evacuation of humors raw and superfluous from the veines spleene liver as in jaundice and so voiding with the urine being in colour red or yellow as in the beginning of continuall and intermitting agues 3. Confused urine is darke wherein no moats are perceived to swim or any other thing without distinction but the whole urine and every part thereof is all alike neither by standing setleth any residence or other thing to the bottome whereby it may waxe clearer and so continueth without alteration yea though it be chafed at the fire and in warme water and is like to wine which is changed and become dead with thunder or with age is waxed sowre or tart without clearenesse and brightnesse and this never riseth of diseases in the reines nor only of the inner parts but alwaies commeth from diseases of the veines neither doth it signifie abundance of raw humors but properly confusion putrefaction and corruption and that remedilesse malignam of the bloud and humors in the greater veines for putrefaction doth confound and shuffle all things together wherefore it is found onely in continuall dangerous and maligne agues By these I would have you to understand that such urine although it be not polluted with unclean reines doth not alwaies shew the state of the bloud and humors For oftentimes it is yellow thicke and troubled and yet the blood comming out of the veines by blood-letting is perfectly pure and red as it often chanceth in a quartane and tertian intermitting as also in the jaundice when superfluous choler doth ishue out of the liver and gall and other places and falleth into the veines and is not mixed with the blood but onely with the urine wherupon they are greatly deceived which in thick and red urine do presently command blood-letting as also it happeneth many times that the urine in colour substance and sediment is naturall and yet blood let out is faulty both in colour and substance such as are for the most part in the state vigor and before the critick day of continuall agues when the urines are perfectly concocted but the humor offending not at all moved and voided Fernel 451. 452. CHAP. IV. Of colours of Vrines COlours of urines are 21. which argue and shew crudity and concoction Crudity both darke white as milke white Lacteus as white of milke Horne-white Glaucus as the cleare part of a lanterne horne Gray Charopus blandus color like the white part of a mans naile next the joynt But Galen saith Charoppus is like the colour of Lyons eyes And light white Chrystalline Chrystallinus Snowie Niveus Watery Aqueus Concoction but little or somewhat lacking yet more then the former colours pale subpiceus subpalidus flaxen spiceus Perfect and absolute best palew or partly saffron subrufus subaureus subsulvus Lighter then crowne gold yellow as pure gold Aureus Actuar Fulvus rufus Citrinus All degrees of colours following after yellow doe signifie heate Sal. pag. 88. ex Avicon Exceeding the perfect and absolute concoction in these degrees in heate Salvian 88. 1. Light saffron subcroceus subflavus like water wherein bastard saffron is dissolved Saffron flavus croceus like to water wherein the flower of saffron is dissolved 2. Claret subrubeus palmeus like to bole armoniake Red rubeus puniceus as red blood cherries red apples saffron it selfe 3. Crimson purpureus vineus like blackish redde wine liver colour water wherein flesh new killed hath been washed Purple passeus cyaneus of the colour of raisons of the sunne cherries waxing blacke like wine boyled Salvian 81. Blew venetus fuscus caeruleus brunus blavus halfe white and halfe blacke mixed 4. Greene viridis porracius prassinus as leeke leaves emeraude coole-wort Oylie green oleaceus popinjay greene Ash colour colour of lead lividus plumbeus Blacke niger In colours of urines we must alwaies consider whether better succeed worse or contrary that so we may know the working of nature CHAP. V. Of substance and colour ioyntly together THinne substance joyned with colour white privately without mixture of humours as Snowe-water or Chrystall signifieth either crudity obstruction or conversion of the humor Crudity through decay of naturall heate and then the urine is made freely without paine which commeth either by Salv. 75. Resolution of cause externall great hunger long fasting or watching great exercise or labour which if they be all moderate the urine is all more coloured and thicker vid. cap. 1. under kinde of life So in old men which by age are melancholike and other cold conditions of the body Argent 25. some large evacuation Sowning Weck Or of cause internall as the ill quality of the humor offending maligne and pestilent with other evill signes Or else unnaturall heate overcoming the naturall heate as flesh seething in a pot being set in the sunne is lesse boiled the heate of the sunne drawing out the heate of the water Such heate is in the whole body in the beginning of diseases especially agues when unnaturall heate prevailing the humors are raw and not concoct and as in a consumption and lingring ague the moisture of the body is resolved and moulten which maketh the urine white Aegid. And in the reines and vessels of urine as in the pissing evill Diabetes when through unnaturall heate and strength of the attractive faculty of the reines urine is drawne too fast from the liver and stomacke before it can receive any substance and colour and the retentive and digestive faculties of the reines being feeble and the expulsive strong the urine is presently voided often and much whereupon followeth great thirst heate in the reines wasting of the body costivenesse and if the griefe continue death Aegid. Or suffocation and that either of cause externall as eating or drinking immoderately surfetting quaffing liberall feeding small exercise urine made shortly after meat and drinke received especially much or diuretike whereby the urine is made before it be concocted in great and large quantity without substance or colour Or of cause internall as multitude of humors offending nature smoothering and choaking the naturall heate as too much oyle extinguishing the Lampe and too great quantity of greene wood the fire as in all humorall diseases before concoction appeareth urine is white and thin but after as the matter is concoct and heate increaseth urines vary Wecker such as appeare in great cruditie of cold in children a mortall signe Salvian 24. Not a good signe in declination of a disease both for the substance and colour but either sheweth conversion of the humor another way or relapse and reciduation except the urine was made afore in great quantity for so it is a good signe 31. Holler Dropsie of cold distemperature of the liver at the beginning for afterward the matter increasing the urine waxeth thicker Apoplexy Falling evill with leadish darke and diverse colour Swimming in the head with a certain greenish colour Palsies Diseases of flegme want of appetite Diseases of melancholy of his cold
and dry quality but being voided in substance thicke and blacke Aegid. 37. Gout with little moats in the sediment Diseases of the mother whereunto womens cold constitutions are subject Obstruction of some parts of the body in neere or about the passage of urine as the liver reines water conduits the urine made with paine and little in quantity Such obstruction ariseth of melancholy raw grosse and indigested descending to the conduits of urine as in a quartane with certaine rods or lines in it and the spleen distent with melancholy maketh the passages of urine straight Aegid. Flegme grosse and glassy descending to the water conduits as in women flowers stopped and regurgitating to the vessels of urine with skales or blacke dust in the sediment but sometimes blackish and a red purulent matter Choler mixt with grossy and clammy moisture whereby it cannot ishue out with the urine as in the jaundice sometimes Sand gravell as in the stone of the reines and bladder partly stopping the passages as also receiving nourishment and increased of tough viscous slime which otherwise would ishue with the urine and make it thicker Slimy matter as in the strangury Tumors impostumes growing either in the liver or betwixt the reines and the bladder or in places neere to the passages of urine whereby they are made straighter Colicke or Iliate the winde distending the guts and straitning the reines obstructing them and continuing above seven daies is mortall Conversion of the humor which should give substance and colour another way and so the vessels of urine are more destitute of heate and humor as to the braine in phrensies mortall except there be other good signes Argent 30. To impostumes under the short ribbes arme-holes in the necke about the privy parts To the spleene inflamed in ill signe Weck To other parts of the body as before in thin urine See there In all these if more coloured urines went before and ceasing too suddenly and no evacuation succeeded Arg. 87. Actuar. Milke white hath the same signification as was before of snow-water seeing they differ not in kinde but in degree but here is lesse hurt by reason of better colour and tincture Health in sharp diseases if the colour of gold went before Death consumption of the lungs if the colour of gold went not before and accompanied with other bad signes Pale flaxen the beginning of concoction Exulceration of the lungs and consumption if it be little and have leadish oily pale we which is mortall with a laske Flegmaticke complexion in a young man being often made in thickish substance Palew yellow citrine in whole men perfect health and if the sediment be good in young men by comparison of this all other are to be judged Flegmaticke complexion if the substance be some what thicke In sicke men hote and sharp diseases imminent In old men as a double tertian In children as a quotidian In young men flegmaticke melancholike or crude contents if they continue long so because their urine should naturally be more remisse for abundance of moisture Diseases of the breast the region full of bubbles Of the splene when many rods or strikes appeare like meteors Of the liver if it be much in quantity the body leane the belly bound Light saffron saffron of cause externall much watching great labour and travell especially in the heate of the Sunne simple distemperature of heate without mixture of humors if it be pure and perspicuous medicines purging choler as Rheubarb also saffron cinnamon broth of cherries Of cause internall as choler abounding as in a tertian Distemperature of humors especially blood if it be thickish darke Melancholike complexion in thicke substance and cholericke in thin End of a sicknesse being made on the criticall day Blew melancholy Vrines yellow saffron red do signifie exceeding heate of simple distemperature if they be pure and perspicuous but mixture of humor withall if they be thicke and troubled Fer. 447. Thicke substance joyned with colour White positively with mixture of humors betokeneth abundance of raw humors flegme glassy salt unsavory Consumption in a wasting ague so the fatty nourishment of the body is molten and voided Impostumes breaking out as in grievous agues so rotten matter is voided setling to the bottome and stinking Salvian 77. End of an ague if blood issue out of the nose and being made on the judiciall day in great quantity and then no impostume followeth Milke white like water wherein a little meale is cast is good in the end of an ague and rather if great quantity of urine was made before B. Holler Matter of the stone voided out of the reines and bladder looke more in the sediment in raw humors and matter of a sore An ulcer in the instruments of urine if it be thicke like a mushrone and mattery stinking and falling to the sediment separation of raw and flegmie matter without corruption or stinch Flux of seed in a man or woman carnall copulation if it be without corruption and stinketh not Dropsie if the yellow jaundice continue through great crudity in the veines Horne-white like the horne of an old lanthorne darke through smoke or gray like the darke colour of an oxe liver not troubled betokeneth that the body is full of grosse humors and flegmatike diseases of the whole body if it be troubled which is like a beasts water and so continuing long or alwaies yet sometimes being chafed at the fire it cleareth when it is broken by cold ayre signifieth that the veines are full of ill humors head-ache through agitation of humors ascending If it waxe cleare above and cloddereth in the sediment if it be much in quantity then it betokeneth the end of an ague if little in quantity an ill signe in an ague All white urines signifie some good if the patient be strong Claret continuing of the diseases yet without danger if it hath a sediment of like colour and substance Red like cherries or red apples of cause externall fore-sheweth that the loynes or reines are beaten and bruised or some vein neer the reins open or broken with paine in the place grieved Actuar. receipt of some purgation of rheubarbe c. as pag. 4. died with priver Avicen which Mont. 19. beleeveth not Internall widenesse rarity thinnesse or laxity of some veines neere the reines through which blood issueth and sweateth out in great quantity and weaknes of body Actuar. the reines or bladder fretted untill blood commeth as in the stone especially after labour with gravell Abundance of blood as rotten agues especially Abundance of choler as in agues tertion partly troubled with an uncleane and rough sediment or semitertian with a leadish colour and greene cloud Abundance of heate unnaturall wasting and melting the moisture of the body into urine made in great quantity with fatte swimming aloft as in a consumption Vrine staying too long in the body being not provoked to issue either
evacuations Salv. 93. 96. Cap. 157. There be foure elementary qualities whereof two be called active and two passive the active be heate and cold and these give colour unto the urine for heate maketh the urine red and tinct with high colours which by moistnesse are obscured and darkned by drinesse quickned made far more lightsome and cold maketh the colour of the water more remisse as white and such like Now the two passive qualities are moistnesse and drinesse which cause substance in urines whereof moistnesse thickneth the urine dulleth the colour and augmenteth the quantity drinesse clarifieth and ratifieth it and that either by diminishing the quantity contents and substance or by increasing the thinnesse clearnesse and brightnesse thereof with meane colour and grosser sediment CHAP. VI Of the quantity of Vrine QVantity of urine Much of cause externall and internall Externall moist and rainy weather and all things increasing moisture in the body as sleepe idlenesse want of exercise moist meates or broaths or other things which doe moisten the body Long and much drinking and quaffing of wine water color white substance thin Salv. 106. Medicines diuretike which provoke urine breake the stone or make the urine sharp and salt For by their heate they draw much urine and by subtilty of their parts they attenuate grosse humors for expulsion the sediment being slender and glistering Actua Salv. 101. Internall evacuation criticall or symptomaticall Criticall by strength of nature ease of the patient and other signes of concoction as in dropsie anasarca or great crudity repletion of humors when the humor hath been long shut up in a place and now findeth issue Weck Fern so abundance of raw humors made thinner are voided by urine as Fernelius observed a drunkard grosse fat and well liking in 8. daies space by continuall evacuation became slender and leane without any sicknesse at all Other diseases colour whither substance thinner sediment mean and where thicke urine went before else not good except nature be strong so in diseases declining Record Symptomaticall through weaknesse of nature without ease of the patient and other signes of crudity as when the retentive faculty is decayed in dangerous diseases or nature is wearied dissolveth humors and voideth them suddenly by sweat stoole or urine Actua 116. as in laskes flixes want of appetite chronicall diseases convulsion of heate and drinesse in sharp agues Consumption of the whole body somewhat fatty in colour palew reddish high coloured without signes of concoction for so the profitable fat moisture humors and substantiall parts of the body are molten dissolved and voided by urine Sal. 109. Fern 445. Cause internall heate of the liver drawing abundance of juice from the stomacke too fast and not able to digest it Heat of the reines drawing the urine too fast from the liver and emulgent veines speedily expelling it as in the pissing ill colour white substance thin sediment lacking Actua Cold of the stomack breeding waterish juice and sending it to the liver for errour in the first concoction is not taken away in the second Cold of the liver not able to convert the profitable juice into nourishment as in all habit of the body dropsie anasarca the urine waterish with raw and diverse sediment Bl. Hollerius Other excrements not evacuated either by stoole colour meane sediment thicker and greater Actuar. or by sweat or by pores of the skin by insensible perspiration c. so the moist and thin parts are voided more abundantly by urine so Arist. 4. de gener animal 4. reporteth a cow whose paunch-hole being shut up had her excrements turned into winde and urine Salv. 111. Little of cause externall or internall Externall as dry meats colour palew sediment small and thicker Little drinking tart stipticke thicke or drying drinke Much sweat vehement exercise or other things whereby the moisture of the body is dried and made lesse Internall vessels of urine stopped or obstructed by inflammation of the water conduits and necke of the bladder tumor or swelling tough grossy and clammy meates as in the strangury medicines humors flegmaticke stone see gravell in the sediment with paine and griefe about the place affected Dolor ostendit locum see suppression of urine Vessels of urine hurt or weakened by old age palsie ill distemperature or some instrumentall diseases of the parts whereby the urine cannot bee attracted receireceived expelled Salv. 113. Internall cause as translation of the urine another way as to the belly feet and nether parts in the dropsie To the guts in laskes flixes purgations sediment little substance thin color white and waterish cap. 12. To the Hemeraudes menstruall evacuation of the flowers To the pores of the skin in sweat and in sensible perspiration Cods in the rupture Hydrocele To the whole body in the small pocks measils impostumes see thin substance And in recovery of health after sicknesse so moisture is turned into nourishment of the body Fer. Internall causes sharp burning agues wasting the moisture of the body colour tending to blacke Cappivac 111. Consumption of the body of long continuance whereby the moisture is dried as in sharp agues consumption of the lungs c. Meane proportionable to the drinke received the same day and other daies before or somewhat lesse because some is spent in the body Health CHAP. VII Of the signification of the contents of the Vrine in generall COntents are whatsoever is to be seene in the urine beside colour substance quantity perspecuity and darkenesse and they occupy sometime the top of the urine as spume bubbles circle sometime the highest part or region the whole urine according to his height being devided into three equall parts which are commonly called regions as the cloud nubes sometime the middle region as the sublation or swimme and lastly sometime and that most often the lowest region or sediment as gravell blood seed dust c. as hereafter follow Contents are sometime lacking in the urine and sometimes present Contents want in the urine for five causes 1. For want of matter which should make the contents As in great exercises sweat insensible perspiration hunger fasting laskes purgations either by vomite or stoole emerauds flowers c. also in meats which increase choler or cholericke diseases 2. Corruption of the matter and humors in the body whereby commeth neither nourishment nor excrement Actuar. 3. Crudity and lacke of concoction in whole men by much quaffing or thin small drinke or by diuretike potions which provoke urine Also pissing shortly after drinking before it receive any concoction or mixture with meat whereof contents come In sicke men in whom though humors doe abound yet they doe not issue with the urine but lurke in the veines overloading nature as in chronicall diseases Also in sharp agues in their beginning or increasing great weakenesse of nature not able to expell the contents And indeed in all humorall diseases beginning and increasing the contents are none at all
by sharp quality which lacketh in colde diseases or by great quantity being converted another way and so at length by delay in the body waxeth more coloured and concoct such happeneth in the palsie apoplexy epilepsie phtisicke crampe mortall Haff dropsie mortall or else the liver through debility is not able to separate the blood from the urines as in hepatica passione Salvian 87. Arg. 38. Such also happeneth in the laske bloody flixe Argent 38. mortall Haff cholike iliake mortall Haffurt paine in the reines or else to the place grieved blood and heate are drawne or else choler not descending through the passage betwixt the liver and the guts being obstructed with flegme and winde issueth with the urine Aegid. 11. Agues decaying Fer. Obstructions inflammations scirrous tumors of the gall being the naturall receptacle of choler obstructed the choler issueth at other parts or else that portion of choler which should be voided by stool is here voided by urine Argent 37. as in the jaundise with paine in the necke and short ribs and will colour a linnen cloath put into it Of the spleene and liver as in the dropsie so choler goeth to the urine Relapse or recidivation of the disease if it be made thicke and straight after thin before and after the criticall day because the heate which did at the first expell the disease now is overcome In young men without danger with a good sediment through length of the disease but in old men death not able to detaine the blood Actuar. Chrimson betokeneth great labour and travell in whole men especially in the heate of the Sunne or the fire c. wherby the blood is inflamed and rosted so in an ague Burning ague with thirst watchings cough and other accidents of an ague Actuar. Adustion of choler and turning into melancholy yet not so ill if there bee a good sediment but ill if the contents be ill or none at all and the urine thicke and grosse like a cloud Purple betokeneth the yellow jaundice if it continue long if there be signes of concoction it betokeneth health because the cause of the griefe is voided Affection of the reines onely after Fer. and not of weaknesse of the liver whether the urine be red bloody or crimson and like to the washing of raw flesh which Reus misliketh Abundance of blood sometimes in young men with some heavinesse or weight about the liver and up to the chanell bone or necke bone and here it is not a very evill signe but in old men very evill yea often mortall because they are not able through debility to detaine the blood Blew beating bruising stripes where it is a good signe because the humor is voided But Vasseus was deceived by a woman mixing an oxe gall Reusnerus Extreame cold and mortification extinction of naturall heate if the strength be weake and no signes of concoction besides Great exercise and labour great heate and rosting of the blood Melancholy arising of a dust colour Changing of the bladder from his naturall disposition in old men Strangury at hand in those that have the stone Recovery and health where the patient is mending in declination of the disease or being made on the criticall day Green or rather greenish Argent alone seldome of good hope Mont. Cold extreme mortall if leadish colour and blacke follow successively at divers times pulse feeble in thirst or short breath Cappiv 147. contrary to Reusn. 136. Quotidian ague melancholy a dust yellow jaundice especially with an ague Heate and adustion of humors a long time if greene hath blacke immediately succeeding and not leadish comming betweene and accompanied with great heate in the body thirst ague short breath and some splendent glistring in the urine Oyly not such wherein fat like spiders webs floate but such whose substance is clammy and thicke as oyle or fat molten and being shaken is clammy and heavy as oyle Fernel Good if it be made only after black urine as better succeeding the worse Made on the criticall day in great quantity for so the matter is voided After paine of the reines without an ague especially appearing suddenly with great quantity Dropsie vehement cholike This urine Galen hath often seene without any great hurt following Cappiv 92. Ill in a consumption of the body remedilesse through great imbecility of the parts of the body rising of great distemperature of heate that they cannot containe nourishment which voiding doth give this colour to the urine Reusner And in consumption of the lungs Tertian ague in fat and soft tender bodies Argent Convulsion of drinesse madnesse vomiting continuall thirst heate the tongue scorched c. going before yet if better colours follow better hope Actua Ash colour leadish good in beating bruisings if it settle to the sediment in blacke jaundice because the cause of the griefe is evacuated Ill extreme and mortall heate in hot agues if green colour was made before at other times Contra Cappivac 145. Especially without sediment and other signes of heate Mortall strangury following in a burning ague Extreme and mortifying cold if the colour before was pale and other signes of cold Cappivac 149. The same judgement is of blew colour but that here all things are greater and augmented Thicke substance with colour blacke of cause either externall or internall Externall eating of Cassia Argent 40. c. as before pag. 4. cap. 1. Fall bruisings beatings purgers of melancholy Internall by mixture of some humor as melancholy blood adust or choler adust Mont. 17. Criticall evacuation with ease of the patient after great diseases Quartane declining or rather burning ague long or sharp diseases with bleeding at the nose and sweat on the criticall day els death Actua Child-birth or with child Cap. 151. Womens flowers heretofore stopped and now voided if white or such like went before Splenetike diseases with a tumor in the spleene Chronicall diseases of the backe and matrix of melancholy Melancholy blacke jaundise Wecker Madnesse fury hemmoraudes Reines and bladder troubled with the stone with stincke by breaking some little veines in the reines Other griefes of grosse humors but if there be great heate paine ague want of appetite a posie some dangerous canker carbuncle or naughty ulcers Sal. 97. Symptomaticall extreame and mortall heate and adustion as in sharp agues if greene urine went before or red with heate leannesse and thirst stinke of the urine and small quantity Cappiv 111. 161. 169. Fern Actuar. which may cause a dangerous cramp or convulsion after great labour except it be made on the criticall day Cold if blew green or ash colour urine made before with cold and without stinch a little sediment and united Cappiv 146. Selv. 94. but in this case the urine is rather darke then blacke indeed Mont. vide mercurial varia lect. lib. 2. cap. 11. Blacke urines are mortall in all ages and persons unlesse they come of some cause externall or criticall
froth or bubbles But Argenter misliketh this opinion for that in bastard agues quotians and tertians where both flegme and unnaturall heate abound which might stirre and puffe it up and yet froth doth not alwayes accompany these agues Therefore hee thinketh that froth in the urine is alwayes caused of motion and gives signification of rhewmes and destillations descending from the head into the inferiour parts c. They appeare in the urine being caused either of cause externall or internall Externall cause of fome froth and bubbles 1. Eating of pulse or fruit surfetting Fernel 2. Pissing with some violence into the urinall 3. Shaking of the urinall Aegid. 68. Salvian 144. Internall cause of fome froth or bubbles wherein are considered as in other contents colour quantity substance time of their appearance and their differences Colour of the fome froth and bubbles 1. Diverse Signifieth crudity Aegid. 68. 2. White Raw and flegmaticke matter 3. Saffron Iaundice But mixed with some whitenesse in the middle diseases of the lungs 4. Leade colour or blackish matter adust 5. Blacke Extinction of naturall heate Quantity of the fome c. Much many or thicke together long continuing and scarcely to be abolished with a rods end wrapped about with flax and put into the urine Aegid. 66. and signifieth In whole men Some tough and viscous matter which naturall heate stirreth wherefore good diet must be used least more matter be increased or naturall heate hindred In sicke men if they appeare in the crowne or circle abundance of raw tough matter mixed with ventositie and agitation thereof which may signifie colicke head-ache surfet But if they appeare over the whole face of the urine they signifie weaknesse of the head flux of seed weaknesse of nature through obstructions and raw humors Also if they appeare in the beginning of diseases an ill signe because such agitation is of unnaturall heate and accompanied with other ill signes as weaknes old age feeble pulse winter c. mortall But appearing in the urine after the beginning of diseases with other good signes it is a good signification of health because such agitation is of naturall heate now prevailing against the disease But with other ill signes as ill colour and contents c. it giveth ill signification that such agitation is of unnaturall heate and in weake persons Death but in strong persons Long sicknesse and great danger Week Little quantity of the spume froth bubbles Little or few and dispersed two or three together signifie lesse head-ache and ventosity c. except the colour be yellow for so choler increaseth the griefe Substance of the spume c. Thicke a better signe Thin a worse signe especially in agues signifying great griefe Blas Holler 162. Time of appearance Not appearing at the first and afterwards appearing signifie concoction or declination of an ague As in thicke urine See there Differences of spume froth and bubbles be three 1. Little bubbles granula like pinne-heads or little droppes of quicke-silver descending downewards towards the swimme under the crowne into the body of the urine signifie griefes of the head as rhewme which distilling downe into the inferiour parts of the body as to the nose maketh the pose to the eyes and causeth ophthalmie To the eares making a singing noyse and deafenesse To the pallat of the mouth and maketh the uvula to fall downe To the throat and causeth hoarsenesse To the mouth and causeth exulcerations To the jawes and mandible tooth-ache To the windepipe the cough To the lungs shortnesse of breath to the guts the colike iliake whereof sometime followeth a laske or flixe To the stomacke crudity To the huckle-bone sciatica To the joynts in the hands knees and feet the gout To the reines the nephresie Also the passages by which the rhewme distilleth are many as the arteries backbone and veines also the meat-pipe winde-pipe and sinewes But the rhewme descending from the head by any of these three last doth not necessarily cause bubbles in the urine Weâ— 2. Great bubbles Ampullae signifie griefe in the reines nephritis for the reins being cold and farre distant from the heart the fountaine of heate and rhewmatike matter also cold and heavy and descending downeward is also drawne by the reines and there for want of heate remaineth unconsumed and so breedeth griefe in the reines in urine thin and white bubbles Also according to Rhasis fluxe of blood at the nose If they be round plurisie Gout with rhewme and an ague 3. Spume froth signifie griefe in the middle members of the body as heart liver spleene c. rising of such causes as the colours of the urine shew Fern 453. Windinesse collike In yellow colour the jaundice In leadish oyly and palew the phthisicke But of fome spume and bubbles we can safely gather no generall precept save onely that they signifie abundance of grosse and raw humors which being moved in the body doe cause such spume and bubbles and so consequently length of the disease in strong and lusty persons and death in weake and feeble especially the spume and bubbles long continuing in great quantity Salvian 152. Droppes of fat like spider-webbes droppes of oyle swimming aloft signifie 1. Colliquation or consumption for the most part mortall of the whole body with an ague and then this fat is pissed slowly by little and little at severall times and in smal quantity and well mixed or incorporated into the urine but at the later end of the consumption when the patient is almost spent this fat ceaseth to issue with the urine being already dissolved and voided and the body decaying leane and dry Salvian 2. Colliquation of the reines and bladder onely without an ague the fat being pissed fast suddenly in good quantity at once and not so perfectly mixed with the urine and with paine and heate about the reines Yet Cardan saith that hee himselfe observed small slender spider-webbes in his owne urine every day for 40. yeares together and likewise in many other urines without any hurt at all and therefore he thinketh that these spider-webbes which signifie colliquation must be greater Salvian 164. 3. Inflamation of the liver 4. Criticall evacuation in concoction and declination of the disease of some humor offending whereby some fat member receiveth hurt and so part of his fat is dissolved Salvian 5. Oyle drunken Fernel CHAP. IX Of the smell of Vrine SMell of urine is either none at all 2. or sweet 3. or stinking No smell at all signifieth extreame and mortall cold in sharp diseases especially if stinking urines were made before and no ease of the patient succeedeth Salvian 60. Vassae 60. Argent Montanus 2. Sweet smell of the urine is either of cause externall or internall Externall cause as 1. Perfuming of the urine after it is made with muske junipet sylphium laserpitium styrax rosen of larch tree
or other perfume Fernel Bertin 2. Eating of turpentine c. because it is not easily changed in the body by reason of his viscosity nor draweth any store of matter with it Argent 60. Salvian 60. c. Montanus thought that by eating of sweet smelling things the urine should stincke and contrariwise by eating of stinking things the urine should have a sweet smell whom Argenterin confuteth For garlike stinketh and being eaten maketh the urine also stinke and contrary turpentine hath of himselfe a good smell which being taken into the body giveth the same smell to the urine Internall cause as Dominion of good blood not putrefied 3. Ill or stinking smell is likewise of cause externall or internall Externall cause as 1. Perfuming it with stinking perfumes as assafetida galbanum sagapenum smoke of burnt feathers brimstone c. 2. Eating of Carduus benedictus because it doth moove and stirre up the humors and converteth them to the passages of urine of rue onyons annise-seed garlike rotten cheese stalkes of sperage fenell fengreeke c. Argent Salvian 98. Aegid. 11. Fernel vide P. Apon in problem Arist. 2. 14. Internall cause Mens urines according to the diverse constitutions of the bodies from whence they come are in severall degrees of better or worse smell for those who have abundance of pure blood and other humors according to their naturall disposition free from putrefaction and expell their excrements both universall and particular in due time and quantity and have a moderate use of the sixe things not naturall doe make urine as all other excrements lesse stinking yet somewhat ordinarily because urine as all other excrements come of impure matter and in mens bodies which be moist and subject to putrefaction Yet not in all bodies stinking ill seeing it is concoct Argent And though it is too base for the Physitian yea sometimes dangerous to put his nose to the urine to discerne the stinch thereof yet the knowledge hereof hath good use amongst other differences of urine yea in demonstrating putrefaction ulcers and impostumes in mans body is to be preferred before all other Argent But to come to the matter againe Stinking urines are evermore an argument of putrefaction 1. either of the humours 2. or solid and substantiall parts of mans body Which you may distinguish thus for if the putrefaction be in the humors onely the stinke began lately and the urine is thicke or troubled and chanceth by one of these three waies either for that the humors 1. Breed crudity through want of heat as in those which are full of ill humors as flegme and melancholy because they make the urine thicker and being cold not provoking the vessels to expulsion they stay longer in the body and breed putrefaction 2. Stay too long in the body as in the strangury dysury stone when the sediment is full of filth and paine in pissing so in exulcerations or impostumes of the reines or bladder and gonorrhoea the urine white and thicke and the sediment full of matter Fernel Salvian 99. so in creticall evacuations of impostumes and inflamations with ease of the patient and signes of concoction 2. Are infected with the plague in a confused and troubled red urine with little motes much dispersed With morbus gallicus with sandy and gravelly red contents But if the putrefaction be in the solid and substantiall parts of mans body as the liver spleene veines c. it is with paine and in urine rather thin then thicke and the stinch of long continuance for which causes there is great danger for thin urine seldome stinketh for want of putrefied humours and excrements And stinch long continuing sheweth that the putrefaction is entred into the habit of the body Cappivac 112. Argenter Some say that the urine stinketh in some sharp agues and diseases which Salvian denieth save only in the plague CHAP. X. Of the manner of pissing MAnner of pissing is either hard and uneasie or else involuntary Painfull hard and uneasie pissing is either because that the 1. Vrine is too sharp as in the strangury by mixture of some sharp humours as salt flegme choler purulent matter or by ill diet or some hot distemperature in the veins as in sharp and continuall agues or some criticall evacuations Or when the glandulous parts about the bladder are dried up by immoderate venery disease or medicine which should mitigate the sharpnesse of the urine 2. Vessels of urine reines bladder yard either too weake or troubled with exulcerations by which urine passing causeth paine and smarting 2. Also with impostumes swellings gatherings in which the urine is first white then filthy and lastly rotten 3. With inflammations whereof followeth vomiting of choler continuall ague and paine in the reines Bertin 4. With obstruction of the stone and gravell as you may read pag. 64. Of tough and clammy humors and ventositie distending the vessels 5. With distemperature of heate and drinesse 6. With convulsion of sphincter the muscle shutting the necke of the bladder or of the sinewes adjoyning 3. Blood or the wombe is inflamed 4. Guts or the wombe distended with tumors or ventositie as in the colicke whereby the reins and emulgent veins are pressed and straitned In voluntary pissing when one maketh urine unwittingly or against his wil which happeneth either for that the 1. Vessels of urine bladder reines c. have their retentive faculty hurt weakned or decaied as in the Apoplexy falling sicknesse paulsey Or when the muscle sphincter shutting the necke of the bladder Or sinewes comming from the backe serving thereto are hurt by fall beating wound c. Or made feeble and weake by cold distemperature or by too much moisture in children or drinesse in old men whereby the aforesaid muscle and sinewes cannot detaine their urine but many times they bepisse their bed So in great and sudden feare when the blood heate and spirits fly to the heart and inward parts whereby the outward parts and those which be far distant from the heart are destitute of blood heate and spirits so men suddenly terrified and astonied not only void urine but other excrements against their will Likewise in the pissing ill the urine white and much and the patient thirsty and the body decaying See before cap. 5. 2. Principall Agent the braine not directing the animall faculty nor communiting it the sinewes and muscles of the vessels of urine whereupon they cease from their function and let the urine passe away by drops as they receive it as in mad men raving doting in sharp diseases but if there be other signes of concoction it signifieth criticall fluxe of blood at the nose because the matter being drawn up to the braine and yet signes of recovery must be voided at the nose Salv. 113. CHAP. XI Of suppression of urine VRine is suppressed in whole men being occupied in some importunate busines as pleading at the barre preaching reading c. Also sleeping whereby they
cannot be at leisure or else forget and so for a space their urine is wholly suppressed but in processe of time must needs have issue neither is it in mans free choyce alwaies to suppresse his urine though for a time he may For it is not simply a voluntary action as speaking and walking is c. but mixt partly voluntary partly naturall as cough neesing vomit belching sighing respiration c. whereto we refer evacuation by stool and urine c. but seeing this suppression of urine doth neither give signification of sicknesse nor health we leave further to speake of it Suppression of urine in sicke men is either because the 1. Vessels of urine are weake and not able either to draw the matter of urine or to expell it being made 2. Watery humor the materiall cause of urine is wanting as in want of drinke or moist meats 2. Or else is converted another way as in the dropsie Argenter laskes c. But in these cases the urine is rather little then none at all See little quantity of urine before cap. 6. 3. Or is obstructed and stopped that it cannot haue issue either by some tumor or inflamation accompanied with swelling paine an ague c. or of schirrous swelling without paine or ague or impostume with paine or an ague or lastly some fleshly substance descending from some ulcer with some blood and small fragments of flesh voiding with the urine and a syringe put up at the yard into the necke of the bladder and removing the fleshy fragments away the urine presently issueth or with the stone and then gravell was voided before or by clods of blood remaining after some issue of blood or by some purulent matter proceeding from an ulcer or lastly by some thicke and grosse humors or filth and corruption descending from the veines liver or other superiour members which suppression of urines in agues especially continuall signifieth death more certainly then any other signe in the urine In this case Argenterius scarcely ever knew any escape death unlesse the fault be in the reines or bladder Arg. 89. 4. Or when the bladder is so distended by too great quantity of urine too long kept that it cannot unburden it selfe thereof Wecker in Ischuria and therefore it is convenient to pisse as often as need requireth and not to keep it too long for thereof ariseth suppression of urine that we speake of and somtime the stone or difficulty in pissing and sometime the dropsie neither on the other side do I commend their practise who like dogs are still pissing for besides many other inconveniences they bring their vessels of urine to such an ill custome that in old age when the retentive faculty through want of heate decaying they can scarcely hold their urine but it will issue from them against their will But I wish all men to void their excrements both by stoole for being too long kept in the body they annoy the head by their stinking fume ascending breed ventosities wringing in the guts cholike c. and by urine that they may follow their ordinary course of life for therefore nature hath appointed muscles to the neck of the bladder and seat that men may at their pleasure detaine their excrements for some space Placotomus de tuenda valitudine 2. Sometime the greater guts are so obstructed through tough and viscous flegme that the meat and drink concocted in the stomacke cannot come to the liver to receive further concoction and separation of urine Holl. lib. 1. cap. 47. de morbis internis 4. Sometime the backebone is bruised broken or hath some dislocation in the joynts that thereby the vessels of urine cannot performe their duty Wecker CHAP. XII Of what parts of the body urine giveth signification VRine giveth signification of diseases of such parts of the body 1. Whence it receiveth matter wherof it is made colour substance contents darknesse perspecuity smell as the stomacke guts mesaraicall veines and all other parts of the body for the materiall cause of urine is drinke or other liquor which in the stomacke is accurately mixed and incorporated together with the meat and made one substance and white juice called of the physitians Chylas which descending into the winding capacity of the guts is separated partly into excrement and partly nourishment For the purer part thereof is sucked of the mesaraicall veines and conveyed thence to vena porta and at length to the liver where being converted into blood and the excrementitions parts thereof sequestred and sent to their proper receptacles as choler to the gall melancholy to the spleene and the watry thin part to the reines but not all for some part thereof together with the blood which it maketh thinner for more easie conveyance is distributed into every member of the body From whence so much as is not spent in the body or evaporated out by sweat or insensible perspiration returneth backe againe the same way to the liver whence it is drawn of the emulgent veines and descendeth to the reines and bladder Therefore urine is not onely made of that watery substance which is drawne from the liver but also from the greater and lesse veines and from the whole body As hee may easily and plainly perceive by experience who will for three or foure dayes together either receive no drinke at all or but little The urine therefore that is neither too thin by much quaffing nor otherwise polluted by mixture of other impurities doth manifestly shew the state and constitution of the humors which are in the liver and greater veines And also though not so manifestly in the smaller veines and all other parts of the body Fernel 2. Where it is made as the liver and the hollow veine 3. By which it passeth as the emulgent veines reines and water conduits 4. Wherein it stayeth as the bladder with his muscles and sinewes 5. By which it is expelled as the yard 6. Which doe deprive it of any colour substance perspecuity darkenesse quantity contents or smell as when it is not made or being made is not attracted or not expelled or obstructed and stopped in the vessels that it cannot have passage to be voided as by rumors grosse humors stone gravell inflammations ulcers impostumes flesh growing winde or through weaknesse distemperature fractures ruptures dislocations wounds of the vessels of urine either primary in themselves or by consent of others c. Or being made is converted another way as to the head in phrensies to the stomacke in vomitings to the belly in dropsies to the guts in lasks to the mother in fluxe of tearmes to the cods in ruptures to the joynts in sciatica gout to the parts weak grieved inflamed apostomated c. 7. Which doe exonerate themselves by urine as the head in rhewmes phrensies c. The throat in the squinsie the lungs in inflammations the solid parts in a consumption the spleene in melancholike diseases the veines or arteries broken in pissing of blood
internall whereof they all arise 109. Diseases of choler 66. Diseases of flegme 30. Diseases of melancholy 30 66. Diseases of the breast 33. Diseases of the liuer 22 23. Diseases of the lungs 86. Diseases of the mother 30 73. Diseases of the spleene 33 22 43 71 68. Diseases of the veines 23. Diseases sharp 43. 33. Diseases mortall vide death Discenteries 14. Dissolution of the reines 63. Dissolution of the whole body ibid. Distemperature of heate 34 46. Distemperature of humors 34 Distemperature of blood 34 Drinking too much 29 45 51 52. Drinking too little 48. Dropsie 13 30 35 37 41 46 99. Dropsie mortall vide death E Eating dry meats 48. Eating immoderately 29 Eating of turpentine 90. Eating of strong smelling things 92. Emeraudes 14 51 66 71. Epilepsie 37. Epilepsie mortall vide death Evacuation 28 Evacuation criticall 10 22 43 46 68 90 93. Evacuation symptomaticall 22 43 46. Exercise great 28 50 40. Exercisesmall 29. Exulceration mortall vide death F Falling evill 53 71 83 99. Fasting 50. Feare 96. Felons 13. Fistula 66. Flixes 34 37 46 49. Flixes mortall vide death Flegme abounding 20 34 81 86. Flegmatike complexion 9 33. Flegmatike diseases 36. Flowers issuing 63. Flowers stopped 43 71 85. Fluxe of seed 35 62 63 66 93. French pockes 66 70 71. Frensie 13 32 33 62 84. Frensies mortall vid. death G Gall obstructed 38. Gall inflamed 38. Gout 14 16 30 66 72 90. Gluttony 12. Gravell vide sand H Head cold and dry 83. Head affected 89. Head weake 88. Head-ache 36 80 82 83 87 89. Head-ache present 22. Head-ache to come 22. Head-ache by abundance of choler blood or melancholy 83. Health impaired 18 33. Health 32 39 40 50 49 78. Heate naturall plentuous 19 47 81. Heate naturall wanting 18 27 56 57. Heate naturall extinct 16 40 54 87. Heate unnaturall 16 19 28 37 55 81 87. Heate natuall in the liver 47. Heate natuall in the reines 28 47 66. Heate natuall in the vessels of urine 28. Heate natuall in the whole body 28. Heate mortall 40. vide death Humors abounding 18. Humors adust 40 66. Humors clammy 13. Humors good 19. Humors moved 60. Humor flegmaticke abounding 20 34 81 86. Humor offending maligne 28. Humor raw abounding 34 57 61 86 90. Humor thin 85. Hunger 28 51. Hydrocele 14 49. I Iaundice 23 86 90. Iaundice yellow 39. Iaundice blacke 40. Iaundice blacke with a good signe 40. Iliake 38. Iliake mortall vide death Inflammations 5. Inflammations of the gall 38. Inflammations of the liver 38 59. Inflammations of the bladder 59 48. Inflammations of the water-conduits 48. Inflammations of the spleene 38. Impostumes 13 27 31 49 51 39 95. Impostumes breaking 22 35. Impostumes of the lungs 62. Iudgement of urines how to bee given 107 108 109 110 111. L Labour 28 33 38 40. Laskes 14 37 46 49 51. Laskes mortall Leprosie 66. Lethargy 22. Liver cold 12 47. Liver diseased 22 33. Liver exulcerated 61. Liver hot 47 66 69. Liver obstructed 13 55. Liver pained 96 69. Liver weakned 37 55 68. Loynes bruised 36. Loosenesse 14. Lungs diseased 86. M Madnesse 42 43 81. Matter adust 87 Matter tough 87 Measils 13 49 72. Melancholy 39 42. Melancholy adust 40. Melancholy indigested 30. Melancholy evacuated 55. Melancholike complexion 10 83 34. Mother diseased 30 73. N Nature weakned 16. Nephresie 13. O Obstructions 51 96. Obstructions of the bladder 58 Obstructions of the emulgent veins 58 Obstructions of the gall 38. Obstructions mortall vide death Obstructions of the liver 13 30 38 55. Obstructions of the reines 13 30 58 Obstructions of the veines 13. Obstructions of the vessels of urine 13 30 58 96. Oyle drunken 90. P Paine in the joynts 66. Paine of the heart 90. Paine of the liver 90. Paine of the middle-parts 90. Paine of the spleene 90. Paulsie 30 37 48 71 96. Paulsie mortall vide death Perfuming 91. Pissing evill 26 47 63 97. Pissing what motion 97. Plague 72 94. Pleurisie 62. Pocks french 66 78 72. Pocks small 53 49 33 68. Pocks mortall vide death Pose 43. Pthisicke 37 90. Pthisicke mortall 37. Purgations 49. Purgations by stoole 51 by vomit ibid. Pursines 6â— 91. Putrefaction 23 92. Putrefaction of the humors liver solide parts spleene veines 94. Q Quartane ague 22 24 43 52 64. Quotidian ague 33 50. R Recidivarion 13 30 37 Reines affected 36. bruised 36. distempered 96. exulcerated 15 22 61 63 66 93 96. fretted 37 65. hot 28 47 66. obstructed 13 31 63. too open 15. too weake 12 69. troubled with humors 22. with ach 22 66 71. uncleane 15 68. Rhewme 62 72 89. S Sand 23 63. Sanguine complexion 10 68. Scabbednesse of the bladder 60. Scabbednesse of the body 60. Sciatica 17 14 61. Scirrous humors of the spleene 38. Seed abounding 70. flowing 35 62 63 66 63. sharp 70. virulent 70. waterish 70. Semitertian 73. Separation of raw humors 35. Sicknesse continuing 60 88. ending 34. sharp 60. Signe best in an urine to judge by 110. Signe evill in beginning of sicknes 18 56. Signe evill in a thicke substance 56 41. Signe evill in ash colour 40. Signe evill in the cloud of the urine 80. Signe good in agues 55. Signe good in agues ending 35. Signe good in the cloud of urines 80. Signe good in jaundice blacke 40. Signe good in state of a disease 33 16. Signe good in sicknes declining 56 88. Smell of urine whereof it gives best signification 110. Squinsie 62. Slimy moisture 31. Spermatike vessels slippery 71. Spermatike vessels weake 71. Spleene diseased 22 33 42 71 94. Spleene pained 90. Stomacke cold 12 47. raw 61. windy ibid. Suppression of urine of what it gives best signification 110. Stone 13 35 37 43 48 63 64 65 66 63 96 99. Stone in the bladder 43 61 64 66 68. Stone in the reines 43 61 63 68. Strangury 40 61 63 93 95. Strangury mortall vide death Surfetting 12 29. Sweat much 48 50. Swimming in the head 30. T Tenasmus 61. Tertian 24 33 34 37. 41 52 68. Thirst 99. Tongue scorched 42. Turpentine eaten 90. V Veines abounding with grosse humors 22. broken 36 55 68 96. diseased 23. obstructed 13 31. orifice opened 67. thin and full of pores 68. too open 36. too weake 67 96. widened 36 68. Veternus 22. Vlcers 9. Vpbraidings 13. Vomiting of blood 70 Vrine of which part it gives signification 101 102 103. Vrine how it is made in the body ibid. Vrine conduits obstructed 13 30 58 96. Vrine instruments exulcerated 35. Vrine vessels benummed Vrine vessels exulcerated 17 61 56 65 66. Vrine vessels to open 15. Vrine vessels to weake 12 48 98. Vrine staying too long in the body 37. W Want of matter 50 57. Wasting of the body 28. Watching 27 33 39 50 81. Weaknes of the body 37. Weaknes of the head 88. Windines 54 78 80 83 85 90. Y Yard too open 15. Yard exulcerated 15. FINIS The urinal Physitian Vrine 1. Collection Things which hinder judgement Principall differences of the urin Lesse principall differences The best urine simply The best urine in respect of age Sexe Time of the yeare Kâ—nde of Life Complexion Thin substance Obstruction Crudity Conclusion of the humor Thick substance Mean substance Cleare urine Dark urine Crudity Crudity through suffocation Obstruction CoÌ„version of the humors Milk white Pale flaxen Palew yellow citrine Light saffroÌ„ saffron Thicke substance White Milk white Horne white Claret Red like cherries Crimson Purple Blew Greene alone Green oyly Ash colour Blacke A generall note Much quantity Little quantity Meane quantity Contents wanting for five causes Contents sometimes good and somtimes ill White Pale SaffroÌ„ c. Bloody Blew Greene Blacke Meane Thicke Thin Much Little Meane Popinjay greene Spider webs Red vetches Plates scales Thin Fine meale Raw humor Rotten matter Haires or filaments Cravell sand A profitable history of the stone A grâ—vell note against such sand Wormes Blood clods of blood Seed Dust Motes Divers opinions about womens conception Whether male or female Contents in the middle region or swimme Cloud White Red Blacke White cloud Smoake Leadish Greene Saffron White Claret Flaxen Yellow Crowne trembling Fome froth bubbles Externall cause Internall cause Diverse White Saffron Leadish Blacke Much Little Thicke Thin Time of appearance Granula Ampullae Spume foame Note Drops of oyle or fat Spider-webs No smell Sweet smell Ill or stinking smell Putrefaction of humors Putrefaction of solid parts Note Painefull pissing Involuntary pissing Suppression of urine in sicke men Concoct urine Crude urine Vrin crude and dangerous Considerations fit for practise Three causes of internall diseases Which difference of urine is to bee preferred in certainty of signification and wherein Smell Suppression Colours Contents How the urine altereth in diseases How the colour altereth How the substance altereth How the contents alter
is no such labour or cause of doubt for we may see it and consider well of it for many houres together and find no alteration therein And of this Hippocrates Galen Aegideus Actuarius Avicen and infinite others in all ages have delivered precepts and gathered judgements and therefore as a part of physicke better knowne and of more certainty then the pulse I have in this short Treatise handled divided into his differences and to every difference I have added his judgment together with a reason thereof And in many places I have more especially distinguished it not onely by other differences of the urine but also by other accidents of the disease it selfe As for example pag. 47. one signification of much urine is a consumption of the whole body whereto I have added other signes by the urine as that it is somewhat fatty in colour palew reddish high coloured and without other signs of concoction And hereof I presently annexe this cause for so the profitable fat moisture humors and substantiall parts of the body are molten dissolved and voided by urine The rest I leave to the diligence of the studious reader who with smal consideration may easily conceive the same And here I would make an end but that I thinke it not amisse in few words to shew the generation of urine in mans body and the vessels thereto belonging The meat and drinke received by the mouth and descending downe into the stomacke and there concocted together incorporated and made one substance chylus and thence passing by an issue in the bottome of the stomacke pylorus to the first gut duodenum and from thence to the hungry gut ieiunum from thence againe five of the eight mesaraicall veines sucke so much as is profitable nourishment the rest being unprofitable for nourishment is voided by stoole which againe is conveyed into vena porta and at length after many purifications and concoctions in the parts before mentioned to the liver where it is converted into blood and thence sent into the hollow veine where it is againe more purified the excrementitious parts being sequestred separated and sent to other places as the choler to the gall melancholy to the spleen and the watery or wheyish part to the emulgent or sucking veines from whence againe it is drawne of the reines where it is altered perfectly into urine which as unprofitable descendeth into the water-conduits ureteres and thēce into the bladder which at length at a mans pleasure by help of the muscle shutting the necke of the bladder is voided out by the yard Yet some part of this thin wheyish humor is not after this sort conveyed from the liver to the bladder but as I have shewed cap. 12. is together with the blood in the veines derived into all parts of the body and at length returning backe againe the same way is expelled by the yard Seeing then urine passeth through so many vessels and receiveth so many concoctions and preparations before it can be expelled it must needs admit many alterations And yet we see by daily experience that great drinkers those which drinke some diuretike potion and especially those who are troubled with the pissing evill doe pisse out presently after drinke not concoct nor much altered from the drinke received Hereof Galen 3. de facult. nat. cap. 15. yeeldeth these reasons The great desire of the stomack to receive drinke the thin piercing and subtle substance of the drinke speedily running into all parts the widenesse of the passages and lastly the strong attractive faculty of the reines all which concurring together doe cause the drinke received so quickly to passe through the parts of the body without any great alteration Yet some the better to satisfie these doubts have devised and by arguments laboured to confirme a readier and shorter course for the drinke received to passe to the reins by the wind-pipe great artery aorta emulgent veines and bladder But because this opinion is so contrary to the reputed and received truth of Hippocrates Galen and all Physitians as also that it imagineth another free passage beside the meat-pipe through the wind-pipe and lungs whereas we find by experience that a little dust in travelling or a crum of bread in eating falling into the same is ready to choke a man as a kernell of a raison did Anacreon the Poet and that therefore nature hath ordained a cover for the wind-pipe epiglottis lest in eating or drinking something should passe that way And the Physitians doe forbid much talke or disputation at meat lest the cover being opened thereby should let somthing passe that way I cease further to commend it Of the instruments and parts by which urine is engendred and passeth marke this figure following A. is the liver B. the hollow veine C. veines by which the reins doe draw the urine and therfore bee called the sucking veines venae emulgentes D. the reines E. The water-pipes ureteres F. is the bladder G. the spout of the yard All other parts beside appertaine to generation and seed A perfit forme of the urinall wherein the urine according to his height is divided into three regions for the distinction of the three contents mentioned Chap. 7 8. 1 2 3 4. the lowest region for the sediment 5 6 7 8. the middle region for the swimme 9 10 11 12. the uppermost region for the cloud In the top whereof the black line going through the thicknes of the urinal is the circle or crown CHAP. I. Of generall considerations in judgement of Vrines IVdgements of an urine are considered in respect of the urinall of the Physitian of the urine it self 1. In respect of the urinal which ought not to bee of any colour for so it would alter the apparent colour of the urine Not strait or broad beneath which alter the contents Not open in the top for so dust or other filth might fall in aire cold or heat might soone alter it Not stopped with Woollen or Linnen for so lint or Cotten might fall in Not too neere nor too far off for the substance too neere might appeare thicker and too farre off thinner Aegid. 10. Argent 91. contrariwise in Wine and Vineger Capivac 88. Not uncleane within The Vrinall therefore ought to be a cleare glasse or pure chrystall without any colour at all or notable thicknesse Broad round and oblonge below and straiter above conically ascending like to a mans bladder which it representeth that a fit place may remaine for the fashion of the sediment and stopped at the top with leather paper c. that nothing fall in nor ayre easily get in 2. In respect of the Physitian who may not see the urine in a place either too darke or by candle-light for so the colour will appeare altered Or else too light as the Sunne-beames make the colour more remisse Therefore put your hand or a blacke cloth betwixt the light and the Vrinall on the opposite part of the Vrinall that
the colour and contents may bee the better discerned and your eyes be not dazaled with the light 3. In respect of the urine it selfe wherein are considered 1. Collection 2. Things that hinder judgement 3. Differences Collection 1. When nourishment is perfectly digested which is commonly that which is first made in the morning after the nights sleep For that which is made lately after eating or drinking or fit of an ague hath neither colour consistence nor contents being not concoct Argent 91. 2. Take the whole urine and not the part so much as is made at one time but mingle not urines made at severall times but keep them severall both for quantity colour and contents 3. When the urine is new made and yet warme it is best to see the colour substance and perspecuity at what time you may see also the quantity and smell 4. When it is setled in the Vrinall fully it is best to see the contents and bubbles You may well also then see the substance Actuar Fernel 452. 5. Let it not be kept past sixe houres for being longer kept it waxeth corrupt Arg. 91. ex Avicenna 6. Yet it is good to see the urine lately made and oftentimes after to observe the perseverance or alteration of the substance froth and perspecuity c. Salvian 222. Things which hinder judgement 1. Much shaking of it or pouring it out of one vessell into another 2. Cold or winde to congeale it and make it turne thicke as in Winter but being chafed at the fire it returneth again except it be too long kept Cap. 2. 3. Winde to move or shake it 4. Placed in the heate of the Sunne or neere the fire whereby that which is thin and subtile is drawne out and the rest remaineth thicke dreggy and so sometimes the urine that was made thicke and troubled by great heate of the fire waxeth cleere and the spume or bubble vanisheth away which otherwise would continue Salvian 227. 5. Meats and drinks lately taken before alter the colour quantity substance and smell sometimes 6. Medicines taken as Rheubarb Saffron Cinnamon broth of Cherries make the urine yellow Cassia blackish Oyle of Bay Henbane or Vnguentum Martiatum anointed sena rubia maior Cantharides applied to any part of the body reddish 7. Exercise fasting watching labour anger feare vomiting sweating purging c. alter the colour substance quantity contents 8. Reines or Bladder affected hinder the judgement of the inner parts Fernel Differences are either principall in the urine or lesse principall Principall are 1. Substance Cap. 2. 2. Quality and that either first as heate exceeding perceived by the patient in making it as in inflammation of the liver or by the Physitian touching the urinall with his hand 2 Heate moderate or temperate 3 Deficient or under temperate Or second quality perceived 1. by sight as perspicuity light through or darke and troubled Cap. 3. Colour Cap. 4. Taste but that being too base for the Physitian we leave to speake of it Smell Cap. 9. 3 Substance and colour joyntly Cap. 5. 4 Quantity Cap. 6. 5 Contents wanting three regions sediment swim cloud where we also consider substance colour quantity Cap. 7. 8. Contents deformed Contents duely knit Lesse principall which though they doe not immediately helpe to judge of the urine yet they declare the nature of the urine and griefs of the body Such arise from the causes as choler melancholy sleep watching diseases From the effects signifying health death griefes of the stomacke head liver breast veines From the manner of pissing Cap 10. From suppression of urine Cap. 11. The best urine simply in a perfect and absolute temperate whole man which is the rule of all the rest is that which is made without heate as in burning agues Capivac 83. without cold Capivac 11. paine or stinch Of colour palew or light saffron perspicuous moderately Capivac 113. Of substance meane Of quantity likewise meane like to the former dayes urine and proportionable to the drinke received yesterday and other daies before and somewhat lesse because some is spent and wasted in the body Having contents white smooth equall setling downe to the bottome of the urinall not having bubbles filaments or any other evill contents Having sediment likewise white smooth equall pyramidally ascending nor tattered ragged or dispersed neither cleaving together so but that they depart asunder the urinall being shaken and ascend lightly without trouble of the urine And all these thus continuing long Montan. 46. B. The best urine in respect of age sexe time of the yeare kinde of life complexions is as followeth 1 First for children urine is best of substance thicke For thin is lethall Salvian 33. 206. 2 Of quantity much 3 Of colour white a little by continuall feeding on milke Salv. 204. or because choller or bloud to colour the urine resteth or is drowned by too much moisture Also by debility long sleep much rest which because they cannot well move increaseth moisture and decaieth heate 2 The best for springalls hath sediment heaped and increased substance thicke but rather inclining to thinne Colour yellow or light saffron blacke deadly Salvian 93. contents moe then in men 3 For men that which is set down first for a perfect rule of the rest 4 For old men with substance thin colour white sediment little 5 For women whole In substance rather thicke then thin darke troubled with many things swimming in it not so cleere as in men In colour declining from light or palew towards white with some darknesse Quantity much Sediment impure much thicker and whiter then in mens urine Distinction between men and womens urine is easily knowne by often comparing them together Fernel 6 In respect of the time of the yeare best urine beginning in the spring of colour white and pale quantity greater contents more thicker and more raw In the spring proceeding colour from pale and flaxen to palew and light contents meane substance equall In summer beginning colour palew and light saffron substance thinner sediment thinner white smooth equall In Summer proceeding colour yellow saffron substance very thin sediment little thinne and declining to white In Autumne beginning sediment little yet without fault In Autumne proceeding all meane In Winter beginning colour white substance thicker Fernel Contents moe and rawer In Winter proceeding colour white quantity greater contents moe and cruder 7 In respect of the kinde of life as wherein there is much exercise fasting anger maketh commotion of spirits and humours watching meats of hot operation the urine is more coloured and sediments fewer at the beginning as long as those passions doe inflame the heate of the body and there is moisture which may be kindled but that failing and the heate languishing and decaying the colour waxeth more and more remisse again Argent 36. Salvian 71. so in agues beginning the urine is white after that heate increasing yellow and red and
of unnaturall heat symptomaticall and ill and other ill signes joyned withall as feeble pulse old age Winter weaknes it is mortall except in diseases of choler and bloud which are soon concocted Arg. 29. but with good signes as youth strength good sediment continuance of the disease not desperate Weck 13. Sal. 36. 138. Cap. 100. State a better signe because now naturall heat beginning to prevaile doth separate and expell humors which nourish the disease in strength of the patient and other good signes otherwise that unnaturall heat putrefactive beginneth to move the humors as chanceth often in pestilentiall agues Weck 13. Declining if thinne water was made before some daies and after it is made it cleareth in the Vrinall Sal. 201. when as naturall heate hath made some concoction and so expelleth the humor offending especially being made on the criticall day it is a very good signe for thus many diseases are cured as the sciatica gout Sal. 37. paine in the joynts And when the humour offending is expelled and the patient recovered the urine returneth to his colour and meane consistence againe Arg. 25. But if it waxe thin and white too suddenly or hastily before the humor be expelled and the patient recovered it seemeth the humor is converted another way where it makes an impostume drawing to a head or to the braine as before in thin urine looke immediately before in thicke humor which cleareth of it selfe Meane urine neither so thin as water neither so thicke as beasts water but as white Wine or cleere Ale which waxeth thicke in the glasse through cause externall as cold or longer standing for so in Winter urines turne sooner then in Summer and being neere the fire or heate returne againe except the naturall heate of the urine be totally extinct by too long standing or by being in too hote a place as the sun or too long by the fire or in warme water whereby the heate and spirit of the urine is dissipated rarified and evaporated out of the urine Argent 47. These two returne not Or through cause internall Videl. 1. want of naturall heate as old mens urines and those that are in recovery of their health doe easily change and waxe thicke and being chafed at the fire returne again except they have stood long c. 2. Abundance of humors which nature can neither concoct nor detaine but is almost suffocated therewith as their urines which have crammed themselves with meat drink are more easily turned and waxe thicke And both these in whole men doe signifie health impaired because heate hath entred into some raw matter in the veines and cleareth it by rarifying the parts thereof which heate and spirits being expelled by externall cold the urine becommeth thick Wecker In sicke men in the beginning ill because the concoction is of unnaturall heate After the beginning with other good signes concoction of naturall heate but with ill signes crudity of unnaturall heate But if the urine continue meane in the glasse and yet after it hath setled the thicker part falleth to the sediment it signifieth good concoction in the stomacke liver veines and lively naturall heate Fernel 449. CHAP. III. Of clearenesse and darknesse of Vrine VRine is also either perspicuous light through or cleare through which a man may discerne his knockles Record and is not all one with thin urine for white wine is thin and yet often darke and not light through Distilled wine is thin in substance yet troubled and darke This signifieth in whole men if it be moderately perspicuous perfit digestion good humors abundance of naturall heat which at length doth separate and distinguish the hypostasis In sicke men if it be too cleare and saffron colour signifieth yellow choler unnaturall heate as in agues Weck More remisse or darker crude and white flegmatike and watry matter and signifieth cold crudity and continuance of the disease and the more coloured the better Cappivac 113. But in judgement of cleere and perspicuous urine in sicke persons we must alwaies consider how their urine was in their health For if it be the same urine that was in their health it signifieth no ill but if it change from lesse cleare to more cleare and in colour saffron then choler is augmented in white colour flegme and contrariwise Or that is darke troubled not light through through which one cannot see his knockles is not all one with thicke urine as Galen thought Salvian For fish-glew horne white of an egge oyle and glasse molten and blackish wine are thick in substance yet cleare perspicuous or light through Fern 450. 1. Hereof are three kindes whereof the first is darke accidentally by outward cold after it is made as by cold ayre cold water winter and this of all other is most thicke and darke and doth staine the Vrinall especially in the crowne or top with a certaine white clammy thin humor which being chasted at the fire or in warme water returneth to it selfe againe as it was made except it hath stood too long Cappivac 107. whereby the inward heate of the urine is wholly extinguished But that some urines more some lesse some sooner some later some scarcely at all waxe dreggy thicke troubled and darke is to be imputed to the impurity and want of heate in the urine it selfe and outward cold extinguishing the internall heate rarifying dispersing and drawing out the spirits and naturall heate of the urine which being dissolved the urine waxeth troubled thicke and darke Argent 47. and this hath small signification in judgement of urines saving in sharpe diseases it signifieth beginning of concoction Fernel 450. The other two kinds are darke when they are first made Dreggy urine and confused urine 2. Dreggy urine is whose substance of it selfe or by some internall mixture is thicke and such as come often from filthy and uncleane reines and this by chafing at the fire or other heate cannot be altered and made cleere and hath many meates flying floating and swimming in the urine which by standing settle down to the bottome and becommeth a thicke residence whereby the rest of the urine waxeth cleere And this is like to wine troubled with mixture of dregges such commeth from the reines or bladdder troubled with humors which urine bringeth forth with it new ulcer blood old ulcer rotten purulent and filthy matter Those which bee troubled with ache in their reines make usually such urines through blood matter or other filthy impurity Veines abounding with grosse humors which naturall heate can scarcely concoct and so some part is voided hereof rise long diseases head-aches present or to come and if it continue long lethargy or veternus Criticall evacuation suddenly made after long obstruction of the veines liver reines spleene in whole men after exercise in sick men in declination of diseases especially in long continuing agues as quartane and in diseases of the liver spleene and breaking sorth impostumes with ease of the patient Symptomaticall
or little because nature as yet hath made no concoction or separation and in the state of the disease commonly contents are very few But in declination nature recovering her selfe and prevailing against the disease the contents cloud swimme and sediment also returne except in cholericke diseases where the cloud is sufficient Cappivac 67. 67. Also in deficient agues beginning the contents want as in a tertian in thicke substance and yellow colour but if ash colour death followeth In a quartane the urine is thin and white In a quotidian thin white and waterish 4. Conversion of the humor another way as in impostumes in cold weather weake bodies and injudicable state of the disease In inflamations which draw the contents and humors to them In parts weake or grieved whether humors fall as before in thin urine Looke there cap. 2 pag. 13. 14. 5. Obstruction in white and thin urines with signes of concoction or without crudity See cap. 2. pag. 13. 14. Lesse to be dispraised if the colour and substance bee good according to which the humor abounding strength of nature and quantity of the disease are to be judged as before in substance and colour Actua 94. But diseases of choler are ended if the cloud onely appeare But in flegmatike and of repletion the sediment present must argue their dissolution Capiv 67. 164. Contents appearing in the urine are of two sorts for they are either partly naturall partly unnaturall sometimes good and sometimes ill Or else they be altogether unnaturall and alwayes ill In contents which are partly naturall partly unnaturall we consider as in the whole urine before colour substance and quantity Colour of the Contents White duely knit or hanging together equally signifieth good concoction in the liver and veines health rule of all other Not equally knit but thicker in one part then in another signifieth weak digestion crudity windinesse White not duely knitte or hanging together but ragged tattered and broken asunder equally crudity windinesse Not equally but thinner in one place then in another signifieth the falling evill windinesse grosse humors abounding in the body measils or small pockes where the colour waxeth red White as snow signifieth flegmaticke humors and crudities Pale flaxen blood turned into choler and evacuated Light saffron saffron red claret signifie crudities also blood thin and waterish yet wherein concoction is to bee looked for shortly Also choler abounding in sicke persons Reusn. 178. Continuance in tertian and quotidian agues especially bastard A good signe in agues which rise of abundance either of blood or ill humors in which the sediment is necessary before recovery can be looked for But in agues caused through heate of the Sun much labour or hunger the swimme or cloud is sufficient to signifie recovery of health although the sediment doth not appeare For reddish looke substance following Blood like to the washing of raw flesh signifieth abundance of blood Or else flux of blood issuing out as out of some veine broken But yet we must not be hasty in judgement by this colour but rather looke after under the title of pure blood voided Reusn. 181. Also it signifieth imbecility or obstruction of the liver which cannot concoct the blood and so it runneth to the bladder Blew leadish signifieth naturall heate extinguished or mortified and therefore great danger Greene blackish signifieth great exceeding heate or consumption and pining away Blacke signifieth either great cold if leadish colour went before and then the outward parts are cold Salvian 128. or great heate if greene colour went before and then heate thirst and other tokens of heate accompany it Both these are mortall as you may see in thicke substance and blacke colour Or else blacke contents signifie melancholike diseases or melancholy critically evacuated where it is a good sign of health because the humor is voided If signifieth also consumption of the reins with an ague the sediment oyly and fatty Reusn. 188. Lastly it signifieth beating bruising stripes and so come corrupt blacke and rotten blood is voided Substance of the contents is either mean thick or thin Substance meane is a good signe of health because it is according to nature Thicke contents generally signifie grosse and raw humors much abounding or imbecility of the second concoction And in diseases beginning and increasing an ill signe because they signifie abundance and trouble of humors before naturall heate hath concocted and attenuated them But in diseases declining a good signe if the colour and other signes be good nature being now of strength to make separation and expulsion of humors Thicke contents and of colour claret signifie abundance of blood or good and strong operation in digestion Reusner 203. but contents of colour blacke signifie great store of blood and the more blacke the greater adestion of blood Reusner 204. Thin contents which doe not easily arise nor trouble the urine when the urinall is shaken and moved Reusner 186. signifie raw humors or want of heate in the second concoction in whole men But in diseases rising of cold or ill juice thin substance sheweth great danger Because naturall heate is choaked and oppressed that it cannot expell the humour offending Contrariwise in sharp diseases or in diseases which rise of simple and bare distemperature without mixture of humors They are not very ill seeing humors are not the cause of the disease which voiding with the urine should make the contents thicke If the sediment lightly arise the urinall being shaken it argueth more heate Vass 71. If they continue either thicke or thin they signifie weaknesse of nature which should change them Argent 71. Quantity of contents is either much little or meane Much signifieth 1. Lacke of sufficient heate to attenuate and concoct the grosser parts so in winter drunkards sleepers idle persons women and children contents are moe Reusn. 64. 2. Much nourishment good and strong digestion 3. Other evacuations suppressed as ordure sweat c. and especially in flegmatike bodies which are grieved with some disease which will end well Little or few contents 1. Want of matter as in hunger great heate summer lusty age great exercise quartane and quotidian agues beginning for want of heate Argent 72. but afterwards much Contrary in tertians 2. Obstructions and stoppings of the emulgent veines water conduits reines bladder c. Salvia 120. As in thin urine see there 3. Crudity and slow concoction 4. All causes which doe attenuate and make thinner any matters in the body that so the thinner part may evaporate out and the grosser stay within and make obstruction also all causes which do wast and consume the body Meane contents of good signification because they are according to nature CHAP. VIII Of contents in speciall OF deformed contents altogether unnaturall and alwayes ill which appeare either in the sediment or lowest region or in the swim or middle region or lastly in the cloud or upper
region And first of unnaturall and deformed contents in the sediment which are commonly reckoned fifteene 1. Popinjay greene or oyly sediment signifieth Colliquation of the whole body with paine an ague and pissed slowly by little and little or else collaquation of the reines or bladder onely with paine in the reines no ague and pissed fast 2. Spider webs or fatnesse swimming in the urine signifieth Consumption of the whole body with an ague Red vetches or fitches ervaceum orobeum signifie 1. Great inflammation of the liver 2. Colliquation of the whole body or of the reines onely with conditions as before in popinjay greene 4. Plates scales folium laminae squamae having bredth and length onely like scales of fishes especially a gogeon 1. Consumption or colliquation of the whole body with an ague slow pissing stinch and crudity in the rest All concurring together 2. Exulceration of the bladder pissed thicke and fast with stinke purulent matter paine and concoction Salvian 176. 3. Inflammation of the bladder or liver 5. Grosse and course branne Fursur 1. Consumption of the whole body with crudity and thin urine 2. Scabbednesse of the whole body without ague or other paine Hasfur or of the bladder onely with concoction no ague And paine of the bladder thicke and stinking an itch about the root of the yard and purulent matter was pissed before Salv. 175. 3. Great heate wasting the substance of the liver and burning the blood if the bran be red 6. Fine bran fine meale or flower simila puls {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} 1. Colliquation of the sollid parts if they be white 2. Extreame adustion of the blood if they be red and therefore long sicknesse Salvian 179. 3. Sharp sicknesse and for the most part mortall 4 Women with childe have fine meale or starch in the swimme or setling to the sediment of their urine like fine carded wooll the rest of the urine a little troubled and greenish or ash colour Fernel Looke motes in the sediment 7. Raw humor crudus humor clammy but not stinking like snevill of the nose or white of an egge 1. Exulceration of the reines and bladder without paine 2. Impostume or stone of the reins and bladder with paine 3. Multitude of raw humors somtimes causing an ague and appearing in the sediment signifie ache in the reins sciatica gout strangury tenasmus In the swimme crudity and windinesse in the stomacke with a noise and vomiting In the cloud griefe in the spirituall parts shortnesse of winde pursivenesse spitting of blood Hacfur Aegid. 4. Eating of meats hard to digest in sore labouring men Vass 74 75. 8. Rotten and purulent matter Matter of a sore pus stinking but not much clammy which when the urinall is shaken disperseth it selfe into fatty and oyly resolutions and signifieth 1. Exulceration of the reines without paine Fernel of the bladder with paine about the bladder Of the liver with paine under the right short ribs and doth not alwaies stinke liver putrefied if it be very dreggy Aegid. 69. 2. Inflammation or impostume of the lungs whose purulent matter passeth by the left cavity of the heart into the great artery and thence into the emulgent veins and so to the reines 3. Plurifie whose matter passeth as before As also by the veine without a fellow {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} rising on the right side of the hollow veine neere the heart and by the backbone nourishing eight ribs on either side and so to the midriffe and at length by divers turnings into the left emulgent veine and thence to the reine 4. Rhewme which if it be thick comming to the bladder it maketh difficulty in pissing by drops 5. Also the phrensie 6. or squinsie whose purulent matter of these three is conveyed through the jugular veines into the hollow vein and thence into the emulgent veines and so to the reines if there be paine and griefe in the lungs liver bladder in these griefes aforesaid otherwise if purulent matter be voided and no paine in these members it is certaine that nature voideth it rising of inflammations 7. or venerous and contagious flux of seed Fernel 9. Haires like pieces of flesh long slender and hairy poli carunculae filamenta onely in thicke urine Salvian 182. and signifie 1. Dissolution of the whole body with an ague colour oily or greene Hasfurt or of the reines onely without an ague the haires fatty and grosse and may bee felt betwixt the fingers like a small slender fleshy substance 2. Obstruction of the reins with grosse and clammy humors as in the strangury dysury pissing ill c. with nummednesse of that foot which is on the same side the reine is right left 3. Exulceration of the reines or bladder whence commeth purulent matter 4. Flux of seed after carnall copulation venerous pollutions on the night or filthy and exulcerate gonorrhea Fernel 5. Womens white flowers issuing or women having uncleane matrices Fern 10. Gravell sand Arenula sabulum red white or duskish browne signifieth 1. Stone breeding or dissolving either in the reines if the gravell be red yet sometimes white by filth inclosing the gravell Fernel and paine about the reines in the backe no ague and the gravell being taken out of the urinall and dried in a shadowie place are hard in touching Or in the bladder if the gravell be white and pain in the bladder about the share where the haire groweth Yet those men whose passages of urine are wide and open and expulsive faculty strong and making such sandy urine freely and without paine in good quantity are seldome troubled with the stone because their reines and bladder are hereby clensed and the gravell not suffered to stay so long to unite and gather together to make the stone but such gravell doth argue great heate of the liver or reines and abundance of raw and grosse humors fit to breed the stone if the passages of urine should be obstructed or expulsive faculty weakened Salv. For abundance of tough and viscous superfluities straitnesse of passage and weakenesse of the expulsive faculty are three especiall causes of the stone Aegid. But least the contents mixed with urine which for the most part come from the vessels of urine should deceive him that would rightly judge of other parts of the body I will repeat the whole cause and order of the effects from the beginning Red gravell come from the reines which being many and thicke doe threaten the stone of those growing together groweth a stone as big as a graine of millet or barley corne which being extruded out of the substance of the reines into a larger place doth make the urine thicke troubled red or blackish a forerunner of the disease of the reines the same being thrust into the head of the water pipe ureter causeth great paine and then the urine is white and thinne as in obstructions the same growing bigger
the spermatike vessels in fluxe of seed the mother in tearmes suppressed and voided by urine the hemorrhoidall veins in the emeraudes the joynts in the sciatica or gout and diverse other parts of the body in evacuation criticall symptomaticall or artificiall Of all these you may finde severall examples in this treatise precedent CHAP. XIII Of crude concoct and dangerous urines BEcause mention is often made heretofore of crude concoct and dangerous urines as also that they be very needfull to be known perfectly alwayes had in memory seeing they comprehend in few words the sum of all that hath heretofore bin spoken I thought good in the end to adde the description thereof Concoct urine such as men onely make who are in some latitude of health is in colour palew light saffron substance meane contents equall white light smell not stinking pissing in due time without paine heate cold Crude urines onely Such as men make inclining to sicknes or recovering after sicknesse is in colour white pale saffron claret substance thicker thinner contents whitish pale somewhat unequall smell not much stinking pissing not in due time Vrines meane betwixt crude and concoct are of two sorts 1. For either they encline more to concoct Such as have a good colour but thin substance Also a white and light sediment but not equall 2. Or else they encline more to crude Such as have reddish colour like to water wherein raw flesh hath been washed which are made of blood not perfectly concoct Vrine Crude and dangerous such as men make who are grievously sicke and in danger not to recover is in colour greene ash colour blacke substance very thin very thicke oyly contents greene ash colour oyly blacke very unequall deformed smell very stinging pissing altogether out of due time Or not at all B. Holler 270. Cappivaâ— 195. CHAP. XIV Of methodicall practise in iudgement of Vrines BEfore you give judgement of the urine it is needfull that you meditate with your selfe on these precepts following in order 1. Remember the generall considerations in the first chapter both concerning the urinall and the urine As also which be the best urines simply and in respect of age sexe complexion time of the yeare kinde of life c. which you may have so perfectly in memory that you can presently tell how farre that urine which is brought unto you differeth from a good urine in colour substance contents c. 2. Whether the urine be altered by some externall cause mentioned in the first chapter and throughout the booke or else through default of the reines and bladder by which the urine passeth For these two impediments either severall or concurring hinder the judgement of the inner parts Fernel 443. 3. Consider what diseases are incident to the countrey where the patient dwelleth or what common disease is their stirrings as for example if the patient be an old man and in winter rainy weather and in a moist and fennish countrey it can hardly be otherwise but that he is troubled with a cough rhewme pose and lacke of digestion and the rather if he be given to surfetting much drinking and bee of a flegmatike complexion and heretofore troubled with rhewmatike diseases But contrariwise if hee be a young man and cholerike in the middle of summer hote weather hote climate after hote diet and immoderate exercise it is very likely that he is troubled with a burning ague tertian flixe or pluresie to which of these he is most subject or which at that time is most stirring in that countrey After this sort you may judge of other diseases without helpe of the urine 4. If the urine be faulty and yet neither through externall cause nor of the reines then it must needs shew some distemperature of the inward parts heart liver spleene lungs veines or other part of the body Which distemperature is either simple without mixture of humors which colour of the urine in thin substance will shew or with mixture of humors in a thicke and troubled substance or else putrefaction in a confused urine Which three be the internall causes almost of all diseases whereby you have already attained no small knowledge what to doe or what evacuation is convenient for the cure of the disease although you cannot as yet particularly understand the same Fernel 5. Of all differences of urines colour is most mutable and uncertaine of signification as being subject to many alterations of light cause As by much drinking thin drinke as water white wine or by eating of hote spices sena cassia c. yea in one day every urine that a man maketh is unlike an other in colour so that here especially the infamy that urine is a lying strumpet hath some appearance of truth Contrariwise the contents of urine are of most certaine and true signification of all other and least subject to alteration for that they are either fragments of the parts of the body or contained in the parts Of these Hippocrates and Galen especially make mention not greatly regarding the rest The other differences of urine substance perspecuity darknesse quantity smell c. are of meane signification betwixt colour and contents And yet every difference hath speciall signification above the rest in some diseases for stinking smell of urines giveth more perfit signification of putrefaction ulcers or impostumes then either colour substance or contents Suppression of urine in agues especially continuall giveth more certaine signification of death then thin substance ill colour or want of contents for these shew one crudity which in time is curable but the other happeneth through great obstructions of the reines liver or other superiour member which at that time are incurable Colours of urine collected in due time from an orderly patient giveth better signification of the humor loffending in the body then any other Lastâ—y contents issuing with the urine doe especially signifie strength of nature which in time will prevaile against the disease For when the digestive faculty is weake the matter whereof contents arise cannot be overcome and prepared to be voided So that every difference of urine hath some speciall signification above the rest Arg. 89. 6. Also you must often see the patients urine on divers daies and divers times of his sicknes and diligently marke the perseverance or alteration of the urine from time to time and whether it change from worse to better or otherwise For as the patient recovereth nature proceedeth orderly and by degrees from unperfect to perfect from sicknesse to health and so by little and little changeth the urine first the colour which is easiest secondly it waxeth cleerer thirdly the substance waxeth meane betwixt thin and thicke fourthly when concoction is stronger contents appeare And therefore if contents appeare first before colour cleernesse or substance there is the lesse security of health because this is not the orderly course of nature but some symptomaticall