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A34837 The anatomy of humane bodies with figures drawn after the life by some of the best masters in Europe and curiously engraven in one hundred and fourteen copper plates : illustrated with large explications containing many new anatomical discoveries and chirurgical observations : to which is added an introduction explaining the animal œconomy : with a copious index / by William Cowper. Cowper, William, 1666-1709. 1698 (1698) Wing C6698; ESTC R10024 256,837 166

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Basis and Foundation of their Art Without a due Knowledge of the Animal Mechanism I doubt all our Attempts to Explain the Multiform Appearance of Animal Bodies will be Vain and Ineffectual and our Ideas of the Causes of Diseases and their Symptoms as Extravagant and Absurd as those of the Chinese and Indians nay I am afraid the whole Art of Physick will be little better than Empirical But if the Knowledge of our Bodies do's so much conduce to advance true Philosophy and Medicine it is not less required in the Practice of Surgery In this Case it seems not meerly convenient but absolutely necessary I mean so far as concerns the External Parts since the Artist here do's not as in the former Instances Acquiesce in Contemplating his Subject and the Manner how it is Affected but is often oblig'd to Perform some Difficult and perhaps Hazardous Operation on it For my Part I cannot forbear wondring at the Confidence of Ignorant Men who dare Attack a Humane Body make Incisions apply Causticks Actual and Potential without a due Knowledge of the Site Position Dependance and other necessary Considerations of the Parts concern'd The Fatal Consequences of these bold Practices are frequently felt an Instance or Two of which are Accidentally shewn Tab. 13. Fig. 1. Tab. 15. Fig. 2. I must confess frequent seeing and assisting at Chirurgical Operations may dispose Men to Perform the like again when Circumstances in all Points shall agree but without a Competent if not Accurate Knowledge of Anatomy and actual Administration of Dissection such Persons must be a long Time Spectators before they can Arrive at a tolerable Pretence to a General Practice And therefore as I cannot but deplore the Profound and Universal Ignorance which prevails so I would candidly recommend it to most of the Surgeons in this vast and populous City to apply themselves with more Industry than they have hitherto done to so Useful a Part of their Art who would soon then be convinc'd this was no Dishonour to themselves and cease to Reproach others who have spent some of their vacant Hours in these Exercises But this is foreign to my purpose and therefore I shall Address my self to the Business now before me which is to Present the Reader with a Brief and General Plan of the Animal Oeconomy as an Introduction to the following Tables All the Functions of an Animate Body may be well enough divided into Natural and Animal by Natural I mean all which Terminate in the Body and Conduce to the preservation of the Individual or Propagation of the Species by Animal I understand such in which the Soul is concern'd which in Regard of the Body to which it is United are Passive or Active the First is Sense the Latter Voluntary Motion For the more Orderly Distribution of the Whole we shall first Treat of the Former leaving the Animal Functions to succeed and here we shall follow the Process of Nature beginning with the First Reception of the Aliment in the Mouth and pursuing it thence thro' its several Stages After the Aliment is taken into the Mouth for the more Commodious doing of which the Dentes Incisorii are often Employ'd it here suffers Comminution and is mixt with Saliva which is Previous to the Second Preparation it receives in the Stomach This Operation is call'd Mastication and is perform'd by the Lower Jaw Variously mov'd by its Proper Muscles and Assisted by the Tongue Cheeks and Lips which last still apply the Less divided Parts of the Mass to the Dentes Molares for it 's due Comminution while all the Neighbouring Muscles in their several Actions Compress the Parotid Maxillary Sublingual Salivary Glands and those of the Lips Cheeks c. and force them to Discharge their Contents to mix with the Masticated Aliment now ready for Deglutition The Aliment after it has undergone this Alteration do's not Descend into the Stomach by its own Weight but is convey'd thither by the joint Action of the Muscles of the Tongue Os Hyoides Fauces and Oesophagus all which Conspire in Deglutition by Raising and Dilating the Gula and Protruding the Meat into it The whole Action do's very much resemble the pouring Corn into a Sack and is done in the Manner I shall just now Describe The Root of the Tongue being Deprest by means of its Muscular Fibres its Tip and Sides are applied in a Semicircular Manner to the Insides of the whole Range of Teeth of the Upper Jaw or Gums when these happen to be wanting and the Whole in this Position is drawn Upwards by the Musculi Styloglossi and Stylohyoidei Tab. 14. Fig. 1. Tab. 15. Fig. 1. At the same Time the Fauces are Rais'd by the Musculi Stylopharyngaei which by their Oblique Position as is Noted App. Fig. 38. draw open their Mouth and Dilate that Cavity Now Two Thirds at least of the Upper Surface of the Tongue being applied to the Roof of the Mouth and drawn as we have now Describ'd Upwards and Inwards the Epiglottis is Deprest in such Manner that the Aliment is Protruded over it as on a Bridge into the Dilated Cavity of the Fauces and thence by the Contraction of the Musculus Pterygopharyngaeus and Oesophagaeus App. Fig. 38. it is Deprest into the Gulae which Helps its Descent into the Stomach by the Action of its Muscular Fibres We must not omit to observe here That in the Instant the Aliment passes thro' the Isthmus of the Throat the Gargareon is drawn Upwards and Backwards by the Musculi Sphaenostaphylini Exprest Append. Fig. 8. and the Foramina Narium by this means occluded while the Epiglottis below covers the Rimula as was above Noted and by this means the Matter in its Passage is hindred from Reverting by the Nose or Descending into the Wind-Pipe The first happens when the Gargareon is wanting whether by Venerial Exulcerations or otherwise or Intumified and Inflamed as in the Small Pox and cannot yield to this Motion We may likewise Note That the Musculus Mylohyoideus T. 15. F. 1. in its Action does press the Sublingual and Maxillary Glands and force them to discharge their secreted Liquors by the Papillae situated at the Fraenum or Ligament of the Tongue and that the Muscles which Contract the Fauces have the same Effect on the Tonsills and other Glands of that Part all which Liquors discharged from the Mouths of their Excretory Channels do facilitate the Passage thro' the Gula and serve to Compose the Stomachick Menstruum of which further in the next Paragraph After the Aliment thus alter'd by Comminution and Admistion with the Saliva is received into the Stomach we proceed next to consider how its Second Preparation is perform'd The great Agent in Digestion is the Stomachick Juice secreted from the Blood by numerous Glands in this Part and discharged into its Cavity in Conjunction with the Spittle This is that which acts promptly upon the Meat lodg'd in the Capacity of the Stomach
and from the Mixture of these two Juices is compounded a proper Menstruum by which the Parts of the Aliment are dissolved and receive their first Transmutation within the Body In this Action which is a Dissolution of the Texture of the Alimentary Mass the Aerial Parts included in its Pores now escape from their former Prisons and being rarified distend the whole Body of the Stomach and this I take to be the true Reason why most Men have less Appetite at some distance of Time viz. when this Intumescence is made than immediately after they cease from Eating From the same Cause arise frequent Eructations great Inflation from divers Meats such as Old Pease Cabbage Roots Herbs and other Vegetables which very much disturb decay'd debilitated Stomachs I am apt to suspect the Stomachick Menstruum may excite an Intestine motion of the Particles of the Mass in Digestion which yet I do not think fit to call Fermentation fearing so bold a Term may mislead us into a False Idea of a greater Conflict than really happens The Intumescence or Dilatation of the Stomach has two Effects First to compress the Gall Bladder and Pancreas and oblige their Ductus Excretorii to spue out their Contents into the Duodenum next to retard the Refluent Blood and by this means dispose the Muscular Fibres of the Ventricle to a Contraction The Reason of this last Hint will appear by what we have offer'd concerning Muscular Motion in the Introduction to our Myotomia Reformata For the Cause of Hunger which is an observable Phaenomenon belonging to this part I conceive it to be an Irritation of the Stomach arising from a copious Quantity of this Menstruum when it wants Matter to act upon This conjecture seems more probable since it is Natural to discharge the Spittle out of the Mouth which comes into it at that Time rather than suffer it to descend into the Stomach and we may perpetually observe a depraved Appetite does follow a Vitiation of the Saliva as in Scorbutick Habits Salivations by Mercurial Medicines and such like Cases When the Mass is sufficiently prepar'd and reduced to a Pultaceous Consistence the Stomach by the help of its Muscular Fibres contracts it self and expels its Contents thro' the Pylorus into the Duodenum where the Digested Mass is mixed with the Bile and Pancreatick Juice forced to discharge it self here as was just now described which Volatilize Subtiliate and Separate the more Fluid and Fine Parts of the Aliment from the more Impure and Gross and here it is that Chylification is first made perfect Now the Bile abounding with Lixivial Salt is apt to intangle with the grosser Parts of the Chylaceous Mass and its Saline Quality not only cleanses the Cavities of the Guts from the Mucus Excreted by their Glands App. Fig. 40. to smear their Inmost Coat and defend the Ostia of the Lacteal Vessels from being injured by Extraneous Bodies which may happen to pass that way but Stimulates the Intestines in their Peristaltick Motion The Peristaltick or Wormlike Motion of the Guts being thus Accelerated by the Acrimony of the Bile the Contents of the Intestines are carried on and the Thinner and more Fluid Parts fitted for the Pores of the Lacteal Vessels is absorbed by them and the Thicker move on more slowly till by the many Stops they meet with in the Connivent Valves all the Chyle is at length absorbed and the Remains being meerly Excrementitious are only fit to be excluded by Stool This Vermicular Motion of the Guts is perform'd by the Alternate Contraction of their Longitudinal and Transverse Fibres App. Fig. 39.40 which at the same Time convey the Digested Mass thro' the Intestinal Tube and express the Chyle into the Orifices of the Lacteal Vessels adapted to receive it whose Progress from the Intestines till it is discharged into the Mass of Blood next presents it self to our Consideration By the reciprocal Action of these differing Fibres and the Apposition of the Connivent Valves Tab. 39. Fig. 2. the Chyle is forced into the Lacteal Vessels Tab. ib. Fig. 1. and hence it is we cannot make any Fluid pass from the Cavity of the Guts into the same Vessels when the Peristaltick Motion ceases A farther Use of the Contraction of these Muscular Fibres is to Accelerate the Chyle in its Progress till the Lympha derived from the Arteries of the Guts joyn with it which is done before it leaves the External Surface of the Intestines by this Addition the Chyle is diluted and assisted in its Progress towards the Mesenterick Glands in the Cells of which it is a Second Time Mixed with a Juice or Lymphatick Liquor there Secreted from the Arteries and so carried on to the Vasa Lactea secundi Generis These Vessels resembling Pipes convey the Chyle from hence all emptying themselves into the Common Receptacle or Cistern the happy Discovery of which we owe to the Observation of Mons. Pecquet It is here the Lympha returned from the Inferior Limbs and adjacent Parts is mixed with the Chyle App. Fig. 11. which not only serves to dilute but promotes its Ascent thro' the Thoracick Duct Fig. ib. to the Lest Subclavian Vein Fig. ib. where this Channel empties its Contents into the main Current of the Blood If we consider in this Duct its several Divisions and Inosculations resembling the Veins of the Testicles its numerous Valves looking from below Upwards its advantageous Situation between the Great Artery and Vertebrae of the Back together with the Ducts discharging their Refluent Lympha from the Lungs and the other Neighbouring Parts we shall find all conduce to demonstrate the utmost Art of Nature used in furthering the Steep and Perpendicular Ascent of the Chyle which Beautiful Order is Represented App. Fig. 11. and cannot but equally Create in us Delight and Admiration Having traced this Animal Juice to its Reception into the Blood with which it is at last Circulated and Assimulated we shall proceed to the Blood it self whose Circular Motion the various Artifices of Nature for adjusting the Proportions and other subordinate Contrivances the Manner and Cause of the Contraction of the Heart and Arteries Respiration with the whole Theory of the Lympha and Glandular Secretion in the Order of Nature follow The Refluent Blood in the Upper and Lower Trunk of the Vena Cava meeting in the Right Auricle of the Heart is thence expelled by its Contraction into the Right Ventricle when the Heart is in its Diastole but by its Systole or Contraction it is thence driven into the Arteria Pulmonaris from whose Capillary Vessels it passes into the Extremities of the Vena Pulmonaris and thence returning is discharged into the Left Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart From whence it is again by the Systole driven into the Aorta by whose Branches it is convey'd thro' the whole System of the Body But when it arrives in the Capillary Arteries it do's not stop there but passes into the like