more_o immediate_a â—â—use_n do_v intervene_v between_o the_o predicate_a â—nd_v the_o subject_n as_o that_o which_o be_v rational_a be_v â—â—sible_a a_o man_n be_v rational_a 12._o in_o a_o most_o perfect_a demonstration_n where_o â—â—e_v middle_a term_n be_v the_o material_a or_o formal_a inâ—rnal_a cause_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o efficient_a of_o the_o â—â—fect_a by_o emanation_n the_o major_a proposition_n 〈◊〉_d immediate_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o cause_n but_o not_o â—f_o the_o subject_n as_o that_o which_o be_v rational_a be_v â—sible_a the_o conclusion_n be_v immediate_a in_o respect_n 〈◊〉_d the_o subject_n but_o not_o of_o the_o cause_n as_o a_o â—an_v be_v risible_a the_o minor_a be_v immediate_a in_o reâ—â—ect_n of_o the_o cause_n and_o the_o subject_a both_o as_o a_o â—an_v be_v risible_a 13._o in_o a_o most_o perfect_a demonstration_n wherâ—_n the_o middle_a term_n be_v not_o the_o internal_a cause_n of_o thâ—_n subject_n though_o both_o the_o major_a and_o conclusion_n be_v immediate_a yet_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o immediate_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o cause_n this_o happen_v in_o every_o chief_a demonstration_n from_o the_o external_a cause_n as_o also_o where_o we_o proceed_v from_o one_o affection_n predemonstrate_v to_o the_o demonstration_n of_o another_o such_o as_o be_v all_o mathematical_a demonstration_n for_o the_o most_o part_n aâ—_n zab._n de_fw-fr medio_fw-la demonst_a c._n 7._o 14._o the_o relative_a condition_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o reference_n to_o the_o conclusion_n be_v three_o first_o that_o the_o premise_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n second_o that_o they_o be_v before_o three_o that_o they_o be_v more_o know_v than_o the_o conclusion_n 15._o the_o premise_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v thâ—_n cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n as_o the_o medium_n be_v thâ—_n cause_n why_o a_o affection_n be_v not_o only_o the_o cauâ—â—_n why_o the_o conclusion_n be_v know_v but_o the_o cauâ—â—_n why_o it_o be_v true_a and_o as_o the_o medium_n be_v before_o aâ—_n affection_n not_o in_o time_n but_o nature_n so_o the_o truâ—â—_n of_o the_o premise_n be_v first_o in_o nature_n before_o thâ—_n truth_n of_o the_o conclusion_n last_o as_o the_o medium_n be_v more_o know_v than_o a_o affection_n not_o bâ—_n a_o confuse_a knowledge_n and_o in_o respect_n of_o we_o but_o by_o a_o distinct_a knowledge_n and_o accord_v to_o nature_n so_o be_v the_o premise_n more_o knowâ—_n than_o the_o conclusion_n because_o we_o by_o reason_n 〈◊〉_d the_o premise_n receive_v the_o conclusion_n with_o full_a assent_n of_o mind_n we_o must_v needs_o assent_v to_o that_o more_o than_o to_o the_o premise_n for_o according_a to_o aristotle_n that_o for_o which_o another_o be_v such_o as_o it_o be_v must_v needs_o itself_o be_v more_o such_o lib._n 1._o post_n cap._n 2._o 16._o premise_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n axiom_n and_o thesis_n 17._o a_o axiom_n be_v a_o proposition_n of_o who_o â—ruth_n no_o body_n can_v be_v ignorant_a the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n be_v know_v 18._o a_o thesis_n be_v a_o proposition_n who_o truth_n do_v not_o sufficient_o appear_v by_o know_v only_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n but_o by_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o sense_n or_o any_o other_o declaration_n and_o it_o â—s_v either_o a_o definition_n or_o a_o hypothesis_n 1._o a_o definition_n be_v that_o by_o which_o we_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v a_o hypothesis_n be_v that_o by_o which_o we_o show_v whether_o the_o thing_n be_v or_o not_o 20._o the_o medium_n of_o a_o demonstration_n ought_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a and_o that_o either_o efficient_a or_o final_a and_o the_o efficient_a either_o internal_a or_o external_a 21._o a_o cause_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o either_o absolute_o or_o in_o his_o own_o kind_n here_o it_o be_v understand_v to_o be_v the_o next_o absolute_o that_o it_o be_v such_o a_o cause_n as_o do_v produce_v the_o effect_n and_o without_o which_o that_o effect_n can_v be_v for_o as_o much_o as_o there_o be_v four_o kind_n of_o cause_n and_o in_o every_o kind_a some_o one_o the_o next_o of_o the_o four_o next_o cause_n there_o be_v but_o one_o that_o be_v the_o next_o absolute_o 22._o moreover_o it_o be_v require_v that_o this_o next_o cause_n shall_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v but_o it_o be_v necessary_a that_o it_o shall_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o subject_n also_o for_o the_o question_n be_v not_o whether_o there_o be_v a_o subject_n for_o this_o be_v suppose_v but_o whether_o there_o be_v a_o predicate_v or_o whether_o it_o be_v inherent_a in_o the_o subject_n 23._o this_o next_o cause_n must_v be_v either_o the_o efficient_a or_o the_o final_a for_o when_o the_o predicate_a be_v a_o accident_n it_o have_v neither_o matter_n not_o form_v proper_o so_o call_v the_o final_a cause_n be_v use_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v make_v for_o other_o such_o as_o be_v medium_n and_o natural_a instrument_n action_n also_o and_o habit_n if_o any_o such_o can_v be_v demonstrate_v the_o efficient_a cause_n be_v use_v in_o all_o the_o rest_n sometime_o it_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o next_o efficient_a cause_n be_v also_o the_o form_n oâ—_n matter_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o these_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n be_v indeed_o the_o most_o excellent_a but_o do_v not_o make_v a_o different_a species_n of_o themselves_o but_o these_o thing_n will_v be_v more_o clear_o understand_v by_o the_o example_n follow_v 1._o every_o rational_a creature_n be_v capable_a 〈◊〉_d knowledge_n every_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a creature_n therefore_o every_o man_n be_v capable_a of_o knowledge_n in_o this_o demonstration_n the_o medium_n rational_a be_v the_o internal_a efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o form_n of_o the_o subject_n 2._o every_o terrestrial_a thing_n do_v sink_v in_o water_n ebon_n be_v terrestrial_a therefore_o ebon_n do_v sink_v in_o water_n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o internal_a efficient_a cause_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_n 3._o whatsoever_o do_v consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n have_v three_o dimension_n every_o body_n do_v consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n therefore_o every_o body_n have_v three_o dimension_n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o internal_a efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o both_o the_o form_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_n 4._o that_o which_o have_v three_o dimension_n will_v not_o admit_v of_o another_o body_n in_o the_o same_o place_n with_o itself_o but_o every_o body_n have_v three_o dimension_n therefore_o etc._n etc._n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o internal_a efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o propriety_n of_o the_o subject_n 5._o that_o which_o by_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n can_v be_v enlighten_v by_o the_o sunbeam_n do_v suffer_v a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o sun-light_n but_o the_o moon_n the_o earth_n be_v interpose_v can_v be_v enlighten_v by_o the_o sunbeam_n therefore_o the_o moon_n etc._n etc._n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o external_a efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a 6._o whoso_o be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o heavenly_a thing_n aught_o to_o have_v his_o countenance_n lift_v up_o man_n be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o heavenly_a thing_n therefore_o etc._n etc._n here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o final_a cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a 24._o sometime_o it_o so_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o question_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v both_o by_o the_o efficient_a and_o final_a cause_n so_o you_o may_v demonstrate_v that_o a_o live_a creature_n do_v sleep_v either_o because_o the_o common_a â—ense_n be_v overcome_v by_o vapour_n and_o that_o the_o â—assage_n of_o the_o external_a sense_n be_v obstruct_v and_o this_o be_v a_o demonstration_n from_o the_o â—ficient_a cause_n or_o that_o the_o animal_n spirit_n may_v be_v refresh_v and_o strengthen_v and_o this_o be_v a_o demonstration_n from_o the_o final_a cause_n chap._n viii_o of_o a_o imperfect_a demonstration_n or_o the_o demonstration_n what._n have_v hitherto_o speak_v of_o the_o principal_a demonstration_n or_o the_o demonstration_n â—hy_a the_o next_o be_v the_o less_o principal_a or_o the_o â—emonstration_n what_o and_o which_o leave_v a_o imperfect_a knowledge_n and_o be_v twofold_a the_o â—ne_n be_v from_o the_o effect_n the_o other_o from_o a_o remote_a â—ause_n the_o first_o of_o these_o collect_v the_o cause_n from_o â—ome_o sensible_a effect_n for_o example_n every_o thing_n that_o be_v risible_a be_v rational_a every_o man_n be_v risible_a therefore_o every_o man_n be_v rational_a here_o the_o medium_n be_v the_o next_o effect_n and_o the_o predicate_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n 2._o the_o second_o of_o these_o demonstration_n collect_v the_o effect_n from_o some_o remote_a cause_n for_o example_n that_o which_o have_v not_o a_o sensitive_a soul_n do_v not_o breath_n a_o plant_n have_v not_o a_o sensitive_a
predication_n in_o every_o proposition_n the_o which_o be_v not_o in_o a_o circle_n 2._o in_o the_o matter_n for_o the_o matter_n of_o a_o circle_n or_o middle_a term_n be_v uniform_a in_o both_o the_o demonstration_n see_v it_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o major_a extreme_a prove_v why_o a_o thing_n be_v but_o in_o regress_n the_o effect_n do_v first_o demonstrate_v that_o there_o be_v a_o cause_n then_o after_o consideration_n have_v about_o the_o cause_n the_o cause_n do_v demonstrate_v why_o there_o be_v a_o effect_n 3._o in_o the_o end_n for_o in_o a_o circle_n the_o same_o thing_n be_v both_o beginning_n and_o end_n see_v it_o proceed_v from_o a_o cause_n distinct_o know_v to_o a_o cause_n distinct_o know_v and_o return_n from_o this_o to_o that_o but_o in_o regress_n the_o end_n be_v a_o distinct_a knowledge_n of_o the_o effect_n and_o the_o first_o progress_n be_v from_o a_o effect_n confuse_o know_v to_o a_o cause_n to_o be_v confuse_o know_v but_o from_o a_o cause_n confuse_o know_v consideration_n be_v have_v we_o come_v to_o the_o distinct_a knowledge_n of_o the_o cause_n and_o from_o that_o once_o habituate_v and_o radicate_v in_o the_o understanding_n we_o return_v to_o the_o distinct_a knowledge_n of_o the_o effect_n 3._o conversion_n of_o a_o demonstration_n into_o a_o definition_n be_v when_o from_o the_o term_n of_o a_o demonstration_n the_o definition_n of_o a_o proper_a accident_n be_v frame_v by_o transposition_n and_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o proper_a accident_n be_v twofold_a 1._o partial_a and_o that_o be_v either_o nominal_a which_o consist_v of_o a_o genus_fw-la and_o a_o subject_n as_o a_o eclipse_n in_o the_o defect_n of_o light_n in_o the_o moon_n causal_n which_o be_v the_o middle_a term_n in_o the_o most_o perfect_a demonstration_n show_v why_o there_o be_v a_o effect_n as_o a_o eclipse_n be_v the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n 2._o total_a which_o be_v make_v of_o the_o nominal_a and_o the_o causal_n both_o do_v consist_v of_o a_o genus_fw-la a_o subject_n and_o the_o next_o cause_n as_o a_o eclipse_n be_v the_o defect_n of_o llight_n in_o the_o moon_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n a_o nominal_a definition_n be_v the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o of_o the_o demonstration_n a_o causal_n be_v the_o beginning_n a_o total_a be_v a_o entire_a or_o whole_a demonstration_n differ_v in_o nothing_o from_o it_o but_o the_o place_n of_o the_o term_n for_o the_o thing_n define_v be_v the_o great_a extreme_a the_o lesser_a extreme_a the_o subject_n and_o the_o cause_n the_o middle_a term_n chap._n x._o of_o a_o topical_a syllogism_n in_o the_o general_n hitherto_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o a_o demonstrative_a syllogism_n who_o matter_n be_v necessary_a and_o the_o end_n a_o perfect_a knowledge_n come_v we_o now_o to_o a_o dialectical_a or_o topical_a syllogism_n who_o matter_n be_v probable_a and_o contingent_a and_o the_o end_n opinion_n 2._o in_o a_o dialectical_a or_o topical_a syllogism_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v of_o problem_n proposition_n and_o the_o invention_n of_o argument_n 3._o a_o problem_n or_o question_n be_v the_o thing_n of_o which_o it_o be_v probable_o discourse_v and_o the_o conclusion_n of_o a_o syllogism_n already_o make_v but_o that_o this_o problem_n may_v be_v dialectical_a two_o condition_n be_v require_v 1._o that_o it_o be_v profitable_a either_o to_o life_n and_o then_o it_o be_v call_v a_o moral_a problem_n as_o whether_o pleasure_n be_v good_a or_o to_o knowledge_n and_o then_o it_o be_v call_v a_o physical_a or_o a_o natural_a problem_n as_o whether_o the_o world_n be_v eternal_a or_o to_o some_o thing_n that_o be_v subservient_fw-fr unto_o these_o and_o then_o it_o be_v call_v a_o logical_a problem_n as_o whether_o division_n be_v a_o syllogism_n 2._o that_o it_o be_v doubtful_a in_o which_o either_o the_o common_a people_n do_v dissent_n from_o wise_a man_n as_o whether_o riches_n make_v man_n happy_a or_o the_o common_a people_n dissent_v among_o themselves_o as_o whether_o usury_n be_v lawful_a or_o the_o wise_a man_n dissent_v among_o themselves_o as_o whether_o the_o heart_n be_v the_o most_o noble_a part_n of_o man_n 4._o the_o part_n of_o a_o problem_n be_v the_o two_o term_n of_o subject_n and_o predicate_v as_o concern_v the_o subject_n i_o give_v no_o direction_n because_o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n be_v not_o restrain_v to_o any_o certain_a subject_n but_o the_o predicate_v according_a to_o aristotle_n be_v four_o genus_fw-la definition_n accident_n proper_a and_o common_a he_o adjoin_v difference_n to_o genus_fw-la if_o it_o be_v more_o comprehensive_a than_o the_o species_n or_o to_o definition_n if_o it_o be_v reciprocate_v with_o the_o species_n if_o the_o species_n chance_v to_o be_v attribute_v in_o any_o problem_n it_o be_v reduce_v to_o genus_fw-la 5._o dialectical_a proposition_n ought_v to_o be_v certain_a at_o least_o probable_a and_o not_o paradox_n 6._o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v probable_a which_o not_o be_v absolute_o true_a do_v rather_o seem_v to_o be_v true_a than_o false_a there_o be_v five_o degree_n of_o probability_n for_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v probable_a which_o seem_v to_o be_v true_a either_o to_o all_o to_o most_o man_n or_o unto_o wise_a man_n and_o that_o either_o to_o all_o of_o they_o or_o to_o the_o most_o or_o to_o the_o wise_a of_o they_o 7._o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o paradox_n which_o be_v true_a though_o contrary_a to_o the_o vulgar_a opinion_n 8._o for_o the_o invention_n of_o argument_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v common_a place_n and_o rule_n 9_o a_o place_n be_v a_o sense_n or_o commmon_a note_n by_o who_o help_n a_o argument_n be_v find_v 10._o a_o rule_n or_o canon_n be_v a_o proposition_n contain_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o consequence_n in_o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n 11._o argument_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n artificial_a and_o inartificial_a 12._o artificial_a argument_n be_v such_o as_o from_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o problem_n be_v not_o find_v but_o by_o rule_n of_o art_n 13._o inartificial_a argument_n be_v such_o as_o be_v find_v without_o any_o help_n of_o art_n and_o these_o be_v nothing_o but_o testimony_n 14._o several_a man_n do_v reckon_v the_o order_n of_o these_o head_n or_o place_n several_o aristotle_n reduce_v all_o head_n to_o the_o four_o predicate_v mention_v before_o some_o for_o the_o more_o plainness_n and_o distinction_n reckon_v up_o twenty_o and_o five_o and_o this_o number_n some_o contract_n to_o thirteen_o other_o to_o ten_o and_o perhaps_o they_o may_v without_o any_o inconvenience_n be_v reduce_v unto_o seven_o 1._o the_o cause_n and_o the_o effect_n 2._o the_o subject_n and_o the_o accident_n 3._o dissentany_a and_o comparison_n 4._o conjugate_v and_o notation_n 5._o the_o whole_a and_o its_o part_n 6._o genus_fw-la and_o species_n 7._o definition_n and_o division_n in_o every_o of_o these_o place_n i_o will_v in_o the_o propose_a order_n show_v you_o the_o canon_n to_o be_v observe_v and_o the_o restriction_n of_o they_o chap._n xi_o of_o the_o topic_n from_o the_o cause_n and_o the_o effect_n there_o be_v four_o kind_n of_o cause_n efficient_a material_a formal_a and_o final_a there_o be_v several_a sub-division_n of_o they_o but_o these_o follow_a be_v the_o most_o convenient_a to_o our_o purpose_n as_o 1._o into_o total_a as_o gold_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o money_n the_o sun_n of_o the_o day_n and_o partial_a as_o timber_n in_o the_o cause_n of_o a_o house_n nature_n of_o learning_n 2._o into_o a_o cause_n actual_o as_o a_o builder_n be_v the_o cause_n â—f_o a_o house_n and_o a_o cause_n potential_o as_o a_o architect_n may_v build_v a_o house_n 3._o into_o a_o reâ—ote_a cause_n as_o a_o feast_n may_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o â—â—ckness_n and_o the_o next_o cause_n as_o crudity_n in_o â—he_n stomach_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o sickness_n 4._o into_o 〈◊〉_d cause_n simple_o and_o by_o itself_o as_o the_o sun_n be_v â—he_n cause_n of_o light_n and_o a_o cause_n by_o accident_n as_o â—he_v sun_n of_o blindness_n the_o canon_n or_o rule_n of_o this_o topick_n be_v â—hese_fw-mi 1._o the_o cause_n be_v grant_v the_o effect_n can_v be_v deny_v and_o if_o the_o cause_n be_v take_v away_o the_o effect_n be_v take_v away_o also_o as_o if_o the_o sun_n shine_v it_o must_v be_v day_n if_o the_o sun_n do_v not_o â—hine_v it_o be_v not_o day_n the_o former_a part_n of_o this_o canon_n have_v four_o limitation_n 1._o in_o a_o remote_a cause_n as_o he_o that_o drink_v wine_n be_v not_o always_o make_v drink_v 2._o in_o a_o cause_n that_o be_v obstruct_v in_o its_o operation_n as_o heavy_a thing_n do_v not_o always_o descend_v because_o they_o may_v be_v hinder_v by_o some_o thing_n that_o hold_v they_o up_o 3._o in_o a_o cause_n by_o accident_n as_o he_o that_o dig_v in_o
it_o by_o some_o other_o synonymous_n word_n more_o general_o know_v 5._o a_o real_a definition_n be_v that_o which_o show_v what_o the_o thing_n be_v and_o this_o be_v twofold_a perfect_a imperfect_a 6._o a_o real_a &_o a_o perfect_a definition_n be_v that_o which_o do_v explain_v the_o thing_n by_o essential_a attribute_n whether_o they_o be_v such_o as_o constitute_v the_o thing_n and_o than_o it_o be_v a_o definition_n of_o the_o substantial_a form_n which_o do_v most_o exact_o explain_v the_o nature_n of_o its_o species_n as_o a_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a live_a creature_n or_o such_o as_o do_v partly_o constitute_v the_o thing_n and_o partly_o produce_v the_o same_o necessary_o and_o than_o it_o be_v a_o definition_n of_o the_o accident_n and_o this_o be_v threefold_a 1._o formal_n which_o consist_v of_o the_o genus_fw-la and_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o accident_n for_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o accident_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o form_n as_o thunder_n be_v a_o noise_n in_o the_o cloud_n 2._o causal_n which_o do_v demonstrate_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n define_v and_o it_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o accident_n either_o efficient_a or_o final_a 3._o both_o formal_a and_o causal_a which_o show_v the_o genus_fw-la subject_n and_o cause_n of_o the_o thing_n define_v as_o if_o a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o moon_n be_v thus_o define_v it_o be_v a_o privation_n of_o light_n in_o the_o moon_n by_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o genus_fw-la be_v privation_n the_o difference_n or_o form_n be_v the_o subject_n viz._n the_o moon_n and_o the_o efficient_a cause_n be_v the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n 7._o a_o real_a but_o imperfect_a definition_n otherwise_o call_v a_o description_n be_v that_o which_o explain_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n by_o certain_a accidental_a attribute_n it_o do_v consist_v of_o a_o genus_fw-la or_o something_o which_o do_v supply_v the_o place_n of_o a_o genus_fw-la and_o of_o proper_a and_o common_a accident_n which_o supply_v the_o place_n of_o the_o difference_n as_o a_o man_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n that_o be_v risible_a have_v two_o foot_n and_o because_o our_o knowledge_n begin_v from_o the_o accident_n therefore_o this_o kind_n of_o description_n be_v most_o in_o use_n with_o all_o the_o canon_n or_o rule_n be_v 1._o in_o every_o science_n you_o be_v to_o begin_v with_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o name_n thereof_o 2._o a_o description_n may_v be_v suitable_a as_o well_o to_o the_o substantial_a as_o the_o accidental_a part_n of_o any_o thing_n 3._o a_o species_n only_o be_v define_v by_o a_o formal_a definition_n 4._o a_o accident_n only_o be_v define_v by_o a_o causal_a definition_n or_o by_o a_o formal_a and_o a_o causal_n both_o 5._o a_o definition_n consist_v of_o the_o form_n and_o cause_n both_o do_v differ_v from_o a_o demonstration_n in_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o term_n only_o 6._o every_o descriptive_a definition_n whether_o formal_a or_o formal_a and_o causal_a both_o be_v a_o oration_n chap._n ii_o of_o division_n division_n be_v the_o resolve_v of_o the_o whole_a into_o part_n and_o this_o be_v either_o of_o some_o ambiguous_a word_n into_o its_o several_a signification_n or_o of_o the_o whole_a into_o its_o part_n 2._o now_o the_o whole_a be_v either_o simple_a or_o aggregate_v 3._o division_n of_o the_o whole_a simple_o and_o proper_o so_o call_v be_v threefold_a 1._o universal_a into_o its_o subjective_a part_n or_o of_o the_o general_n into_o the_o special_n as_o to_o divide_v animal_n into_o man_n and_o beast_n 2._o essential_a which_o resolve_v the_o whole_a into_o essential_a part_n and_o this_o be_v either_o of_o a_o species_n into_o its_o genus_fw-la and_o difference_n or_o of_o some_o spefical_a nature_n into_o its_o matter_n and_o form_n as_o a_o â—an_v into_o soul_n and_o body_n 3._o integral_a which_o resolve_v the_o whole_a inâ—o_o integral_a part_n and_o this_o be_v the_o division_n of_o some_o individual_a either_o into_o its_o sensible_a or_o material_a part_n 4._o division_n of_o the_o aggregated_a whole_a into_o â—s_a part_n and_o by_o accident_n be_v four_o fold_n 1._o when_o the_o subject_n may_v be_v divide_v by_o its_o accident_n as_o man_n be_v learned_a or_o unlearned_a 2._o when_o a_o accident_n may_v be_v divide_v by_o â—ts_n subject_n as_o fever_n be_v in_o the_o spirit_n or_o in_o the_o humour_n or_o in_o the_o solid_a part_n 3._o when_o a_o accident_n may_v be_v divide_v by_o accident_n as_o good_a be_v either_o profitable_a honestâ—r_o â—r_z pleasant_a 5._o when_o thing_n may_v be_v divide_v by_o their_o â—bjects_n as_o sight_n by_o colour_n hear_v by_o â—ound_n 6._o when_o cause_n may_v be_v divide_v by_o their_o â—ffects_n and_o the_o contrary_a as_o heavenly_a heatâ—s_n â—s_z from_o the_o sun_n and_o elementary_a from_o fire_n the_o canon_n or_o rule_n be_v these_o 1._o a_o ambiguous_a word_n must_v be_v explain_v before_o it_o can_v define_v any_o thing_n 2._o unless_o the_o ambiguity_n be_v explain_v in_o the_o beginning_n the_o error_n will_v be_v afterward_o the_o great_a 3._o in_o the_o simple_a divide_v of_o the_o whole_a tâ—â—_n member_n divide_v shall_v be_v equal_a to_o and_o agree_v with_o the_o whole_a 4._o the_o member_n divide_v shall_v be_v disjoin_v from_o one_o another_o 5._o division_n do_v consist_v of_o as_o few_o member_n or_o part_n as_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o whole_a will_v bear_v 6._o in_o any_o division_n the_o whole_a must_v be_v of_o a_o large_a extent_n than_o any_o one_o of_o the_o part_n chap._n iii_o of_o a_o syllogism_n a_o syllogism_n be_v a_o oration_n in_o which_o some_o thing_n be_v take_v for_o grant_v something_o else_o not_o grant_v before_o be_v prove_v or_o infer_v from_o they_o and_o this_o be_v twofold_a perfect_a or_o imperfect_a 2._o a_o perfect_a syllogism_n be_v a_o argumentation_n in_o which_o from_o two_o premise_n dispose_v right_o and_o according_a to_o rule_v some_o conclusion_n do_v necessary_o follow_v as_o every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n every_o thing_n that_o have_v reason_n be_v a_o man_n therefore_o every_o rational_a thing_n be_v a_o animal_n 3._o a_o perfect_a syllogism_n be_v twofold_a categoriâ—l_a and_o hypothetical_n 4._o a_o categorical_a syllogism_n be_v that_o in_o â—ich_a all_o the_o proposition_n be_v categorical_a and_o â—â—is_n be_v also_o twofold_a common_a and_o expositor_n 5._o a_o common_a categorical_a syllogism_n be_v that_o in_o which_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v a_o common_a name_n 〈◊〉_d every_o sound_n may_v be_v hear_v every_o voice_n be_v a_o find_v therefore_o every_o voice_n may_v be_v hear_v 6._o a_o expository_n categorical_a syllogism_n be_v that_o in_o which_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v a_o singular_a â—â—me_n as_o sorates_n be_v learn_v socrates_n be_v a_o athenian_a therefore_o some_o athenian_a be_v learnâ—â—_n 7._o a_o hypothetical_n syllogism_n be_v that_o in_o â—hich_v one_o or_o more_o of_o the_o proposition_n be_v hypothetical_n as_o if_o socrates_n be_v a_o man_n he_o be_v a_o animal_n but_o socrates_n be_v a_o man_n therefore_o he_o 〈◊〉_d a_o animal_n 8._o to_o make_v a_o common_a categorical_a sylloâ—sm_n two_o thing_n be_v require_v matter_n and_o â—rm_n 9_o the_o matter_n of_o a_o syllogism_n be_v either_o remote_a or_o next_o 10._o the_o remote_a matter_n of_o a_o syllogism_n be_v â—hat_n matter_n of_o which_o it_o be_v remote_o make_v â—s_v the_o three_o term_n in_o every_o proposition_n callâ—d_v the_o major_a extreme_a the_o minor_a extreme_a and_o the_o middle_a term_n or_o argument_n 11._o the_o major_a extreme_a be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o major_a proposition_n and_o in_o the_o conclusion_n but_o never_o in_o the_o minor_fw-la 12._o the_o minor_a extreme_a be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o minor_a proposition_n and_o in_o the_o conclusion_n but_o never_o in_o the_o major_a 13._o the_o middle_a term_n or_o argument_n be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o major_a and_o minor_a proposition_n but_o never_o in_o the_o conclusion_n 14._o the_o next_o or_o immediate_a matter_n of_o a_o syllogism_n be_v that_o of_o which_o the_o syllogism_n be_v immediate_o make_v as_o the_o three_o proposition_n of_o which_o the_o first_o be_v call_v the_o major_a the_o second_o the_o minor_a and_o the_o three_o the_o conclusion_n 15._o the_o form_n of_o a_o syllogism_n be_v the_o right_a dispose_n of_o the_o matter_n both_o next_o and_o remote_a and_o this_o comprehend_v two_o thing_n figure_n and_o mode_n 16._o a_o figure_n be_v that_o which_o show_v how_o the_o middle_a term_n may_v be_v fit_o place_v which_o may_v be_v do_v three_o way_n or_o by_o three_o figure_n 17._o the_o first_o figure_n make_v that_o which_o be_v the_o subject_n in_o the_o major_a proposition_n to_o be_v the_o predicate_v in_o the_o minor_fw-la 18._o the_o second_o figure_n make_v that_o which_o be_v the_o predicate_a in_o the_o major_a proposition_n to_o
be_v demonstrate_v be_v make_v first_o by_o join_v the_o cause_n with_o the_o effect_n and_o then_o by_o join_v the_o cause_n with_o the_o subject_n in_o all_o these_o two_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v the_o precognition_n which_o precede_v the_o demonstration_n and_o the_o condition_n which_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o demonstration_n itself_o 11._o the_o precognition_n be_v two_o 1._o that_o the_o thing_n be_v 2._o what_o it_o be_v 12._o in_o these_o precognition_n the_o thing_n which_o be_v evident_a and_o obvious_a unto_o all_o be_v so_o in_o the_o understanding_n only_o but_o the_o thing_n which_o be_v not_o so_o evident_a but_o that_o they_o may_v be_v unknown_a be_v express_v in_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o science_n 13._o and_o if_o be_v deliver_v the_o learner_n do_v present_o believe_v they_o they_o be_v proper_o call_v fupposition_n but_o if_o the_o learner_n either_o doubt_n of_o they_o or_o be_v of_o another_o opinion_n they_o be_v call_v postulata_fw-la or_o thing_n to_o which_o a_o assent_n be_v request_v 14._o the_o first_o of_o these_o precognition_n viz._n the_o quod_fw-la sit_fw-la that_o the_o thing_n be_v include_v two_o thing_n 1._o that_o the_o thing_n sougt_v have_v a_o be_v or_o a_o true_a existence_n and_o this_o answer_v to_o the_o question_n be_v there_o such_o a_o thing_n 2._o that_o the_o thing_n seek_v be_v the_o true_a predicate_v in_o a_o subject_n 15._o the_o other_o of_o these_o precognition_n namely_o the_o quid_fw-la sit_fw-la what_o it_o be_v do_v also_o include_v two_o thing_n 1._o the_o name_n or_o what_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o name_n be_v 2._o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v call_v by_o that_o name_n so_o that_o from_o these_o two_o precognition_n four_o question_n do_v arise_v of_o which_o two_o be_v simple_a and_o two_o compound_v 16._o the_o simple_a question_n be_v those_o which_o do_v equal_o agree_v to_o accident_n and_o to_o substance_n the_o first_o be_v make_v concern_v the_o essence_n or_o existence_n by_o ask_v a_o sit_v whether_o it_o be_v or_o not_o the_o second_o make_v inquiry_n concern_v the_o nature_n of_o it_o and_o ask_v quid_fw-la sit_fw-la what_o it_o be_v 17._o the_o compound_a question_n chief_o agree_v with_o accident_n the_o first_o ask_v whether_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o subject_n as_o whether_o man_n be_v risible_a the_o other_o ask_v why_o the_o predicate_a be_v in_o the_o subject_n as_o why_o be_v man_n risible_a 18._o of_o these_o four_o question_n the_o three_o have_v such_o reference_n to_o the_o four_o as_o the_o first_o have_v to_o the_o second_o for_o then_o in_o simple_a term_n when_o we_o know_v they_o have_v be_v we_o ask_v what_o the_o thing_n be_v and_o in_o proposition_n when_o we_o know_v they_o have_v a_o be_v we_o inquire_v why_o they_o be_v 19_o after_o these_o precognition_n and_o question_n the_o three_o praecognita_fw-la be_v next_o to_o be_v consider_v namely_o the_o subject_n affection_n and_o cause_n 20._o the_o subject_n be_v a_o simple_a term_n or_o less_o extreme_a in_o the_o demonstration_n concern_v which_o some_o accident_n be_v demonstrate_v by_o its_o next_o cause_n as_o a_o man_n concern_v who_o we_o must_v both_o know_v that_o he_o be_v and_o what_o he_o be_v first_o that_o he_o be_v or_o otherwise_o we_o seek_v the_o knowledge_n of_o he_o in_o vain_a for_o there_o be_v no_o knowledge_n of_o a_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o and_o then_o we_o must_v also_o know_v what_o he_o be_v not_o only_o in_o respect_n of_o his_o name_n but_o also_o of_o his_o nature_n for_o that_o must_v be_v the_o medium_n of_o the_o demonstration_n and_o we_o must_v know_v the_o medium_n at_o least_o confuse_o before_o we_o can_v infer_v the_o conclusion_n the_o precognition_n of_o the_o thing_n existence_n be_v call_v the_o hypothesis_n of_o its_o nature_n the_o definition_n 21._o passion_n be_v a_o proper_a accident_n which_o be_v demonstrate_v of_o the_o subject_n by_o the_o proper_a cause_n it_o be_v always_o the_o great_a extreme_a which_o be_v predicate_v in_o the_o conclusion_n as_o risibility_n the_o which_o be_v necessary_a to_o be_v foreknow_v in_o respect_n of_o the_o name_n what_o it_o be_v though_o not_o in_o respect_n of_o its_o nature_n and_o that_o it_o be_v consider_v how_o it_o be_v inherent_a for_o see_v it_o supply_v the_o place_n of_o the_o subject_n it_o be_v in_o some_o sort_n call_v a_o substance_n arist_n lib._n 1._o post_n cap._n 27._o but_o it_o be_v not_o foreknow_v that_o it_o be_v for_o that_o be_v the_o thing_n inquire_v after_o and_o which_o we_o be_v to_o find_v by_o demonstration_n 22._o a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o which_o the_o passion_n or_o affection_n be_v demonstrate_v of_o its_o subject_n and_o be_v always_o the_o major_a proposition_n of_o the_o demonstration_n as_o every_o rational_a animal_n be_v risible_a that_o be_v know_v the_o conclusion_n be_v virtual_o know_v also_o as_o be_v virtual_o contain_v in_o it_o but_o yet_o it_o be_v not_o actual_o know_v till_o the_o minor_a be_v assume_v which_o be_v know_v the_o conclusion_n though_o after_o in_o nature_n yet_o be_v know_v at_o the_o same_o time_n also_o what_o the_o cause_n be_v can_v be_v foreknow_v because_o it_o be_v a_o compound_a proposition_n and_o what_o a_o thing_n be_v be_v only_o of_o uncompounded_a but_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v know_v that_o it_o be_v or_o have_v a_o true_a existence_n or_o else_o the_o conclusion_n can_v be_v infer_v from_o it_o chap._n vii_o of_o the_o condition_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o a_o perfect_a demonstration_n a_o demonstration_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v either_o in_o the_o respect_n of_o the_o matter_n or_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o form_n 2._o in_o respect_n of_o the_o matter_n one_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n show_v why_o the_o predicate_a be_v inherent_a in_o the_o subject_n and_o that_o 1._o by_o a_o immediate_a intrinsical_a cause_n and_o this_o be_v either_o the_o before_o demonstrate_v matter_n or_o form_n or_o affection_n of_o the_o subject_n 2._o by_o a_o immediate_a extrinsical_a cause_n and_o this_o be_v either_o final_a or_o efficient_a by_o some_o transient_a action_n 3._o another_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o matter_n show_v that_o the_o predicate_v be_v inherent_a in_o the_o subject_n and_o that_o either_o by_o the_o effect_n or_o by_o some_o remote_a cause_n 4._o a_o demonstration_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o form_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v 1._o in_o quantity_n and_o so_o it_o be_v universal_a or_o particular_a 2._o in_o quality_n and_o so_o it_o be_v affirmative_a or_o negative_a 3._o in_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o proof_n and_o so_o it_o be_v either_o a_o ostensive_a demonstration_n or_o a_o demonstration_n reduce_v to_o some_o impossible_a thing_n 5._o in_o the_o first_o of_o these_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n call_v the_o demonstration_n cur_n sit_v why_o a_o thing_n be_v the_o condition_n to_o be_v observe_v do_v partly_o belong_v to_o the_o question_n partly_o to_o the_o cause_n or_o medium_n of_o the_o demonstration_n and_o partly_o to_o the_o premise_n 6._o every_o question_n do_v not_o admit_v of_o the_o first_o and_o most_o perfect_a kind_n of_o demonstration_n call_v why_o a_o thing_n be_v but_o such_o a_o question_n only_o as_o be_v true_a and_o have_v a_o certain_a and_o immutable_a cause_n of_o its_o own_o truth_n 7._o the_o condition_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o premise_n of_o a_o demonstration_n be_v absolute_a or_o relative_a 8._o those_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_a condition_n which_o be_v suitable_a to_o the_o premise_n consider_v absolute_o and_o in_o themselves_o and_o those_o be_v say_v to_o be_v relative_a condition_n which_o be_v suitable_a to_o the_o premise_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o conclusion_n 9_o the_o absolute_a condition_n be_v two_o the_o first_o be_v that_o the_o proposition_n be_v necessary_o true_a and_o reciprocal_a the_o second_o be_v that_o they_o be_v immediate_a or_o first_o 10._o demonstrative_a proposition_n must_v be_v true_a for_o that_o which_o be_v false_a can_v be_v know_v â—nd_v they_o must_v be_v necessary_o so_o for_o from_o proposition_n not_o necessary_o true_a no_o necessary_a inclusion_n can_v be_v infer_v unless_o by_o chance_n or_o â—ccident_n and_o they_o must_v be_v necessary_o true_a in_o the_o â—ighest_a degree_n that_o be_v they_o must_v be_v reciproâ—l_o for_o they_o contain_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v which_o be_v such_o as_o that_o it_o be_v reciprocaâ—d_v with_o its_o effect_n 11._o a_o proposition_n be_v say_v to_o be_v immediate_a â—o_o way_n 1._o in_o respect_n of_o the_o subject_n â—hen_o there_o be_v no_o more_o immediate_a subject_n between_o the_o predicate_a and_o the_o subject_n as_o a_o â—an_v be_v rational_a a_o man_n be_v risible_a 2._o in_o reâ—ect_n of_o the_o cause_n when_o no_o
the_o earth_n do_v not_o always_o find_v gold_n 4._o in_o a_o cause_n not_o sufficient_a of_o itself_o as_o he_o be_v not_o always_o learned_a that_o be_v industrious_a nor_o that_o ground_n always_o fertile_a that_o be_v well_o till_v because_o to_o both_o these_o more_o be_v require_v the_o latter_a part_n of_o this_o canon_n have_v three_o limitation_n 1._o in_o a_o cause_n by_o accident_n as_o he_o that_o do_v not_o dig_v into_o the_o earth_n may_v find_v a_o treasure_n 2._o in_o a_o cause_n that_o may_v but_o be_v not_o as_o a_o building_n may_v stand_v though_o the_o architect_n be_v dead_a 3._o as_o oft_o as_o the_o effect_n may_v be_v produce_v by_o diverse_a cause_n as_o socrateâ—_n may_v die_v though_o he_o do_v not_o drink_v poison_n 2._o the_o effect_n be_v grant_v the_o cause_n be_v also_o grant_v and_o the_o effect_n be_v take_v away_o the_o cause_n be_v take_v away_o also_o the_o first_o part_n of_o this_o canon_n have_v three_o limitation_n 1._o in_o a_o effect_n by_o accident_n as_o a_o treasure_n may_v be_v find_v though_o the_o earth_n be_v not_o dig_v 2._o in_o a_o effect_n that_o do_v remain_v after_o the_o cause_n as_o the_o house_n may_v remain_v though_o the_o builder_n be_v dead_a 3._o in_o a_o effect_n that_o may_v be_v produce_v by_o diverse_a cause_n as_o a_o man_n may_v die_v though_o not_o by_o poison_n the_o latter_a part_n have_v also_o three_o limitation_n 1._o in_o a_o effect_n by_o accident_n as_o a_o man_n may_v dig_v in_o the_o earth_n and_o not_o find_v a_o treasure_n 2._o in_o a_o effect_n which_o be_v but_o be_v not_o as_o a_o building_n may_v be_v destroy_v though_o the_o builder_n be_v live_v 3._o in_o a_o effect_n produce_v by_o a_o free_a agent_n as_o there_o may_v be_v a_o physician_n although_o he_o do_v not_o cure_v any_o disease_n 3._o such_o as_o the_o cause_n be_v such_o be_v the_o effect_n and_o the_o contrary_a as_o if_o the_o tree_n be_v good_a the_o fruit_n will_v be_v good_a and_o the_o contrary_a both_o part_n of_o this_o canon_n have_v two_o limitation_n 1._o in_o aequivocal_a cause_n and_o effect_n as_o the_o draught_n may_v be_v beautiful_a though_o the_o painter_n be_v deform_v 2._o in_o a_o material_a cause_n for_o some_o thing_n that_o be_v extrinsical_a as_o ice_n be_v not_o fluid_a because_o water_n be_v so_o 4._o that_o for_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v such_o be_v much_o more_o such_o itself_o as_o the_o air_n be_v hot_a by_o reason_n of_o fire_n do_v argue_v that_o fire_n be_v much_o hot_a than_o air_n this_o rule_n fail_v 1._o where_o both_o be_v not_o such_o as_o wine_z which_o make_v a_o man_n drink_v be_v not_o itself_o more_o drink_v because_o drunkenness_n can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o wine_n 2._o where_o it_o do_v not_o receive_v more_o and_o less_o as_o a_o father_n be_v not_o more_o a_o man_n than_o a_o son_n although_o he_o be_v the_o cause_n why_o the_o son_n be_v a_o man_n for_o humanity_n do_v not_o receive_v more_o and_o less_o 3._o in_o a_o cause_n not_o sufficient_a of_o itself_o as_o a_o master_n which_o make_v his_o scholar_n learned_a be_v not_o always_o more_o learned_a than_o his_o scholar_n for_o by_o his_o ingenuity_n and_o industry_n it_o sometime_o so_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o scholar_n be_v more_o learned_a than_o the_o master_n 5._o the_o cause_n be_v in_o nature_n before_o the_o effect_n as_o reason_n before_o risibility_n and_o this_o never_o fail_v for_o a_o final_a cause_n in_o which_o it_o only_o seem_v to_o fail_v although_o it_o be_v in_o act_n and_o execution_n after_o the_o effect_n yet_o it_o be_v before_o it_o in_o the_o intention_n of_o the_o agent_n for_o which_o only_a reason_n it_o be_v the_o cause_n chap._n xii_o of_o the_o topic_n from_o the_o subject_a and_o the_o accident_n we_o do_v not_o here_o take_v the_o subject_n for_o substance_n in_o which_o the_o accident_n be_v inherent_a or_o accident_n for_o that_o which_o do_v precise_o and_o adequate_o adhere_v to_o the_o substance_n but_o subject_n be_v here_o take_v for_o all_o that_o to_o which_o any_o thing_n not_o belong_v to_o its_o essence_n be_v attribute_v a_o accident_n be_v here_o take_v for_o every_o such_o attribute_n as_o number_n be_v the_o subject_n of_o equality_n that_o be_v it_o be_v a_o accident_n of_o a_o accident_n a_o accident_n may_v be_v divide_v many_o way_n and_o so_o may_v a_o subject_n for_o a_o accident_n be_v 1._o either_o proper_a or_o common_a 2._o separable_a or_o inseparable_a 3._o inherent_a or_o internal_a and_o adherent_a or_o external_a 4._o and_o chief_o it_o be_v either_o accidental_a as_o weariness_n do_v accompany_v a_o fever_n a_o pale_a moon_n rain_n and_o all_o prognosticate_a sign_n concomitant_a as_o a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o fullmoon_n and_o consequent_a as_o a_o day_n to_o the_o twilight_n sign_n and_o circumstance_n do_v also_o belong_v to_o this_o topick_n the_o canon_n or_o rule_n be_v five_o 1._o the_o subject_n be_v grant_v the_o proper_a accident_n be_v also_o grant_v and_o be_v take_v away_o the_o proper_a accident_n be_v take_v away_o also_o and_o the_o contrary_a as_o if_o he_o be_v a_o man_n he_o be_v risible_a and_o the_o contrary_a and_o if_o he_o be_v not_o a_o man_n he_o be_v not_o risible_a nor_o the_o contrary_n this_o rule_n never_o fail_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o reciprocation_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o the_o proper_a accident_n 2._o the_o subject_n be_v grant_v the_o common_a accident_n be_v also_o grant_v but_o not_o the_o contrary_a as_o if_o it_o be_v snow_n it_o be_v white_a but_o if_o it_o be_v white_a it_o be_v not_o therefore_o snow_n the_o first_o part_n of_o â—his_n rule_n fail_v in_o separable_a accident_n as_o if_o â—t_a be_v water_n it_o be_v not_o therefore_o cold_a and_o the_o â—atter_n part_n fail_v 1._o in_o a_o proper_a accident_n â—he_v first_o way_n as_o if_o there_o be_v knowledge_n there_o â—s_v a_o man_n 2._o in_o a_o individual_a accident_n as_o â—f_o there_o be_v this_o whiteness_n there_o be_v snow_n because_o a_o accident_n do_v not_o change_v its_o subâ—ect_n 3._o a_o common_a accident_n be_v take_v away_o â—he_v subject_n be_v take_v away_o but_o not_o the_o contraâ—y_n as_o if_o it_o be_v not_o white_a it_o be_v not_o snow_n but_o yet_o there_o may_v be_v white_a though_o there_o be_v no_o snow_n the_o first_o part_n fail_v in_o a_o separable_a accident_n the_o latter_a in_o a_o proper_a accident_n the_o first_o way_n and_o in_o a_o individual_a accident_n and_o subject_n as_o in_o the_o former_a rule_n 4._o the_o thing_n be_v grant_v the_o circumstance_n of_o time_n and_o place_n be_v grant_v and_o the_o circumstance_n be_v take_v away_o the_o thing_n be_v take_v away_o as_o if_o milo_n do_v kill_v clodius_n than_o milo_n be_v live_v and_o present_a if_o he_o be_v neither_o live_n nor_o present_n he_o do_v not_o kill_v he_o this_o rule_n never_o fail_v in_o any_o requisite_a circumstance_n necessary_o 5._o the_o antecedent_n concomitant_a &_o consequent_a be_v grant_v the_o consequent_a concomitant_a and_o antecedent_n for_o every_o exigence_n be_v also_o grant_v to_o wit_n a_o concomitant_a in_o be_v a_o antecedent_n in_o be_v or_o that_o have_v be_v a_o consequent_a in_o be_v or_o that_o will_v be_v and_o be_v take_v away_o the_o other_o be_v take_v away_o also_o as_o if_o there_o be_v a_o eclipse_n there_o be_v a_o full_a moon_n if_o there_o be_v a_o birth_n there_o be_v a_o conception_n if_o there_o be_v a_o twilight_n the_o sun_n will_v rise_v this_o rule_n fail_v 1._o in_o a_o thing_n not_o cohere_v necessary_o as_o he_o which_o be_v a_o philosopher_n must_v not_o of_o necessity_n be_v therefore_o poor_a and_o if_o there_o be_v a_o comet_n it_o do_v not_o follow_v there_o must_v be_v war_n 2._o in_o thing_n cohere_v necessary_o if_o there_o be_v not_o a_o mutual_a necessity_n for_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o if_o there_o be_v a_o eclipse_n there_o be_v a_o full_a moon_n yet_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o if_o there_o be_v a_o full_a moon_n there_o must_v always_o be_v a_o eclipse_n yet_o these_o thing_n not_o necessary_a be_v of_o great_a force_n to_o beget_v belief_n especial_o if_o many_o of_o they_o shall_v be_v join_v together_o in_o one_o hence_o astrologer_n physiognomer_n and_o orator_n do_v high_o value_v this_o topick_n in_o question_n of_o fact_n especial_o chap._n xiii_o of_o the_o topic_n from_o dissentany_a and_o comparison_n dissentany_n be_v either_o opposite_n or_o disparate_v as_o a_o horse_n and_o a_o bull._n there_o be_v four_o kind_n of_o opposite_n of_o which_o book_n i._n chap._n 13._o comparison_n be_v either_o in_o respect_n of_o quality_n as_o like_v and_o unlike_a or_o in_o respect_n of_o quantity_n or_o also_o of_o
true_a or_o probable_a but_o be_v indeed_o deceitful_a and_o the_o ancient_n do_v call_v those_o sophister_n which_o endeavour_v to_o obtain_v glory_n by_o disputation_n and_o that_o by_o five_o way_n or_o mean_n especial_o by_o force_v the_o respondent_fw-la 1._o to_o redargution_n which_o be_v the_o denial_n of_o something_o that_o be_v before_o grant_v or_o the_o concession_n of_o something_o that_o be_v before_o deny_v when_o the_o respondent_fw-la be_v force_v to_o contradict_v himself_o 2._o to_o something_o that_o be_v false_a as_o when_o he_o admit_v of_o something_o that_o be_v apparent_o know_v to_o be_v so_o 3._o to_o something_o contrary_a to_o common_a sense_n as_o when_o he_o admit_v of_o some_o proposition_n that_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o common_a receive_v opinion_n 4._o to_o some_o solecism_n as_o when_o he_o admit_v of_o some_o thing_n contrary_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o grammar_n or_o 5._o and_o last_o to_o some_o trivial_a and_o vain_a thing_n as_o when_o there_o be_v a_o vain_a and_o useless_a repetition_n of_o the_o same_o thing_n these_o fallacious_a way_n of_o argue_v aristotle_n have_v well_o refer_v to_o these_o two_o head_n to_o fallacy_n in_o word_n or_o in_o thing_n of_o fallacy_n in_o word_n he_o reckon_v five_o ambiguity_n amphibolie_a composition_n division_n and_o figure_n of_o a_o word_n of_o fallacy_n in_o thing_n he_o name_v seven_o accident_n of_o a_o thing_n speak_v after_o a_o sort_n to_o a_o thing_n speak_v simple_o ignorance_n of_o the_o argument_n a_o false_a or_o wrong_a cause_n consequent_a beg_v of_o the_o question_n and_o a_o ask_n of_o many_o question_n chap._n xx._n of_o fallacy_n in_o word_n all_o fallacy_n in_o word_n arise_v from_o some_o multiplicity_n that_o be_v in_o they_o and_o the_o multiplicity_n that_o be_v in_o word_n be_v either_o actual_a potential_a or_o fantastic_a 1._o actual_a when_o a_o word_n without_o variation_n have_v many_o meaning_n as_o in_o aequivocation_n and_o amphibolie_a 2._o potential_a when_o a_o word_n be_v alter_v in_o the_o pronunciation_n have_v many_o meaning_n as_o in_o composition_n division_n and_o accent_n 3._o fantastic_a when_o a_o word_n do_v real_o and_o indeed_o signify_v but_o one_o and_o yet_o do_v seem_v to_o signify_v many_o thing_n as_o in_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o word_n a_o fallacy_n of_o aequivocation_n or_o homonymie_n be_v when_o some_o simple_a word_n be_v diverse_o take_v in_o the_o several_a proposition_n of_o the_o same_o syllogism_n and_o this_o may_v be_v three_o way_n 1._o when_o one_o word_n be_v apply_v to_o several_a thing_n for_o example_n every_o dog_n do_v bark_n the_o dog_n star_n be_v a_o dog_n therefore_o the_o dog_n star_n do_v bark_n 2._o when_o a_o word_n proper_o signify_v but_o one_o thing_n be_v by_o analogy_n or_o metaphor_n apply_v to_o another_o as_o if_o one_o will_v prove_v that_o water_n have_v foot_n because_o it_o run_v or_o the_o meadow_n a_o mouth_n because_o it_o smile_v 3._o when_o there_o be_v some_o ambiguity_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o accident_n of_o the_o part_n of_o speech_n according_a to_o grammar_n as_o if_o one_o will_v prove_v that_o he_o which_o be_v sit_v do_v stand_v because_o he_o do_v rise_v in_o these_o fallacy_n there_o be_v four_o term_n and_o may_v be_v resolve_v by_o show_v the_o several_a signification_n of_o the_o ambiguous_a word_n a_o fallacy_n of_o amphibolie_n be_v when_o some_o sentence_n be_v doubtful_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o construction_n and_o this_o may_v be_v three_o way_n 1._o the_o construction_n of_o the_o word_n be_v the_o same_o but_o under_o a_o diverse_a habitude_n as_o if_o one_o will_v prove_v this_o to_o be_v aristotle_n book_n because_o he_o make_v it_o 2._o by_o change_v the_o order_n of_o the_o construction_n as_o thus_o that_o which_o one_o do_v see_v be_v true_a but_o you_o see_v thomas_n drink_v therefore_o it_o be_v true_a that_o thomas_n be_v drink_v 3._o when_o a_o sentence_n have_v both_o a_o proper_a and_o a_o metaphorical_a sense_n as_o thus_o they_o which_o laugh_v have_v mouth_n the_o meadow_n do_v laugh_v therefore_o the_o meadow_n have_v mouth_n and_o to_o this_o belong_v all_o proverbial_a speech_n and_o may_v be_v resolve_v by_o show_v the_o ambiguity_n of_o the_o sentence_n a_o fallacy_n of_o composition_n be_v when_o such_o word_n be_v join_v together_o which_o shall_v be_v disjoin_v and_o the_o contrary_a unto_o this_o be_v a_o fallacy_n of_o division_n when_o such_o word_n be_v sever_v which_o ought_v to_o be_v join_v together_o both_o of_o these_o may_v happen_v four_o way_n 1._o when_o the_o dictum_fw-la in_o a_o modal_a proposition_n may_v be_v put_v for_o its_o whole_a self_n or_o for_o a_o part_n of_o its_o self_n as_o for_o example_n it_o be_v possible_a for_o he_o that_o be_v sit_v to_o run_v the_o which_o proposition_n be_v false_a if_o take_v together_o for_o while_o he_o do_v sit_v he_o can_v actual_o run_v but_o be_v disjoin_v it_o be_v true_a for_o he_o that_o do_v now_o sit_v at_o another_o time_n may_v run_v 2._o in_o hypothetical_n proposition_n who_o part_n be_v join_v by_o some_o conjunction_n copulative_a or_o disjunctive_a as_o two_o and_o three_o be_v even_o and_o odd_a but_o five_o be_v two_o and_o three_o therefore_o five_o be_v even_o and_o odd_a 3._o when_o some_o word_n in_o a_o sentence_n may_v be_v join_v to_o diverse_a thing_n as_o for_o example_n he_o that_o may_v now_o be_v true_o say_v to_o be_v bear_v be_v bear_v in_o this_o hour_n but_o a_o man_n that_o be_v threescore_o year_n old_a may_v now_o be_v true_o say_v to_o be_v bear_v therefore_o a_o man_n that_o be_v threescore_o year_n old_a be_v bear_v in_o this_o hour_n 4._o when_o two_o thing_n be_v take_v several_o in_o the_o premise_n and_o conjunct_o in_o the_o conclusion_n and_o the_o contrary_a as_o thus_o this_o dog_n be_v a_o father_n and_o this_o dog_n be_v you_o therefore_o this_o dog_n be_v your_o father_n in_o these_o there_o be_v four_o term_n and_o be_v resolve_v by_o separate_v the_o divide_a sense_n from_o that_o which_o be_v compound_v and_o show_v which_o of_o they_o be_v true_a and_o genuine_a and_o which_o not_o a_o fallacy_n in_o accent_n be_v when_o one_o and_o the_o same_o word_n or_o sentence_n do_v signify_v diverse_a thing_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o different_a accent_n or_o manner_n of_o pronunciation_n and_o this_o may_v be_v four_o way_n 1._o by_o make_v a_o wrong_a pronunciation_n a_o long_a syllable_n for_o a_o short_a or_o the_o contrary_n 2._o by_o the_o diverse_a writing_n without_o a_o diphthong_n or_o aspiration_n as_o thus_o they_o that_o can_v pronounce_v shibboleth_n be_v safe_a from_o the_o gileadite_n but_o the_o ephramite_n can_v pronounce_v shibboleth_n therefore_o they_o be_v safe_a 3._o when_o one_o word_n be_v make_v of_o two_o or_o two_o of_o one_o 4._o by_o change_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o pronunciation_n as_o thus_o he_o that_o say_v well_o do_v do_v acknowledge_v the_o action_n to_o be_v good_a but_o he_o that_o deride_v another_o do_v say_v well_o do_v therefore_o he_o that_o deride_v another_o do_v acknowledge_v the_o action_n to_o be_v good_a in_o these_o also_o there_o be_v four_o term_n and_o they_o be_v solve_v by_o show_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o diverse_a accent_n or_o writing_n a_o fallacy_n of_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o word_n be_v when_o for_o some_o similitude_n and_o likeness_n of_o word_n that_o do_v seem_v to_o agree_v to_o one_o thing_n which_o be_v proper_a to_o another_o but_o these_o fallacy_n have_v the_o least_o show_n of_o probability_n and_o therefore_o be_v but_o rare_o use_v and_o be_v many_o of_o they_o solve_v by_o say_v that_o the_o word_n be_v indeed_o like_a by_o reason_n of_o some_o accident_n as_o sound_z or_o termination_n but_o not_o in_o substance_n sense_n or_o signification_n chap._n xxi_o of_o fallacy_n 〈◊〉_d thing_n fallacy_n in_o thing_n be_v seven_o 1._o a_o fallacy_n of_o accident_n when_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o one_o of_o the_o term_n in_o a_o syllogism_n only_o by_o accident_n be_v attribute_v unto_o another_o as_o if_o it_o be_v essential_a this_o happen_v 1._o when_o we_o argue_v from_o the_o accident_n to_o the_o subject_n and_o the_o contrary_a for_o example_n that_o which_o cause_v drunkenness_n be_v to_o be_v remove_v but_o wine_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o drunkenness_n therefore_o wine_n must_v be_v take_v away_o 2._o when_o the_o genus_fw-la of_o the_o supposition_n be_v change_v the_o material_a into_o the_o formal_a the_o simple_a into_o personal_a and_o the_o contrary_n as_o thus_o a_o animal_n be_v a_o genus_fw-la a_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n therefore_o a_o man_n be_v a_o genus_fw-la 3._o when_o we_o argue_v from_o the_o superior_a to_o the_o inferior_a and_o the_o contrary_a as_o if_o we_o will_v prove_v that_o rationality_n be_v