if_o science_n it_o be_v call_v demonstrative_a or_o apodictical_a as_o cap._n 2._o soph._n elench_v and_o if_o opinion_n or_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n it_o be_v call_v dialectical_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o so_o that_o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n be_v nothing_o more_o than_o a_o syllogism_n generate_a opinion_n or_o any_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n or_o as_o aristotle_n explain_v himself_o book_n 1._o of_o his_o top._n cap._n 1._o argue_v out_o of_o probable_n and_o he_o be_v think_v the_o best_a dialectic_a who_o can_v best_o defend_v his_o own_o and_o dilute_a or_o wash_v away_o the_o opinion_n of_o his_o adversary_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o and_o in_o treat_v of_o this_o sort_n of_o syllogism_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v of_o question_n proposition_n and_o invention_n of_o argument_n ax._n 5._o and_o a_o question_n here_o may_v be_v any_o thing_n provide_v it_o contradict_v not_o piety_n good_a manner_n or_o common_a sense_n 1._o §_o for_o he_o that_o shall_v call_v in_o question_n whether_o god_n be_v to_o be_v worship_v or_o parent_n honour_v or_o the_o magistrate_n to_o be_v obey_v aught_o rather_o to_o be_v punish_v than_o follow_v with_o dialectical_a argument_n so_o he_o that_o shaâ—â—_n doubt_v whether_o the_o snow_n be_v white_a be_v not_o otherwise_o to_o be_v convince_v than_o by_o the_o testimony_n of_o his_o outward_a sense_n which_o he_o who_o disbelieve_v what_o be_v iâ—_n that_o he_o will_v believe_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o so_o that_o concern_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o dialectical_a problem_n we_o need_v not_o much_o to_o be_v solicitous_a anâ—_n their_o attribute_n be_v either_o of_o the_o first_o or_o second_o notion_n of_o which_o those_o constitute_v real_a these_o notional_a problem_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 7._o a_o real_a be_v when_o the_o attribute_n of_o thâ—_n question_n be_v real_a as_o be_v a_o place_n a_o superficies_n or_o so_o a_o notional_a when_o a_o notional_a as_o be_v superficies_n the_o gonus_fw-la of_o place_n or_o so_o because_o genus_fw-la be_v not_o a_o true_a thing_n but_o a_o second_o notion_n or_o logical_a and_o only_o feign_v in_o the_o mind_n whereas_o a_o superficies_n be_v a_o true_a thinâ—_n and_o not_o feign_v in_o the_o mind_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 8._o real_a again_o be_v either_o absolute_a or_o compare_v ax._n 9_o absolute_a that_o in_o which_o seek_v whether_o tâ—â—_n attribute_n agree_v to_o the_o subject_a or_o no._n ax._n 10._o compare_v when_o two_o or_o more_o subject_a be_v propose_v it_o be_v ask_v which_o the_o attribute_n degree_n or_o disagree_v most_o to_o or_o two_o or_o more_o attribute_n whether_o of_o they_o agree_v more_o or_o most_o to_o 〈◊〉_d subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o saught_v whether_o glery_n to_o be_v number_v among_o our_o good_a thing_n it_o be_v a_o absolute_a problem_n when_o whether_o virtue_n or_o glory_n a_o most_o to_o be_v desire_v or_o alexander_n more_o valiant_a or_o tâ—â—â—rate_a a_o compare_v ax._n 11._o problem_n dialectical_a of_o what_o kind_n soever_o may_v be_v take_v out_o of_o all_o discipline_n whatsoever_o ax._n 12._o proposition_n dialectical_a be_v to_o be_v true_a 〈◊〉_d least_o probable_a not_o paradoxal_a that_o be_v against_o the_o common_a or_o receive_a opinion_n for_o how_o shall_v the_o respondent_fw-la grant_v that_o which_o be_v against_o the_o common_a or_o receive_v opinion_n and_o which_o it_o may_v be_v he_o judge_v to_o be_v false_a but_o let_v we_o take_v some_o note_n from_o the_o learned_a hereboord_n and_o so_o end_v this_o chapter_n note_n and_o observation_n from_o the_o learned_a hereboord_n have_v relation_n to_o this_o chapter_n 1._o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n may_v also_o thus_o be_v define_v a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o beget_v opinion_n human_a faith_n or_o doubt_v or_o any_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n or_o error_n which_o distinguish_v it_o likewise_o from_o the_o sophistical_a syllogism_n 2._o a_o syllogism_n dialectical_a be_v also_o by_o another_o name_n call_v topical_a from_o the_o greek_a word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d place_n in_o latin_a probabilis_fw-la that_o be_v probable_a or_o contingent_a because_o though_o it_o produce_v a_o true_a yet_o be_v it_o a_o uncertain_a and_o infirm_a assent_n because_o its_o proposition_n though_o true_a be_v yet_o contingent_a as_o may_v appear_v by_o what_o be_v say_v above_o 3._o when_o a_o paradox_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o problem_n true_a against_o the_o common_a opinion_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v only_o of_o that_o of_o the_o unlearned_a or_o vulgar_a but_o also_o of_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o letter_a who_o have_v take_v up_o with_o principle_n ancient_a and_o not_o so_o well_o examine_v such_o as_o that_o viz._n the_o earth_n move_v which_o though_o it_o be_v true_a yet_o may_v it_o be_v so_o against_o the_o common_a opinion_n and_o therefore_o a_o paradox_n 4._o a_o term_n of_o art_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o this_o viz._n a_o term_n proper_a to_o every_o art_n so_o metonymy_a and_o synecdoche_n be_v term_n of_o art_n viz._n rhetorical_a meridian_n horizon_n zodiac_n astronomical_a genus_fw-la and_o species_n logical_a etc._n etc._n and_o this_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o consideration_n viz._n that_o chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o dialectical_a argument_n or_o topical_a place_n and_o rule_n ax._n 1_o now_o to_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o probable_a or_o dialectical_a argument_n belong_v place_n and_o rule_n a._n 2._o a_o place_n be_v a_o seat_n or_o certain_a common_a note_n by_o who_o admonition_n a_o argument_n be_v find_v ax._n 3_o a_o rule_n a_o canon_n or_o proposition_n contain_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o consequence_n of_o dialectical_a syllogism_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o the_o distribution_n of_o the_o argument_n here_o to_o be_v use_v viz._n in_o dialectical_a disputation_n be_v usual_o into_o artificial_a and_o inartificial_a that_o be_v into_o those_o of_o art_n to_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o question_n and_o testimony_n which_o be_v to_o be_v find_v without_o now_o the_o first_o ax._n 5._o be_v to_o be_v use_v for_o the_o confirm_v or_o refel_v of_o all_o sort_n of_o problem_n alike_o that_o be_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v no_o other_o than_o testimony_n but_o the_o artificial_a not_o but_o may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n viz._n those_o for_o the_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o notional_a and_o those_o for_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o such_o as_o we_o have_v call_v real_a problem_n because_o concern_v about_o real_a thing_n ax._n 6._o now_o those_o of_o the_o first_o kind_n viz._n for_o the_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o notional_a problem_n be_v always_o take_v from_o the_o nature_n or_o propriety_n of_o that_o affection_n or_o 2d_o notion_n concern_v which_o it_o be_v query_v in_o the_o problem_n 1._o §_o which_o or_o else_o some_o canon_n belong_v to_o it_o be_v place_v in_o the_o major_n a_o assumption_n be_v make_v the_o controvert_v affection_n be_v prove_v to_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a as_o because_o air_n be_v the_o subject_a matter_n of_o wind_n we_o prove_v it_o not_o to_o be_v its_o genus_fw-la and_o because_o immortality_n be_v the_o affection_n of_o life_n eternal_a we_o prove_v it_o not_o to_o be_v its_o genus_fw-la both_o which_o argument_n lean_a upon_o this_o rule_n viz._n that_o that_o which_o be_v the_o subject_a or_o propriety_n of_o a_o thing_n can_v be_v its_o genus_fw-la etc._n etc._n give_v we_o cap._n 11._o of_o the_o first_o book_n and_o so_o divine_v make_v it_o appear_v that_o good_a work_n be_v not_o to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o our_o justification_n because_o every_o cause_n be_v before_o its_o effect_n but_o good_a work_n be_v after_o our_o justification_n and_o therefore_o not_o its_o cause_n and_o this_o argumentation_n lean_v upon_o this_o foundation_n theorem_a 3._o cap._n 15._o of_o the_o first_o book_n viz_o that_o every_o cause_n be_v before_o it_o be_v cause_v in_o nature_n and_o knowledge_n etc._n etc._n such_o syllogism_n as_o these_o aristotle_n call_v book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 8._o syllogism_n logical_a that_o be_v notional_a and_o the_o use_v of_o they_o be_v very_o great_a in_o all_o discipline_n ax._n 9_o argument_n of_o the_o other_o sort_n viz._n for_o prove_v or_o refel_v of_o real_a problem_n be_v always_o take_v from_o the_o affection_n belong_v to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v as_o from_o their_o place_n ax._n 10._o of_o which_o those_o be_v the_o best_a which_o be_v take_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o predicate_a because_o not_o seek_v whether_o the_o subject_a be_v but_o predicate_v or_o whether_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o subject_a or_o not_o etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o for_o example_n of_o they_o both_o suppose_v any_o one_o
that_o he_o shall_v be_v a_o man_n if_o he_o have_v a_o rational_a soul_n be_v requisite_a and_o necessary_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 23._o place_v from_o efficient_a have_v two_o canon_n and_o the_o first_o of_o they_o be_v such_o as_o the_o cause_n be_v such_o be_v the_o effect_n etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o and_o thus_o god_n be_v very_o good_a and_o therefore_o his_o work_n be_v so_o this_o canon_n be_v deceitful_a unless_o cautious_o use_v for_o first_o it_o sail_v in_o cause_n that_o be_v by_o accident_n for_o neither_o do_v it_o follow_v that_o a_o son_n be_v good_a because_o his_o father_n be_v so_o nor_o yet_o bad_a for_o a_o son_n be_v not_o produce_v by_o his_o father_n as_o he_o be_v good_a or_o bad_a but_o as_o he_o be_v a_o man_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o it_o fail_v in_o equivocal_a cause_n for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o the_o sun_n be_v animate_v although_o it_o animate_v the_o world_n nor_o that_o the_o whetstone_n be_v sharp_a although_o it_o sharpen_v iron_n last_o in_o cause_n voluntary_a when_o make_v use_n of_o their_o utmost_a endeavour_n they_o do_v something_o which_o do_v not_o correspond_v to_o their_o skill_n or_o art_n as_o when_o a_o painter_n paint_v less_o elegant_o than_o become_v his_o art_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 24_o second_o that_o which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o cause_n be_v also_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o cause_v etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o virtue_n be_v partly_o from_o nature_n partly_o from_o institution_n partly_o from_o custom_n virtue_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o civil_a happiness_n and_o therefore_o civil_a happiness_n be_v partly_o from_o nature_n partly_o from_o institution_n partly_o from_o custom_n etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n have_v place_n only_o in_o cause_n subordinate_a of_o themselves_o for_o in_o cause_n subordinate_a by_o accident_n it_o for_o the_o most_o part_n fail_v for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v because_o god_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o our_o will_n and_o our_o will_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o sin_n that_o therefore_o god_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o sin_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 25._o place_v from_o the_o end_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o the_o end_n be_v put_v there_o be_v also_o put_v the_o mean_n to_o that_o end_n 1._o §_o and_o so_o ovid_n conclude_v that_o man_n be_v make_v with_o a_o upright_a countenance_n because_o to_o contemplate_v the_o heaven_n deem_v that_o to_o be_v the_o end_n of_o a_o upright_a figure_n the_o word_n of_o the_o sweet_a poet_n be_v these_o omnia_fw-la cùm_fw-la spectent_fw-la animalia_fw-la cetera_fw-la terram_fw-la os_fw-la homini_fw-la sublime_a dedit_fw-la caelùmque_fw-la tueri_fw-la jussit_fw-la &_o erectos_fw-la ad_fw-la sydera_fw-la tollere_fw-la vultus_fw-la which_o admirable_a pare-royal_a may_v be_v render_v in_o these_o two_o sorry_a couplet_n in_o this_o manner_n and_o whereas_o other_o animal_n behold_v with_o downcast_a look_v this_o sublunary_a mould_n to_o man_n he_o give_v a_o stately_a upright_a frame_n and_o bid_v he_o view_v those_o heaven_n from_o whence_o he_o come_v which_o though_o they_o fail_v as_o to_o their_o versifcation_n yet_o may_v they_o serve_v to_o show_v in_o some_o measure_n the_o mean_v of_o that_o memorable_a passage_n of_o excellent_a ovid._n now_o the_o mean_n be_v often_o express_v by_o a_o negation_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o impede_fw-la the_o end_n as_o the_o pupil_n or_o apple_n of_o the_o eye_n be_v to_o admit_v all_o colour_n and_o therefore_o to_o be_v without_o colour_n the_o elect_n must_v be_v save_v and_o therefore_o must_v not_o sin_n unto_o death_n etc._n etc._n but_o now_o though_o the_o end_v be_v put_v it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o mean_n shall_v be_v so_o yet_o that_o the_o end_v not_o be_v put_v they_o shall_v not_o be_v so_o be_v not_o always_o necessary_a for_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a that_o a_o man_n shall_v be_v destitute_a of_o book_n and_o master_n because_o he_o be_v not_o learned_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 26._o now_o the_o place_n from_o cause_v have_v four_o canon_n and_o the_o first_o be_v the_o compose_v posit_v the_o matter_n and_o form_n must_v be_v so_o too_o and_o when_o that_o be_v take_v away_o the_o material_a form_n also_o must_v be_v take_v away_o 1._o §_o and_o so_o plant_n be_v live_v thing_n and_o therefore_o they_o must_v have_v a_o body_n and_o soul_n and_o stone_n be_v not_o and_o therefore_o they_o must_v not_o have_v a_o soul_n i_o say_v form_n material_a for_o that_o the_o compose_v take_v away_o the_o matter_n shall_v be_v so_o too_o or_o the_o form_n immaterial_a be_v not_o necessary_a for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o there_o be_v no_o iron_n because_o no_o sword_n or_o that_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v not_o because_o he_o die_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 27._o second_o the_o effect_n be_v posit_v it_o follow_v that_o either_o there_o be_v a_o cause_n efficient_a or_o else_o that_o there_o have_v be_v one_o 1._o §_o as_o there_o be_v a_o building_n and_o therefore_o there_o be_v or_o be_v a_o architect_n to_o build_v it_o here_o be_v the_o footstep_n and_o therefore_o this_o way_n in_o all_o likelihood_n there_o have_v pass_v some_o man_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 28._o three_o such_o as_o be_v the_o effect_n such_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o produce_v it_o 1._o §_o as_o this_o picture_n be_v fine_a and_o therefore_o so_o must_v the_o artist_n be_v that_o draw_v it_o to_o this_o be_v to_o be_v add_v the_o same_o limitation_n which_o be_v add_v to_o the_o first_o of_o the_o place_n from_o cause_n efficient_a viz_o the_o caution_n against_o accidental_n and_o aequivocals_n because_o in_o these_o case_n this_o rule_n may_v fail_v we_o ax._n 29._o four_o the_o mean_v take_v away_o the_o end_n must_v also_o be_v so_o too_o 1._o §_o as_o stones_z be_v not_o nourish_v and_o therefore_o they_o do_v not_o live_v many_o man_n the_o gospel_n will_v not_o be_v preach_v to_o and_o therefore_o many_o man_n by_o mean_n of_o the_o gospel_n will_v not_o be_v save_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 30._o the_o place_n from_o the_o subject_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o the_o subject_a be_v posit_v the_o propriety_n must_v also_o be_v so_o too_o and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o propriety_n must_v also_o be_v so_o too_o 1._o §_o as_o christ_n be_v god_n and_o therefore_o he_o have_v the_o power_n to_o forgive_v sin_n the_o write_n of_o the_o father_n be_v not_o the_o word_n of_o god_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v not_o of_o divine_a authority_n etc._n etc._n now_o these_o canon_n without_o any_o limitation_n be_v certain_a and_o firm_a ax._n 31._o the_o place_n for_o adjunct_n be_v of_o great_a extent_n and_o have_v under_o it_o propriety_n object_n sign_n and_o circumstance_n now_o ax._n 32._o the_o place_n from_o propriety_n have_v two_o canon_n and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o the_o propriety_n be_v give_v to_o that_o also_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o to_o which_o the_o propriety_n be_v not_o give_v to_o that_o neither_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o christ_n be_v omniscient_a and_o therefore_o he_o be_v god_n angel_n fill_v up_o no_o place_n and_o therefore_o they_o have_v not_o body_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 33._o the_o second_o be_v that_o which_o be_v say_v of_o the_o propriety_n may_v be_v also_o say_v of_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o which_o can_v be_v say_v of_o the_o propriety_n that_o neither_o of_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o a_o talkative_a person_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v and_o therefore_o a_o busybody_n or_o one_o that_o be_v inquisitive_a into_o other_o people_n matter_n a_o wise_a man_n be_v not_o to_o repose_v himself_o upon_o thing_n of_o a_o fleet_a and_o transitory_a nature_n and_o therefore_o not_o upon_o riches_n or_o other_o earthly_a commodity_n or_o good_n etc._n etc._n axe_n 34._o the_o place_n from_o object_n in_o the_o second_o place_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o that_o to_o which_o the_o object_n be_v give_v to_o that_o also_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o to_o which_o the_o object_n be_v not_o to_o that_o neither_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o the_o doctrine_n of_o fallacious_a sophism_n direct_v the_o mind_n towards_o the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n and_o therefore_o be_v a_o part_n of_o logic_n logic_n have_v not_o thing_n necessary_a for_o its_o object_n and_o therefore_o be_v not_o science_n etc._n etc._n the_o argument_n of_o this_o place_n be_v very_o firm_a if_o draw_v from_o proper_a object_n but_o otherwise_o only_o probable_a as_o if_o one_o shall_v say_v thus_o he_o talk_v of_o military_a affair_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v a_o soldier_n of_o law_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v a_o lawyer_n her_o delight_n be_v not_o in_o woman_n company_n and_o therefore_o she_o be_v not_o a_o woman_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 35._o place_v from_o sign_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n posit_v the_o
ax._n 1_o now_o canon_n compare_v be_v either_o of_o certain_a or_o else_o uncertain_a place_n ax._n 2._o and_o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v either_o general_n or_o special_a of_o which_o these_o contain_v a_o comparison_n in_o every_o those_o only_a in_o one_o certain_a genus_fw-la commentary_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n this_o canon_n that_o who_o effect_n be_v more_o such_o that_o itself_o be_v more_o such_o be_v of_o certain_a place_n because_o it_o express_v the_o place_n of_o the_o effect_n from_o whence_o this_o argument_n be_v take_v and_o general_n because_o adaptible_a to_o all_o thing_n which_o admit_v of_o any_o kind_n of_o comparison_n but_o now_o that_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o better_a subject_n that_o itself_o be_v better_o be_v indeed_o of_o certain_a place_n because_o indicating_z the_o argument_n be_v fetch_v from_o the_o place_n of_o the_o subject_a but_o not_o general_n because_o only_o to_o be_v adapt_v to_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v compare_v in_o goodness_n but_o this_o that_o which_o be_v more_o last_a be_v best_a be_v of_o uncertain_a place_n and_o special_a because_o it_o neither_o express_v where_o the_o place_n of_o the_o argument_n be_v neither_o can_v it_o be_v adapt_v to_o all_o thing_n which_o be_v compare_v among_o themselves_o etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o compare_v canon_n from_o the_o conjugate_v be_v these_o and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v more_o agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o other_o as_o caesar_n consult_v the_o republic_n more_o than_o bibulus_n and_o therefore_o in_o this_o respect_n be_v more_o a_o consul_n than_o he_o second_o if_o one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v be_v better_a than_o one_o than_o the_o other_o of_o the_o conjugate_v will_v be_v better_o than_o the_o other_o as_o if_o piety_n be_v before_o learning_n than_o a_o pious_a man_n will_v be_v before_o a_o learned_a man_n etc._n etc._n three_o from_o the_o definition_n these_o and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o the_o definition_n most_o agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o define_v as_o if_o the_o definition_n of_o whiteness_n be_v a_o colour_n disperse_v the_o sight_n it_o will_v follow_v that_o that_o which_o be_v white_a disperse_v the_o sight_n most_o etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o definition_n that_o also_o to_o the_o define_v as_o if_o a_o habit_n recall_v the_o affectious_a of_o the_o mind_n and_o action_n to_o mediocrity_n confer_v more_o to_o felicity_n than_o riches_n than_o virtue_n confer_v more_o to_o felicity_n than_o riches_n etc._n etc._n so_o from_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n four_o we_o have_v these_o as_o first_o that_o which_o agree_v most_o to_o the_o genus_fw-la that_o also_o to_o the_o species_n and_o that_o which_o most_o to_o the_o species_n that_o also_o to_o the_o individual_n as_o if_o a_o substance_n immaterial_a be_v more_o perspicacious_a than_o a_o corporeal_a than_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n separate_v will_v be_v more_o perspicacious_a than_o it_o be_v now_o when_o it_o be_v in_o the_o body_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o be_v contain_v under_o the_o better_a genus_fw-la or_o species_n that_o also_o its_o self_n be_v better_a and_o so_o because_o a_o live_a thing_n be_v better_a than_o a_o not_o a_o fly_n will_v be_v better_o than_o the_o heavent_n etc._n etc._n five_o from_o the_o whole_a and_o part_v we_o have_v these_o as_o first_o if_o the_o whole_a homogenous_a or_o whole_a consist_v of_o part_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o nature_n be_v more_o so_o than_o such_o a_o whole_a than_o its_o part_n will_v be_v more_o so_o than_o such_o a_o part_n and_o conrariwise_o as_o if_o gold_n be_v heavy_a than_o brass_n than_o it_o will_v follow_v that_o every_o part_n of_o gold_n observe_v the_o same_o proportion_n of_o magnitude_n will_v be_v heavy_a than_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o brass_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o be_v absolute_o such_o or_o effect_n any_o thing_n as_o such_o its_o whole_a will_v be_v more_o such_o and_o effect_v that_o any_o thing_n else_o be_v more_o such_o than_o its_o part_n and_o so_o if_o rhubarb_n have_v a_o power_n of_o purge_v choler_n than_o a_o drachm_n will_v have_v a_o great_a power_n than_o have_v a_o scruple_n because_o it_o be_v but_o the_o three_o part_n of_o a_o drachm_n etc._n etc._n under_o which_o general_a maxim_n be_v contain_v several_a special_a as_o first_o many_o good_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o few_o and_o so_o virtue_n with_o nobility_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o virtue_n alone_o second_o that_o which_o be_v honest_a pleasant_a and_o profitable_a will_v be_v beyond_o that_o which_o be_v only_o honest_a pleasant_a or_o profitable_a three_o that_o which_o increase_v or_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o abcess_n or_o access_n be_v better_a than_o that_o which_o neither_o increase_v nor_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o abcess_n or_o access_n four_o by_o how_o much_o more_o it_o increase_v or_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o absence_n or_o access_n by_o so_o much_o be_v it_o better_o than_o any_o other_o thing_n than_o the_o which_o it_o be_v better_a in_o this_o respect_n etc._n etc._n five_o from_o matter_n and_o form_n in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o have_v these_o and_o first_o that_o who_o matter_n be_v more_o so_o that_o also_o itself_o be_v more_o so_o so_o because_o gold_n be_v better_a and_o more_o durable_a than_o stone_n it_o follow_v that_o a_o golden_a statue_n be_v better_a and_o more_o durable_a than_o a_o stone_n one_o etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o have_v a_o noble_a form_n that_o itself_o be_v also_o noble_a so_o because_o the_o form_n of_o man_n be_v better_a than_o that_o of_o beast_n because_o this_o be_v immaterial_a and_o immortal_a and_o that_o material_a and_o mortal_a it_o follow_v that_o man_n be_v better_a than_o beast_n etc._n etc._n six_o from_o the_o cause_n efficient_a these_o and_o first_o that_o which_o by_o itself_o simple_o and_o by_o its_o nature_n be_v such_o be_v more_o so_o than_o that_o which_o by_o accident_n be_v such_o or_o in_o some_o respect_n or_o by_o participation_n and_o so_o meat_n as_o meat_n be_v wholesome_a than_o physic_n because_o that_o of_o itself_o be_v so_o and_o this_o only_a by_o accident_n and_o light_n be_v more_o profitable_a than_o darkness_n because_o that_o be_v useful_a to_o all_o this_o only_a to_o thief_n and_o such_o as_o will_v abscond_v last_o the_o sun_n be_v more_o splendid_a than_o the_o moon_n because_o that_o shine_v of_o its_o own_o nature_n this_o only_a by_o participation_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o of_o itself_o and_o by_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v more_o such_o that_o effect_n more_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a so_o fire_n heat_v more_o than_o water_n when_o it_o be_v warm_v because_o hot_a so_o you_o know_v iron_n to_o be_v heavy_a than_o wood_n because_o it_o more_o swift_o descend_v etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n can_v be_v use_v only_o in_o cause_n of_o themselves_o for_o in_o cause_n by_o accident_n it_o fail_v often_o for_o iron_n red-hot_a although_o not_o hot_a than_o flame_n burn_v yet_o more_o vehement_o the_o density_n of_o its_o matter_n assist_v it_o and_o impress_v the_o heat_n more_o strong_o upon_o the_o patient_n and_o so_o in_o other_o instance_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n three_o that_o to_o which_o the_o cause_n agree_v most_o to_o that_o also_o the_o effect_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a so_o you_o may_v prove_v old_a man_n to_o be_v more_o prudent_a than_o young_a because_o they_o have_v more_o experience_n in_o thing_n four_o that_o by_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v such_o that_o itself_o also_o must_v be_v more_o such_o and_o so_o because_o water_n grow_v warm_a by_o fire_n it_o may_v be_v collect_v that_o the_o fire_n be_v more_o hot_a than_o it_o but_o this_o canon_n in_o some_o case_n will_v fail_v we_o and_o first_o in_o cause_n by_o accident_n and_o aequivocal_a for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o because_o some_o one_o be_v drink_v by_o wine_n that_o therefore_o wine_n shall_v be_v more_o drink_v or_o because_o the_o knife_n be_v sharpen_v by_o the_o stone_n that_o therefore_o the_o stone_n shall_v be_v sharp_a than_o the_o knife_n second_o in_o effect_n which_o receive_v not_o more_o or_o less_o as_o if_o you_o shall_v prove_v the_o father_n to_o be_v more_o a_o man_n than_o his_o son_n because_o the_o son_n be_v so_o by_o his_o mean_n three_o those_o which_o depend_v not_o upon_o one_o cause_n for_o although_o the_o scholar_n derive_v his_o learning_n from_o his_o master_n yet_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o the_o master_n must_v be_v always_o learnede_a than_o the_o scholar_n for_o it_o may_v be_v that_o the_o scholar_n may_v have_v more_o ingeny_n and_o industry_n than_o his_o master_n etc._n etc._n five_o those_o who_o operation_n work_n or_o effect_v
the_o minor_a must_v not_o be_v deny_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n or_o which_o return_v to_o the_o same_o account_n viz._n from_o the_o remotion_n of_o the_o antecedent_n can_v be_v infer_v that_o of_o the_o consequent_a as_o we_o observe_v chapter_n the_o 12_o in_o that_o part_n relate_v to_o hypothetical_n syllogism_n the_o four_o be_v that_o one_o of_o the_o premise_n must_v be_v deny_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n or_o which_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n the_o position_n of_o the_o antecedent_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v conclude_v from_o that_o of_o the_o consequent_a as_o we_o have_v observe_v again_o in_o the_o same_o chapter_n and_o therefore_o these_o sort_n of_o syllogism_n will_v be_v paralogism_n viz._n every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n a_o horse_n be_v not_o a_o man_n and_o therefore_o not_o a_o animal_n or_o thus_o if_o a_o horse_n be_v a_o man_n he_o be_v a_o animal_n but_o a_o horse_n be_v not_o a_o man_n and_o therefore_o not_o a_o animal_n etc._n etc._n likewise_o every_o flatterer_n be_v complaisant_a such_o a_o one_o be_v complaisant_a and_o therefore_o such_o a_o one_o be_v a_o flatterer_n or_o thus_o if_o crispus_n be_v a_o flatterer_n he_o be_v complaisant_a but_o he_o be_v complaisant_a and_o therefore_o a_o flatterer_n etc._n etc._n if_o any_o one_o be_v deceive_v by_o these_o sort_n of_o argumentation_n either_o from_o himself_o or_o other_o as_o it_o often_o happen_v he_o be_v then_o deceive_v by_o a_o fallacy_n of_o the_o consequent_a 2._o but_o because_o the_o fault_n of_o a_o false_a consequence_n be_v easy_o discernible_a in_o these_o sort_n of_o syllogism_n sophister_n usual_o conceal_v it_o either_o by_o suppress_v one_o of_o the_o premise_n as_o crispus_n be_v complaisant_a and_o therefore_o a_o flatterer_n walk_n by_o night_n and_o therefore_o a_o thief_n or_o else_o by_o circumlocution_n as_o he_o that_o say_v you_o be_v a_o animal_n say_v true_a he_o that_o say_v you_o be_v a_o ass_n say_v you_o be_v a_o animal_n and_o therefore_o he_o that_o say_v you_o be_v a_o ass_n say_v true_a for_o this_o argumentation_n be_v just_a as_o if_o one_o shall_v lay_v down_o this_o position_n viz._n you_o be_v a_o animal_n a_o ass_n be_v a_o animal_n and_o therefore_o you_o be_v a_o ass_n which_o be_v a_o argumentation_n contrary_a to_o rule_v of_o two_o affirmative_n in_o the_o second_o figure_n ax._n 11._o which_o be_v solve_v by_o show_v that_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v not_o diverse_a from_o the_o question_n or_o at_o least_o more_o know_v than_o it_o ax._n 10._o the_o sophism_n of_o beg_v the_o question_n be_v then_o when_o any_o thing_n be_v prove_v either_o by_o itself_o or_o something_o that_o be_v equal_o unknown_a with_o itself_o 1._o §_o this_o be_v call_v a_o beg_n of_o the_o principle_n because_o it_o be_v a_o beg_n of_o that_o which_o in_o the_o beginning_n be_v seek_v for_o these_o sort_n of_o catch_n may_v be_v two_o way_n lay_v and_o first_o when_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v prove_v by_o itself_o second_o when_o one_o unknown_a thing_n be_v prove_v by_o another_o that_o be_v equal_o unknown_a with_o itself_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v prove_v by_o itself_o when_o the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v of_o the_o question_n the_o name_n be_v change_v be_v bring_v in_o for_o a_o medium_fw-la to_o prove_v the_o question_n as_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v prove_v the_o soul_n of_o man_n to_o be_v ex_fw-la traduce_v english_a of_o the_o seed_n of_o the_o parent_n because_o beget_v by_o the_o seed_n of_o the_o parent_n i_o say_v the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v change_v the_o name_n for_o if_o the_o name_n be_v not_o change_v the_o argumentation_n will_v be_v mere_a child_n play_n and_o yet_o for_o all_o this_o every_o argumentation_n in_o which_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v of_o the_o question_n be_v not_o to_o be_v reject_v as_o a_o sophism_n but_o only_o that_o who_o medium_fw-la be_v not_o only_o in_o itself_o and_o of_o its_o own_o nature_n the_o same_o with_o the_o question_n but_o also_o as_o to_o we_o as_o in_o that_o which_o we_o propose_v above_o but_o if_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v of_o its_o own_o nature_n the_o same_o as_o the_o question_n but_o not_o also_o as_o to_o we_o or_o our_o manner_n of_o concetpion_n the_o argumentation_n be_v not_o to_o be_v reject_v unless_o you_o can_v suppose_v all_o the_o argument_n which_o be_v fetch_v from_o essential_a place_n as_o genus_fw-la species_n definition_n whole_a and_o part_v to_o make_v captious_a argumentation_n etc._n etc._n 2._o second_o the_o second_o way_n be_v when_o the_o medium_n as_o much_o unknown_a as_o the_o question_n itself_o as_o if_o one_o shall_v prove_v vision_n to_o be_v make_v by_o emission_n because_o not_o by_o reception_n now_o this_o sophism_n tend_v to_o this_o partly_o that_o the_o sophister_n may_v seem_v to_o abound_v with_o argument_n partly_o that_o change_v the_o form_n of_o the_o word_n he_o may_v conciliate_v a_o show_n of_o probability_n to_o his_o declaration_n ax._n 11._o sophism_n of_o not_o cause_n for_o the_o cause_n be_v then_o when_o that_o which_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n or_o by_o accident_n be_v obtrude_v for_o the_o true_a cause_n and_o that_o by_o itself_o ax._n 12._o and_o this_o sophism_n be_v solve_v by_o the_o designation_n of_o the_o true_a cause_n upon_o which_o the_o effect_n by_o itself_o depend_v 1._o §_o the_o caption_n of_o not_o cause_n for_o the_o cause_n either_o lie_v in_o a_o syllogism_n that_o lead_v to_o inconvenience_n or_o direct_v in_o a_o syllogism_n that_o lead_v to_o inconvenience_n when_o the_o falsity_n of_o the_o conclusion_n bring_v be_v impute_v to_o one_o of_o the_o premise_n which_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o it_o as_o if_o one_o design_v to_o prove_v the_o humane_a soul_n mortal_a shall_v thus_o argue_v every_o immortal_a be_v eternal_a the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v immortal_a and_o therefore_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v eternal_a but_o this_o conclusion_n be_v false_a and_o the_o occasion_n of_o it_o be_v in_o the_o minor_a which_o be_v that_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v immortal_a and_o therefore_o mortal_a for_o this_o argumentation_n be_v a_o sophism_n of_o the_o not_o cause_n for_o the_o cause_n for_o he_o say_v that_o this_o proposition_n the_o soul_n be_v immortal_a be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o false_a conclusion_n when_o it_o be_v that_o viz._n that_o every_o immortal_a be_v eternal_a in_o a_o syllogism_n direct_v when_o that_o which_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o cause_n by_o accident_n happen_v not_o but_o to_o the_o cause_n by_o themselves_o as_o religion_n excite_v civil_a war_n from_o the_o read_n of_o the_o sacred_a scripture_n spring_v hresy_n wine_n be_v heady_a and_o intoxicate_a etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o religion_n read_v of_o the_o sacred_a scripture_n and_o wine_n be_v not_o to_o be_v tolerate_v in_o any_o commonwealth_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 13._o the_o sophism_n of_o many_o interrogation_n be_v then_o when_o two_o or_o more_o question_n be_v so_o propose_v as_o that_o they_o show_v only_o but_o as_o one._n ax._n 14._o and_o these_o sort_n of_o sophism_n be_v bring_v about_o two_o manner_n of_o way_n and_o first_o when_o two_o subject_n or_o two_o predicate_v or_o perhaps_o more_o be_v propound_v under_o so_o many_o distinct_a sort_n of_o name_n as_o be_v the_o world_n eternal_a and_o perfect_a etc._n etc._n this_o be_v a_o captious_a interrogation_n for_o if_o you_o answer_v affirmative_o the_o sophister_n will_v set_v upon_o you_o as_o if_o you_o have_v grant_v that_o the_o world_n be_v eternal_a and_o if_o otherwise_o he_o except_v against_o you_o as_o if_o you_o deny_v that_o the_o world_n be_v perfect_a and_o second_o you_o may_v make_v a_o fallacy_n of_o many_o interrogation_n in_o one_o word_n as_o desistine_n etc._n etc._n have_v you_o leave_v off_o to_o commit_v adultery_n have_v you_o lose_v your_o horn_n etc._n etc._n but_o enough_o of_o this_o be_v say_v in_o the_o place_n of_o homonymy_n and_o thus_o much_o may_v suffice_v for_o syllogism_n the_o last_o of_o the_o four_o instrument_n be_v that_o which_o now_o demand_v our_o attendance_n and_o that_o be_v method_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v entreat_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n chap._n xxviii_o of_o method_n ax._n 1_o there_o remain_v yet_o order_n or_o method_n to_o be_v entreat_v of_o and_o that_o be_v a_o apt_a disposition_n of_o thing_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o head_n so_o as_o that_o they_o may_v be_v the_o best_a and_o most_o easy_o understand_v and_o the_o most_o firm_o imprint_v upon_o the_o memory_n ax._n 2._o for_o which_o end_n we_o be_v ever_o to_o set_v those_o thing_n before_o which_o conduce_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o follow_v at_o least_o be_v better_o understand_v than_o they_o ax._n 3_o now_o