course we can take is to let the Incorrigible Wretch alone in his Wickedness and not discompose our selves but take care at least to save one But when he had proposed the highest pitch of Resolution and advised rather to choose Poverty and Death with Wisdom and Virtue than Plenty and Sollicitude without them and if a Man be driven to that hard Necessity rather to overlook the Vice and Ruin of one under his Care than to lose his own Happiness and undo himself by trying to preserve another to shew that Men must be wound up to this pitch by degrees and that he had a just regard to the Abilicies of his Scholar he advises them here to begin with less and gentler Tryals and such as the Condition of Young Beginners are capable of For Exercise and Practice in Matters of less Moment and Difficulty is a safe and a successful Method but when such things are look'd upon with Disdain and below ones Notice and a Man scorns the instances hereof his Oyl being spilled or his Wine stolen and will needs fly at all and attempt great Hardships at first he will fall under this double inconvenience neither to be a Match for what he encounters as having not made his way up to it gradually nor to receive that Benefit and Advantage that he might have done from those others which had he not slighted them would have qualified him for the Combat he hath lost for want of them For let us imagine that a Man without any preparation or previous practice in Matters of less consequence would needs all upon the spurt take upon him to rival Crates and divest himself of all his Possessions at once how is it possible that this Person should not immediately repent and condemn himself and wish Ten Thousand times that the thing were undone and he in his former Circumstances again For though Crates himself or Diogenes or Zeno or some other Eminent Philosopher may perhaps have made a sudden turn and brought themselves to extream Strictness and Virtue and voluntary Poverty without such leisurely advances yet still this is a thing that very rarely happens and that which is extraordinary is no rule for us to follow especially too when we consider that these were themselves very extraordinary Persons and consequently no proper Measure for others that are but of the common rate of Men to govern themselves by And after he had directed us how to make greater Losses and Misfortunes in our Estates easie and familiar to us by First despising those that are small and inconsiderable for the improvement and confirmation of our Virtue he instructs us which way to get above all the Discomposure and Passion that the Negligence or the Sauciness of our Servants may be apt to cast us into For he tells us we ought before-hand to represent to our selves that it is very possible your Servant may not give his Attendance when called upon or that if he answer to your Call he may not observe your Commands And that we should settle our Minds not to give him so great Advantage over us as the putting us into Disorder would be And this settling our Minds is very considerable in that the Inconvenience is in a great measure defeated by being foreseen For it is the suddenness of an Accident that is most apt to confound young Proficients this breaks their Measures puts them out of their Biass and beats them from their Posts But Premeditation keeps the Mind firm and cool it preserves our Thoughts and gives us the power and leisure to recollect and by Use and Custom prepares and arms the Mind against all those things which our Hopes and Imaginations represent most difficult and insupportable Now what a mighty Advantage this Preparation is and how much better we entertain any Accident when we are not surprised every Man 's own Consideration and Experience will inform him Nor is this the case of Misfortunes only but even of Pleasures and Good Fortune too when they come upon us unexpected Afflictions immediately overturn our Thoughts and cramp up the Faculties of Reason and put both Body and Soul out of Temper and Pleasures and Good Fortune when sudden and surprising scatter and dissolve them and enervate both Body and Mind From whence it comes to pass that these Causes though so very distant in themselves are yet attended with the same Effects and the same Symptoms plainly prove the Disease to be the same For an Excess either of Joy or Grief shocks the Constitution equally and throws us into Swoonings and Sweats and the loss of Sense sometimes even to Death it self But these things are so evident that they need no enlargement and therefore I rather choose to observe the Method Epictetus hath taken upon this occasion and the Improvements we may make of it When any Loss or Disappointment in our Affairs have happened to us he advises that we would compose our selves with this Reflection That Constancy and a Composed Mind are Treasures which must be bought and this it seems is the Price which we must pay for them But when our Servants provoke us either by being out of the way and not ready to receive our Commands or by being insolent and not obeying them the Remedy in this case is to prepare our Minds and consider before-hand that these were things very likely to happen This is the Method he prescribes but the improvement we may make of it is to joyn both these Directions together and apply them to either of the Cases indifferently For indeed we are no less obliged to receive any Losses whatsoever with all that Premeditation and shall find them infinitely lessened to us by Expectation and a possessing our Minds early with the Thought that these things may very probably happen to us And on the other Hand when we are incensed by the Negligence or the Disobedience of Servants or any other Provocation of that kind it will turn to very good account to recollect That Constancy and a Composed Mind are Treasures that will not come for nothing and this is the Price that we are to purchase them at Now the Reasons why Epictetus himself did thus apply both indifferently seem to be That the Instances produced by him of Oyl spilled and a little paltry Wine stolen are too mean and trivial to need the solemnity of any such Preparation and that in Matters so small a short Recollection is sufficient after the thing hath happened And not only so but because in things of less Consideration the prospect of the Gain and comparing the Price with the Purchase is abundantly enough to prevail upon the Soul For what occasion can there be of Grudging or Discontent when for such a Trifle as a little Oyl or Wine lost a Man hath it in his power to receive a thing so valuable as Constancy and a Composed Mind by way of Exchange Nay and not only to procure this for once and no more but to gain the
the Soul be affected with it or move towards it and the Evil must be disapproved before she flee from it Though indeed the Stoicks have advanced a contrary Method and represented the Affections by which the Soul is carried to or from its Object as if they were antecedent to Desire and Aversion thus considering these Affections as the beginnings and immediate Causes of those Desires and Aversions in the Soul But after all the brutish Inclinations such particularly as Anger and Sensual Appetite are so much of a piece with the Body so closely and manifestly interwoven with the Blood and Animal Spirits that they seem to grow from the particular Complexions and Constitutions of Men. So that these must of necessity derive their Motion from an External Cause in great measure and cannot be perfectly at their own disposal nor under the absolute mastery of the Persons thus desiring c. though they are begun too and proceed Originally from within And not only so but the Rational Soul itself when subdued by the Body and the brutish impulses of Sense does in a great degree degenerate into Machine is violently agitated drawn and managed at pleasure and loses much of its native liberty and power But when it acts in agreement with Nature and Reason it maintains an absolute freedom and moves only by an Internal Principle of its own In a Mind thus regularly disposed it is very easie to discern how much we have in our own Power though in the former instance of a disorderly Mind the case be somewhat intricate and perplexed But however in order to a more exact understanding of the whole Matter both what this Liberty and Power is and what Objects it extends to as also to shew that all the Happiness and Misery of a Man's Life depends upon the use or the abuse of this Liberty I will trace the thing up to its first Cause and examine the whole matter particularly The Sourse and Original of all things is Good for indeed that must needs be both the Cause and Beginning and the End and Consummate Perfection of all in which all Desires Center and to which all things naturally tend Now this Good forms and produces all things out of its own fullness both the most excellent the middle sorâ— and the last and lowest rank of Beings The First and most excellent bear the closest affinity to it self are of a piece with it as it were and express Images of it Thus one Good Being produces many Good Beings one simple and uncompounded Being Independent and Supream produces many other simple Beings like it self one Principle produces many Principles And this One this Simple Being this Principle and this Good are but so many several Names for God who is before all things and the cause of all things Now whatever is First must of necessity be the Purest and most Simple Being for all compounded Things and Numbers are after the Simple and unite in order of Nature and inferior to them in Dignity And all Compounds and Things not Good do desire the Good as something above and better than themselves And whatever is not Self-existent must have received its Being from something else So that the First Principle and Original Cause must have all Absolute and Infinite Power the Excellence of which consists and its Exuberance is seen in the Production of all things from it self and giving to those that resemble its own Perfections the Precedence before others that bear no such Resemblance to it And hence it is that one common Principle produces many Principles many Simple Beings many Goodnesses immediately from it self and its own fulness Thus all Beings which are distinguished from one another by their own peculiar Differences and multiplied into several Species according to the particular Forms and Circumstances in which they differ are yet each of them reducible to one Principle more properly their own All things Beautiful and Lovely for instance of what kind soever that Loveliness and Beauty be or what Object soever it belong to whether Bodies or Souls are yet derived from one common Sourse of Beauty and Gracefulness The case is the same with all manner of Congruities and all Truths and all Principles for these so far forth as they are Principles and Originals to other things do exactly agree and are of the same Nature with that primary Goodness and original Truth and first Principle of all allowing only for some Abatements and taking that Agreement in such Proportions as the capacity of these derived and secondary Causes will admit For the same relation that that first Universal Principle bears to all Beings in general the same does each of these Subordinate Principles bear to the several Species and Individuals contained under it and partaking of the Property peculiar to it For every Species which is distinguished from the rest by a peculiar difference of its own must needs have a tendency to and terminate in its proper Principle from whence one and the same Form is reflected down upon all the particular Kinds and Creatures comprehended under it Thus an Unit is the Foundation of all Numbers and a single Cause is the Original of all Properties in this vast Variety of Beings So that all partial and subordinate Causes do really subsist and are contained in the first and universal one and this not locally or numerically but essentially and virtually as the Parts in the Whole as Generals in a Singular and as Numbers in an Unit. For this indeed is it self All Above and Before All and out of one Principle many Principles grow and in one Common Good many Goodnesses subsist and dwell Nor is this Principle a limited or particular one as for instance a Principle of Beauty or Gracefulness or Goodness or Truth as each of the rest are but simply and universally a Principle or Cause a Principle not only of Species and Beings but even of all other Principles too For the Property of a Principle cannot take its Rise from Particulars and from many but must center at last in an Unit and that One is the great Original of All the first Beginning and Cause of Causes Now the first and immediate Productions of this first Original Good are of the same Kind and Nature with it self They retain their Native Goodness and like that from whence they spring are fixed and unchangeable rooted and confirmed in the same Happiness they stand in need of no additional Good from abroad but are themselves naturally and essentially Good and Happy Now all other Beings whose Descent from that one original Good is more remote and who derive themselves from that First and these Secondary Causes in Conjunction lose that Perfection of being Essentially Good and enjoy what they have by participation only Fixed indeed they are in God's Essential Goodness and therefore he continually communicates it to them But the last and lowest sort which have no power of acting or moving themselves as Bodies for
Wisdom and Sobriety and worse by Perverseness and a Dissolute Behaviour and can confirm it self in each of these Courses by the frequent Repetition of Acts suitable to them then the Soul is the true Cause of all this Though in truth it must not be admitted for a general Rule neither That the Liberty and Power of the Will is to be judged of by Mens being able to do Things contrary to one another For those Souls that are immediately united to the Original Good prefer that constantly and yet the Freedom of their Choice is still the same for that Preference is no more constrained and necessary than if they took Evil instead of it But it is their Excellence and Perfection that they continue stedfast in their own Good and never suffer themselves to be drawn off to the contrary But as for our Souls which are more remotely descended from that great Original their Desires are according to their Tempers and Dispositions those of them that are well disposed have good Desires and those that are ill have evil ones But still these Souls of ours are capable of great Alterations they frequently recover themselves from Vice to Virtue by Reformation and better Care they decline too and sink down from Virtue to Vice by Supineness and a foolish Neglect and both these Changes are wrought in them by their own voluntary Choice and not by any Force or Necessity that compels them to it So that there can be no manner of Pretence for charging any part of our Wickedness upon God He created the Soul after such a manner indeed as to leave it capable of being corrupted because its Essence is not of the first and best sort of Natures but hath a Mixture of the middle and the lowest and this Mixture was fit that so all might remain in its Perfection and the first and best continue still such without degenerating into Barrenness and Imperfection and Matter God therefore who is infinitely good himself made the Soul in a Condition that might be perverted and it is an Argument of his Mercy and the exceeding Riches of his Goodness that he did so For he hath set it above the reach of all external Violence and Necessity and made it impossible for it to be corrupted without its own Consent There is one Argument more still behind which pretends That a fatal Revolution of the Heavens hath so strong and absolute a Power upon us as not only to influence our Actions but even to determine our Choice and all our Inclinationss and leave us no Liberty at all to dispose of our selves but only the empty Name of such a Liberty Now to these we may answer That if the Rational Soul be Eternal and Immortal which I shall not go about to prove that being foreign to this Subject but desire at present to take for granted though it must be confest not in all Points agreeable to the Doctrin of the Stoicks in this particular but If the Soul I say be Eternal and Immortal it cannot be allowed to receive its Being or to have its Dependance upon Matter and Motion It s Instrument indeed that is the Animal taken in the gross by which I mean the Body animated by the Soul may owe its Nature and its Changes to such Causes For material Causes produce material Effects and these may differ according as those Causes are differently disposed with regard to Things here below And the Instrument is formed so as to be proper and serviceable to the Soul whose Business it is to make use of it now as the difference of Tools teaches us to distinguish the several Professions that use them so as to say These belong to the Carpenter's those to the Mason's and others to the Smith's Trade and not only to distinguish the Trades themselves but the Skill and Capacity of the Artificers themselves to judge of their Designs and Intentions and the Perfection of the Work it self for those who are Masters of their Trade have better Tools and use them with greater Dexterity than others In like manner they who have attained to the Knowledge of Astrology find out the Nature and Temper of the Instrument the Body from the different Constitution of Material Causes and from hence make their Conjectures of the Disposition of the Soul and this is the Reason why they often guess aright For indeed the Generality of Souls when falling under ill Management and the Conversation of naughty Men a sort of Degradation inflicted upon them by way of Punishment for the loss of their primitive Purity addict themselves too much to the Body and are govern'd and subdu'd by it so as to use it no longer as their Instrument of Action but to look upon it as a part and piece of their own Essence and conform their Desires to its brutish Appetites and Inclinations Besides this Position and fatal Revolution of the Heavens carries some sort of Agreement to the Production of the Souls united to Bodies under it yet not so as to impose any absolute Necessity upon their Appetites and Inclinations but only to infer a Resemblance of their Temper For as in Cities there are some particular solemn Seasons and Places that give us good Grounds to distinguish the Persons assembled in them as the Days and Places of Publick Worship commonly call those that are wise and religious and well-disposed together and those that are set apart for Pomp and publick Sports gather the Rabble and the Idle and the Dissolute so that the observing these Solemnities gives us a clear Knowledge of the People that attend upon them By the same Reason the particular Seasons and Places the Houses and Conjunctions of the Planets may be able to give us some Light into the Temper of the Souls united to Bodies under them as carrying some Affinity to the Conjunctions under which Men are born For when God in his Justice hath ordained such a particular Position and all the Fatalities consequent to it then those Souls which have deserved his Vengeance are brought under that Position For Likeness and Affinity of Tempers hath a strange Power of bringing all that agree in it together This fatal Revolution then does by no means constrain or bind up the Soul nor take away its native Freedom but the Soul only bears some Resemblance to the Temper of this Revolution and is framed agreeably to such a Body as it self hath deserved to be given it for its Use and by this means gives Men an Opportunity of learning its particular Desires and Inclinations from the considering of the Consteilations that People are born under Again the Souls chuse their particular Ways of living according to their former Dignity and Disposition but still the behaving themselves well or ill in each of these Ways is left in their own Power And upon this Account we see many who have chosen a Way of Trade and Business and great Temptation yet continue very honest and good Men in it and
many that profess Philosophy and the Improvement of Wisdom and Virtue are yet of very loose Conversation notwithstanding all the Advantages of such an Employment For the different Methods of Life as that of Husbandry or Merchandise or Musick or the like are chosen by the Soul according to her former Disposition and Mens Station in the World is assigned them suitable to their Dignity and Deserts But the Management of themselves in any of these Callings is the Choice and Work of the Soul afterwards and we do not so much blame or commend Men for their Callings themselves as for their different Behaviour in them Farther yet This fatal Position or Revolution does never as some Men too boldly affirm it does cause any thing of Wickedness in us so as to make it necessary that Men born under it should be Knaves and Cheats adulterous or addicted to beastly and unnatural Lusts For though the Casters of Nativities sometimes say true when they foretell these Things yet this only happens according as we receive particular Qualities or Impressions which is done sometimes in a moderate and sometimes in an immoderate Degree And it is not the Insluence of the Stars but the Corruption of the Mind that makes Men Knavish or Lascivious or Unnatural and Brutish Those that receive these Insluences moderately and do not assist them by their own Depravity are Cautious and Wary correct the Heats of Youth and use it vertuously but those that receive them immoderately that is give way to them and promote them debase and prostitute themselves to all manner of Wickedness And what a Reflection upon Nature is this For even that which is most beneficial to us may turn to our Prejudice by a perverse Use of it The Sun gives us Light it both makes Things visible and enables us to see them And yet if a Man will be so foolish as to take too much of it to gaze upon his Rays when they shine in their full Strength he may lose his Eye-sight by his Folly But then that Folly and not the Brightness of the Sun is to be blamed if that which is the Author of Light to all the World be the Occasion of Blindness and Darkness to him Now when the Astrologers have as they think formed to themselves certain Marks and Rules whereby to know who will receive these Impressions in a due measure and who in a vicious Excess then they pronounce some Men Wise and others Subtle and Knavish accordingly Though after all I very much doubt Whether the erecting of any Schemes can furnish them with such Marks of Distinction or no. Some Things indeed are so manifest that all the World must allow them as that when the Sun is in Cancer our Bodies feel excessive Heat but some again are exceeding dark and doubtful and such as none but those who have made themselves Masters of Astrology can make any thing of Now that those Things which act constantly according to the Design and Directions of Nature that preserve the Original Constitution given them at first by their Great Creator and are endued with the greatest Power and Strength that such Things I say always act upon a good Design and properly speaking are never the Cause of any Evil seems to me very plain For all Evil is occasioned not by the Excess but by the Want of Power and if it were not so Power ought not to be reckoned among those Things that are Good And yet it is as plain that even Good Things in Excess oftentimes prove hurtful to us but then that Hurt is not owing to the Things but to our Selves And thus much may suffice in Answer to them who deny the Freedom of the Will upon the Pretence of any Fatality from the Motion or Position of the Heavens †If this Argument seem obscure in some of the Parts of it that must be imputed to the dark Notions of the Old Philosophers upon this Matter and the Superstitious Regard they had to Judicial Astrology which Simplicius himself is content only so far to comply with as to allow some considerable Influence of the Heavens upon the Bodies and Tempers of Men and that Stroke which the Complexions of People have in forming the Dispositions of their Minds Some Passages there are too which proceed upon the Hypotheses of the Pre-existence and Transmigration of Souls and their being provided with Bodies of Good or Bad Complexions here according to their Merits or Demerits in some former State But in truth this whole Notion of Judiciary Astrology is now very justly exploded as groundless and fantastical and many Modern Philosophers have proved it by very substantial Arguments to be no better See particularly Gassend in his Animadversions on the 10th Book of Diogenes Laertius But indeed to all who deny this Liberty upon any Argument whatsoever it may be replied in general That those who go about to destroy it do by no means consider or understand the Nature of the Soul but overthrow its very Original Constitution without seeming to be sensible of it For they take away all Principle of Internal and Self-Motion in which the Essence of the Soul chiefly consists For it must be either moved of its own Accord and then it is excited by a Cause within its self to its Appetites and Affections and not thrust forward and dragg'd along as Bodies are or else it is moved by an External Force and then it is purely Mechanical Again They that will not allow us to have our Actions at our own Disposal do not attend to nor are able to account for the Vital Energy of the Soul and its Assenting and Dissenting Accepting or Rejecting Power Now this is what Experience and Common Sense teaches every Man that he hath a Power of Consenting and Refusing Embracing and Declining Agreeing to or Denying and it is to no purpose to argue against that which we feel and find every Moment But all these are internal Motions begun in the Soul it self and not violent Impulses and Attractions from Things without us such as Inanimate Creatures must be moved by For this is the Difference between Animate and Inanimate Bodies that the one Sort are moved by an Internal Principle and the other are not Now according to this Distinction that which puts the Inanimate into Motion must have a Principle of Motion of its own and cannot it self be moved Mechanically For if this derived its Motion from something else too then as was urged before the Body is not moved by this but by that other cause from whence the Motion is first imparted to this and so the Body being moved no longer from within but by some forcible impression from without as all other Inanimate Creatures are must it self be concluded Inanimate Once more By denying that we have power over our Actions and a liberty of Willing or not Willing of Considering Comparing Choosing Defining Declining and the like all Moral Distinctions are lost and gone and Virtue
immediate Discoveries of Heaven for the benefit and support of Mankind such as Physick and Architecture and the like we have no more than some faint Shadows and imperfect Images remaining How I say is it possible that these and many other Calamities and monstrous Wickednesses which the present Age is perfectly overrun with should be matter of Pleasure or Contentment And who is there that can take Satisfaction I do not say in seeing or bearing a part in them but so much as to endure the very hearing them named except he be first forsaken of all Humanity and all Goodness Such Doubts as these which give sometimes great Perplexity not only to the Weak and Common Man but to the Thinking and more Accomplished Persons will receive satisfaction if either Epictetus be allowed to have any Authority in what he says or the great Governor of all things be granted to order the World in Wisdom and Justice For our Piety and our Advantage will be sure to terminate in the same Object as Epictetus himself will assure us more fully hereafter In answer therefore to the Objection I say That if all these deplorable Accidents which the Objector hath given so Tragical an Account of be really Evil and such as they are generally esteemed to be it is not possible that either any Good Man should without forfeiting that Character be pleased to have them so nor could the Providence of Almighty God be acquitted from the Imputation of being the cause of Evil to us nor could Men ever prevail with themselves to Honour or Love or pay Adoration to such a Deity For let Men pretend what they will no Arguments in the World are able to produce these Affections for the Author of Misery and Mischief It is a Principle rooted in every Creature as Epictetus will shew you to hate and decline and run away from all things that are prejudicial to it themselves or the cause of other things being so to it But whatever is for its Benefit and productive of its Happiness these things it naturally courts and admires Thus much is certain upon supposition that these Accidents are really Evil but now if notwithstanding our dreadful Apprehensions of them they be in truth no such matter but rather Good as conducing very much to some mighty Benefit and directed to excellent Purposes and that if any Evil do indeed attend these Dispensations this is what the Nature of the things is no way concern'd in but is wholly owing to the Desires and strong Impulses of our own Minds In this case it will by no means follow that he who is well enough pleased all things should be just as they are is either a Vicious or a Barbarous Man nor can we with any colour charge the Evil we find in the World upon these Occasions to Almighty God but must acquit his Providence and acknowledge it to be infinitely Wise and Good Now the Things in which all these seeming Evils are and from whence they spring must be considered in this Condition of Mortality and undergoing the vicissitudes of Generation and Corruption either as Bodies or Souls And of these Souls again some are Irrational of the same Date and Duration with the Body and having none or but very little peculiar Excellence of their own their Office and Power extends no farther than meerly the animating those Bodies to which they belong and therefore all their Motions depend upon and proceed in Conjunction with the Bodies But other Souls are Rational These have an inward principle of Motion and an Essence and Excellence distinct from their Bodies they move by their own Choice and are absolute in the disposing their own Desires and Inclinations Now the Bodies belonging to these being in their own Nature purely Mechanical and deriving their Essence from External Causes are subject to the Motions of Heavenly Bodies which influence their Generation and Corruption and the various Alterations through which they pass But if we come nearer and descend to the Immediate and Material Causes then they are moved and affected by a mutual Operation upon one another For this is agreeable to all the Reason in the World that Temporary and Corruptible things should depend upon the Eternal for their Subsistence and be obedient to their Influences Mechanical Beings upon such as are endued with a Faculty of Self-Motion and those that are contained within others upon the Ambients that contain them This is the constant Method and Rule of Nature that these should follow the others Superiour to them as having no Principle of Motion in themselves no Faculty of Choosing no Power of Determining their Deâ—ires or Affections of their Nature no Merit or Demerit from Choice or Actions but are only Good or Evil in respect and proportion to their Causes Just as the Shadows of Bodies do not choose their Sides or Shapes as they please but are necessarily determined by their Causes and their Circumstances and are never the worse or the better for those Determinations Now as to Bodies whatever Changes they undergo this Variety can be no Ill to them whether they be Compound or Simple Bodies First of all because it is what the Condition of their Nature hath made them liable to They are bound in Laws irrevocable which they may neither controul nor resist and consequently can receive no Harm by whatever they impose as having no Power to do otherwise For Ignorance would be no Evil nor the most brutish and extravagant Conversation nor would the Rational Soul be one whit the worse for either had not Nature endued her with a Faculty of Discerning and Understanding the Truth and given her a Power over the brutish Appetites by which she is enabled to subdue and over-rule them Secondly Because the Compound Bodies which consist of simple Ingredients that are of contrary Qualities such as are perpetually strugling with and usurping upon one another by Diseases and Excess of Humours are sometimes strengthned by throwing off the corrupt Parts and sometimes by Decay and Death are delivered from all that Trouble and Pain and mutual Strife of contrary Qualities in them And in this Case each of the Simples is restored to its primitive Mass and recovers it self from that Weakness which was occasioned by this Opposition of contrary Humours For as each of the Ingredients in Composition made some Impression upon its Opposite so it likewise continually received some from it and suffered by it But now when the Simples are changed according to the Changes of the contrary Qualities they return again to their own primitive Being Thus Water evaporates into the Air from whence it came and Air is turned into Fire from whence it originally was And I cannot suppose any Evil in Things of this kind though Inundations or Fires or any the most violent Changes in Nature should be the Effect of these Inequalities in the Elements that compose the Universe or though Pestilences and Earthquakes should destroy and dash in pieces the
Bodies compounded of those Elements But farther If these Things contribute to some good Effect if by the infinite Revolutions of Matter and Motion the Corruption of one Thing produces the Generation of another how then can the Corruption of any single part be Evil when at the same time it conduces to the Benefit of the whole This is a Rule which Nature it self hath made evident to us and every particular Creature practises it in slighting the Advantage of its Parts in Comparison of the Good of the Whole Thus when any Noxious Humours are redundant in the Body Nature throws them off from the Heart or Bowels or Lungs or Brain and all the parts that are principally concern'd in the functions of Life into the Hands the Feet the Skin or any of the Extream Parts she raises Blisters and causes Putrefactions to remove the Humour and is content to corrupt some parts for the preservation of the whole This is sometimes I say the work of Nature and when it is not so we endeavour to supply it by art For when Physicians and Chyrurgeons draw Sores and Cup and Scarify and Sear and cut off Limbs to save our Lives they only imitate Nature and do that by Medicines which she was able to do without them And yet there is no Wise Man that blames these Methods nor thinks those Pains Evil which he suffers upon such good Accounts From hence it appears that if Bodies subsisted by themselves alone and whatever they endured had no relation at all to the Souls of Men none of the different Changes they undergo would be esteemed Evil So that if there be any real Cause for this Complaint it must be upon the account of the Souls in those Bodies Now some of these are Irrational perfectly of a piece with the Bodies and no more than the animating part of them Their Essence their Power and their Operations subsist in and depend entirely upon and are in inseparable Conjunction with the Body But others are Rational of a Nature superiour to the Body and distinct from it acting upon a free Principle of Motion and Choice a Principle of their own by which they dispose their own Inclinations and Desires as they see fit themselves all which hath been abundantly proved already Now the Irrational Souls have not the least Sign or Footstep of Free-Agency no manner of Tendency or Appetite from within but are only the principle of Life and Activity to the Body and Consequently their Being was ordained by the same Fate and is subject to the same Casualties with the Body They have no Dignity no Merit or Demerit of their own but are more or less valuable according to the Dignity of their respective Bodies and are as irresistibly disposed to their Motions as Shadows are to their Substances It is true indeed This is more peculiarly the Condition of Plants which have only a Vegetative Soul and want the Sensitive one and are not exercised with those Motions that accompany the Desires and vehement Impulses of the Soul But Beasts are in a higher Form and are endued with this also And therefore the Souls of Brutes being considered in a middle State in a Capacity Superiour to Vegetables and yet inferiour to such as Nature hath made free Agents must in all Reason have some Resemblance some Footsteps at least of Appetites and Affections arising from within and such as shall be moved sometimes in Agreement to the Nature of its particular Species and sometimes contrary to it As when a Lion hath that Courage and Fury agreeable to its kind and this is sometimes more and sometimes less than it ought to be And in this respect the Dignities and Degrees of such Souls are different and their Lives are so too according to the Disposition which Fate and Nature hath given them which is such that they are still moved mechanically and by external Impressions For it is necessary that whatever is placed between two Extremes should in some measure partake of each of these Extremes But now the Rational Soul which is a Free Agent and hath an absolute Dominion over her own Desires and Propensions derives its Dignity from Choice she uses the Body indeed but hath all its Appetites and Passions at her Devotion This Soul therefore when she makes use of the Body only as an Instrument of Action and maintains her own Superiority over it is obstructed in all those Operations in which the Body bears a part by the Sufferings and Diseases of the Body but is not it self at all affected with those Pains From whence it was that the great Socrates used to say the Anguish was in the Leg but not in the Mind But if the Soul contract too intimate a Familiarity with the Body and grow fond of it as if it were no longer its Instrument but a part of its self or rather its very self then it communicates in all its Afflictions degenerates into Brute and esteems all the Extravagancies of Anger and Desire its own is enslaved to them descends to little Trickings and is eternally contriving how to compass those Objects and being thus corrupted and diseased in such manner as a Soul is capable of being so stands in need of Physick and strong Remedies to cure these Distempers For it is a Rule in Application that one Contrary is cured by another And thus when the Desire is depraved by Lusciousness and Pleasure and hath conformed it self to the Body too much by the Love of Sensual Enjoyments and Riches and Honours and Preserments and Posts of Authority and the like there is a necessity of meeting with Crosses and Disappointments that so the subsequent Pain in the very same Instances may correct and chastise the Excess of Pleasure we formerly took in them And this is no where more requisite than in Bodily Pains and Pleasures For this is nearest to the Soul and its Torments are received with a quicker and more tender Sense than any other When therefore the Soul hath revolted from her Supreme Commander and forsakes her own Reason abandoning her self to the Body and the World and thinking their Enjoyments and their Happiness her own and by this means grows vitiated and distempered there seems no other way to be left of putting her out of Conceit with these Things and poising the Byass that carried her to them that so she may despise them and condemn her self and return to God and right Reason again and expect all her Happiness from an Obedience to these but by making her sensible both of the Evil of her former Courses and of the Smart that follows them This only can take off the Propensity to that Pleasure which she hath felt in and by them For so long as she continues to find this she continues fond of and fastened down to these Enjoyments And no Nail takes faster hold or fixes Things closer than Pleasure and the Allurements it brings do the Soul to the Objects that occasion it And this
in that all Things that happen are so ordained of God as that Nature and Choice have both their due and as is most beneficial to Mankind every Wise Man certainly will think himself obliged to be well content Things should be just as they are unless you will suppose him to envy the Giving every Thing its Due and the Recovering such as are Distempered and need sharp Remedies he will most sincerely love and honour and adore this Excellent Physician and look upon him as the World 's great and only Benefactor Now that Calamitous Circumstances are a sort of Remedies and that the Administration of proper Physick where the case requires it is good both to the Body and Soul no Body I presume will take upon them to dispute But what course shall we take to perswade Men that this very Distemper it self of Soul or Body this miserable Condition that renders such painsul Applications necessary is Good and not Evil and that the Author of it is not the Cause of Evil to us To this purpose I shall briefly recollect what was observed before That Diseases are not Evil to the Body it self as being by Nature made subject to them and tending to a dissolution of the Compound Resolving each of its Parts and Restoring the Simple Elements to their proper Masses the Releasing them from a strange place where they were kept in Bondage and putting an end to the perpetual Combat of opposite Qualities among them Neither can the Disease of the Body be Evil to the Soul for it hath been already shewn to be its Physick and its Cure And thus Experience often shews it to be But granted that Sickness and Corruption were injurious to one particular Body yet still it appears to be for the advantage of the Soul that owns that Body and to the Constitution of the Universe in general of the Elements of which it is formed and the infinite Râ—volutions of Matter and Motion which are therefore Infinite because the Destroying of one thing becomes the Production of another Well therefore may the wise Governour of all things not value a Creature which was by Nature corruptible and a particular inconsiderable Corruption confined to a single instance when the whole Creation is benefited and the Better Ends are served and the Eternal Revolution of Things are continued and kept up by this means But perhaps you will say though all this should be admitted with regard to the Body yet what shall we account for the Diseases of the Soul The frail and distempered State she is in can neither be for the good of her self that languishes under it nor does it contribute any Advantage to the Creation in common So that the Author and Ordainer of this state must needs be the Cause of Evil to her and he that is content she should be thus deprived and seâ—s and suffers her Sicknesses must needs be an Ill-natur'd Being and therefore as to this particular the Difficulty remains still the same Now in answer to this Scruple I beg leave to refresh your Memory with what was discoursed before concerning the Cause of Evil and Vice to the Soul while we were explaining Epictetus's Distinction between what is and what is not in our own power viz. That the Good and Happiness of the Soul consists in Prudent Regular Desires and Aversions and that the Evil and Misery of it proceeds from such as are Vicious and Exorbitant Now I hope the Desires and Aversions have been sufficiently proved to be in our own Disposal and if so then we our selves are the Cause of our own Vices and Virtues This is the true ground of all that Commendation which is thought due to Good Men that their Happiness and Excellence is the Effect of their own free Choice for which reason the Greeks call Virtue by a Name which bears some Affinity to that which imports Choosing And for the same Reason Wicked Men are Condemned and Reproached because they are such through their own Sloath and Baseness of Soul when it was in their own power to be otherwise But now if these Matters proceeded from any External Causes this Virtue or Vice would be no longer Choice but blind Chance or fatal Necessity And consequently our Evil and Misery can with no colouâ— of Reason and Justice be charged upon Almighty God May we not indeed drive this Argument a great deal farther and urge that even Vice which is properly the Disease of the Soul is not positively and in all respects Evil but is it self in some degree necessary to the very Being of Virtue among Men For as our Bodies if Nature had not made them capable of Sickness and Infirmities could not properly be said at any time to enjoy a state of Health because in truth this would not be Health but a simple and fix'd Disposition above the power of Frailties and Diseases such as the Celestial Beings enjoy So the Virtues proper to Humane Souls such as Temperance and Justice and Prudence and all the rest of that Glorious Catalogue would be no such thing unless the Soul were of such a Nature as is liable to be depraved For at this rate she would be graced not with the Virtues of a Man but with the Perfections of an Angel or a God whose peculiar Excellence it is that they can never be seduced or deviate into Vice But is rooted in the very Nature of Men and Humane Virtues that they may degenerate and be corrupted If then Human Virtues in the Soul and if the Health of the Body though neither of them absolutely Uniform and Inflexible be yet Good and if the Order of Nature required that beside the First Simple and Fix'd Beings others of a Middle and of Inferior Nature should derive themselves from the great Original and common Source of all Good then there was likewise a necessity that there should be Depravations of such good things as are subject to be Depraved which have not any positive and absolute Existence of their own but only a sort of additional one cast in to those that have And in this the exceeding Goodness of God is very remarkable that he hath ordained the Dissolution of the Body which as I said does as necessarily follow upon Matter and Motion as the Shadow attends upon its Substance this Dissolution he hath made even a good thing both with regard to the Bodies so Diseased and Dissolved as they are restored back again to their Primitive Elements and so the Simples out of which they are compounded are renewed and with regard to the Souls that own and use them as they are cured and made better by this Means and also to the Universe in common by reason of that infinite Succession of Changes and Motions which these Dissolutions as I shewed before keep continually on Foot But as for Vice the Evil of the Soul and indeed the only thing which when well considered proves to be Evil of this he utterly acquits himself and hath no
well to all Mankind and rejoycing at the Prosperity of others And here we shall do well to observe what a mighty Good he makes this seeming Evil to contain and how prodigious an Honour this Disrespect derives upon us For this indeed is the very Quality of the Mind that brings us to the truest and nearest resemblance of God which is the greatest Happiness that any of his Creatures can possibly attain to For God is himself of absolute and unbounded Power being indeed the only Source of whatever limited Power is communicated to any other Beings And as his Power is infinitely great so his Will is infinitely Good From hence it comes to pass that he would have all things good and not any thing Evil so far as that can be And because his Will can intend nothing but what his Power is able to accomplish therefore he does really make all things Good and this he does not niggardly and grudgingly but communicates to every Creature of his own Goodness in as large Proportions as the Condition of each Creature is capable of enjoying Now the Soul of Man does not resemble God in infinite and uncontroulable Power 't is true for this is a Perfection of the Divine Nature which our Constitution cannot receive and besides there are many Degrees of intermediate Beings which though much inferior to God are yet much superior to us in point of Power But still in the other part of his Excellence he hath condescended to make us like himself and given us the honour of a Will Free and Unbounded a Will capable of extending its good Wishes and kind Inclinations to all the World provided we have but the Grace to make this good use of it It is therefore an instance of his wonderful Wisdom and adorable Goodness that he hath made this to be his Image and Similitude in our Souls because this is the true and proper principle of all Operation and Action And though the Soul cannot punctually make all things Good as God can and does yet it goes as far as it can in making them so and for the rest it does its part by wishing that Good which it cannot give them For that indeed is perfect and true Volition when the Person willing exerts his whole Strength and all the Faculties assist and concur with it for we have the absolute Disposal of our own Minds and so the wishing well to all Mankind is what any Man may do if he please And indeed a truly Good Man goes farther than all this he wishes the Prosperity of all Men whatsoever and he stops not there but extends his Kindness to Creatures of different Species to Brutes and Plants and even Inanimate things in a word to all that make up this great Body of the World of which himself is a part 'T is true he cannot make those Wishes effectual to all because as I said the Willing is a Perfection given us by Nature but the power of Effecting is not for this requires the Cooperation of many other Causes the Permission of the Gods and the Concurrence of several Agents which we cannot command And for this Reason it is that all our Virtue consists in our Will the Merit of all our Actions is measured by that and all the Happiness and Misery of our Lives made to depend upon the Good or Ill use of it And thus you have the force of this Argument proceeding upon a Supposition that these things are Good But if on the other hand the Respects denied to the Philosopher and paid to others be Evil this can be no ground of dissatisfaction but ministers a fresh occasion of Joy Not upon his account indeed who hath them but upon your own who have them not And at this rate the Good Man can never be Melancholy at the want of these things nor look upon it as any disparagement to his Person or diminution of his Happiness but is sure to be pleased let the Event be what it will that is either for others good Success if it be Good or for his own Escape if it be otherwise And thus all angry Resentments are taken off in point of Interest and Advantage for though we allow these things to be what conduce to our Happiness yet it is a much greater Happiness to aspire after a Resemblance of the Divine Perfections which the missing of them gives Men an opportunity to do and if they rather tend to make us Miserable then the Being without them is not so properly a Want as a Deliverance After this he proceeds to Two other Topicks the Possibility of obtaining them and the Reasonableness of expecting them From the former of these he argues that it is not to be imagined that one who never makes his Court should have the same Priviledges with one that is eternally labouring to ingratiate himself And this must consist of all the Ceremonious Fopperies and Servile Submissions imaginable the waiting at the Great Man's Rising expecting his coming out cringing and bowing in the Streets the Court and all Places of publick Concourse the Commending all he does though never so Base and admiring all he says though never so Senseless And therefore for a Philosoper and a Man of Honour and Truth who cannot submit to these unworthy Methods of insinuating himself to meet with the same Countenance and Marks of Kindness with those that prostitute themselves at this rate for them is as the World goes absolutely impossible Nay it is not only unreasonable upon that account to expect them but in point of Justice too it argues a Man greedy and insatiable when he expects his Meal and yet will not consent to pay his Ordinary It is desiring to invade another's Right and ingross to your self what he hath already bought and paid for For though he left no Mony under his Plate yet he gave that purchase which you would have thought much too dear And consequently as he shews by that instance of the Lettice you that went without the Dinner have as good a Bargain at least as he that was admitted to it He had the Varieties indeed but then you have your Liberty you did not inslave your self so far as to laugh at his dull Jests nor to commend what your better Sense could not like nor to bear the affected Coldness of his Welcome nor the tedious Attendance in an Anti-Chamber In short you were not the Subject of his haughty Negligence and stiff Formality nor the Jest of his saucy Servants All this you must have been content with to have Dined with his Greatness if you expect it upon easier Terms you are mistaken for it will come no cheaper and if you expect it without paying as others do it argues you greedy and an unfair Chapman And this Character is not consistent with that of a Good Man so that you must change your Temper and be more moderate in your expectances of this kind CHAP. XXXIII * The Condition of Nature and our
the Rise and Birth of another And by this perpetual Round it is that Matter and Motion have been sustained all this while Now it is obvious to any observing Man that both Nature and Art as was urged heretofore do frequently neglect a part when the detriment of that in particular may conduce to the good of the whole The former does it as often as our Rheums and Ulcerous Humours are thrown off from the Vitals and turned into Sores or Swellings in any of the Extream Parts And Art imitates this Method of Nature as oft as a Limb is seared or lopped off for the preservation of the Body So that upon the whole Matter these Shocks and Corruptions of Bodies deserve rather to be esteemed Good than Evil and the Cause of them the Cause of Good and not Evil Events For those Sublunary Bodies that are Simples suffer no Injury because they are subject to no Decay or Destruction And for the Evil that the Parts seems to undergo this hath been shewn to have more Good than Evil in it both in Simples and Compounds even when considered in it self but if taken with respect to the Benefit which other Creatures reap by it then it is manifestly Good So that the Distempers and Decays of Bodies take them which way you will are not Evil but produce great Good But if any one shall be scrupulous upon this occasion and quarrel with that being called Good which is confessed to be no better than a perverting of the course of Nature let not this Nice Caviller take upon him however to call it Evil in the gross Sense and common Acceptation of the Word by which we understand something utterly repugnant and irreconcileable to Good But let him rather call it a Necessity or Hardship as being not desirable for its own sake but having some tendency and contributing to that which is so For were it simply and absolutely Evil it could never be an Instrument of Good to us Now that which I mean by Necessary though it have not Charms enough of its own to recommend it yet does it deserve to be accounted Good for leading us to that which is Good and that which can become a proper Object of our Choice under any Circumstance is so far forth Good Thus we choose Incisions and Burnings and Amputations nay we are content to pay dear for them and acknowledge our selves obliged both by the Prescription and the painful Operation all which were most ridiculous to be done if we thought these things Evil. And yet I own this is but a Qualified and an Inferior Good not strictly and properly so but only in a Second and Subordinate Sense Yet so that the Creator of these things is by no means the Cause of Evil but of a necessary and meaner Good but a Good still for such we ought to esteem it since it is derived from the same Universal Fountain of Goodness though embased with some Allays and Abatements And thus much I hope may be thought sufficient in Vindication of the Nature and Cause of that Evil which Bodies are concern'd in Nothing indeed can so truly be called Evil as the Lapses and Vices of the Soul of Man and of these too much hath been said before but however we will resume the Discourse upon this Occasion and enquire afresh both into the Nature and the Cause of them And here we shall do well to take notice That the Soul is of a more excellent Nature which dwell in the Regions above us are immutably fixed in Goodness and wholly unacquainted with any Evil. There are also the Souls of Brutes of a Baser alloy than ours and standing in the middle as it were between the Vegetative Souls of Plants and our Rational ones These so far forth as they are Corporeal are liable to that Evil to which Bodies are subject but so far as concerns their Appetites and Inclinations they bear some resemblance to the Humane and the Evil they are in this respect obnoxious to is in proportion the same so that one of these will be sufficiently explained by giving an account of the other Now the Humane Soul is in a middle Station between the Souls above and those below it partakes of the Qualities of both of those more Excellent ones in the Sublimity of its Nature and the Excellence of its Understanding Of the Brutal and inferiour ones by its strict affinity to the Body and Animal Life Of both these it is the common Band by its Vital Union with the Body and by its Habitual Freedom assimilates it self sometimes to the one sort and sometimes to the other of these Natures So long as it dwells above and entertains it self with Noble and Divine Speculations it preserves its Innocence and is fixed in Goodness but when it begins to flag and droop when it sinks down from that blissful Life and grovels in the Filth of the World which by Nature it is equally apt to do then it falls into all manner of Evil. So that its own Voluntary Depression of its self into this Region of Corruption and Mortality is the true Beginning and proper Cause of all its Misery and Mischief For though the Soul be of an Amphibious Disposition yet it is not forced either upwards or downwards but acts purely by an internal Principle of its own and is in perfect Liberty Nor ought this to seem incredible in an Agent which Nature hath made Free since even those Brutes that are Amphibious dwell sometimes in the Water and sometimes upon dry Ground without being determined to either any otherwise than by their own Inclination Now when the Soul debases her self to the World and enters into a near Intimacy with the Corruptible Body and esteems this to be the other consistent part of the Humane Nature then it leads the Life of Brutes and exerts it self in such Operations only as they are capable of It s Intellectual part degenerates into Sense and Imagination and its Affections into Anger and Concupiscence By these the wretched Mortal attains to Knowledge just of the same pitch with that of other Animals such as puts him upon seeking fresh Supplies for a Body that is continually wasting and upon continuing the World by Posterity to fill the place of one that must shortly leave it and upon making the best Provision he can for his own Preservation and Defence in the mean while For these Cares are what no Mortal would have were he not endued with Sensual Faculties and Passions For what Man that is any thing Nice and Considering would endure to spend so many Days and Years upon the support of this Body when the Burden of the whole Matter comes to no more than always filling and always emptying if Sensual Inclinations did not whet his Appetite Or who could undergo the tedious fatigue by which Succession is kept up if vehement Desires did not perpetually kindle new Flames and the prospect of Prosperity make us more easie to be warmed by
Duty Observance and awful Concern to consider him as the Means made use of by God to bring us into the World to remember that his provident Care and Tenderness sustained the Being he gave us and that our Preservation as well as our Production is in a great measure owing to Him And therefore Children should look upon themselves as Debtors to their Parents and pay back all their Kindness with much Gratitude and large Interest They should give most ready Obedience to all their Commands except such as tend to the detriment of the Soul and in these cases their Compliance is dispensed with because they are under a higher Engagement to the Father of Spirits and must not displease him at any rate And yet upon these occasions too they should endeavour to give as little Offence as is possible and though their Refusal may and ought to be resolute yet Modesty must temper their Zeal and contrive that it may be respectful too In all other Matters we are to serve them with our utmost power both in our Bodies and our Goods For if the Persons and the Possessions of Slaves are at the absolute disposal of those whom Fortune and Purchase have made their Masters how much more ought ours to be at the Command of them whom Nature made the Cause of our very Being For this reason we ought to submit to their Correction with much more easiness and patience than Servants do to their Masters and if to their Blows then certainly rather still to their Reproaches and hard Usage The ancient Romans had a Law grounded it seems upon the Dignity of this Relation the absolute Right it gave the infinite Trouble Parents are at for the sake of their Children the unlimitted Subjection due to them presuming favourably withal of the natural Affection of Parents that gave the Parents a Power if they pleased to sell their Children and if they killed them call'd them to no account for it And the Times of greater Antiquity still bore so great a Reverence to Parents as almost to venture to call them Gods But finding some check from the incommunicable Devotion due to the Divine Nature they called their Parents Brothers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by that intimating what profound Respect belonged to their Parents themselves when even their collateral Relations were complemented with the Name of something Divine in them Now indeed in the Discharge of our Duty to Parents the first and principal Motive is the equity of the thing and the acting as becomes Men that make Pretensions to Wisdom and Vertue which this is most highly agreeable to And after this we should represent to our selves the Divine Justice and Vengeance which is very likely to punish us in our own kind and we have a great deal of reason to expect that we shall hereafter find the same measure from our Children which we give our Parents now So again if a Brother deal unjustly by you let it be your part to answer all the Particulars of the Relation between you and make good that Covenant which Nature hath ratified and made unalterable For though the World be a wide place yet you can have no other Parents nor Brethren nor Kinsmen but those you have And therefore since you must take them upon Content and there is no remedy behave your self as though you had made them your own Choice Consider too that his Behaviour toward you is not in your own power to determine but yours toward him is And therefore you should not so much regard his Actions which you cannot help nor are in any degree responsible for as what is agreeable to your own Duty and fit for you to do for in this consists all the real Advantage and Prejudice that can happen to you He can do you no harm let him design never so much provided you do but depend upon your own selâ— for your Good and Evil But if you ramble abroad and expect to find it there you are the worse then indeed though not by your Brother's Malice but your own Mistakes that place Happiness and Misery in things without you Add to all this the Advantage of winning him over by good usage for if your Forbearance and Meekness and Affection can render him not only your Brother but your Friend too these two Relations meeting in one and joining Forces will make the Union wonderful close and strong Now the Duties that we owe to our Masters and Teachers whose Business it is to instruct us in Wisdom and Vertue are much of the same nature with those due to Parents though in some respects I confess the Obligations seem to be greater in the case before us For these Persons nourish and train up not our Bodies but which is much more considerable our Souls that is our very selves They do it too upon a different Principle not constrained to it by Nature and Necessity like our Parents and by such an instinct as Brutes obey no less than Men but they do it out of a free Choice and a Desire to promote Goodness and Vertue And this makes a near Approach to and is a lively Resemblance of the Divine Bounty which takes Compassion upon sunk and lapsed Souls and is perpetually retrieving them from their Misery and restoring them to the Bliss they have lost Now these Observances must needs be peculiarly due to our Instructors because we ought to look upon their Instructions as coming out of the mouth of God Himself and consequentâ—y submit to them without troubling our selves to find out peevish Cavils and frivolous Exceptions against them For certainly it is not easie to conceive how he whose End and Profession it is to inform us in true Wisdom and Goodness should impose any thing upon us but what tends to the furthering so excellent a Design But now if our Parents take the pains to teach us and thus to the Engagement of being our Parents that other be added of being our Teachers too then we are to pay them all that Observance and Respect which can be challenged upon both these accounts We must then look upon them as the very Image of God reverence them as the Formers of our Souls as well as of our Bodies and like God the Causes to which not our Being only but also our Well-being ought to be ascribed The next thing that offers it self is the Duty of Friends and of this I shall treat with what Clearness but withal what Brevity so weighty and useful a Subject will bear The first thing to be regarded here is The Choice of Friends The next is How to use and keep those we have chosen and upon these things all the Benefits of Friendship depend The first thing we should look at in our Choice of Friends is Likeness of Temper and Disposition For there are several Humours which though very good when single yet will make but â—ill Musick when brought together The Sour and Phlegmatick and Cold Temper will suit but
these things are done not for his sake but our own and the First Fruits which we consecrate to him are designed for no other than decent Acknowledgments of his Liberality and a small return out of what he hath been pleased to give us Thus have I trod in the Steps of this excellent Man and done him what Right I could in the Paraphrase and Explanation of the Chapter before us But now because in the beginning he touches upon three Points concerning the divine Nature and these so fundamentally necessary that all Positive Laws and all Moral Institutions do presuppose the Belief and Acknowledgment of them And since some perverse and refractary Men have nevertheless the Confidence to oppose them we will so far comply with their Obstinacy though must unreasonable as to prove the Truth of these Three Points viz. That there is a divine Nature and Power That the World is governed by it and That the Providence by which it is so governed is Just and Good in all its Dispensations The Importunity of these Men is so much the greater and our trouble of refuting it will be the less because not Mankind only but Brutes and Plants and every Creature in the World do according to their Capacity all declare their Relation to God Men indeed do so the most of any because they are early instructed by their Parents Religion grows up with them from their Cradle and the Ideas common to their whole Species take root in and carry a great Sway with them For the Barbarous as well as the Civilized Countries and that in all Ages of the World too though they have differ'd exceedingly in other Opinions yet have ever agreed universally in this That there is a God I know of no Exception to this Rule except those Acrotheites of whom Theophrastus gives an Account that they owned no Deity but as a punishment of their Atheism the Earth opened and swallowed them up Besides them we meet with no People and but very few single Persons that ever pretended to disown this not above Two or Three from the beginning of the World to this Day But yet so it is that a great many People do not duly attend to these universally received Notions partly because they take them upon Trust without considering or understanding the Arguments upon which they are grounded And partly from some Difficulties in Providence such as the Misfortunes and Afflictions of some very good and the Prosperity of some exceedingly wicked Men which are apt to raise in them the same Scruple with that in the Tragaedian Pardon ye Powers if yet such Powers there be For sure that Doubt is modest when we see Triumphant Vice and injur'd Piety Now such Persons as these would soon be convinced if they did but follow Epictetus his Method and not imagine that either the Happiness or Misery of a Man can depend upon external Accidents or indeed upon any thing else but the Freedom and Use of his own Will For at this rate it will not be possible for any good Man to be wretched or any vicious one happy And now if you please we will consider those Propositions which are barely laid down by Epictetus and try to prove the Truth of them by such Arguments as are proper and occur to my present Thoughts The first step I shall make in this Argument â—â— to consider the Name by which we call this â—eing and what the Word GOD signifies And here we must observe That the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was applyed to the Stars and other Celestial Bodies which therefore were so called from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to Run and had that Appellation given them for the swiftness of their Motion But this Title was afterwards extended to Incorporeal Causes and Intellectual Beings and more peculiarly to the First Cause and Being of all Things So that by this Name we understand the Original of this Universe the First and Principal and Intellectual Cause of every Thing For whatever hath any existence must either be derived from some Determinate Cause or it must subsist by Chance and Mechanical Necessity But whatever subsists after this manner hath neither any particular efficient Cause nor is it self the Final Cause of its own Production For both these Qualifications are absolutely inconsistent with the nature of Fortuitous Beings and indeed no less so is the following any constant Rule and regular Method in the Production of them Now it is obvious to any considering Person that the Works of Nature and of Choice are a final Cause to the Doer and the existence of them is proposed as that which answers his Design Thus the Husbandman plants and sows his Ground in prospect of the Corn and the Trees that will grow upon it Thus the Coition of all Animals proposes to it self the continuation of the Species And in all the Progress of these Productions there is a constant Order and fix'd Course observed and some Operations which are proper to the Beginning others to the Promoting and others to the Perfecting this Work each perform'd constantly in their proper place The Seeds of Plants are first cast into the Ground then moistned and impregnated there then they take root and sprout they shoot up in Straw or Branches and so on till at last they blossom and bud and bring Fruit to maturity So likewise that of Animals is cherished and enlarged and formed into an Embryo which receiving vital Nourishment and convenient Growth is at a stated time brought to a just Perfection and then comes to the Birth But still in these and in all other Cases of the like nature there is the same Chain of Causes and these generally keep their fix'd Times and Measures So then if all the Productions of Nature and the Effects of Choice have some particular Cause to which they owe their Being if the Existence of these things be the final Cause of their Production and if the same Order and a regular Method be constantly and duly observed in the producing them the natural and necessary Result of this Argument is That all the Works of Nature and of Choice that is all Things in this whole World that have no real Existence are not the Effects of Chance or Mechanism but are owing to some particular positive Causes and since these Causes must needs be antecedent to their Effects if They be such as had a Beginning themselves they must be owing to some others who had a Being antecedent to Theirs and so we may trace them up till at last we come to Causes which had no Beginning at all And these being eternal are most truly and properly said to Exist as having never been nor owing their Subsistence to any External Cause but solely to the Inherent Perfections of their own Nature So that the first and Eternal Causes of Things must needs be Self-existent or something more noble and excellent than Self-existent as the following Discourse will convince
you The same Argument holds as strong with regard to Motion too for if we trace this up to its beginning we shall find that those Bodies which made the first Impressions were either such as moved by an Internal Power and Principle of their own or such as were fixed themselves and had no share in the Motion they impressed upon others For whatever is moved Mechanically is moved by something else and that again by some other thing and so on for ever But such an account as this of Motion in Infinitum is neither possible to be nor to be conceived For at this rate if there were no Beginning of Motion the only Consequence from hence must needs be That there would be no Mover nor no Moved Bodies at all And if we will allow any Beginning as allow it we must that First Mover must be either endued with a principle of Self-motion or it must have no motion at all But the latter of these it cannot be neither for this is evident in all motion that fix'd Bodies are so far from communicating motion to those Bodies that have it not that on the contrary they check and stop it in those that have and dispose them always to continue in the same State and Posture without any manner of alteration So that free motion must at last be resolved to be the first Cause of Mechanical Now the Things that are concerned in mechanical motion are such as are subject to Generation and Corruption to Augmentation and Diminution and to any sort of Alteration whether that refer to the Qualities of the Things themselves or whether to their Local Distances and Situations For whatever is produced could never produce it self because then it must have had a Being before it was produced and so begin to be both before and after it self And whatever receives increase is not augmented by it self for Augmentation is nothing else but the addition of something which it had not before So again whatever is altered is altered by some other thing and not from it self for alteration is properly the introducing of a contrary Quality So likewise Local motion cannot be from the Body moving for since all motions are subject to the Rules I have here laid down and Generation Corruption Augmentation and Alteration are all but so many Effects of motion it is plain this must be derived from something else and could not set it self on going Those things therefore which are in the Course of Nature superiour to these Productions and the Causes of necessary motion must needs be capable of moving themselves For if we should suppose but one minute in perfect Repose nothing would ever move again except some Free Self-moving Agent began the Dance For whatever is once six'd is disposed to continue so to all Eternity and whatever moves mechanically must wait for the leisure of some other Body and cannot stir till it receive the impression and is put into action Now whatever the first Principles of Things are 't is necessary that they should be of a simple Nature For all mix'd Bodies are compounded of Simples and consequently the Ingredients must have a Priority in Nature before the Composition that is made up of them And now let us consider some of the grossest and most obvious Bodies and so by degrees ascend higher to try at last whether it be possible for us to conceive Body to be such a Principle as Reason will tell us the first Principles of all things must needs have been or whether it will not be impossible to conceive that these Bodies which we see move and subsist should ever have had that Motion and that Existence from themselves For whatever moves it self is called Self-moving either because one part of it is active and the other passive in this motion or else because the whole is active and the whole passive Now if we imagine one part to communicate and the other only to receive the Impression still the same Question will return for that part which begins the motion whether this be done from a Principle of its own or from any external Impulse and so up till at last you must be forced to stop at something which must be acknowledged an entire moving and entire moved The same is to be said of Self-existence too for whatever is originally and properly must be an entire Existence and the sole and entire Cause of its own Existence And whatever is so must be indivisible and without Parts For whatever consists of Parts and is capable of being divided could never unite its whole self to its whole self so as to be entirely moving and entirely moved entirely subsisting and yet the entire Cause of so subsisting at the same time Again It is no less impossible that any Bodies should be of a simple Nature for they must of necessity consist of Matter and Form and several other Properties that must go to the compleating of their Nature such as Magnitude and Figure and Colour and sundry other Qualities which are not original and causal Species themselves but only participations of these produced in some Matter without Form that partakes of them For where these Original Forms lie there every thing is in its true Essence and Perfection and there is no need of any Matter unform'd to receive them But when those Originals are communicated then there must of necessity be some Matter to receive them which till it hath done is it self void of Form Since then the First Principles of Things are incorporeal and indivisible since their Nature must be simple and that they are properly Efficient Causes since their Existence and their Motion must be entirely from themselves and since it hath been shewed that Bodies are not in any degree capable of these Qualifications it must needs I think be concluded that Body could not be the First Principle nor the Universe owing to any such Original Where then shall we find such a self-moving Agent as infuses Motion into the necessary ones and may be considered as a Cause with respect to them This sure must be something that moves from an internal Principle But still if this Motion from within were derived from something else and not from it self we should not call this an Internal Motion but an External Impulse as we do in Bodies For if I by a Staff that is in my Hand move a Stone though both my Staff and my Hand contribute to that Motion more immediately yet I my self am the true and proper Cause of it What shall we say then moves Bodies from within What indeed but the Soul For animated Bodies are moved from an internal Principle and all Bodies so moved are Animates If then it be the Soul which gives an internal motion to Bodies and if this internal Mover be self-moving it remains that the Soul is a free and spontaneous Mover the cause of Productions and beginning of Motions containing in her self the several Patterns and Measures and
Forms according to which those Productions and Motions are modelled and proportioned For if the constituent Forms are not in Bodies originally but derived immediately from some free Agent then certainly the Soul is the efficient Cause and assigns to each Body its particular Form Now these Forms in the Soul are exceeding pure and untainted As for example Beauty in the Body of an Animal consists in the Flesh and Skin and Vessels and Blood that make and fill up this Mass Now it does indeed to the best of its power temper and adorn these things but at the same time it is sullied and changed by them and sinks into their Deformity But now this Beauty in the Soul is free from all these Allays and is not only the Image and Representation of Beauty but pure substantial unblemished original Beauty not graceful in one place and not in another but perfectly and all over so From whence it comes to pass that when the Soul contemplates its own or another Soul's Beauty all bodily Graces lose their Charms and appear despicable and deformed in comparison And this instance hints to us the purity of all other original Forms as they are in the Soul Now it is very plain that as there are different Bodies moved by these Souls so there are likewise different sorts of Souls that move them and some of these are celestial and others sublunary For it were an intolerable absurdity to suppose that Bodies less refined and inferiour in Dignity and Duration should have Life and Souls and that those above should want both It is therefore in this case with Souls as with Bodies the heavenly ones are the Causes of the sublunary ones And indeed the Soul is a noble and most excellent Being especially the heavenly one advanced by Nature to the Prerogative of being a Principle though not the First and Highest in the Order of Causes For though the self-moving and self-existent Being is superiour to those whose Motion and Existence is derived from something else yet still even this is capable of being considered in a double Capacity as Active and Passive as a Cause and as an Effect and it is plain that Simples must have been before Compounds and One before Two Again Though this self-moving Agent depend upon no other for its Motion yet Motion it hath and Motion inferrs Mutation not an essential Change indeed but such as respects its Operations And neither are these Motions Local and Corporeal for in that respect it is immovable but Spiritual and peculiar to the Soul such as we call Consideration and Debate and Disâ—erning and Opinion and according as â—he is moved by these motions she impresses corporeal ones upon the Body Now whatever this Change be yet that which is mutable in any kind or proportion must have something besore it absolutely immutable that so those things that are mutable may still be preserved so For all motion and mutation â—oth above and in our lower Regions proceeds from the impression made by the First Cause But since all things undergo such various Changes and great motions are violent How come the heavenly Bodies to continue so much the same in their Constitution their manner of moving the Centre about which they roul their mutual Order and Position And whence is it that though the sublunary ones undergo more visible and frequent Alterations yet still there is a perpetual restitution and constant return to their first Form Thus we observe it plainly in Elements and Seasons and Plants and Animals For though these do not continue to be numerically the same as Celestial Bodies do yet they go round in a Circle till at last they return to the point from whence they set out at first Thus 〈◊〉 is convertâ—d into Air Air condensed into Water Water into Earth and then Earth 〈◊〉 into Fire again So the Year brings us first into Spring then to Summer after that Autuâ—n and at last Winter thaws into Spring again So again Wheat is turned into the Stem then the Blade after that the Ear and so ripe Wheat again So from Man proceeds first the Seminal Principle after that the Formation and Vital Nourishment and this at last comes to be Man again Now I would ask any one since motion is of it self always violent and always tending to Change how it comes to pass that the same Species and the same Course and Constitution of Nature is so exactly preserved Certainly this must needs be the Effect of some Superiour Cause which is it self Immoveable and Immutable and remains for ever in all Points exactly the same For even in mental Motions that Agent which is uncertain in his Motions and acts sometimes with ease and freedom and speed and sometimes slowly and with difficulty must needs have some other mind antecedent to it one whose Essence and whose Operations are always the same that brings all thingsto pass in an instant and at pleasure And no Man need be told how much such a Being as this which is fix'd and unchangeable not only as to his own Nature and Essence but as to his Influence too is more excellent than that which is still in motion and liable to Change though that Motion be from it self alone and Reason will convince us that those Beings which are most Noble and Excellent must needs have had an Existence before those that are indigent and depending Now we shall do well according to this Rule to ascend the whole Scale of Causes in our Thoughts and try whether we are able to find any Principle more Excellent than what is already fix'd upon and if we can do so then to drive that still higher till we come to rest at last in the loftiest and most majestick Notions that we are capable of entertaining and this is a Course we may boldly take nor is there any fear of going too far or overshooting the Mark by conceiving any Ideas too great and above the Dignity of this First Cause For alas the boldest Flights our Minds can aspire to are too low and feeble so far from surmounting that they fall infinitely short of his Divine Perfections This Contemplation upon God as it is the most Excellent so it is the only One in which we are sure not to be guilty of any Excess or an over-valuing the Object And when we have taken all imaginable pains to collect all the Ideas that are Great and Venerable and Holy and Independant and Productive of Good all these Names and all these Persections put together do yet give us but a very poor and impersect Notion of him only he is graciously pleased to pardon and accept these because it is not in the power of humane Nature to admit any higher and better When therefore our Consideration hath carried us from Self-moving Beings up to that which is Immovable and absolutely Immutable always the same in Essence its Power and its Operations fix'd for ever in a vast Eternity out of which Time and all
to be used and commanded us to this purpose That those wants of the Body which are necessary to be supplied so as to render it serviceable to the Soul ought to determine in this point By which means all superfluities are cut off and every thing that tends only to Luxury and vain Pomp. Now he tells us what proportion we ought to be content with and what should be the measure of our Labours and our Desires in the getting an Estate and this he says is the Body too For the end of getting these things is that we may use them so that as far as they are of use to us so far and in such proportions may we desire and endeavour after them and they are only so far useful as they become serviceable to the Body and supply its necessities Consequently then the Body and its wants which determine how far these things are capable of being used do also determine how far they are fit to be desired and what measure of them a Man ought in reason to sit down satisfied with Let us look then at the Foot for instance and see what wants it labours under and what supplies are sufficient for it and when we have done so we shall find that good plain Leather is all it needs A good upper Leather to keep the Foot tight and warm and a stout Sole to defend the Ball of the Foot from being hurt by what it treads upon But now if a Man bear regard to Ornament and Luxury as well as Use and Convenience then nothing less than Gold and Purple and Jewels will serve the turn and one of these Extravagancies only serves to make way for another For it seems the Romans were grown so curious and vain as to wear rich Purple Shooes and Shooes set with precious Stones and these were more exquisite and modish Vanities than gilded ones Now just thus it is in the getting and the spâ—nding an Estate When a Man hath once transgressed those bounds which Nature and Necessity have set him he wanders no body knows whether and is continually adding one foolish Expence to another and one idle whimsie to another till at last he be plunged over Head and Ears in Luxury and Vanity For these were the only Causes of seducing him at first and when once he had broke loose from his measures a thousand imaginary wants presented themselves and every one of these gave him as great a disturbance as if they had been real ones At first he wanted only ten thousand pound then twenty and when he was possess'd of this he wanted forty as much as even he did the first Ten so he would a hundred if he had forty and so to all Eternity for he has now let his Desires loose and these are a boundless Ocean never to be filled Now nothing is more evident than that those Desires which do not keep within the bounds of Use and Convenience do and must needs be infinite and insatiable Not only because this is the last Fence and there is nothing left to stop them afterwards but because we see plainly that when they exceed these things they quickly neglect and disregard them too forget the ends to which they are directed and instead of preserving sometimes destroy the Body Thus we often ruine our Health and distort our Limbs only for Ornament and Fashion and make those very things our Diseases which Nature intended for Remedies against them And possibly upon this account more particularly Epictetus might make choice of a Shooe to illustrate his Argument For this instance is the more emphatical and significant because if we do not take care to fit the Foot but make it bigger than it ought to be for Beauty and Ornament it hinders our going instead of helping us and oftentimes makes us stumble and fall very dangerously So that it is plain the Considerations which relate to our using the things of the World will give us great light into that part of our Duty which relates to the getting of them and the Rules we are to be governed by are in a great measure the same in both Cases And these Chapters too which prescribe to us the Rules and the Duty of Moderation both in using and getting an Estate may in my Opinion be very properly referred to the same common Head of Justice with the former CHAP. LXII When Women are grown up to Fourteen they begin to be courted and caressed then they think that the recommending themselves to the Affections of the Men is the only business they have to attend to and so presently fall to tricking and dressing and practising all the little engaging Arts peculiar to their Sex In these they place all their hopes as they do all their happiness in the success of them But it is fit they should be given to understand that there are other attractives much more powerful than these That the Respect we pay them is not due to their Beauty so much as to their Modesty and Innocence and unaffected Vertue And that these are the true the irresistible Charms such as will make the surest and most lasting Conquests COMMENT SInce he had in the foregoing Discourses allowed his Philosopher to marry it was but reasonable that he should instruct him here what Methods are most proper to be made use of in the choice of a Wife and which are the most necessary and desirable Qualifications for her This therefore he does in short but very significant Observations shewing what a wise Man should chiefly regard and exposing at the same time the mischiefs that the generality of Men fall into by taking wrong measures Most people says he when they are disposed to marry look out for a young and a beautiful Mistress then they cringe and flatter and adore her keep a mighty distance and accost her in the most respectful and submissive Terms imaginable and the end of all this is no other than the Enjoyment of her Person The Women know the meaning of all this well enough and manage themselves accordingly they dress and trick and set of their Persons to the best advantage and these are the Arts they study to recommend themselves by Now in truth though we declaim against this Vanity and Folly in the Sex yet the Men are much more to blame than they For the Original of all this Vanity is from our selves and the Folly is ours when we pay so much respect upon accounts that so little deserve it It is in our power to reform what we condemn and it is our Duty to do it We should shew them that no Beauty hath any Charms but the inward one of the Mind and that a gracefulness in their Manners is much more engaging than that of their Person and Mien That Meekness and Obedience and Modesty are the true and lasting Ornaments For she that has these is qualified as she ought to be for the management and governing of a Family for the bearing and educating
the greater share by much away from him they call him the Source of Goodness and Spring of Light and yet deny that all things receive Light and Goodness from him Now what horrid Blasphemies what opprobrious Reflections does these Mens Doctrin cast upon the Majesty of God They represent him as a Feeble and a Fearful Being uneasie with continual Apprehensions that Evil will invade his Territories And to ease himself of these Fears and buy off his Enemy contrary to all Justice and Honour and Interest casting some Souls away which are so many Parts and Parcels of himself and never merited by any Offence of theirs to be thus delivered up that by parting with these he may compound for the rest of the Good ones with him Like some General in Distress who when the Enemy attacks him sacrifices one part of his Army to gain an Opportunity of bringing off the other For the Sense of what they say amounts to thus much though it be not express'd in the very same Words Now he that delivered up these Souls or commanded them to be delivered up in this barbarous manner had sure forgot or at least did not duly consider what Miserie 's those wretched Spirits must endure when in the Hands of that Evil Principle For according to them they are Burnt and Fryed and Tormented all manner of ways and this too notwithstanding they were never guilty of any Fault but are still parts of God himself And at last they tell us that if any such Souls happen to Apostatize and Degenerate into Sin they never recover themselves nor from thenceforth are in any possibility of returning to Good but continue inseparably united to Evil for Ever Only here it is fit we take notice what Souls these are and how they thus degenerate for they do not admit their Crimes to be Adultery or Murder or any of the grossest and most slagititious Enormities of a dissolute and wicked Conversation but only the denying of Two Principles an evil and a good one In the mean while this God it seems is left maimed and imperfect by the Loss of so many of his Parts he is stupid and sensless too in their Hypothesis I mean for far be it from me to entertain so irreverent a Thought for he understands nothing at all either of his own Interest or the Nature of Evil If he did what Dread could he be under or how should Evil enter into any part of that Province which Good possesses since their Natures are so very distant and irreconcileable that they cannot run into each other but their Bounds are fix'd and immovable Barriers set between them from all Eternity For this they say too But who in the Name of Wonder set these Bounds and Barriers Did Chance Then it seems they make Chance a Common Principle too Did any other Being that had Authority over both these and prescribed to them as it self thought fit Then it seems That had a Subsistence before They made the World But how could that be done before the Creation For the Division they make is like this upon Earth for they assign the Eastern Western and Northern Regions to Good and reserve only the South for Evil. Afterwards they go on aâ—d fancy that Evil hath five Apartments like so many Dens or Caverns and here they tell us of Woods and all manner of Animals such as frequent both Sea and Land that these are at eternal Wars with one another and though these are said to be immortal as being originally Good yet they pretend at the same time that they are devoured by their Five-formed Monster Now then since these distinct Regions have been set out as you see from the Beginning of the World at least and each assigned and accommodated to its peculiar Inhabitant I would fain be satisfied which way Evil should make an Incursion into Good 's Dominions Or if we should suppose this possible yet could it be done however and still these Two remain contrary to one another May we not as well say that White may be Black and yet retain its Whiteness still and that Light can admit Darkness and still be Light as that perfect Evil can make Approaches to perfect Good and still continue perfect Evil And if this Impossibility be evident and unavoidable what Occasion is there to describe God as they do committing an Act of so much unnecessary Fear and Folly and Injustice as is the casting away Souls to Evil for his own Security and ever since labouring to no purpose for so they will needs have it too to redeem these Souls from Misery A Design never to be effected because as I observ'd before some of them have lapsed and so must abide under the Dominion of Evil to all Eternity And all this they will not allow the Good to have had any Knowledge or Foresight of though with the same Breath they pretend that Evil knew perfectly well what Number of Souls would fall into his Hands and laid his Stratagems accordingly Their Scheme certainly had been much better contrived had they represented the Good Principle as always employed and taken up with the Contemplation of it self and not engaged it in perpetual War with an Enemy never to be vanquished or destroyed For they make Evil to be no less Eternal and Immortal than Good And this indeed is a considerable Objection and a just Reproach to their whole System that Eternal Existence and Incorruptible Duration no Beginning and no End are allowed to Evil as well as Good And when these glorious Attributes are given to that which we cannot but detest what Difference is there left or what can we say more in Honour of that which we cannot but love and admire Let us now proceed if you please to take a short View of the Account they give concerning the Creation of the World Pillars then there are they tell us not like those of the Poet That this vast Globe of Earth and Heav'n sustain for they scorn that any Poetical Fictions or the least fabulous Circumstance should be allowed a Place in their Philosophy but as one of their greatest Masters hath informed us of solid unhewn Stone and twelve Windows one of which is constantly opened every hour But their marvellous Wisdom is not more eminently seen in any one Instance than the Account they pretend to give of Eclipses For they tell us That when in the Framing of the World the Evils that were in Conjunction together gave great Disturbance by their justling and disorderly Motions the Luminaries drew certain Veils before them to shelter them from the ill Influences of that Disorder and that Eclipses are nothing else but the Sun and Moon hiding themselves still behind those Veils upon some extraordinary and threatning Emergencies Then again How odd and unaccountable is it that of so many Heavenly Bodies which give Light to the World they should hold only the two great ones in Veneration and contemn all the rest assigning the
Sun and Moon to the Good Principle but putting all the Stars into the Possession of the Evil and deriving them from a Bad Cause The Light of the Moon they do not agree to be borrowed from the Sun but think it a Collection or Constellation of Souls which she draws up like so many Vapours from the Earth between Change and Full and then translates them by degrees into the Sun from the Full to the next New Moon In short they have a World of extravagant Fancies which do not so much as deserve to be reckoned among Fables and yet they are by no means content to have them look'd upon as Fabulous nor do they use them as Figures or Hieroglyphicks so as to signifie something else of more substantial Goodness but will needs have them believed to be strictly and literally true Thus the Image they give us of Evil is a Monster compounded of five several Creatures a Lion a Fish an Eagle and some other two Things I do not well remember what but all these put together are supposed to make a very ravenous and formidable Composition Such abominable Impiety against God are these Notions and Principles chargeable with and yet which is still more amazing the Persons that advance them profess to take Sanctuary in these Opinions out of a more than common Respect and a profounder Reverence to the Divine Perfections than the rest of the World as they think express They could not bear the imputing any Evil to God and to avoid this Inconvenience they have found out a particular Principle and Cause of all Evil a Principle equal in Honor and Power to the Good or rather indeed Superior and more Potent than He. For in all the Attempts that have been made hitherto to corrupt the World and render it miserable Evil seems plainly to have got the better For they represent Evil upon all Occasions taking Advantage against Good and contriving all manner of Ways not to let it go This is constantly the bold and daring Aggressor while Good in the mean while gives way to and mingles it self with Evil would fain compound the Matter and for any thing that yet appears hath discovered nothing in its whole Management but Fear and Folly and Injustice Thus while they abhor to call God the Cause of Evil they make him nothing but Evil in the most exquisite Degree and according to that vulgar Proverb leap out of the Frying-Pan into the Fire But besides these vile Profanations of the Majesty of God this System of Philosophy does as much as in it lies tear up the very Roots of all Virtue and moral Instruction by destroying and utterly taking away all that Liberty of Choice which God and Nature have given us For besides those Attributes of Eternity and Immortality it does also ascribe to this Principle of Evil a compulsive Power over our Wills and that so very absolute and strong that it is not only out of our own Disposal whether we will commit Wickedness or no but such as even God himself is not able to controul or over-power In the mean while it must be confest that this is a very idle and extravagant Imagination For if our Souls are violently thrust and born down into Murder or Adultery or any other that are reputed the most grievous Crimes and commit these merely by the Impulse of some stronger Power without any Consent or voluntary Concurrence of their own then are they clear of all Guilt And this is a Matter so evident and acknowledged that all Laws both Divine and Humane acquit Persons in Cases of Violence and such a Force as they could not resist and where it is plain they acted against their Will And indeed there is not nor can be any Sin at all in such Actions where Mens own Minds are supposed to have no Concern but to proceed upon Necessity and Constraint and such as could not be resisted by them Now if these wise Philosophers while they were at a loss where to fix the true Cause of these Things considered as Evils bethought themselves of this Remedy and set up such a Principle of Evil as you have heard to resolve the Difficulty they have done their own Business effectually and by a very pleasant Blunder over-turned their whole Scheme at once For if it follows likewise upon the Supposal of such a Constraint put upon the Wills of Men by that Principle that nothing they do is any longer Evil then observe how pleasant a Conclusion they have brought their Matters to for the Consequence lies plainly thus If there be such a Thing as a Principle of Evil then there is no such Thing as Evil in the World and if there be no such Thing as Evil then there cannot possibly be any such Thing as a Principle of Evil and so upon the whole Matter they have left themselves neither a Principle of Evil nor any Evil at all Since therefore this is discovered to be but a rotten Foundation if any conscious of its weakness shall presume to affirm that God is the Author of Evil as well as Good the Falshood and Impiety of this Assertion will ask but little Time and Pains to evince it For how indeed can we suppose it possible that that Opinion should be true which casts such unworthy Aspersions upon him who is the Author and Giver of all Truth And first which way can one conceive that God whose very Essence is perfect and immutable Goodness should produce Evil out of himself For since Evil and Good are contrary to each other as our Adversaries themselves grant How can we imagine one Contrary to be the Production of another Besides He that produces any thing out of himself does it by being the Cause of its existing by having the Cause within himself and having some Likeness to it in his own Nature and so if you respect him as the Cause the Producing and the Produced are in some degree the same So that the Promoters of this Opinion seem not to have attended to the manifest Dishonour they put upon God by making him not only the Cause and Author of Evil but to be the first and original Evil in his own Nature Since therefore there is no such Thing as a Common Principle of Evil and since God is not the Author and Cause of it what Account shall we give of its coming into the World For it is impossible any Thing should have a Beginning without a Cause And the best Course we can take for this will be first to explain what we mean by Evil and then enquire into its Original for the Causes of Things will very hardly be found till their Natures are first known Now as to that Evil which they suppose who profess to believe a Common Principle of Evil and many of those that dispute this Question understand we may be bold to pronounce that there is no such Thing in Nature For they pretend that this Evil hath a positive Subsistence of