o under_o some_o genus_fw-la commentary_n 1._o §_o and_o one_a infinite_a thing_n as_o god_n have_v not_o a_o true_a essence_n as_o being_n of_o reason_n thing_n feign_v image_n of_o thing_n privation_n not_o a_o perfect_a as_o part_n principle_n of_o thing_n thing_n in_o do_v or_o imperfect_a not_o one_o by_o themselves_o as_o concretes_n aggregates_n complex_n not_o under_o one_o genus_fw-la as_o transcendent_n supreme_a genus_n at_o least_o not_o immediate_o as_o individual_n for_o these_o be_v contain_v immediate_o under_o species_n and_o by_o mediation_n of_o that_o under_o genus_fw-la ax._n 4._o by_o reason_n of_o the_o imbecility_n of_o our_o mind_n or_o understanding_n substance_n incorporereal_a and_o most_o of_o the_o most_o special_a species_n of_o corporeal_a substance_n 1._o §_o for_o genus_n and_o species_n subaltern_n may_v be_v define_v any_o way_n as_o a_o animal_n be_v a_o live_a feeling_n body_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o definition_n of_o corporeal_a substance_n of_o the_o low_a species_n in_o the_o place_n of_o essential_a difference_n there_o use_v to_o be_v add_v propriety_n as_o we_o observe_v a_o little_a before_o the_o propriety_n of_o incorporeal_a be_v likewise_o unknown_a to_o we_o yet_o man_n although_o he_o be_v the_o low_a species_n be_v right_o enough_o define_v a_o rational_a animal_n ax._n 5._o when_o a_o fit_a or_o proper_a word_n be_v want_v there_o be_v to_o be_v two_o or_o more_o join_v together_o by_o a_o grammatical_a conjunction_n but_o 1._o §_o such_o definition_n as_o these_o sin_n against_o the_o 5_o law_n of_o defining_n propose_v in_o the_o
if_o science_n it_o be_v call_v demonstrative_a or_o apodictical_a as_o cap._n 2._o soph._n elench_v and_o if_o opinion_n or_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n it_o be_v call_v dialectical_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o so_o that_o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n be_v nothing_o more_o than_o a_o syllogism_n generate_a opinion_n or_o any_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n or_o as_o aristotle_n explain_v himself_o book_n 1._o of_o his_o top._n cap._n 1._o argue_v out_o of_o probable_n and_o he_o be_v think_v the_o best_a dialectic_a who_o can_v best_o defend_v his_o own_o and_o dilute_a or_o wash_v away_o the_o opinion_n of_o his_o adversary_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o and_o in_o treat_v of_o this_o sort_n of_o syllogism_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v of_o question_n proposition_n and_o invention_n of_o argument_n ax._n 5._o and_o a_o question_n here_o may_v be_v any_o thing_n provide_v it_o contradict_v not_o piety_n good_a manner_n or_o common_a sense_n 1._o §_o for_o he_o that_o shall_v call_v in_o question_n whether_o god_n be_v to_o be_v worship_v or_o parent_n honour_v or_o the_o magistrate_n to_o be_v obey_v aught_o rather_o to_o be_v punish_v than_o follow_v with_o dialectical_a argument_n so_o he_o that_o shaâ—â—_n doubt_v whether_o the_o snow_n be_v white_a be_v not_o otherwise_o to_o be_v convince_v than_o by_o the_o testimony_n of_o his_o outward_a sense_n which_o he_o who_o disbelieve_v what_o be_v iâ—_n that_o he_o will_v believe_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o so_o that_o concern_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o dialectical_a problem_n we_o need_v not_o much_o to_o be_v solicitous_a anâ—_n their_o attribute_n be_v either_o of_o the_o first_o or_o second_o notion_n of_o which_o those_o constitute_v real_a these_o notional_a problem_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 7._o a_o real_a be_v when_o the_o attribute_n of_o thâ—_n question_n be_v real_a as_o be_v a_o place_n a_o superficies_n or_o so_o a_o notional_a when_o a_o notional_a as_o be_v superficies_n the_o gonus_fw-la of_o place_n or_o so_o because_o genus_fw-la be_v not_o a_o true_a thing_n but_o a_o second_o notion_n or_o logical_a and_o only_o feign_v in_o the_o mind_n whereas_o a_o superficies_n be_v a_o true_a thinâ—_n and_o not_o feign_v in_o the_o mind_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 8._o real_a again_o be_v either_o absolute_a or_o compare_v ax._n 9_o absolute_a that_o in_o which_o seek_v whether_o tâ—â—_n attribute_n agree_v to_o the_o subject_a or_o no._n ax._n 10._o compare_v when_o two_o or_o more_o subject_a be_v propose_v it_o be_v ask_v which_o the_o attribute_n degree_n or_o disagree_v most_o to_o or_o two_o or_o more_o attribute_n whether_o of_o they_o agree_v more_o or_o most_o to_o 〈◊〉_d subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o saught_v whether_o glery_n to_o be_v number_v among_o our_o good_a thing_n it_o be_v a_o absolute_a problem_n when_o whether_o virtue_n or_o glory_n a_o most_o to_o be_v desire_v or_o alexander_n more_o valiant_a or_o tâ—â—â—rate_a a_o compare_v ax._n 11._o problem_n dialectical_a of_o what_o kind_n soever_o may_v be_v take_v out_o of_o all_o discipline_n whatsoever_o ax._n 12._o proposition_n dialectical_a be_v to_o be_v true_a 〈◊〉_d least_o probable_a not_o paradoxal_a that_o be_v against_o the_o common_a or_o receive_a opinion_n for_o how_o shall_v the_o respondent_fw-la grant_v that_o which_o be_v against_o the_o common_a or_o receive_v opinion_n and_o which_o it_o may_v be_v he_o judge_v to_o be_v false_a but_o let_v we_o take_v some_o note_n from_o the_o learned_a hereboord_n and_o so_o end_v this_o chapter_n note_n and_o observation_n from_o the_o learned_a hereboord_n have_v relation_n to_o this_o chapter_n 1._o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n may_v also_o thus_o be_v define_v a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o beget_v opinion_n human_a faith_n or_o doubt_v or_o any_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n or_o error_n which_o distinguish_v it_o likewise_o from_o the_o sophistical_a syllogism_n 2._o a_o syllogism_n dialectical_a be_v also_o by_o another_o name_n call_v topical_a from_o the_o greek_a word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d place_n in_o latin_a probabilis_fw-la that_o be_v probable_a or_o contingent_a because_o though_o it_o produce_v a_o true_a yet_o be_v it_o a_o uncertain_a and_o infirm_a assent_n because_o its_o proposition_n though_o true_a be_v yet_o contingent_a as_o may_v appear_v by_o what_o be_v say_v above_o 3._o when_o a_o paradox_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o problem_n true_a against_o the_o common_a opinion_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v only_o of_o that_o of_o the_o unlearned_a or_o vulgar_a but_o also_o of_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o letter_a who_o have_v take_v up_o with_o principle_n ancient_a and_o not_o so_o well_o examine_v such_o as_o that_o viz._n the_o earth_n move_v which_o though_o it_o be_v true_a yet_o may_v it_o be_v so_o against_o the_o common_a opinion_n and_o therefore_o a_o paradox_n 4._o a_o term_n of_o art_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o this_o viz._n a_o term_n proper_a to_o every_o art_n so_o metonymy_a and_o synecdoche_n be_v term_n of_o art_n viz._n rhetorical_a meridian_n horizon_n zodiac_n astronomical_a genus_fw-la and_o species_n logical_a etc._n etc._n and_o this_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o consideration_n viz._n that_o chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o dialectical_a argument_n or_o topical_a place_n and_o rule_n ax._n 1_o now_o to_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o probable_a or_o dialectical_a argument_n belong_v place_n and_o rule_n a._n 2._o a_o place_n be_v a_o seat_n or_o certain_a common_a note_n by_o who_o admonition_n a_o argument_n be_v find_v ax._n 3_o a_o rule_n a_o canon_n or_o proposition_n contain_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o consequence_n of_o dialectical_a syllogism_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o the_o distribution_n of_o the_o argument_n here_o to_o be_v use_v viz._n in_o dialectical_a disputation_n be_v usual_o into_o artificial_a and_o inartificial_a that_o be_v into_o those_o of_o art_n to_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o question_n and_o testimony_n which_o be_v to_o be_v find_v without_o now_o the_o first_o ax._n 5._o be_v to_o be_v use_v for_o the_o confirm_v or_o refel_v of_o all_o sort_n of_o problem_n alike_o that_o be_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v no_o other_o than_o testimony_n but_o the_o artificial_a not_o but_o may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n viz._n those_o for_o the_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o notional_a and_o those_o for_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o such_o as_o we_o have_v call_v real_a problem_n because_o concern_v about_o real_a thing_n ax._n 6._o now_o those_o of_o the_o first_o kind_n viz._n for_o the_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o notional_a problem_n be_v always_o take_v from_o the_o nature_n or_o propriety_n of_o that_o affection_n or_o 2d_o notion_n concern_v which_o it_o be_v query_v in_o the_o problem_n 1._o §_o which_o or_o else_o some_o canon_n belong_v to_o it_o be_v place_v in_o the_o major_n a_o assumption_n be_v make_v the_o controvert_v affection_n be_v prove_v to_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a as_o because_o air_n be_v the_o subject_a matter_n of_o wind_n we_o prove_v it_o not_o to_o be_v its_o genus_fw-la and_o because_o immortality_n be_v the_o affection_n of_o life_n eternal_a we_o prove_v it_o not_o to_o be_v its_o genus_fw-la both_o which_o argument_n lean_a upon_o this_o rule_n viz._n that_o that_o which_o be_v the_o subject_a or_o propriety_n of_o a_o thing_n can_v be_v its_o genus_fw-la etc._n etc._n give_v we_o cap._n 11._o of_o the_o first_o book_n and_o so_o divine_v make_v it_o appear_v that_o good_a work_n be_v not_o to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o our_o justification_n because_o every_o cause_n be_v before_o its_o effect_n but_o good_a work_n be_v after_o our_o justification_n and_o therefore_o not_o its_o cause_n and_o this_o argumentation_n lean_v upon_o this_o foundation_n theorem_a 3._o cap._n 15._o of_o the_o first_o book_n viz_o that_o every_o cause_n be_v before_o it_o be_v cause_v in_o nature_n and_o knowledge_n etc._n etc._n such_o syllogism_n as_o these_o aristotle_n call_v book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 8._o syllogism_n logical_a that_o be_v notional_a and_o the_o use_v of_o they_o be_v very_o great_a in_o all_o discipline_n ax._n 9_o argument_n of_o the_o other_o sort_n viz._n for_o prove_v or_o refel_v of_o real_a problem_n be_v always_o take_v from_o the_o affection_n belong_v to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v as_o from_o their_o place_n ax._n 10._o of_o which_o those_o be_v the_o best_a which_o be_v take_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o predicate_a because_o not_o seek_v whether_o the_o subject_a be_v but_o predicate_v or_o whether_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o subject_a or_o not_o etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o for_o example_n of_o they_o both_o suppose_v any_o one_o
that_o he_o shall_v be_v a_o man_n if_o he_o have_v a_o rational_a soul_n be_v requisite_a and_o necessary_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 23._o place_v from_o efficient_a have_v two_o canon_n and_o the_o first_o of_o they_o be_v such_o as_o the_o cause_n be_v such_o be_v the_o effect_n etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o and_o thus_o god_n be_v very_o good_a and_o therefore_o his_o work_n be_v so_o this_o canon_n be_v deceitful_a unless_o cautious_o use_v for_o first_o it_o sail_v in_o cause_n that_o be_v by_o accident_n for_o neither_o do_v it_o follow_v that_o a_o son_n be_v good_a because_o his_o father_n be_v so_o nor_o yet_o bad_a for_o a_o son_n be_v not_o produce_v by_o his_o father_n as_o he_o be_v good_a or_o bad_a but_o as_o he_o be_v a_o man_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o it_o fail_v in_o equivocal_a cause_n for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o the_o sun_n be_v animate_v although_o it_o animate_v the_o world_n nor_o that_o the_o whetstone_n be_v sharp_a although_o it_o sharpen_v iron_n last_o in_o cause_n voluntary_a when_o make_v use_n of_o their_o utmost_a endeavour_n they_o do_v something_o which_o do_v not_o correspond_v to_o their_o skill_n or_o art_n as_o when_o a_o painter_n paint_v less_o elegant_o than_o become_v his_o art_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 24_o second_o that_o which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o cause_n be_v also_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o cause_v etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o virtue_n be_v partly_o from_o nature_n partly_o from_o institution_n partly_o from_o custom_n virtue_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o civil_a happiness_n and_o therefore_o civil_a happiness_n be_v partly_o from_o nature_n partly_o from_o institution_n partly_o from_o custom_n etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n have_v place_n only_o in_o cause_n subordinate_a of_o themselves_o for_o in_o cause_n subordinate_a by_o accident_n it_o for_o the_o most_o part_n fail_v for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v because_o god_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o our_o will_n and_o our_o will_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o sin_n that_o therefore_o god_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o sin_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 25._o place_v from_o the_o end_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o the_o end_n be_v put_v there_o be_v also_o put_v the_o mean_n to_o that_o end_n 1._o §_o and_o so_o ovid_n conclude_v that_o man_n be_v make_v with_o a_o upright_a countenance_n because_o to_o contemplate_v the_o heaven_n deem_v that_o to_o be_v the_o end_n of_o a_o upright_a figure_n the_o word_n of_o the_o sweet_a poet_n be_v these_o omnia_fw-la cùm_fw-la spectent_fw-la animalia_fw-la cetera_fw-la terram_fw-la os_fw-la homini_fw-la sublime_a dedit_fw-la caelùmque_fw-la tueri_fw-la jussit_fw-la &_o erectos_fw-la ad_fw-la sydera_fw-la tollere_fw-la vultus_fw-la which_o admirable_a pare-royal_a may_v be_v render_v in_o these_o two_o sorry_a couplet_n in_o this_o manner_n and_o whereas_o other_o animal_n behold_v with_o downcast_a look_v this_o sublunary_a mould_n to_o man_n he_o give_v a_o stately_a upright_a frame_n and_o bid_v he_o view_v those_o heaven_n from_o whence_o he_o come_v which_o though_o they_o fail_v as_o to_o their_o versifcation_n yet_o may_v they_o serve_v to_o show_v in_o some_o measure_n the_o mean_v of_o that_o memorable_a passage_n of_o excellent_a ovid._n now_o the_o mean_n be_v often_o express_v by_o a_o negation_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o impede_fw-la the_o end_n as_o the_o pupil_n or_o apple_n of_o the_o eye_n be_v to_o admit_v all_o colour_n and_o therefore_o to_o be_v without_o colour_n the_o elect_n must_v be_v save_v and_o therefore_o must_v not_o sin_n unto_o death_n etc._n etc._n but_o now_o though_o the_o end_v be_v put_v it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o mean_n shall_v be_v so_o yet_o that_o the_o end_v not_o be_v put_v they_o shall_v not_o be_v so_o be_v not_o always_o necessary_a for_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a that_o a_o man_n shall_v be_v destitute_a of_o book_n and_o master_n because_o he_o be_v not_o learned_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 26._o now_o the_o place_n from_o cause_v have_v four_o canon_n and_o the_o first_o be_v the_o compose_v posit_v the_o matter_n and_o form_n must_v be_v so_o too_o and_o when_o that_o be_v take_v away_o the_o material_a form_n also_o must_v be_v take_v away_o 1._o §_o and_o so_o plant_n be_v live_v thing_n and_o therefore_o they_o must_v have_v a_o body_n and_o soul_n and_o stone_n be_v not_o and_o therefore_o they_o must_v not_o have_v a_o soul_n i_o say_v form_n material_a for_o that_o the_o compose_v take_v away_o the_o matter_n shall_v be_v so_o too_o or_o the_o form_n immaterial_a be_v not_o necessary_a for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o there_o be_v no_o iron_n because_o no_o sword_n or_o that_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v not_o because_o he_o die_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 27._o second_o the_o effect_n be_v posit_v it_o follow_v that_o either_o there_o be_v a_o cause_n efficient_a or_o else_o that_o there_o have_v be_v one_o 1._o §_o as_o there_o be_v a_o building_n and_o therefore_o there_o be_v or_o be_v a_o architect_n to_o build_v it_o here_o be_v the_o footstep_n and_o therefore_o this_o way_n in_o all_o likelihood_n there_o have_v pass_v some_o man_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 28._o three_o such_o as_o be_v the_o effect_n such_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o produce_v it_o 1._o §_o as_o this_o picture_n be_v fine_a and_o therefore_o so_o must_v the_o artist_n be_v that_o draw_v it_o to_o this_o be_v to_o be_v add_v the_o same_o limitation_n which_o be_v add_v to_o the_o first_o of_o the_o place_n from_o cause_n efficient_a viz_o the_o caution_n against_o accidental_n and_o aequivocals_n because_o in_o these_o case_n this_o rule_n may_v fail_v we_o ax._n 29._o four_o the_o mean_v take_v away_o the_o end_n must_v also_o be_v so_o too_o 1._o §_o as_o stones_z be_v not_o nourish_v and_o therefore_o they_o do_v not_o live_v many_o man_n the_o gospel_n will_v not_o be_v preach_v to_o and_o therefore_o many_o man_n by_o mean_n of_o the_o gospel_n will_v not_o be_v save_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 30._o the_o place_n from_o the_o subject_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o the_o subject_a be_v posit_v the_o propriety_n must_v also_o be_v so_o too_o and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o propriety_n must_v also_o be_v so_o too_o 1._o §_o as_o christ_n be_v god_n and_o therefore_o he_o have_v the_o power_n to_o forgive_v sin_n the_o write_n of_o the_o father_n be_v not_o the_o word_n of_o god_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v not_o of_o divine_a authority_n etc._n etc._n now_o these_o canon_n without_o any_o limitation_n be_v certain_a and_o firm_a ax._n 31._o the_o place_n for_o adjunct_n be_v of_o great_a extent_n and_o have_v under_o it_o propriety_n object_n sign_n and_o circumstance_n now_o ax._n 32._o the_o place_n from_o propriety_n have_v two_o canon_n and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o the_o propriety_n be_v give_v to_o that_o also_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o to_o which_o the_o propriety_n be_v not_o give_v to_o that_o neither_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o christ_n be_v omniscient_a and_o therefore_o he_o be_v god_n angel_n fill_v up_o no_o place_n and_o therefore_o they_o have_v not_o body_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 33._o the_o second_o be_v that_o which_o be_v say_v of_o the_o propriety_n may_v be_v also_o say_v of_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o which_o can_v be_v say_v of_o the_o propriety_n that_o neither_o of_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o a_o talkative_a person_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v and_o therefore_o a_o busybody_n or_o one_o that_o be_v inquisitive_a into_o other_o people_n matter_n a_o wise_a man_n be_v not_o to_o repose_v himself_o upon_o thing_n of_o a_o fleet_a and_o transitory_a nature_n and_o therefore_o not_o upon_o riches_n or_o other_o earthly_a commodity_n or_o good_n etc._n etc._n axe_n 34._o the_o place_n from_o object_n in_o the_o second_o place_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o that_o to_o which_o the_o object_n be_v give_v to_o that_o also_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o to_o which_o the_o object_n be_v not_o to_o that_o neither_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o the_o doctrine_n of_o fallacious_a sophism_n direct_v the_o mind_n towards_o the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n and_o therefore_o be_v a_o part_n of_o logic_n logic_n have_v not_o thing_n necessary_a for_o its_o object_n and_o therefore_o be_v not_o science_n etc._n etc._n the_o argument_n of_o this_o place_n be_v very_o firm_a if_o draw_v from_o proper_a object_n but_o otherwise_o only_o probable_a as_o if_o one_o shall_v say_v thus_o he_o talk_v of_o military_a affair_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v a_o soldier_n of_o law_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v a_o lawyer_n her_o delight_n be_v not_o in_o woman_n company_n and_o therefore_o she_o be_v not_o a_o woman_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 35._o place_v from_o sign_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n posit_v the_o
ax._n 1_o now_o canon_n compare_v be_v either_o of_o certain_a or_o else_o uncertain_a place_n ax._n 2._o and_o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v either_o general_n or_o special_a of_o which_o these_o contain_v a_o comparison_n in_o every_o those_o only_a in_o one_o certain_a genus_fw-la commentary_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n this_o canon_n that_o who_o effect_n be_v more_o such_o that_o itself_o be_v more_o such_o be_v of_o certain_a place_n because_o it_o express_v the_o place_n of_o the_o effect_n from_o whence_o this_o argument_n be_v take_v and_o general_n because_o adaptible_a to_o all_o thing_n which_o admit_v of_o any_o kind_n of_o comparison_n but_o now_o that_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o better_a subject_n that_o itself_o be_v better_o be_v indeed_o of_o certain_a place_n because_o indicating_z the_o argument_n be_v fetch_v from_o the_o place_n of_o the_o subject_a but_o not_o general_n because_o only_o to_o be_v adapt_v to_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v compare_v in_o goodness_n but_o this_o that_o which_o be_v more_o last_a be_v best_a be_v of_o uncertain_a place_n and_o special_a because_o it_o neither_o express_v where_o the_o place_n of_o the_o argument_n be_v neither_o can_v it_o be_v adapt_v to_o all_o thing_n which_o be_v compare_v among_o themselves_o etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o compare_v canon_n from_o the_o conjugate_v be_v these_o and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v more_o agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o other_o as_o caesar_n consult_v the_o republic_n more_o than_o bibulus_n and_o therefore_o in_o this_o respect_n be_v more_o a_o consul_n than_o he_o second_o if_o one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v be_v better_a than_o one_o than_o the_o other_o of_o the_o conjugate_v will_v be_v better_o than_o the_o other_o as_o if_o piety_n be_v before_o learning_n than_o a_o pious_a man_n will_v be_v before_o a_o learned_a man_n etc._n etc._n three_o from_o the_o definition_n these_o and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o the_o definition_n most_o agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o define_v as_o if_o the_o definition_n of_o whiteness_n be_v a_o colour_n disperse_v the_o sight_n it_o will_v follow_v that_o that_o which_o be_v white_a disperse_v the_o sight_n most_o etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o definition_n that_o also_o to_o the_o define_v as_o if_o a_o habit_n recall_v the_o affectious_a of_o the_o mind_n and_o action_n to_o mediocrity_n confer_v more_o to_o felicity_n than_o riches_n than_o virtue_n confer_v more_o to_o felicity_n than_o riches_n etc._n etc._n so_o from_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n four_o we_o have_v these_o as_o first_o that_o which_o agree_v most_o to_o the_o genus_fw-la that_o also_o to_o the_o species_n and_o that_o which_o most_o to_o the_o species_n that_o also_o to_o the_o individual_n as_o if_o a_o substance_n immaterial_a be_v more_o perspicacious_a than_o a_o corporeal_a than_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n separate_v will_v be_v more_o perspicacious_a than_o it_o be_v now_o when_o it_o be_v in_o the_o body_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o be_v contain_v under_o the_o better_a genus_fw-la or_o species_n that_o also_o its_o self_n be_v better_a and_o so_o because_o a_o live_a thing_n be_v better_a than_o a_o not_o a_o fly_n will_v be_v better_o than_o the_o heavent_n etc._n etc._n five_o from_o the_o whole_a and_o part_v we_o have_v these_o as_o first_o if_o the_o whole_a homogenous_a or_o whole_a consist_v of_o part_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o nature_n be_v more_o so_o than_o such_o a_o whole_a than_o its_o part_n will_v be_v more_o so_o than_o such_o a_o part_n and_o conrariwise_o as_o if_o gold_n be_v heavy_a than_o brass_n than_o it_o will_v follow_v that_o every_o part_n of_o gold_n observe_v the_o same_o proportion_n of_o magnitude_n will_v be_v heavy_a than_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o brass_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o be_v absolute_o such_o or_o effect_n any_o thing_n as_o such_o its_o whole_a will_v be_v more_o such_o and_o effect_v that_o any_o thing_n else_o be_v more_o such_o than_o its_o part_n and_o so_o if_o rhubarb_n have_v a_o power_n of_o purge_v choler_n than_o a_o drachm_n will_v have_v a_o great_a power_n than_o have_v a_o scruple_n because_o it_o be_v but_o the_o three_o part_n of_o a_o drachm_n etc._n etc._n under_o which_o general_a maxim_n be_v contain_v several_a special_a as_o first_o many_o good_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o few_o and_o so_o virtue_n with_o nobility_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o virtue_n alone_o second_o that_o which_o be_v honest_a pleasant_a and_o profitable_a will_v be_v beyond_o that_o which_o be_v only_o honest_a pleasant_a or_o profitable_a three_o that_o which_o increase_v or_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o abcess_n or_o access_n be_v better_a than_o that_o which_o neither_o increase_v nor_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o abcess_n or_o access_n four_o by_o how_o much_o more_o it_o increase_v or_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o absence_n or_o access_n by_o so_o much_o be_v it_o better_o than_o any_o other_o thing_n than_o the_o which_o it_o be_v better_a in_o this_o respect_n etc._n etc._n five_o from_o matter_n and_o form_n in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o have_v these_o and_o first_o that_o who_o matter_n be_v more_o so_o that_o also_o itself_o be_v more_o so_o so_o because_o gold_n be_v better_a and_o more_o durable_a than_o stone_n it_o follow_v that_o a_o golden_a statue_n be_v better_a and_o more_o durable_a than_o a_o stone_n one_o etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o have_v a_o noble_a form_n that_o itself_o be_v also_o noble_a so_o because_o the_o form_n of_o man_n be_v better_a than_o that_o of_o beast_n because_o this_o be_v immaterial_a and_o immortal_a and_o that_o material_a and_o mortal_a it_o follow_v that_o man_n be_v better_a than_o beast_n etc._n etc._n six_o from_o the_o cause_n efficient_a these_o and_o first_o that_o which_o by_o itself_o simple_o and_o by_o its_o nature_n be_v such_o be_v more_o so_o than_o that_o which_o by_o accident_n be_v such_o or_o in_o some_o respect_n or_o by_o participation_n and_o so_o meat_n as_o meat_n be_v wholesome_a than_o physic_n because_o that_o of_o itself_o be_v so_o and_o this_o only_a by_o accident_n and_o light_n be_v more_o profitable_a than_o darkness_n because_o that_o be_v useful_a to_o all_o this_o only_a to_o thief_n and_o such_o as_o will_v abscond_v last_o the_o sun_n be_v more_o splendid_a than_o the_o moon_n because_o that_o shine_v of_o its_o own_o nature_n this_o only_a by_o participation_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o of_o itself_o and_o by_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v more_o such_o that_o effect_n more_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a so_o fire_n heat_v more_o than_o water_n when_o it_o be_v warm_v because_o hot_a so_o you_o know_v iron_n to_o be_v heavy_a than_o wood_n because_o it_o more_o swift_o descend_v etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n can_v be_v use_v only_o in_o cause_n of_o themselves_o for_o in_o cause_n by_o accident_n it_o fail_v often_o for_o iron_n red-hot_a although_o not_o hot_a than_o flame_n burn_v yet_o more_o vehement_o the_o density_n of_o its_o matter_n assist_v it_o and_o impress_v the_o heat_n more_o strong_o upon_o the_o patient_n and_o so_o in_o other_o instance_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n three_o that_o to_o which_o the_o cause_n agree_v most_o to_o that_o also_o the_o effect_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a so_o you_o may_v prove_v old_a man_n to_o be_v more_o prudent_a than_o young_a because_o they_o have_v more_o experience_n in_o thing_n four_o that_o by_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v such_o that_o itself_o also_o must_v be_v more_o such_o and_o so_o because_o water_n grow_v warm_a by_o fire_n it_o may_v be_v collect_v that_o the_o fire_n be_v more_o hot_a than_o it_o but_o this_o canon_n in_o some_o case_n will_v fail_v we_o and_o first_o in_o cause_n by_o accident_n and_o aequivocal_a for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o because_o some_o one_o be_v drink_v by_o wine_n that_o therefore_o wine_n shall_v be_v more_o drink_v or_o because_o the_o knife_n be_v sharpen_v by_o the_o stone_n that_o therefore_o the_o stone_n shall_v be_v sharp_a than_o the_o knife_n second_o in_o effect_n which_o receive_v not_o more_o or_o less_o as_o if_o you_o shall_v prove_v the_o father_n to_o be_v more_o a_o man_n than_o his_o son_n because_o the_o son_n be_v so_o by_o his_o mean_n three_o those_o which_o depend_v not_o upon_o one_o cause_n for_o although_o the_o scholar_n derive_v his_o learning_n from_o his_o master_n yet_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o the_o master_n must_v be_v always_o learnede_a than_o the_o scholar_n for_o it_o may_v be_v that_o the_o scholar_n may_v have_v more_o ingeny_n and_o industry_n than_o his_o master_n etc._n etc._n five_o those_o who_o operation_n work_n or_o effect_v
the_o argumentation_n be_v infirm_a and_o beget_v not_o science_n when_o subject_a frivolous_a and_o inept_v for_o in_o vain_a shall_v we_o prove_v for_o instance_n that_o the_o pigmy_n be_v cholorick_n because_o of_o their_o short_a stature_n unless_o it_o appear_v that_o there_o be_v pigmy_n etc._n etc._n of_o premise_n or_o principle_n also_o that_o they_o be_v true_a for_o otherwise_o we_o lay_v a_o foundation_n of_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o know_v it_o remain_v therefore_o that_o of_o the_o affection_n it_o shall_v be_v demonstrate_v that_o it_o be_v and_o of_o the_o whole_a conclusion_n consist_v of_o subject_a and_o affection_n that_o it_o be_v true_a or_o that_o the_o affection_n be_v in_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o of_o which_o precognition_n those_o that_o be_v self-evident_a that_o be_v so_o that_o no_o body_n can_v be_v ignorant_a of_o they_o be_v only_o make_v in_o the_o mind_n those_o not_o so_o but_o that_o they_o may_v be_v unknown_a be_v always_o express_v in_o the_o first_o entrance_n of_o science_n ax._n 7._o and_o if_o so_o soon_o as_o produce_v they_o be_v believe_v by_o the_o disciple_n they_o may_v be_v proper_o term_v supposition_n but_o if_o not_o and_o the_o disciple_n be_v doubtful_a of_o they_o or_o even_o incline_v to_o a_o contrary_a opinion_n postulata_fw-la or_o thing_n to_o be_v require_v or_o demand_v 1._o §_o there_o be_v some_o thing_n say_v aristotle_n in_o science_n of_o which_o no_o one_o can_v be_v ignorant_a and_o these_o they_o call_v supposition_n as_o we_o say_v before_o or_o axiom_n that_o be_v such_o as_o carry_v such_o a_o native_a clarity_n with_o they_o as_o they_o be_v worthy_a of_o every_o body_n to_o be_v credit_v some_o of_o which_o one_o may_v but_o yet_o so_o soon_o as_o propose_v by_o a_o master_n be_v believe_v without_o proof_n and_o such_o as_o these_o be_v term_v definition_n and_o some_o not_o so_o immediate_o but_o deliver_v precarious_o and_o by_o way_n as_o it_o be_v of_o agreement_n because_o the_o probation_n of_o they_o if_o any_o belong_v to_o the_o metaphysic_n and_o such_o as_o these_o they_o call_v postulata_fw-la or_o thing_n require_v or_o to_o be_v demand_v etc._n etc._n and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o the_o condition_n which_o in_o every_o demonstration_n why_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v and_o first_o to_o those_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v to_o be_v use_v in_o demonstration_n chap._n xxii_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v to_o be_v use_v in_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o the_o condition_n which_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o demonstration_n why_o be_v partly_o belong_v to_o the_o question_n partly_o to_o the_o cause_n or_o medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n and_o partly_o to_o the_o premise_n or_o principle_n of_o which_o in_o the_o chapter_n follow_v ax._n 2._o every_o question_n do_v not_o admit_v of_o a_o demonstration_n why_o but_o only_o that_o which_o be_v true_a and_o have_v a_o certain_a and_o immutable_a cause_n of_o its_o truth_n ax._n 3_o and_o therefore_o neither_o proposition_n immediate_a nor_o fortuitous_a can_v be_v demonstrate_v but_o only_o proper_a accident_n 1._o §_o now_o proposition_n immediate_a can_v because_o they_o have_v no_o medium_fw-la or_o cause_n of_o their_o truth_n 1._o §_o chance_n likewise_o can_v because_o they_o have_v not_o any_o dependence_n upon_o any_o certain_a cause_n or_o rule_n accident_n therefore_o and_o those_o proper_a only_a can_v be_v demonstrate_v for_o substance_n have_v no_o cause_n why_o they_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a because_o they_o be_v predicate_v always_o as_o genus_n or_o difference_n and_o accident_n improper_a have_v no_o certain_a and_o definite_a cause_n now_o whether_o these_o accident_n proper_a flow_n from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a or_o some_o external_n cause_n or_o whether_o they_o be_v perpetual_a or_o only_o frequent_v it_o matter_n not_o but_o this_o that_o they_o cohere_v with_o their_o cause_n so_o as_o that_o they_o be_v put_v these_o also_o be_v put_v and_o that_o be_v take_v away_o these_o also_o may_v be_v take_v away_o be_v necessary_a and_o require_v for_o instance_n although_o the_o moon_n be_v not_o always_o deficient_a yet_o that_o she_o be_v so_o when_o so_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v because_o she_o be_v always_o so_o when_o the_o earth_n be_v diametrical_o interpose_v between_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n and_o never_o so_o when_o otherwise_o etc._n etc._n and_o so_o much_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v ax._n 4._o now_o the_o medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n must_v be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o that_o either_o efficient_a or_o final_a and_o if_o efficient_a either_o internal_a or_o external_n 1._o §_o now_o whereas_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n next_o that_o be_v either_o absolute_o or_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la in_o this_o place_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v the_o absolute_o next_o that_o be_v such_o as_o that_o be_v put_v the_o effect_n also_o must_v be_v put_v and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o effect_n also_o must_v be_v take_v away_o and_o far_o it_o be_v require_v that_o it_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a for_o that_o it_o be_v also_o of_o the_o subject_a be_v not_o so_o necessary_a because_o it_o be_v not_o inquire_v whether_o the_o subject_a be_v for_o that_o be_v pre-supposed_n but_o whether_o the_o predicate_v or_o in_o plain_a term_n whether_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o subject_a or_o not_o etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o this_o next_o cause_n must_v be_v either_o efficient_a or_o final_a because_o the_o predicate_v be_v a_o accident_n have_v not_o matter_n or_o form_n proper_o so_o call_v the_o cause_n final_a be_v adhibit_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v do_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o another_o as_o means_n natural_a instrument_n etc._n etc._n also_o action_n and_o habit_n if_o such_o be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o in_o other_o case_n the_o efficient_a it_o happen_v sometime_o indeed_o that_o the_o cause_n proximate_n viz._n the_o efficient_a be_v also_o the_o form_n or_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a and_o when_o it_o be_v so_o the_o better_a but_o however_o they_o differ_v not_o in_o specie_fw-la from_o the_o rest_n but_o these_o thing_n will_v appear_v more_o by_o example_n as_o here_o 1._o every_o rational_a creature_n be_v capable_a of_o science_n every_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a creature_n every_o man_n therefore_o be_v capable_a of_o science_n etc._n etc._n in_o this_o be_v the_o medium_fw-la rational_a the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o form_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 2._o every_o earthly_a thing_n be_v overwhelm_v wiâ—n_o throw_v into_o the_o water_n a_o ebony-tree_n be_v a_o earthly_a thing_n and_o therefore_o every_o ebony-tree_n be_v overwhelm_v when_o throw_v into_o the_o water_n the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 3._o whatever_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n have_v a_o threefold_a dimension_n every_o body_n consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n and_o therefore_o every_o body_n have_v a_o threefold_a dimension_n etc._n etc._n cause_o efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o both_o form_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 4._o that_o which_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n admit_v not_o of_o another_o body_n be_v with_o it_o in_o the_o same_o place_n but_o every_o body_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n etc._n etc._n the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o the_o propriety_n of_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n here_o viz._n 5._o that_o which_o the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v by_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n that_o suffer_v a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o light_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n but_o the_o moon_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n etc._n etc._n the_o cause_n efficient_a external_n of_o the_o predicate_a here_o 6._o he_o who_o be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o celestial_a thing_n aught_o to_o be_v of_o a_o upright_a countenance_n man_n be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o celesti-thing_n and_o therefore_o man_n ought_v to_o be_v of_o a_o upright_a countenance_n the_o cause_n final_a and_o also_o that_o of_o the_o predicate_v etc._n etc._n 3._o §_o now_o sometime_o it_o happen_v that_o the_o same_o question_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o cause_n efficient_a together_o with_o the_o final_a and_o so_o you_o may_v demonstrate_v that_o a_o animal_n sleep_v viz._n either_o because_o the_o common_a sense_n be_v sopit_v or_o drown_v by_o vapour_n and_o the_o passage_n of_o the_o external_n sense_n obstruct_v and_o this_o be_v from_o the_o efficient_a or_o else_o that_o the_o spirit_n may_v be_v refresh_v and_o strength_n
repair_v and_o this_o be_v from_o the_o final_a etc._n etc._n 4._o §_o demonstration_n why_o be_v not_o only_o affirm_v but_o also_o deny_v for_o as_o we_o may_v demonstrate_v that_o a_o man_n be_v capable_a of_o science_n because_o endue_v with_o reason_n so_o also_o that_o a_o beast_n be_v not_o because_o not_o etc._n etc._n for_o as_o a_o affirmation_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o affirmation_n so_o must_v a_o negation_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o negation_n etc._n etc._n see_v book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 13._o and_o so_o we_o proceed_v to_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o principle_n of_o demonstration_n in_o which_o we_o be_v teach_v what_o they_o ought_v to_o to_o be_v chap._n xxiii_o of_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o principle_n of_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o principle_n or_o proposition_n of_o demonstration_n why_o be_v either_o absolute_a or_o relate_v ax._n 2._o absolute_a be_v those_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o proposition_n in_o themselves_o consider_v and_o relate_v as_o compare_v with_o the_o conclusion_n ax._n 3_o the_o absolute_a be_v these_o and_o first_o that_o the_o proposition_n be_v necessary_o true_a and_o reciprocal_a second_o immediate_a and_o first_o commentary_n true_a because_o a_o false_a can_v be_v know_v and_o also_o necessary_o because_o from_o proposition_n not_o necessary_a a_o necessary_a conclusion_n can_v be_v draw_v unless_o by_o chance_n or_o accident_n 2._o §_o immediate_a because_o if_o not_o there_o will_v be_v a_o progress_n to_o infinite_a which_o be_v inconsistent_a with_o the_o nature_n of_o rnowledge_n ax._n 4._o these_o two_o in_o the_o major_n be_v require_v necessary_o but_o that_o the_o minor_a suppose_n it_o be_v true_a shall_v be_v also_o necessary_a and_o immediate_a be_v not_o absolute_o necessary_a 1._o §_o for_o the_o major_n be_v to_o consist_v of_o the_o affection_n and_o its_o next_o cause_n which_o be_v not_o only_o reciprocate_v among_o themselves_o but_o also_o necessary_o and_o immediate_o cohere_v but_o the_o minor_a of_o the_o affection_n cause_n and_o subject_n which_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a shall_v so_o close_o cohere_v as_o that_o they_o shall_v constitute_v a_o necessary_a immediate_a and_o reciprocal_a proposition_n since_o of_o the_o affection_n not_o subject_a the_o knowledge_n be_v require_v etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o now_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o necessary_a much_o less_o reciprocal_a and_o universal_o first_o when_o the_o medium_fw-la of_o the_o demonstration_n be_v the_o cause_n efficient_a external_n of_o the_o predicate_a for_o example_n that_o which_o with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v that_o suffer_v a_o defect_n of_o light_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n the_o moon_n with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v and_o therefore_o etc._n etc._n in_o this_o demonstration_n the_o minor_a have_v no_o degree_n of_o necessity_n because_o it_o be_v not_o perpetual_a in_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a or_o final_a indeed_o the_o minor_a be_v always_o necessary_a but_o not_o reciprocal_a because_o often_o the_o next_o and_o reciprocal_a subject_n want_v a_o name_n for_o example_n every_o plant_n who_o humour_n be_v apt_a to_o congeal_v at_o the_o foot_n or_o stalk_v of_o its_o leaf_n be_v apt_a to_o shed_v its_o leave_n but_o the_o humour_n of_o the_o vine_n be_v apt_a to_o congeal_v at_o the_o foot_n or_o stalk_v of_o its_o leaf_n and_o therefore_o the_o vine_n be_v apt_a to_o shed_v its_o leave_n etc._n etc._n in_o which_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o reciprocal_a because_o it_o happen_v not_o only_o to_o the_o vine_n to_o have_v its_o humour_n congeal_v but_o to_o all_o other_o plant_n to_o who_o it_o happen_v to_o shed_v their_o leave_n but_o this_o happen_v because_o there_o be_v not_o a_o proper_a name_n by_o which_o shall_v be_v signify_v all_o and_o only_o those_o plant_n to_o which_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o humour_n and_o fall_v of_o the_o leaf_n evene_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n be_v it_o also_o that_o the_o conclusion_n be_v not_o reciprocal_a see_v book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 5._o and_o book_n 2._o cap._n 66._o 3._o §_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o immediate_a also_o when_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v have_v any_o former_a cause_n by_o which_o it_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v for_o in_o all_o cause_n which_o enter_v demonstration_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a series_n and_o subordination_n so_o that_o every_o posterior_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o precedent_n as_o often_o therefore_o as_o any_o effect_n be_v demonstrate_v by_o such_o a_o cause_n as_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o a_o former_a cause_n that_o minor_n must_v necessary_o be_v mediate_v and_o than_o that_o minor_n be_v to_o be_v resolve_v into_o that_o former_a cause_n and_o so_o on_o till_o you_o come_v to_o the_o first_o of_o that_o series_n which_o constitute_v a_o demonstration_n of_o both_o proposition_n immediate_a and_o this_o demonstration_n be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o series_n and_o therefore_o in_o search_v of_o science_n we_o be_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o first_o demonstration_n to_o the_o follow_v in_o synthetic_a order_n and_o then_o the_o minor_a mediate_v be_v esteem_v as_o it_o be_v immediate_a because_o now_o before_o demonstrate_v for_o a_o demonstrate_v proposition_n be_v no_o less_o apt_a to_o beget_v knowledge_n than_o a_o proposition_n immediate_n and_o indemonstrable_a but_o yet_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v happen_v upon_o a_o demonstration_n who_o minor_a be_v mediate_v he_o must_v proceed_v in_o analytic_a order_n towards_o the_o first_o and_o fundamental_a demonstration_n nor_o will_v he_o first_o have_v attain_v science_n before_o he_o shall_v have_v arrive_v at_o the_o first_o cause_n for_o in_o this_o the_o mind_n acquiesces_fw-la but_o let_v we_o add_v example_n that_o the_o thing_n may_v be_v so_o much_o the_o better_o understand_v that_o which_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n admit_v not_o another_o body_n to_o be_v with_o it_o at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o the_o same_o place_n all_o body_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n and_o therefore_o etc._n etc._n the_o minor_a of_o this_o syllogism_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v in_o this_o manner_n that_o which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n every_o body_n consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n and_o therefore_o every_o body_n etc._n etc._n now_o the_o minor_a of_o this_o syllogism_n be_v immediate_a as_o well_o as_o the_o major_a because_o to_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v the_o definition_n of_o body_n etc._n etc._n 4._o §_o the_o same_o series_n there_o be_v in_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n final_a in_o which_o the_o subordinate_a be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o far_a end_n until_o you_o shall_v come_v to_o the_o last_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la in_o which_o the_o mind_n acquiesces_fw-la for_o example_n a_o animal_n have_v lung_n that_o it_o may_v breath_n breathe_v that_o it_o may_v refresh_v the_o heart_n the_o heart_n be_v to_o be_v refresh_v to_o preserve_v a_o temperature_n of_o heat_n a_o temperature_n of_o heat_n be_v to_o be_v keep_v that_o the_o life_n of_o the_o animal_n may_v be_v preserve_v etc._n etc._n if_o these_o demonstration_n be_v propose_v in_o form_n all_o except_v the_o last_o will_v have_v a_o mediate_v minor_a and_o the_o last_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n 5._o §_o it_o sometime_o happen_v that_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n efficient_a can_v be_v resolve_v into_o proposition_n mediate_v unless_o the_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n final_a be_v commix_v with_o the_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n efficient_a for_o example_n a_o man_n be_v of_o a_o most_o acute_a touch_n because_o he_o be_v of_o a_o very_a thin_a skin_n a_o thin_a skin_n because_o have_v abundance_n of_o elaborate_v animal_n spirit_n abundance_n of_o those_o elaborate_v animal_n spirit_n because_o have_v a_o very_a large_a brain_n the_o shop_n or_o office_n of_o those_o elaborate_v animal_n spirit_n hitherto_o be_v they_o all_o cause_n efficient_a that_o a_o man_n have_v a_o very_a large_a brain_n be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v from_o the_o end_n to_o wit_n because_o he_o shall_v reason_v that_o man_n shall_v reason_v again_o from_o cause_o efficient_a to_o wit_n because_o he_o be_v a_o rational_a animal_n here_o now_o we_o acquiesce_v because_o the_o minor_a be_v the_o definition_n of_o man_n and_o therefore_o immediate_a and_o indemonstrable_a axe_n 5._o the_o condition_n of_o principle_n relate_v to_o the_o conclusion_n be_v three_o and_o first_o that_o they_o be_v the_o cause_n second_o prior_n to_o and_o three_o more_o know_v than_o the_o conclusion_n ax._n 6._o and_o these_o condition_n be_v require_v in_o both_o proposition_n 1._o §_o for_o as_o be_v the_o
medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d with_o respect_n to_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v so_o be_v the_o principle_n or_o premise_n to_o the_o conclusion_n wherefore_o as_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o affection_n so_o the_o principle_n be_v the_o cause_n not_o only_o why_o the_o conclusion_n be_v know_v for_o in_o this_o sense_n the_o principle_n be_v the_o cause_n even_o in_o all_o syllogism_n but_o also_o why_o they_o be_v true_a and_o as_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v before_o the_o affection_n not_o in_o time_n but_o nature_n so_o also_o the_o principle_n obtain_v a_o verity_n not_o in_o time_n but_o nature_n prior_n to_o that_o of_o the_o conclusion_n last_o as_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v more_o know_v than_o the_o affection_n not_o as_o to_o we_o and_o in_o way_n of_o confuse_a knowledge_n but_o of_o nature_n and_o distinct_a cognition_n so_o also_o the_o principle_n be_v more_o know_v than_o the_o conclusion_n for_o because_o we_o embrace_v the_o conclusion_n with_o a_o full_a assent_n of_o the_o mind_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o the_o principle_n we_o must_v assent_v more_o to_o the_o principle_n themselves_o of_o necessity_n because_o that_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v such_o that_o itself_o be_v more_o such_o as_o aristotle_n teach_v book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 2._o etc._n etc._n ax._n 7._o now_o when_o the_o principle_n have_v all_o these_o condition_n they_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v ax._n 8._o principle_n be_v say_v to_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v when_o they_o be_v neither_o heterogeneous_a or_o foreign_a nor_o yet_o common_a 1._o §_o now_o principle_n be_v say_v to_o be_v heterogeneous_a then_o when_o they_o be_v fetch_v from_o some_o other_o science_n as_o if_o one_o for_o the_o prove_v of_o physical_a question_n shall_v make_v use_n of_o mathematical_a principle_n or_o geometrical_a arithmetical_a but_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a for_o a_o demonstrater_n to_o pass_v from_o one_o science_n to_o another_o to_o wit_n because_o the_o medium_fw-la with_o the_o three_o that_o be_v the_o subject_a and_o the_o first_o that_o be_v the_o predicate_a with_o the_o medium_fw-la ought_v to_o agree_v by_o itself_o as_o be_v teach_v cap._n 6._o of_o the_o same_o book_n which_o can_v be_v if_o the_o the_o conclusion_n and_o principle_n be_v not_o of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la or_o subject_a that_o be_v of_o the_o same_o science_n for_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o science_n which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la or_o subject_a as_o appear_v from_o cap._n 28._o of_o the_o same_o book_n 2._o §_o if_o yet_o one_o science_n be_v subalternate_a to_o another_o as_o music_n to_o arithmetic_n or_o optic_n to_o geometry_n the_o question_n of_o the_o inferior_a be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o principle_n of_o the_o superior_a science_n nor_o be_v this_o a_o pass_v to_o another_o genus_fw-la because_o the_o subalternated_a science_n have_v in_o some_o manner_n the_o same_o subject_a with_o the_o superior_a and_o so_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v esteem_v divers_a science_n i_o say_v in_o some_o manner_n because_o the_o subalternated_a science_n consider_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o superior_a with_o some_o sensible_a quality_n which_o yet_o appertain_v not_o to_o the_o formal_a ratio_fw-la of_o the_o subject_a from_o whence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o affection_n of_o both_o be_v diverse_a though_o in_o the_o rest_n they_o consent_v so_o arithmetic_n consider_v number_n absolute_o music_n which_o be_v subalternate_v to_o it_o only_o in_o â—ound_n so_o geometry_n consider_v magnitude_n absolute_o the_o optic_n or_o science_n discuss_v the_o reason_n of_o sight_n which_o be_v subalternate_a or_o inferior_a to_o it_o only_o in_o colour_n light_n and_o shadow_n see_v cap._n 7._o of_o the_o forecited_n book_n 3._o §_o the_o principle_n common_a be_v those_o which_o may_v be_v accommodate_v to_o many_o science_n such_o principle_n as_o these_o generate_v not_o science_n because_o they_o contain_v a_o medium_fw-la which_o coheres_fw-la not_o with_o the_o part_n of_o the_o question_n by_o itself_o but_o accident_n but_o it_o be_v then_o that_o we_o know_v a_o thing_n true_o when_o we_o know_v it_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o from_o principle_n which_o be_v such_o as_o it_o be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v as_o aristotle_n speak_v cap_n 9_o of_o the_o same_o book_n but_o that_o which_o we_o know_v from_o common_a reason_n we_o know_v only_o by_o accident_n etc._n etc._n it_o be_v not_o yet_o to_o be_v think_v that_o the_o principle_n of_o science_n be_v common_a which_o when_o of_o the_o superior_a be_v adhibit_v to_o the_o inferior_a science_n because_o the_o science_n subalternate_a as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o be_v not_o esteem_v diverse_a from_o the_o subalternate_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o now_o principle_n be_v divide_v into_o axiom_n and_o thesis_n ax._n 10._o and_o a_o axiom_n be_v that_o the_o truth_n of_o which_o know_v only_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n no_o person_n can_v be_v ignorant_a of_o ax._n 11._o a_o thesis_n who_o truth_n be_v not_o know_v by_o the_o mere_a signification_n of_o the_o word_n only_o but_o by_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o sense_n or_o some_o other_o way_n of_o declaration_n ax._n 12._o and_o this_o be_v either_o definition_n or_o hypothesis_n ax._n 13._o a_o definition_n be_v a_o oration_n as_o we_o have_v observe_v before_o in_o which_o we_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v a_o hypothesis_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o be_v or_o no_o etc._n etc._n this_o division_n of_o the_o principle_n be_v fetch_v from_o book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 2._o and_o 10._o whence_o axiom_n be_v so_o call_v be_v declare_v book_n 1_o of_o the_o institution_n cap._n 27._o the_o word_n thesis_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o any_o proposition_n which_o be_v propose_v pro_fw-la and_o con_n to_o be_v dispute_v of_o as_o book_n 8._o top._n cap._n 4._o and_o 5._o and_o sometime_o for_o a_o sentence_n paradoxal_a of_o some_o eminent_a philosopher_n as_o book_n 1_o top._n cap._n 1._o in_o rhetoric_n it_o be_v take_v for_o a_o infinite_a question_n but_o here_o for_o a_o kind_n of_o proposition_n immediate_n now_o 2._o §_o aristotle_n cap._n 10._o of_o the_o forecited_n book_n define_v a_o axiom_n in_o this_o manner_n viz._n to_o be_v that_o which_o of_o necessity_n be_v true_a of_o itself_o and_o of_o the_o like_a necessity_n must_v seem_v so_o of_o necessity_n true_a that_o be_v worthy_a of_o it_o self_n of_o our_o belief_n or_o that_o that_o have_v no_o cause_n of_o its_o truth_n by_o which_o to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o this_o be_v common_a to_o all_o as_o well_o thesis_n as_o axiom_n add_v of_o necessity_n must_v seem_v so_o that_o be_v by_o a_o person_n of_o complete_a reason_n it_o can_v serious_o and_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o his_o mind_n be_v deny_v for_o a_o person_n perchance_o may_v deny_v a_o axiom_n rather_o than_o confess_v himself_o to_o be_v overcome_v but_o no_o one_o can_v be_v find_v who_o suppose_v he_o of_o a_o complete_a reason_n can_v deny_v it_o in_o his_o soul_n and_o mind_n for_o example_n such_o enunciation_n as_o these_o nothing_o can_v at_o the_o same_o time_n be_v and_o also_o not_o be_v the_o whole_a be_v great_a than_o its_o part_n those_o thing_n that_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o same_o those_o also_o will_v be_v equal_a among_o themselves_o if_o from_o equal_a thing_n you_o take_v away_o equal_a those_o thing_n which_o remain_v will_v be_v equal_a too_o etc._n etc._n the_o evidence_n of_o which_o be_v so_o great_a that_o know_v only_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n by_o which_o they_o be_v express_v the_o truth_n of_o they_o can_v but_o be_v apparent_a for_o he_o who_o know_v what_o signify_v a_o whole_a and_o what_o a_o part_n and_o what_o to_o be_v great_a can_v be_v ignorant_a that_o a_o whole_a be_v great_a than_o a_o part_n etc._n etc._n 3._o §_o and_o in_o this_o respect_n differ_v axiom_n from_o thesis_n for_o to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o thesis_n beside_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o signification_n of_o word_n be_v require_v the_o judgement_n of_o the_o sense_n and_o sometime_o the_o declaration_n of_o a_o master_n of_o definition_n example_n may_v be_v take_v out_o of_o every_o discipline_n as_o for_o instance_n physic_n as_o a_o body_n natural_a be_v that_o which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n principle_n be_v those_o which_o be_v neither_o make_v out_o of_o themselves_o nor_o other_o and_o out_o of_o which_o be_v make_v all_o thing_n nature_n be_v the_o principle_n and_o cause_n of_o motion_n and_o quiet_a in_o that_o in_o which_o it_o be_v first_o by_o its_o self_n and_o not_o by_o accident_n etc._n etc._n geometry_n as_o that_o
the_o minor_a must_v not_o be_v deny_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n or_o which_o return_v to_o the_o same_o account_n viz._n from_o the_o remotion_n of_o the_o antecedent_n can_v be_v infer_v that_o of_o the_o consequent_a as_o we_o observe_v chapter_n the_o 12_o in_o that_o part_n relate_v to_o hypothetical_n syllogism_n the_o four_o be_v that_o one_o of_o the_o premise_n must_v be_v deny_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n or_o which_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n the_o position_n of_o the_o antecedent_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v conclude_v from_o that_o of_o the_o consequent_a as_o we_o have_v observe_v again_o in_o the_o same_o chapter_n and_o therefore_o these_o sort_n of_o syllogism_n will_v be_v paralogism_n viz._n every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n a_o horse_n be_v not_o a_o man_n and_o therefore_o not_o a_o animal_n or_o thus_o if_o a_o horse_n be_v a_o man_n he_o be_v a_o animal_n but_o a_o horse_n be_v not_o a_o man_n and_o therefore_o not_o a_o animal_n etc._n etc._n likewise_o every_o flatterer_n be_v complaisant_a such_o a_o one_o be_v complaisant_a and_o therefore_o such_o a_o one_o be_v a_o flatterer_n or_o thus_o if_o crispus_n be_v a_o flatterer_n he_o be_v complaisant_a but_o he_o be_v complaisant_a and_o therefore_o a_o flatterer_n etc._n etc._n if_o any_o one_o be_v deceive_v by_o these_o sort_n of_o argumentation_n either_o from_o himself_o or_o other_o as_o it_o often_o happen_v he_o be_v then_o deceive_v by_o a_o fallacy_n of_o the_o consequent_a 2._o but_o because_o the_o fault_n of_o a_o false_a consequence_n be_v easy_o discernible_a in_o these_o sort_n of_o syllogism_n sophister_n usual_o conceal_v it_o either_o by_o suppress_v one_o of_o the_o premise_n as_o crispus_n be_v complaisant_a and_o therefore_o a_o flatterer_n walk_n by_o night_n and_o therefore_o a_o thief_n or_o else_o by_o circumlocution_n as_o he_o that_o say_v you_o be_v a_o animal_n say_v true_a he_o that_o say_v you_o be_v a_o ass_n say_v you_o be_v a_o animal_n and_o therefore_o he_o that_o say_v you_o be_v a_o ass_n say_v true_a for_o this_o argumentation_n be_v just_a as_o if_o one_o shall_v lay_v down_o this_o position_n viz._n you_o be_v a_o animal_n a_o ass_n be_v a_o animal_n and_o therefore_o you_o be_v a_o ass_n which_o be_v a_o argumentation_n contrary_a to_o rule_v of_o two_o affirmative_n in_o the_o second_o figure_n ax._n 11._o which_o be_v solve_v by_o show_v that_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v not_o diverse_a from_o the_o question_n or_o at_o least_o more_o know_v than_o it_o ax._n 10._o the_o sophism_n of_o beg_v the_o question_n be_v then_o when_o any_o thing_n be_v prove_v either_o by_o itself_o or_o something_o that_o be_v equal_o unknown_a with_o itself_o 1._o §_o this_o be_v call_v a_o beg_n of_o the_o principle_n because_o it_o be_v a_o beg_n of_o that_o which_o in_o the_o beginning_n be_v seek_v for_o these_o sort_n of_o catch_n may_v be_v two_o way_n lay_v and_o first_o when_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v prove_v by_o itself_o second_o when_o one_o unknown_a thing_n be_v prove_v by_o another_o that_o be_v equal_o unknown_a with_o itself_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v prove_v by_o itself_o when_o the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v of_o the_o question_n the_o name_n be_v change_v be_v bring_v in_o for_o a_o medium_fw-la to_o prove_v the_o question_n as_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v prove_v the_o soul_n of_o man_n to_o be_v ex_fw-la traduce_v english_a of_o the_o seed_n of_o the_o parent_n because_o beget_v by_o the_o seed_n of_o the_o parent_n i_o say_v the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v change_v the_o name_n for_o if_o the_o name_n be_v not_o change_v the_o argumentation_n will_v be_v mere_a child_n play_n and_o yet_o for_o all_o this_o every_o argumentation_n in_o which_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v of_o the_o question_n be_v not_o to_o be_v reject_v as_o a_o sophism_n but_o only_o that_o who_o medium_fw-la be_v not_o only_o in_o itself_o and_o of_o its_o own_o nature_n the_o same_o with_o the_o question_n but_o also_o as_o to_o we_o as_o in_o that_o which_o we_o propose_v above_o but_o if_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v of_o its_o own_o nature_n the_o same_o as_o the_o question_n but_o not_o also_o as_o to_o we_o or_o our_o manner_n of_o concetpion_n the_o argumentation_n be_v not_o to_o be_v reject_v unless_o you_o can_v suppose_v all_o the_o argument_n which_o be_v fetch_v from_o essential_a place_n as_o genus_fw-la species_n definition_n whole_a and_o part_v to_o make_v captious_a argumentation_n etc._n etc._n 2._o second_o the_o second_o way_n be_v when_o the_o medium_n as_o much_o unknown_a as_o the_o question_n itself_o as_o if_o one_o shall_v prove_v vision_n to_o be_v make_v by_o emission_n because_o not_o by_o reception_n now_o this_o sophism_n tend_v to_o this_o partly_o that_o the_o sophister_n may_v seem_v to_o abound_v with_o argument_n partly_o that_o change_v the_o form_n of_o the_o word_n he_o may_v conciliate_v a_o show_n of_o probability_n to_o his_o declaration_n ax._n 11._o sophism_n of_o not_o cause_n for_o the_o cause_n be_v then_o when_o that_o which_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n or_o by_o accident_n be_v obtrude_v for_o the_o true_a cause_n and_o that_o by_o itself_o ax._n 12._o and_o this_o sophism_n be_v solve_v by_o the_o designation_n of_o the_o true_a cause_n upon_o which_o the_o effect_n by_o itself_o depend_v 1._o §_o the_o caption_n of_o not_o cause_n for_o the_o cause_n either_o lie_v in_o a_o syllogism_n that_o lead_v to_o inconvenience_n or_o direct_v in_o a_o syllogism_n that_o lead_v to_o inconvenience_n when_o the_o falsity_n of_o the_o conclusion_n bring_v be_v impute_v to_o one_o of_o the_o premise_n which_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o it_o as_o if_o one_o design_v to_o prove_v the_o humane_a soul_n mortal_a shall_v thus_o argue_v every_o immortal_a be_v eternal_a the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v immortal_a and_o therefore_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v eternal_a but_o this_o conclusion_n be_v false_a and_o the_o occasion_n of_o it_o be_v in_o the_o minor_a which_o be_v that_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v immortal_a and_o therefore_o mortal_a for_o this_o argumentation_n be_v a_o sophism_n of_o the_o not_o cause_n for_o the_o cause_n for_o he_o say_v that_o this_o proposition_n the_o soul_n be_v immortal_a be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o false_a conclusion_n when_o it_o be_v that_o viz._n that_o every_o immortal_a be_v eternal_a in_o a_o syllogism_n direct_v when_o that_o which_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o cause_n by_o accident_n happen_v not_o but_o to_o the_o cause_n by_o themselves_o as_o religion_n excite_v civil_a war_n from_o the_o read_n of_o the_o sacred_a scripture_n spring_v hresy_n wine_n be_v heady_a and_o intoxicate_a etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o religion_n read_v of_o the_o sacred_a scripture_n and_o wine_n be_v not_o to_o be_v tolerate_v in_o any_o commonwealth_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 13._o the_o sophism_n of_o many_o interrogation_n be_v then_o when_o two_o or_o more_o question_n be_v so_o propose_v as_o that_o they_o show_v only_o but_o as_o one._n ax._n 14._o and_o these_o sort_n of_o sophism_n be_v bring_v about_o two_o manner_n of_o way_n and_o first_o when_o two_o subject_n or_o two_o predicate_v or_o perhaps_o more_o be_v propound_v under_o so_o many_o distinct_a sort_n of_o name_n as_o be_v the_o world_n eternal_a and_o perfect_a etc._n etc._n this_o be_v a_o captious_a interrogation_n for_o if_o you_o answer_v affirmative_o the_o sophister_n will_v set_v upon_o you_o as_o if_o you_o have_v grant_v that_o the_o world_n be_v eternal_a and_o if_o otherwise_o he_o except_v against_o you_o as_o if_o you_o deny_v that_o the_o world_n be_v perfect_a and_o second_o you_o may_v make_v a_o fallacy_n of_o many_o interrogation_n in_o one_o word_n as_o desistine_n etc._n etc._n have_v you_o leave_v off_o to_o commit_v adultery_n have_v you_o lose_v your_o horn_n etc._n etc._n but_o enough_o of_o this_o be_v say_v in_o the_o place_n of_o homonymy_n and_o thus_o much_o may_v suffice_v for_o syllogism_n the_o last_o of_o the_o four_o instrument_n be_v that_o which_o now_o demand_v our_o attendance_n and_o that_o be_v method_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v entreat_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n chap._n xxviii_o of_o method_n ax._n 1_o there_o remain_v yet_o order_n or_o method_n to_o be_v entreat_v of_o and_o that_o be_v a_o apt_a disposition_n of_o thing_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o head_n so_o as_o that_o they_o may_v be_v the_o best_a and_o most_o easy_o understand_v and_o the_o most_o firm_o imprint_v upon_o the_o memory_n ax._n 2._o for_o which_o end_n we_o be_v ever_o to_o set_v those_o thing_n before_o which_o conduce_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o follow_v at_o least_o be_v better_o understand_v than_o they_o ax._n 3_o now_o