be sound only we observ'd his Pericardium to be full not only of Water but a great quantity of thick Bloud which upon some vehement motion foregoing the Heart being contracted through extream Grief had made its way through the two Lappets and suddenly suffocated the Principle of Life whence follow'd sudden Death Through Fear also the Spirits and Bloud are drawn back to their first Fountain whence it comes to pass that the Parts wax cold the Countenance grows pale the Body quivers Utterance fails and the force and strength of the whole Frame grows weak and faint On the other side in Anger the motion of the Natural Heat is more vehement which at length throws it self forth with violence into the outmost parts From whence the Countenance becomes red and the whole Body being warm becomes more bold and ready to put it self forth into danger In Shame both the inner and outer Parts suffer because the Heat first flies to the inner Parts and then throws it self forth again Seeing then the force of the Perturbations of the Mind is so great it behoves the Physician to correct or expel them by all the Art imaginable THE THIRD DISPUTATION Of Things Preter-Natural In the Knowledge of Pathology employs it self Doctor THus far of things Natural and not Natural it remains behind to treat of things Preternatural What are Preternatural things Cand. Those things which destroy the Natural Constitution of the Body of Man are call'd Affections or such Postures of Evil under which the Body suffers which being by the Greeks call'd Pathe therefore the Learning which handles these Affections is call'd Pathology D. How many Preternatural Affections are there C. Three The Disease the Cause and the Symptom In regard that every Affection of the Body receding from its natural Constitution is either a Disease or the Cause of Disease or a Symptom as Galen testifies l. 1. De Diff. Symp. D. How are they distinguish'd one from another C. That Affection which hinders the Action is call'd a Disease if any thing follow this a Symptom that which occasions it the Cause Of Diseases D. What is a Disease C. A Disease is a Preternatural Affection by which the Action is first harm'd D. I thus dispute against it Every Disease is not a Disposition therefore is ill defin'd by Galen C. I deny the Antecedent D I prove it thus For the most part a Disease is a Habit but Disposition is not a Habit yea it is oppos'd to Habit by Aristotle because Habit is a permanent Quality which cannot easily be remov'd from the Subject but Disposition is a Quality that may be easily remov'd from the Subject C. The Word Disposition that is Affection is understood by Galen not according to that more special signification wherein Disposition that is a preparation to Habit is us'd by Aristotle but according to the more general signification under which he comprehends Disposition and Habit for some Diseases easily come and soon go off others are with difficulty remov'd D. Moreover by this Argument I prove that the Disease does not in the first place injure the Action Faculty differs from Action as the Cause from the Effect but the Disease first injures the Faculty therefore the Action is not first injur'd C. That is false in an Organic Distemper for the Use of the Instrument may be hinder'd without any injury to the Faculty D. However in a similar Disease the Faculty is injur'd before the Action C. I answer A Physician makes his Judgment of all things according to Sense but we do not find the Faculty hurt before we find the Action fail D. Besides I thus prove That every Disease does not injure the Action A Wound is a Disease but the Functions of the wounded Part remain entire because it attracts retains assimilates the Bloud and lastly restores the portion of Flesh cut off There every Disease does not injure the Action C. I Answer these things are performed by the found part which are next to the Wound D. How many general Divisions are there of a Disease C. A Disease is threefold Similar Organic and Common D. What is a Similar Disease C. A Distemper which first injures the Action of the Similar Part. D. Of how many sorts is Distemper C. It is either Simple or Compound A Simple Distemper is either hot cold moist or dry The Compound Distemper is either hot and moist hot and dry cold and moist cold and dry at that either alone or joyn'd with Matter D. What is an Organic Distemper C. A Disproportion of the Structure which first injures the use of the Organ D. Of how many sorts is it C. It is fourfold either in the forming the Magnitude the Number or Situation D. What is the Disease of Form C. The Disease of Form is when the natural Figure of the Frame is deprav'd or when a Passage or Cavity is dilated beyond measure or streightn'd or obstructed where it should not be or when the Part is rough where it should be smooth or smooth where it should be rough D. What is the Disease of Magnitude C. The Disease of Magnitude is when any Part is increa'sd or diminish'd beyond or beneath its due proportion D. What is the Disease of Number C. The Disease of Number is when any Part is wanting or superabounds D. What is the Disease of Situation C. When any Part loosens from its proper place as when the Kall or great Gut falls into the Scrotum D. What is the Common Disease C. The separation of the Continuity which hinders the Functions of both parts D. Of how many sorts is the separation of Continuity C. Fourfold A Wound an Ulcer a Fracture a putting out of Joynt which may be likewise call'd a Disease in Situation D. Why do you here omit a Tumor against Nature C. Because a Tumor preternatural is said to be a compounded Disease of Distemper ill Figure and separation of the Continuity by a Word from the Greek call'd an Aposteme D. How many significations will the Word Aposteme bear C. Two The one General and the other Special for generally the Word Aposteme is taken for any Tumor which is preternatural but specially for an Inflammation brought to Suppuration and many times for a Tumor wherein some certain Matter appears in the Vesicle resembling Honey or Grease or thick Grewel D. Where do these Apostemes breed C. In the extream Parts of the Body D. There 't is true they use to breed but we observ'd not long since a new place which they had found out never heard of before in the Schools of the Physicians The most Illustrious the Marquess of Monte-pezzati a Person of a sharp Wit upon the ceasing of a Dysentery to which he had been subject from his younger years and after a suppression of the Emrods which for eight years together had kept their constant course in the 49th year of his Age 1619. he was taken at Tours with a violent and obstinate pain in the
Head the Consequence of which was a Delirium All the Remedies that the most Famous Physicians of Tours could imagine were apply'd but all to no purpose wherefore he was remov'd to Pressignac at a good distance from the King's Court whither I was call'd together with three other of the most eminent to try our Skill but notwithstanding all the most violent Remedies that could be rationally us'd not being able to vanquish the Distemper at length he dy'd Lethargic His Body being open'd under the formost right-side Ventricle a part of it was apparently corrupted in which there appear'd various and sundry forms of an Aposteme the Vesicles of which were about the bigness of a Pine-Nut This Observation I thought fit to give thee an accompt of by the way Now let us return to the General Discourse of Apostemes Of how many sorts are Tumors preternatural C. Fourfold Phlegmone Erysipelas Oedema and Skirrus D. What is Phlegmone C. It is a Tumor preternatural caus'd by the Bloud starting out of the Veins and dilating the Part with Heat Redness Paint Beating and resisting the Touch. D. What is an Erysipelas C. An Inflammation very hot lying in the Skin and sometimes incroaching upon the Flesh underneath proceeding from a Choleric hot Blood which by reason of its thinness causes no great Swelling but disperses it self in length and breadth every way D. What is an Oedema C. A cold loose white Tumor void of pain leaving the print of the finger that touches it proceeding from a Phlegmatic Humor D. What is a Skirrhus C. A hard resisting Tumor void of pain with little or no sence of feeling proceeding from a Melancholy Humor D. What is a Wound C. It is a new separation of the Contiguity in soft parts by some Cut Bite or other external Accident D. What is an Vlcer C. The separation of the Continuity in soft parts made by Corrosion D. What is a Fracture C. It is the Union of the Bone separated occasioned by some external Accident bruising or breaking the same D. What is Luxation C. It is the falling or slipping of a Joynt out of its proper place into another to the impeding the voluntary Motion Of Morbific Causes D. What is here meant by the word Cause C. An Affection against Nature which causes the Disease the knowledge of which is call'd Aetiology D. The Cause of a Disease is generally substantial as some Humor or Wind or something else preternatural as a Stone but Affection is a Quality therefore Affection is not properly the cause of a Disease C. The Word Affection is otherwise us'd by Galen and Aristotle that is for every thing that is able to destroy the natural Temper and Structure of the Body and injure its Actions whether it be Substance or Quality D. Of how many sorts are Morbisic Causes C. Twofold Internal and External D. Which is the Internal Cause C. That which resides within the Body D. Of how many sorts is this C. Twofold the preceding and containing D. Which is the Antecedent Cause C. That which nourishes the Disease D. Of how many kinds C. Two Plethoric and Cacochymic D. What is the Plethora C. A Redundancy of all the Humors equally augmented or else a redundancy of the Blood alone D. How many kinds are there of Plethora C. Two the one in respect of the Strength the other in respect of the Vessels D. What is a Plethora in respect of the Strength C. When the Blood neither in quantity nor quality exceeding due measure yet oppresses the Strength debilitated by some other Cause D. What is a Plethora as to the Vessels C. When the Humor exceeds its due measure which is either light when it only fills the Cavity of the Veins and only exceeds proportion by a little or distensive when it distends and almost rends the Tunicles of the Veins D. How does the Plethora in respect of the Vessels and that other in respect of the Strength differ C. When during the Plethora the Body waxes heavy yet the Strength of all parts remains equal only there is a fulness of the Vessels But if the Body and the Arteries wax heavy and the motion grows slow if a drowsie disturb'd and unquiet Sleep follow and the Patient complain of being oppress'd by some weight or that he carries some burden or dream he cannot be remov'd out of his place then it is an over-fulness oppressing the Strength D. What are the Signs of a Plethory C. The Antecedent are the Causes breeding plenty of Blood such as are the just temper of the Body Age the Spring-Season a temperate Clime good Diet and the accustomed evacuation of Blood suppressed But the consequent Causes are Accidents which demonstrate an over-fulness and predominancy of the Blood as a red colour in the Face swelling of the Veins dilatation of the Vessels a spontaneous stretching Lassitude a bigger Bulk of Body a fleshy habit of Body a merry and jocund disposition stupidity drowsiness a strong Pulse and thick difficulty of breathing and an aptness to bleed c. D. What is Cacochymy C. Cacochymy is the redundancy of yellow or black Choler or Flegm whence it is said to be threefold Choleric Melancholic and Flegmatic D. By what Signs is a Choleric Cacochymy known C. First from the Causes demonstrating exuberancy of Choler as a hot and dry Constitution a constant and florid Age Summer a dry Season a hot and dry Clime a hot and dry Diet and then by the signs of yellow Choler abounding in the Body as a pale Face yellow or blackish a dry Habit of Body lean slender hairy acute Senses swift and expedite a sharp and diligent Wit little Sleep and unquiet much Waking Dreams of War a swift and frequent Pulse want of Stomach an unquenchable Thirst his Vomits and Stools full of Choler Urine yellow or somewhat inclining to Flame colour with little sediment c. D. By what signs is a Melancholy Cacochymy understood C. First from the Causes shewing the Exuberancy of Melancholy a natural Temper cold and dry weakness of the Spleen inclining Age Autumn-Season strong Diet a melancholy way of living Then from the several signs of prevailing Melancholy a Leaden colour in the Countenance a dry habit of Body and lean a fix'd Aspect grim and sowr full of fear and sadness turbulent Sleep little and slow Pulse c. D. By what Signs is a Flegmatic Cacochymy distinguish'd C. First from the Causes that increase Flegm a Temper cold and moist old Age Winter-Season a moist constitution of the Air unseasonable Eating a sedentary Life and long Sleep Then from the Signs demonstrating redundancy of Flegm a white livid complexion swell'd cheeks a large sat body small veins white hair slow in his Actions thick skull'd a profound sleeper dreaming much of Water and drowning a slow soft Pulse c. D. What is the containing Cause C. That which most nearly breeds the Disease by some call'd the conjoyn'd cause D. Well then I will
prove there is no conjoyn'd cause The containing cause is that which while it is present the Disease remains but when it is remov'd the Disease ceases But every cause of a Disease being taken away the Disease is not remov'd therefore there is no containing Cause C. I deny the Minor D. I prove it if every cause of a Disease being remov'd the Disease should be removd there would be no need of Remedies to cure a Disease but beside the Remedies which are provided to remove the Morbific Cause as for the curing of a bad Temper which are first prescrib'd for the evacuation of the Humor causing the illness of Temper there are requir'd likewise others to correct the bad Temper as hot Remedies in a cold Distemper therefore the Cause being taken away the Disease is not remov'd C. I answer Where the Cause is conjoyn'd with the Disease take away the cause and all those diseases are remov'd nor will there want any further cure But as to those diseases of which there is no other internal cause but a Plethory or Cacochymy such as are essential Fevers tho both those were remov'd yet they require proper remedies to perfect the cure D. Then I argue thus If there were any conjoyn'd cause it would appear more especially in a Phlegmone for the inherent Humor fix'd in the part inflam'd would then be the conjoyn'd cause of the Phlegmone but the inherent and fix'd Hum or into the part affected is not the cause conjoyn'd therefore there is no conjoyn'd cause of a Disease C. I deny the Minor D. I prove the Minor The Disease and the Cause of the Disease differ but that Humor is the Phlegmone it self therefore not the conjoyn'd cause of the Phlegmone C. I deny the Minor D. I prove the Minor Where the Definition agrees to that also the thing defin'd agrees But the Definition of a Phlegmone exactly agrees with the Humor fix'd in the part inflam'd therefore it is the Phlegmone C. I deny the Minor D. I prove the Minor A Phlegmone is a hot distemper inflaming the part where it is fix'd swelling and distending it so that primarily and of it self it hinders the function of the part but that Humor which is infix'd in the part burns distends oppresses and so being the Phlegmone injures the Function primarily and by it self without the aggravation of any other Accident C. I answer That the Humor fix'd in the part inflam'd is a Substance that the Phlegmon is an Accident therefore differs in the whole Genus so far is the Definition from agreeing to both D. Which is the external Cause C. That which happens from without and alters the Body extreamly call'd the pre-incipient and evident vulgarly the Primitive And it is so much the evident cause of the Disease by how much it is a thing not natural For the Air causes a Disease when it is intemperate and impure And the Nourishment if it exceed or be defective or if it be bad or not taken as it ought to be Also Motion and Rest Sleep and Waking when either are immoderate Also when such things are retain'd that ought to be expell'd and such things are expell'd that ought to be retain'd they breed a Disease as also the Passions of the Mind if they be immoderate Of Symptoms D. What is a Symptom C. The Word Symptom taken in a large sence signifies whatever happens to a living Creature preternaturally And so it is us'd generally for every preternatural Affection But properly taken a Symptom is defin'd An Affection against Nature which follows the Disease as the Shadow follows the Body And therefore some of the Grecian Physicians rather chose to call it the Succedent then a Symptom tho the Word Symptom exactly agree with it as coming from a Greek Word which signifies to fall together for no other reason but because it accompanies the Disease D. How many are the kinds of Symptoms C. Three Injury of the Actions Excretion and Retention deviating from the custom of Nature and sensible Affections of the Body preternatural D. What are the differences of Actions injur'd C. The difference of injur'd Actions is to be gather'd from the number of Actions safe and uninjur'd for they are injuries done either to the Animal Vital or Natural Actions D. By how many ways is every one of these injur'd C. Every Animal Vital and Natural Action is injur'd two ways either because it is not done or ill done And ill doing is twofold either feebly or not as it ought to be So that there is a threefold annoyance of every Action D. What are the Annoyances of the Animal Functions C. The Annoyances of the principal Functions are the debilitating depraving and destruction of the Imagination Memory and Ratiocination Among which Madness Lunacy and Delirium are accompted chief The common Injuries of the sensible Actions are deprivation of the Senses and difficulty of Apprehension which denotes a vitiated Sence Restless waking and drowsie Sleep are accompted Injuries of the inner Sense but there are particular injuries of every outward Sense as to the Eyes are Blindness Dimness of Sight or a deprav'd Sight as to the Ears Deafness Thickness of hearing or a deprav'd Hearing As to the rest tho they want proper terms of expression yet there is the same proportion Feeling in its Function has one proper Symptom above all the rest which is Pain The Annoyances of the moving Actions are Immobility difficult Motion or a deprav'd Motion as Trembling Convulsive or Panting There is also privation of Speech difficulty of Speech and deprav'd Speech D. What are the Annoyances of the Vital Functions C. Among the Annoyances of the Vital Actions are reckon'd Privation of the Pulse and a deprav'd Pulse also stopping of the Breath and difficulty of Breathing D. What are the Injuries of the Natural Functions C. The Injuries of the Appetite are loss of Stomach a Canine Appetite and a deprav'd Appetite The Injuries of concoction and crudity slow concoction and difficult concoction As many are the Injuries of Retention and Expulsion tho wanting proper Terms And indeed every Action may be said to be injur'd three wayes if it be done feebly or not as it ought to be or not at all D. Why does a deprav'd Expulsion and Retention attend the Injuries of the Functions C. The due course of the Excrements is impeded in regard that the expulsive Faculty is excessively disorder'd and the same reason for the retentive Faculty D. What is the Ametry or Disorder of the Excrements C. A vicious annoyance which the Excrements have contracted by receding from the due course of Nature D. Of how many sorts is it C. Threefold in Substance in Quantity and in Quality in regard that the Purgations of the Body are preternaturally detain'd therein or else recede and deviate from the due course of Nature either in their whole substance or in quantity or in quality Thus saies Galen Lib. 6. De Sympt D. What d' ye call
the default of Substance C. When the Excrement is in its whole kind preternatural as a Stone Gravel or Worms Or else when the manner of Purgation is preternatural not the Excrement as Bleeding at Nose Ears Mouth Yard or Belly D. What is the fault of Quantity C. When the just measure of Nature is not observ'd in Purgation but that the Excrements come forth either in too great abundance or too sparingly D. What is the Fault of Quality C. When the heat of the Excrements deviates from the custom of Nature as if they be either black livid or green if the smell offend more then usually if there be any thing of unusual bitterness saltness or acrimony if any clamminess hardness or thinness more than ordinary D. Why is the Ametry or Excess of Excretion joyn'd with that of Retention C. Because the Excrements no less deviate from the course of Nature nor contract Corruption when that which ought to come away is retain'd then when that which ought to be retain'd comes away D. What Symptoms relate to the Irregularity of Retention C. The suppression of the Flowers and Emroids costiveness retention of Sweat and other Excrements the evacuation of which is necessary for health D. Why d' ye place the preternatural Affections of the Body which are obvious to Sense next after the Irregularity of the Excrements C. Because they are bred out of the corruption of Excrementitious Humors D. How many Symptoms are there belonging to the sensible Affections of the Body C. They are said to be as many as there are Senses with which they want to be perceived for some are visible others audible others to be smelt others to be tasted others tangible D. Which are the visible preternatural Affections of the Body C. Unseemly Colours which arise from the Colours of the subject Humors as Yellow in the Jaundice Pale in the Disease proceeding from Phlegm call'd Leucophlegmasie Black in the Leprosie then the Shape Bulk and all the visible qualities of the Body chang'd D. Which the Audible Affections C. Preternatural Sounds as Tinkling in the Ears Ratling in the Throat and Lungs Gnashing of the Teeth Belching and breaking Wind as also raving and trembling Speech D. Which concern the Smell C. The noysom Smells which the Arm-pits Ears Nostrils Mouth Feet and the whole Body exhales D. Which concern the Taste C. Bitterness in the Mouth arising from yellow Choler Acidness from Melancholy and Saltness from Phlegm D. Which belong to the Feeling C. All the first Qualities as hot cold moist and dry and what derive themselves from these as Softness Hardness Roughness Loosness Ruggedness and the like which are perceiv'd in the skin by feeling Of Signs D. What is a Sign C. Whatever being obvious to our Senses is attended with something hidden that is a sign of it Thus a Symptom being conspicuous is the express sign of the latent design from whence it flows in like manner the evident cause as vicious Diet is the sign of the Disease which is occasion'd D. How many sorts of Signs are there C. They reckon up three principal sorts wholesom which indicate Health unwholesom which indicate a sickly constitution and neuter which shew a neutral constitution between sick and well D. How many are the signs that indicate unsoundness of Health C. Twofold Diagnostic which declare the present constitution of the Disease and Prognostic which portend the future condition of the Patient Some add the Anamnestic which by calling to remembrance what was past guess at the present and future state of the Disease D. How many are the Diagnostic Signs C. Threefold In regard that some demonstrate the part affected others the cause others the kind of the Disease which if proper and inseparable are call'd Pathognomic Judges of the Affection if common and separable Accidents they are call'd Associates D. What Signs are to be consider'd for the obtaining the Prognostic C. Besides the proper and inseparable Symptoms of the Disease there are others that come over and above which declare the bigness of the Disease and others that appear over and above which declare the Motion and Nature of the Disease D. Why are the proper and inseparable Diagnostics of a Disease numbred among Prognosticks C. Because future conjectures are drawn from the species of the Disease for some Diseases in their species are incurable as in a Cancer Others curable as a Tertian Fever some short as Quotidians others tedious as Hectic and Quartans Add to this that the proper Symptoms much increasing signifie the violence of the Disease and therefore portend danger as if a vehement pain in the side extend it self to the Throat or Hypochondrium and there happen a great difficulty of breathing and a strong Cough it is adjudg'd a dangerous Pleurisie D. What d' ye call the Symptom supervenientia or coming over and above C. Symptoms arising from the propagation and increase of the Cause which indicate the increase of the Disease as in a Pleurisie Phrensie Loosness difficulty of Breath Redness of the Face and Eyes Spots upon the Breast Redness of the Back and Shoulder-Blades D. What d' ye call Appearing over and above or insuper apparentia C. Such as besides the inseparable Symptomes manifestly shew themselves as it were going or proceeding forth such are the signs of Crudity or Concoction which argue that the Crisis will be sooner or later D. What is the Crisis C. The Crisis is a sudden change in the Disease either to Life or Death whereby it happens that a Crisis is either good or bad and both either perfect or imperfect D. What does the Word Crisis denote C. The Word Crisis comes from a Greek Word that signifies to judge or make a judgment of So that Crisis is no more then Judgment and is often taken for the Combat of Nature with the Disease and sometimes for the separation and expulsion of noxious Humors and sometimes for the issue of the Disease be it what it will D. Which Crisis is perfectly good C. Such as being shewn by the signs of Concoction appearing upon the day of the Sign comes to perfection upon the Critical day without any dangerous Symptoms with a manifest excretion or purgation according to the Species of the Disease and Nature of the Patient D. Which is imperfectly good C. That which does not altogether remove the Disease but causes the Patient to be more chearful in his Distemper D. Which Crisis is perfectly bad C. That which hastens Death D. Which is imperfectly evil C. That which precipitates the Patient into a worse condition D. How are the Critical Signs divided C. Some Critical Signs precede others accompany and some follow the Crisis D. How many Signs precede C. They are of two sorts some shew the day and time of the Crisis others what sort the future Crisis will be D. Which are the signs that shew the time and day of the Crisis C. The signs of Concoction and Crudity which appear in
Physic Cand. I deny the Major For neither of those Actions separately but both together are the Genus of Physic Dean I prove the Minor The Genus of Physick is Faculty Therefore neither of those Actions can be said to be the Genus of Physic Cand. I deny the Consequence Dean I prove it thus The Genus contains the several Causes that equally belong to the several Species Thus Living Creature the Genus of Man and Beast contains Corporeal Substance which is the Matter and the Faculty of Life and Sence which is the Common Form of Man and Beast But Addition and Detraction are the Effects of Physic For Physic adds what is wanting and detracts what is superfluous and all this for the restoration of Health And therefore neither can be said to be the Genus of Physic Cand. I Answer That Hippocrates's Definition of Physic is not Essential but from the Effects Where the Actions are Metonymically taken for the Faculty from whence they proceed D. Then for the Definition of Herophilus I thus refute it There is no such thing as a Neuter Body Therefore Physic is by him ill defin'd to be a Science of things wholesom unwholsom or neither Cand. I deny the Antecedent Dean I prove it thus A sound Body is that which enjoys Health an unsound Body that which labours under a Disease But the Body is either perpetually unsound or in Health Therefore no Neuter Body Cand. I deny the Minor For that is said to be a neuter Constitution when the Body is said to be neither sick nor well D. I prove the Minor Sound and unhealthy are immediate Contraries according to the Opinion of Aristotle Therefore seeing Health and Sickness are diametrically opposite there can be no middle Constitution between ' em Cand. I Answer Health and Sickness are immediately opposite according to Aristotle but not according to the Physicians D. Galen teaches the contrary where he says That Health is Symmetry Sickness Disorder But there is no Medium between Symmetry and Disorder Besides Health is an Affection that produces a good and not a sensibly deprav'd Action But Sickness produces an Action sensibly deprav'd now then between that which is sensibly and not sensibly deprav'd there is no Medium I declare also this farther upon the Authority of Galen When a Body ceases to be healthful it becomes sickly And in another place When the Body passes from Health into Sickness the Transition is imperceptible And in another place He that can act and do as he was wont to do according to all the Operations of the Body is in Health he that cannot is unsound and Sick And the Latitude of Health extends it self from the most perfect operation to a sensible failing in the Operation the Disease beginning from that sensible Depravation Now neither in these nor many other paeces do's Galen make any mention of the Medium tho sometimes he puts a Neuter between Sound and Sick Cand. I Answer Galen sometimes takes Health in a larger sence sometimes he contracts it within a narrower Compass Affirming that there is a certain sence in Habit which is firm and stable another in the Disposition and Affection which is not so durable but rather so infirm as to be subject to every slight Injury Seeing therefore Galen accompts him sound in whom the wonted Offices of the parts do not cease their proper Exercises tho they operate but feebly then certainly those Neuters in decay that are falling into Sickness and those Neuters in Health who are upon recovery he also reck'ns among the Sound and takes in the state of Neutrality within the Limits of Health But when he excludes both Conditions as unsound and not sufficient to act according as Nature requires there he grants a Neuter Condition which is not sound in regard that preservation is not proper for it but is requisite for Neuters falling into a Distemper by way of Conservation and to those that are newly recovered from a Distemper by way of Restoration Dean How many are the Parts of Physic Cand. Four That which contains the Speculation of Nature called Physiology that which comprehends the consideration of Health that which treats of the Symptoms and Affections call'd Pathology and the last which treats of Med'cines and Remedies in particular Some there are who reckon five making the Consideration of Causes and Symptoms to be two parts tho indeed they are both comprehended under Pathology Dean This Division of Physic does not please me For Natural Phylosophy is a speculative Science Physic an active Art so that Physiology cannot be a part of both but Physiology is a part of Natural Philosophy and therefore no part of Physic Cand. Thus far you argue discreetly Master Physiology is a part of Natural Philosophy therefore no part of Physic But I deny Physiology to be a part of Natural Philosophy D. I prove it thus Natural Philosophy as of all other Animals so it perfectly describes the Body of Man Therefore Physiology is a part of Natural Philosophy C. Philosophy indeed considers the Body of Man as it is natural in general but Physiology which is accompted the first part of Physic considers the Body particularly whether sound or distemper'd or between both So that Physic is by some said to be particular to man Dean How many things are perfectly requisite for the obtaining the perfect knowledge of Physic Cand. Three Things natural wherein Physiology employs it self Things not natural which the contemplation of Health appropriates to it self in the knowledge of which Pathology in the expulsion and resistance of which the Ther apeutic parts busie themselves D. Which d' ye call things Natural C. Those things which constitute the Nature of Man D. How many sorts of things Natural may be reck'n'd up C. Seven in all The Elements the Temperaments the Parts the Humors the Spirits the Faculties and Functions Of the Elements D. What is an Element C. An Element is the smallest part of that of which it is an Element Gal. l. 1. of Elements Now he calls the smallest part the most simple which cannot be divided into other parts different in species An Element is therefore the most simple part of a mixt Body By others an Element is divided into a simple Body of which any thing is first made and into which at last it is again dissolv'd D. By this reason the Bones Muscles Flesh and other Similar parts shall be said to be the Elements of Humane Body because they are simple Bodies of the Organic Members are first constituted and into which they are every one divided C. Not so For though they appear Simple to the Senses yet are they really compos'd of the four Elements and dissolv'd at length into them again in regard the last dissolution of mixt Bodies stops in the Elements D. How Are not the Elements themselves the common beginnings of Natural Body's dissolv'd into Matter and Form C. In thought it seems to be so but not in
living Creatures are subjected to the Empire of the Soul and brought under its government and power Moreover by means of them the corporeal substance coheres with the incorporeal whereby it comes to pass that they are as it were the Bands that tie both Soul and Body together D. What is a Spirit C. A Spirit is an Airy thin transparent Substance the seat of natural Heat the Vehicle of the Faculties and the first Instrument that sets the Functions at work D. How many sorts of Spirits are there C. Two the one innate and the other infus'd D. What is the innate C. That which was ingrafted into the several Similar Parts by the first Beginnings of Generation the foundation of which is the Radical Moisture D. Which is the infus'd C. That which flows in from elsewhere and cherishes and preserves the innate every where conveighing Faculty and Heat to enable the Functions in their several Duties D. Of how many sorts is it C. Threefold Animal Vital and Natural D. What is the Animal Spirit C. A Spirit begat in the Ventricles of the Brain of Vital Spirit and inspir'd Air whence being distributed through the moving and sensitive Nerves it renders all the Parts of the Body capable of Sence and Motion D. What is the Vital Spirit C. That which is bred in the left part of the Heart of the natural Spirit and the Air suckt in by the Lungs whence it is convey'd through the Arteries to every part to cherish the inbred Spirit corroborate the natural Heat and restore strength D. What is the Natural Heat C. That which proceeding from the Liver is diffus'd together with the Bloud through all the Veins the Cause of Generation Nourishment and Growth Of the Faculties D. Thus far we have discours'd of the Parts both Solid and Fluid of Human Bodies let us say something concerning the Faculties and Functions of the Soul Give me then the Definition of a Soul C. A Soul is the form of a Living Body By Aristotle it is defin'd the Entelechy of a Natural Organic Body potentially having Life D. What is meant by Entelechia C. Some interpret the Word to be the gaining of Perfection others the Act of Perfection but the latter Interpretation does not please me for the Soul is not an Act but the Efficient Cause of the Act. And thus Life is the Act of the Soul not the Soul it self D. Seeing then we are come to the consideration of Man I would have thee explain what the Soul of Man is C. It is that which gives him Vegetal Sensual and Intellectual Life By Aristotle it is defin'd to be the Beginning of Living Perceiving and Understanding By others the first Cause of all the Functions of our Body for the performance of which it is endued with a manifold Ability or Faculty D. What is Faculty C. It is the inbred power of the Soul of which she makes use for the producing of Actions By Galen it is defin'd The Efficient Cause of Actions and is therefore a Faculty because whatever it does it is able to do so that under the Word Faculty is comprehended that which has a Power to act D. Why does Galen refer the Cause of Action to Temperament C. Because Temperament is the Cause why the Soul performs her Actions without which she could not Therefore sayes Galen in his Book of Conjecturing by the Pulses The Soul is seated in the commodious Temperament of the several Parts for that then every Part performs with vigor its proper Office when in best Temper On the other side it acts amiss and feebly when it is out of Temper D. Then the Soul it seems flows from Temperament unless you take the Soul to be Temperament it self C. I do not believe the Soul to be Temperament because the Soul is a Substance but Temperament is only an Accident But I believe that Faculty flows from both from the Soul as from the Essential Form which is the first and chief Cause of all those Actions which we daily perform from Temperament as from the accidental form which is the assisting Cause without whose aid Souls cannot produce Actions D. How many sorts of Faculties are there C. The Essence of the Soul is purely uncompounded because there is but one form of one Body but Faculty by the Physicians is said to be threefold Animal Vital and Natural D. Nature the Architectress of the Body when she first begins to raise the Frame bequeaths several Faculties to the single Parts for the preservation of the whole therefore there are as many Faculties of the Soul as Parts of the Body C. The Parts of the Body are endued every one with their proper Faculties on purpose to serve the whole with so many Actions which it cannot want so that the number of Faculties and Organic Parts must be equal But as the Parts so the Faculties are contain'd under three Principal Kinds Animal Vital and Natural D. What is the Animal Faculty C. It is that which is only enjoy'd by Animals from whence it derives its Name D. Of how many sorts is the Animal Faculty C. The Animal Faculty is threefold Principal perceiving and moving D. Which is the Principal Faculty C. That which resides only in the Brain and in no other of the Organs D. Of how many sorts is it C. By Galen it it is said to be threefold Imagination Ratiocination and Memory But the first and last are referred only to the interior Sense by those to whom the Understanding only proper to Man seems worthy the name of Principal D. What is Imagination C. It is that which receives and apprehends the Images and Idea's of things objected to it and accepted by the Senses out of which being for the most part mixt and confus'd it produces and forms many things which before fell not under the power of the senses D. What is Ratiocination C. The Mind is that with which Man endu'd excels all other Creatures by whose assistance it understands and knows things incorporeal and forms abstracted from all Matter drawing universal Notions of things sometimes out of one sometimes out of another D. What is Memory C. It is that which stores and lays up within it self the forms and Images of Things represented by the Phansie and recall'd to the judgment of Reason D. Where are the Principal Faculties of the Soul lodg'd C. The Arabians lodge the Imagination in the foremost Ventricles of the Brain Reason in the middle and Memory in the hindermost but the Grecks deny them to be confin'd to places affirming them to be diffus'd through all the corners and over all the substance of the Brain D. What think you of this Controversie C. I do not like the Opinion of the Arabians though grounded upon probable Arguments Avicen and Averroes endeavour to demonstrate that the Faculties have their distinct Seats from hence because that one of them sometimes is deprav'd without any hurt to the other concluding thence the improbability
variety of Victuals clogs and tires the Stomach D. What method is to be observ'd in eating C. Meat before it be swallow'd ought to be very well chew'd by the Teeth And there is this order to be observ'd in feeding that the liquid must precede the solid the light the heavy and the loosning the binding victuals D. When is the best time to feed C. A man ought to feed at a set hour the first being concocted and descended into his Belly having before us'd sufficient exercise and the Appetite calling for it that Nature which does her Work at a prefix'd time may the more chearfully attend the work of Concoction D. What sort of Drink is best for the preservation of Health C. Of all sorts of Drink Wine is chiefly to be commended but somewhat red sometimes white clear thin not sweet not sharp fine and rather small then too strong with a larger quantity of Water in the Summer then in the Winter But to men of hot tempers Water is more convenient then Wine of which the best is the clearest and lightest without the least ill scent or savour Sider and Perry is better then Water Ale and Beer well brew'd of Barly-water and Hops for those People that live in the North Parts is a good sort of Drink so it be clear thin and neither too new mor too small D. How much Drink is sufficient C. So much as is answerable to the Meat receiv'd Solid and dry Diet requires more liberal drinking for liquid and moist Meats more moderate drinking will suffice But as for Wine if it be immoderately taken it tears up the strength of Body and Mind and hastens Old Age. D. What is the method of Drinking C. Too much Drink at Meals causes the Meat to float in the Stomach nor is it good to drink too sparingly for that suffices not to quench thirst and frequent drinking between Meals hinders Concoction but all Drink whether Wine or Ale made cooler either by Water Snow or Nitre to cool the Summer-heat is to be avoided as pernicious to the Nerves D. When is it proper to drink at Meals C. As Hunger argues a necessity of eating so Thirst implies a necessity of drinking to supply the Radical Moisture But though a man be not adry when he has eaten the half of the solid meat he intends it is yet then good to drink to mix and moisten it in the Stomach by which means it may be the more easily digested and convey'd to the Liver for that Drink is the Vehicle of the Meat But before Meat and presently after Meals after Bathing or while a man is in a Sweat all drinking is to be forborn Of Sleeping and Waking D. What Sleep is requisite for the Health of the Body D. Quiet sound and moderate for that Sleep is not commendable which is disturb'd with restless Dreams nor so slight as to be disturb'd with the least noise worst of all immoderate sleep for it hinders the due expulsion of the Excrements out of the Body and detains them beyond their time it begets abundance of Superfluities renders the Brain more cold and moist breeds the Head-Ach and causes Drowniness of the Mind and Dulness of the Senses D. How long time may a man be allow'd for Sleep C. Of this Judgment is to be made from the perfect Concoction of the Elements for no certain time can be ascribed to all persons in regard that some concoct sooner some later However for the most part six seven or eight hours at most is to be allotted for the time of sleep But for the determining the proportion of sleep we must consider the Temper Age Nourishment received and Labour the person has more Sleep then the Flegmatic Old men than Young men they that feed more liberally then they that feed sparingly and they that have labour'd either with Body or Mind then they that have used none D. Which is the best way for a man to lie when he takes his rest C. Let a man lie first upon his right side that his Meat may descend more quickly to the bottom of his Stomach then upon his left that by the Stomach 's resting toward the Liver Concoction may be forwarded which done let him turn again upon his right side that the Chylus may be more easily distributed to the Liver Add to this that the shifting of sides in this manner does not a little refresh the weariness of the Body Lying upon the Back is condemned by all as being the occasion of many Diseases and lying upon the face is bad for those who are troubled with defluctions in the Eyes D. What time is most wholesom for Sleep C. The most convenient time is the Night two or three hours after Supper the Night being most fit for Sleep by reason of its Moisture and Tranquility Besides that it affords time enough to perfect the Concoction of the Meat there being no occasion for a man to disturb his through exigency of business On the other side sleeping by day is most pernicious because it fills the Brain with too much moisture which ought rather to be dried up by waking D. What Waking is most wholesom C. As moderate Sleep is wholesom immoderate hurtful the same is to be said of waking for as too much Sleep over-cools and moistens the Brain so excess of waking weakens the Temper of the Brain debilitates the Senses hinders Concoction and begets Grudities for that while a man wakes the Natural Heat together with the Bloud and Spirit keeps out in the external parts so that as the Night is the season for Sleep so is the Day for Waking Wherefore it was the Precept of Hippocrates to sleep by night and wake by day for the night causes a better concoction and the day a better distribution of Nourishment and expulsion of Excrements Besides the Animal Faculty is more encourag'd to labour in her Functions by the heat and light of the Day Of Exercise D. What Exercise is requisite C. Not too easie nor too vehement not too swift nor too slow but moderate However the Flegmatic require a stronger and more violent Exercise then the Choleric Equality in Exercise is preferr'd before Inequality And that Exercise which most delights the Mind ought to be look'd upon as the most wholesom D. How long is Exercise to be continu'd C. Till the Body grow warm and a lively Colour appear in the Countenance together with a Sweat mix'd with a hot Vapour till the Respiration be large yet easie and while the Motion continues equal and brisk While any of these fail 't is time to desist lest the Body grow colder drier and leaner with long exercise But always let the exercise of the person be answerable to his Food for the more liberally or sparingly a man feeds the more or less he ought to exercise D. What is the method of Exercise C. Exercise is requisite as often as the Body is fed a gentle motion at first then more