from cluster'd Glandules XXXVI Observe by the way concerning the Lymphatick Vessels lying hid in the lower Belly that if they be broken up by any accident for they are very tender then there happens to be a serous Liquor pour'd forth into the hollow of the Abdomen the increase of which at length insensibly produces that sort of Dropsie call'd Ascites tho' it may also proceed from other Causes In the Year 1658 we dissected a young Woman of four and twenty years of Age which for seventeen years had labour'd under that Distemper call'd Ascites and at length dy'd of it In whom I did not perceive the least desect of her Bowels only that some of the Lymphatic Vessels were broken which was the Cause of the Distemper for in her Childhood she had been cruelly us'd by her Parents who were wont to kick and thump her and those blows occasion'd the breaking of her Lymphatic Vessels Which Suspicion the Humours that were gathered together in the Abdomen did not a little confirm For they appear'd somewhat coagulated in the Body when it was cold tho' it was not come to that consistency of a Gelly as is usually seen in the Lympha when taken out of the Lymphatic Vessels in a Spoon However the reason why she had liv'd so long in Misery was the soundness of her Bowels and for that by reason of the youthful heat of her Body much of the Serous Moisture insensibly flowing into the Concavity of the Abdomen was every day consum'd XXXVII These Vessels being broken sometimes also it happens that the Lymphatic Liquor does not come to be pour'd forth into the Cavity of the Abdomen but flows out between the neighbouring Membranes and that occasions the production of those watry Bladders call'd Hydatides with which the Liver sometimes within sometimes without and sometimes also the Mesentery and other parts in the Abdomen are seen to abound A great number of these Bladders some as big as a Pigeons Egg others as a Hen Egg and many less William Straten at that time Physic and Anatomy Prosessor in our Academy afterwards principal Physician to the Prince of Orange shew'd us in the hollow part of the Liver of a Thief that was hang'd Febr. 1647. We have also shew'd 'em growing sometimes in the Mesentery before the Students in Physic at our Hospital and there also we have seen Livers which withoutside have been cover'd with little Bladders full of Lympid Water of which number some having been lately broken had insus'd a Serous Liquor into the Cavity of the Abdomen and by that means had occasion'd an Ascites Hence I concluded that the Dropsie call'd Ascites is never generated without some Solution of the Continuum of the inner Parts of the Abdomen whatever the Cause of it may be and I thought their Opinion to be rejected that this Disease is begot by the condensation of the Vapours exhaling out of the Internal Parts into Water when that Exhalation in some Men happens to be continual and yet very few come to be troubled with the Ascites Volker Coiter Obser. Chirurg Musc. p. 117. writes that he himself found in the Body of a Phthisical and Dropsical Man the Bowels of the lower Belly wasted and emptied of all their Moisture but little Bladders some bigger some less adhering every where to the Mesentery Peritonaeum Intestines Spleen Liver and all the Bowels and all those little Bladders full of Water The same Case is cited by Cordaeus Com. 5. ad Hipp. de Morb. Mul. XXXVIII Now there may be several Causes for the breaking of these Vessels But besides violent and external Accidents the most frequent Cause is either Corrosion by sharp Humours or else their Obstruction and Compression And for this Reason the Ascites happens to Gluttons and great Drinkers that every day stuff and swill their Guts who from the Crudities hence bred either heap together a great quantity of sharp Humours in the Body or else bring a weakness and obstructions upon the Bowels by which means these little Vessels are either corroded or else compress'd and straiten'd that they cannot carry and discharge their Lymphatic Humour as they were wont to do which therefore flowing out of the Lymphatio Vessels either causes little Membranes among the Bladders or else the covering Membranes being broken it slides into the Concavity of the Abdomen CHAP. XIV Of the Liver I. THe Liver 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Jecur is a remarkable Bowel seated in the right Hypochondrion under the Diaphragma or Midriff of a vast bigness round and smooth in the convex or gibbous part but concave in the lower part where it rests upon the right side of the Stomach II. In Dogs and many other Beasts it is divided into several Lobes but in Man it is contiguous swelling into a little Lobe in the lower simous saddle or flat part It is rarely divided into three Lobes which Iames Sylviâ—…s in Isagoge reports to have seen III. The bigness of the Liver is not the same in all Creatures but according to the proportion of Bodies it is larger in Man than in other Creatures and the natural and ordinary bigness is such that it descends three or four fingers below the Bastard Ribs and extends it self somewhat beyond the pointed Cartilage of the Breast Andrew Laurentius writes that in cowardly People great Drinkers and Gluttons the Liver is thought to be bigger Which Rule however 't is very probable is lyable to many Exceptions In a preternatural Constitution it deviates from its ordinary Magnitude as well in excess as defect In the Year 1660. I dissected a Body wherein the Liver was of that enormous Magnitude that it caus'd Admiration in all the Spectators for below it reached down to the Groyns and extended it self from the right side to the Spleen and so possessed the chiefest part of the whole lower Belly But tho' to the outward view and touch it seem'd to be of a healthy Colour and sound Substance yet we found in the middle of it a large hollowness from whence to the amazement of all the Beholders we took out eleven Market pounds of Matter white well-concocted and without any ill smell Other monstrous large Livers are describ'd by Spigelius Anat. l. 8. c. 12. Riolanus Anthrop l. 2. c. 21. Bartholine Obs. cent 1. hist. 85. and by several others IV. Less frequently is the Liver defective for want of its due proportion And yet we find an Example of that too in Riolanus lib. citat who writes that at Paris in a certain Body was found a Liver that was no bigger than a Kidney and thence he observes out of Avicen that the smalness of the Liver is always noxious but not the bigness How you may guess at the largeness of the Liver by the bigness of the fingers See l. 4. c. 1. V. The Substance of it is soft and ruddy like congeal'd Blood the firmness of which appears nevertheless when
superficial contiguous or disjoyn'd white or ruddy livid violet or other colored soft or hard high or low quick or slowly coming forth External or Internal CHAP. III. Of the Causes of the Small Pox. THE Causes of the Small Pox are External or Internal Concerning which there are various and great Contentions among the most Eminent Physitians so much the more vainly eager because of little or no use in regard that whatsoever be the cause of the Distempers the cure is still the same Avicen and most of the Arabians the first most accurate Describers of these Diseases refer the material Cause to the Impurity of the Mothers Blood slagnant in the Woman with Child and with which the Birth was nourished in the Womb. Which Corruption they write lyes dormant so long in the Body till by vertue of some specific efficient Cause it be provoked to a fermentaceous Effervescency and being powred forth into the Mass of the Blood it sets it all in a boiling Condition and by that means separates that Defilment adhering from the Birth to some minute Particles of the Body and being so separated pushes it forward together with the Particles of the Blood so defiled by it to the Extream Parts of the Body and there raises up those Wheals as in new Wine the Heterogeneal Parts are separated from the Homogeneal Parts of the Wine by Fermentaceous Ebullition Avenzoar seems to differ somewhat from Avicen for observing that the Birth in the Womb without hazard of Life can hardly be nourished by the impure menstruous Blood restagnant therein but with some other Blood good of it self only by reason of its Fellowship with the menstruous Blood defiled by its Superior Corruption and farther that Men in the Womb must be nourished either with some such menstruous Blood or some other impure Blood and for that reason contracted that Impurity from the first Nutrition of the Parts Hence it was that the Arabians believed that all Men were subject to the Small-Pox in regard that Impurity was again to be separated from the Parts So that if that Specific Fermentaceous Effervescency be strongly and efficiently performed at the first coming of the Small-Pox then that Impurity becomes totally evacuated and then the Person to whom that Disease happens lives free from that Distemper all the rest of his Life as when Butter is once by a strong Churming separated from Milk turning sowr no Churming how violent soever can separate any more Butter from it But if that Effervescency be not violent enough that Impurity happens not to be totally expelled and so the same Person when the Reliques of that Defilement ferment again upon some other Cause may happen to have the same Distemper a second and third time but rarely a fourth Duncanus Liddelius stoutly defends the Opinion of the Arabians which is also followed by Fracastorius Amatus Forestus and several other Physitians and among the rest by Thomas Willis Lib. de Feb. c. 15. Where among other Reasons for greater Confirmation he adds these Words In the Womb of Woman says he as in most other Creatures there is generated a certain Ferment which being communicated to the Mass of Blood gives it Vigor and Spirit and causes it to swell at certain Periods of Time and procures an Expulsion of the Superstâ—…ous Blood But at the time of Conception when the Flowers cease to â—…low the chiefest Part of this Ferment is expended upon the Birth and the Particles of it heterogeneous from some of the rest as it were somewhat of foreign Substance are confused with the Mass of the Blood and Humors where they lye dormant a long time Afterwards being stirred and provoked by some evident Cause they ferment with the Blood and make it first boyl and then congeal from whence various Symptoms of this Disease arise Gentilis rejects this Opinion of the Arabians not believing the Birth to be nourished in the Womb with any Impure Blood nor that so much Impurity could abide for so many years in Men grown up and old People when they are seized with the Small-Pox after so many Purgations by Sweat Fevers Itches and other intervening Diseases besides the Cure of the Great Pox nor can he think but that Women must be cleared of those Impurities in so long a time by their monthly Evacuations Mercurialis complies with Gentilis who also asserts that the Small Pox is a Hereditary Disease and consequently that there is hardly any Man who can escape them because all Men are born of Parents vitiated by this Distemper and he endeavours to confirm this Opinion of his by several sinewy Reasons which however Daniel Sennnertus overthrows by others much the stronger Fernelius observing something occult in the Productions of the Small Pox besides the various Reasons propounded by Gentilis and others affirms that they are produced by sâ—…me Celestial and hidden Causes which when Infants and Children are less able to withstand than People grown up Hence he says it happens that the one are much more Subject to this Disease than the other But this Opinion of Fernelius is notably refuted by Mercurialis Lib. de Morb. Puer Sennertus grants the Small Pox to rise and be thrust forth by some certain and determined putrid Ebullition of the Humors but he will have this Ebullition to arise from three Causes from the Malignant Air from the Mothers Blood and vitious Nourishment and labours in a large Explanation of his this his own and the Opinion of the Arabians and Fernelius But to speak the truth none of these Opinions please me Not that of the Arabians because besides the Reasons alledged by Gentilis there is this one more For that seeing that Defilement contracted from the Mothers Blood is asserted to be common to all Men there would be no Man excused from this Disease which is contrary to Experience when several that have liv'd to an extream old Age never had the Small-Pox in their Lives as we have known several in our own Family Besides if the Impurity of the Menstruous Blood communicated to the Birth were the Cause of the Small-Pox why are not those Women themselves subject to it whose Flowers stop beyond the Course of Nature especially they who never had their Courses in all their Lives yet for all that were fruitful and had several Children of which Women there are several Examples to be found in Trincavellius Guainerius Bertinus Marcellus Donatus Ioubert Fabricius and several others Besides that private Defilement of every Woman could very hardly infect others by Contagion or excite a latent Contamination in the Bodies of others to a like Ebullition If you say it may then give me a Reason why all they that fit by and attend upon People when the Pox is come forth and endure their Stenches are not infected with the Small Pox though they never had them before Why has not that Contagion infected me that am near seventy years of Age who have visited thousands in the height
of that Distemper endured their Stenches and handled their Ulcers Why some upon the Sight at a distance of a Person that has newly had the Small-Pox are presently seized by the Distemper It being a thing almost incredible that the Contagion or infecting Contamination flowing from the Sick Patient should fly at such a distance from the Sick to the Sound and Healthy and so infect him and leave those untouch'd that are always conversant in the Room Nor do I understand that which Thomas Willis adds for the Confirmation of his Opinion that that same private Contamination being provoked by some Cause serments with the Blood and makes it first boyl and then coagulate For since Ebullition always causes a greater Attenuation I do not comprehend how that can cause Coagulation Moreover if such a spontaneous Coagulation were necessary after Ebullition Physitians at the beginning of the Distemper would ill apply attenuating Diaphoretics as being a hindrance to that Coagulation and afterwards they would as erroneously prescribe thickning things as Lentils Tragacanth Figgs c. which would cause too great a Coagulation Both which are repugnant to Experience when both the one and the other are successfully made use of in the Cure of this Distemper Nor does the Opinion of Fernelius please me for he according to his Custom deduces occult Celestial Causes in occult Diseases from the Influences of the Stars But how uncertain and how frivolous all those things are which are deduced from those Influxes either by Astrologers or Physitians is apparent from what we have wrote in our Treatise De Peste Lib. 1. Cap. 8. Neither can I approve the Opinion of Sennertus For he proposes three Causes of vitious Fermentation yet by means of that Specific Malignancy which remains in the Small-Pox cannot be explained and why by vertue of that vitious Fermentation procured by those three Causes the Small-Pox should be occasioned rather than other malignant putrid and pestilent Fevers or the Itch St. Anthonies-Fire Cancers or such like Diseases As to the External and Primary Causes of the Small-Pox by which the Internal Humors are moved Physitians agree the chief of them to be 1. A peculiar Disposition and depraved Quality of the Air to which belong the more remarkable Mutations of the Seasons as the hot and moist Constitution of the Spring and Autumn the Southern Winds and warm Constitution of the Winter 2. The Perturbation of the Blood and Humors to which belong immoderate Exercise frequent Bathings Anger Fear and Over-eating c. 3. Contagion for Experience tells us that this Disease is caught by Contagion For out of an infected Body continual Steams flow forth which being received by other Bodies presently like Poyson ferment with the Blood and excite the latent and homogeneal Seeds of the same Distemper and dispose them into the Idea of this Disease and thus those Contaminations flowing forth are not only communicated by immediate touch but at a Distance But by all these Causes whether good or bad Disposition or Quality of the Air perturbation of the Humors or Contagion that Malignant Specific which we observe in the Small-Pox is not sufficiently made out nor wherefore it operates more in these than upon those Subjects and in these than at those Seasons For many times we have observed hot or moist and hot with moist Seasons and Constitutions of the Air many times bad Diet as in Famines and Sieges which has occasioned aâ—… vast Corruption of Humors in the Body many we find continually indulging their Appetites which Willis numbers among the Primary Causes of this Distemper and yet no Small-Pox ensued On the other side in temperate Seasons and in cold Winters they have raged Epidemically among those who have used moderate Diet and fed upon the best of every thing and have seized upon Bodies replenished with good Humors and that many times first of all before any other Body has been ill to communicate the Contagion merely upon some Fright and by the Force of Imagination Seeing then that notwithstanding all the Causes propounded by Physitians the true and Specific Essence of the Malignity which is in the Small-Pox nor the peculiar and determinate Corruption of the Blood nor the Cause and Manner of Specific Fermentation can be explained I think we are rather to conclude that the next Causes of the Small-Pox as well the Internal as the External which move the Internal are occult as are also the Causes of the Pestilence it self and cannot be unfolded by Us. And therefore it is better to acknowledge the Weakness of our Knowledge then to betray our Ignorance by so many Disputes and various Conjectures that are grounded upon no Foundation For who can pretend to give a true and perceptible Reason of so great a Matter For these are in the Number of those Mysteries which the Chief Creator is not pleased to let us know exactly CHAP. IV. Of the Didgnostic Signs THE Small-Pox are not easily discerned before the Wheals themselves betray the Distemper But they appearing never so little then the Sight is easily Judge of the Disease Seeing therefore it is of great moment in reference to the Cure to know before the breaking out of the Wheals whether it be the Small-Pox or no the Signs of their coming out are first to be inquired into and observed The Signs foretelling the Small-Pox to be at hand are various A Fever sometimes more intense sometimes more remise with a low Pulse quick unequal and a Heat for the most part not very violent An Oppression of the Heart with Melancholy and a Palpitation often returning and sometimes a fainting Fit Head-ach Deleriums or Ravings sometimes Epileptic Convulsions frequent Sneezing Sleep more heavy than usual and unquiet Dreams of Thunder Fire and Flames Waking with a Fright difficult Respiration with frequent Sighs continual Gaping Pain in the Back and Loyns and Pulsation in the Spine Heaviness and Weariness of the whole Body a Pricking and as it were Itching in the Skin and in the Nostrils a Red Face Dimness of Sight yet Brightness and Itching of the Eyes Tears without any force sometimes Bleeding at the Nose Swelling of the Face Driness of the Mouth Hoarsness with a little dry Cough trembling of the Extream Parts small Red Spots in the Skin But these Signs are the more certain the more rife the Small-Pox are or if there be any suspition of having caught them as if the Person has been to visit any one that was Sick of that Disease or had been frighted with the Sight of any one newly recovered But there is no certain Sign of the Small-Pox at hand to be taken from the Urine For that in this Distemper the Urine for the most part resembles that of sound People If the Small-Pox besides the outward Skin have seized the Inner Parts then you must judge which Parts they are by the Disturbance of those Parts For if the Stomach be infected it will appear by Vomit and Pain in the Heart
come to be obstructed by any Accident or that the Liquor bred in 'em concerning which see something in the preceding Chapter l. 2. c. 2. and which is to be of necessity mix'd with the milkie Iuice has by any accident acquir'd an over acid Sharpness then the milkie Iuice within 'em becomes coagulated in the Form of a Cheese and by reason of its abundant Overflowing swells very much By which means the Passage is obstructed to the Chylus that comes next whence such People as are troubled with this Distempet by reason of the Distribution of the Chylus is obstructed are troubled with the Coeliac Flux and grip'd with Pains in the Belly and by reason of Passage deny'd to the Nourishment labour under an Atrophie and by degrees are wasted to death Of which I have already given three Examples IX The first was of a Scotch Souldier who during his stay in India and a long tedious Voyage upon his return having fed upon unwholesom Dyet all the while fell into a languishing Sickness and labouring under a Coeliac Flux with Gripings of the Guts tho' his Appetite was still indifferent good was brought to our Hospital where after he had lain three or four Months and that all this had been try'd in vain to cure his Coeliac Flux at length he dy'd as lean as a Rake The Body being opened first there was to be seen an overgrowing Spleen hard and black a Pancreas extreamly swell'd hard and of an Ash-Colour we also found the innumerable Glandules in the Mesenterie which in some Persons are hardly discernable to be very tumid and somewhat hard insomuch that some were as big as a Bean but most of 'em as big as a Filberd and some few as big as a Nutmeg But when they came to be dissected there was nothing in 'em but a certain white Cream coagulated into a milkie Substance X. The second Example was of a poor Girl of about eleven Years of Age who dying of such a Flux of the Belly accompanied with rumbling and Pain in the Belly was reduced to nothing but Skin and Bone I open'd her Body in November 1656. at the request of her Parents who believed her to have been bewitch'd and kill'd by diabolical Arts and by the murmuring and hissing in her Guts believ'd Snakes Toads and other Creatures to have bin bred in her Bowels But when she came to be open'd we found as in the former innumerable Glandules of the Mesenterie very tumid and somewhat hard of which many were as big as a Filbert and some somewhat bigger Their outward Colour in some was white in others speckled like black and white Marble But within fide as well in these as in all the rest was contained a very white milkie Juice curdl'd into the form of a Cheese The Spleen and Pancreas somewhat exceeded their due Proportion XI The third Example was of a noble Danish Child called Nicholas Retz between seven and eight Years of Age who having lain under a great Atrophie for several Months accompanied with griping in the Guts at length reduced to Skin and Bone dy'd in June 1662. Whereupon being desired by his Friends and others who had the Care of him to examine the cause of the Child's Death for the Satisfaction of his Parents I opened the Body in the Presence of several Spectators and there I shew'd the Liver Spleen Heart Lungs Kidneys Ventricle and Guts all in good Order and well Condition Only the Pancreas was somewhat swell'd and ill coloured But in the Mesenterie appear'd the certain Cause of his Death For that the innumerable Glandules of the Mesenterie were swell'd to such a wonderful degree with an extraordinary hardness some as big as a Filberd others somewhat bigger and many as big as a Bean They were all of a white Colour and contained in 'em a white Cream coagulated to the hardness of a dryer sort of Cheese which hindring the Passage of the succeding Chylus was the cause of the Atrophie and consequently of the Death of the Child that ensu'd XII From whence it is sufficiently apparent that the Coeliac Flux and Atrophie is occasioned by the Obstruction of those Glandules or Kernels Nor is that their Use which Anatomists commonly ascribe to 'em that is to say to prop the Veins and Arteries carried through the Mesenterie but in them as in all Glandules there is something of a particular fermentaceous Liquor bred to be mix'd with the milkie Chylus and for that Reason they become serviceable to the milkie Vessels not the Sanguiferous and hence by reason of their Obstruction or something else amiss such as is occasioned by a vitious Ferment mingled with the Duodenum many times the Membranes of the Mesenterium are stuft with a world of ill Humors the occasion of languishing Fevers and several obstinate and diuturnal Distempers XIII Riolanus has conceiv'd a strange Opinion of these Glandules Anthropog c. 15. while he asserts that by reason of them the Root and Foundation of all Strumas is in the Mesenterie And that never any Strumas appeared without the Body unless the Mesenterie were strumous Which he says was also the Opinion of Guido and Iulius Pollux with whom it seems he rather chose to mistake than to understand by physical Practice and Philosophy that Strumas have no Affinity at all with the Glandules of the Mesentery being only design'd for the farther Preparation of the Chylus alone Neither can those Strumas that break out on the outside of the Body pretend in any manner to any Cause or Original in the Mesenterie Since daily Experience tells us that most People who are troubled with Struma's are sound in all other Parts of their Bodys nor do they complain of any Distemper in the lower part of the Belly whereas the Diseases of the Mesenterie are usually very fatal to the Patient And the very Cure it self instructs us in the contrary which is chiefly perform'd by Topics that would never prevail if the original Cause of the Distemper lay concealed in the Mesenterie Lastly in the Dissections of Persons troubled with Strumas the same thing manifestly appears who are for the most part seen to have a sound Mesenterie XIV The Mesenterie derives its Nerves from the Plexure of the inner Nerves of the sixth Pair and the Nerves proceeding from the Marrow of the Loyns which causes it to be so sensible in its membranous Part tho' it be more dull of Feeling in its Fat and glandulous Part for which Reason Apostemes ly long conceal'd in it before they be discern'd as they should be either by the Patient or Physician XV. Its Arteries proceed from the mesenterie Branch of the great Arterie the Right and Left or the Upper and Lower XVI It has several Veins running between its Membranes call'd the Mesaraic which rising with very small roots from the Tunicles of the Guts and mutually opening one into another as they frequently meet in the Mesentery at
Choler is conveighed to the Porus and Gall-Bladder which is the cause of the Jaundice by reason of the great Quantity of Choler diffused over the whole Body when as it is apparent that no Choler was generated in the mean time in the Porus or empty Gall-Bladder tho the Cystic Arteries conveighed Blood sufficient to the Bladder as they used to do 4. Because that in Gluttons and great Drinkers the Jaundice proceeding from a hot Distemper of the Liver cannot be caused by the arterial Blood being chang'd into Choler which was equally both before and then carried â—…o the Gall-Bladder nor is there any Reason it should then be more copiously conveighed thither to be changed into Choler than at any other time 5. Because this Opinion seems to presuppose as if all the whole Mass of Choler were generated in the Gall-Bladder whereas it is all generated in the Liver before it comes to the Bladder As is apparent from hence for that very much Choler flows through the Porus to the Intestin which never comes near the Gall-Bladder and therefore could not be generated out of the Particles of the arterial Blood gliding into the Bladder 6. Because this Opinion seems also to maintain that real Choler does not pre-exist in the Blood and that the Particles of it being separated from the Blood flow down into the hollow of the Bladder and are there made perfect Choler But the Vanity of this Opinion we have at large demonstrated C. 10. artic de generat Suc. pancreat XXXVII Moreover what Sylvius in his Addition to his Disputation alledges for the Support of his Opinion do not seem to be of so much Weight as to establish his Doctrine For the Insertion of the Hepatic Artery into the Branches of the Porus does not prove it because the Insertion it self is as yet very much questioned as being grounded more upon uncertain Belief than certain Sight and therefore to be laid up among those Doubts which are not to be credited unless visible to the Eyes In like manner also his Experiment made in a Dogg by means of a little Pipe thrust into the Hepatic Artery and blowing through it into the Gall-Bladder is very uncertain even by the Confession of Sylvius himself Thes. 54. Moreover if the Wind could be so easily blown into the Concavity of the Gall-Bladder store of Blood might easily be also forc'd into it by the Protrusion of the Heart and the Cystic Arterys which never was yet observ'd by any Person XXXVIII But Malpigius absolutely denys the Generation of Choler l. de hep l. 3. believing that Choler is not generated out of any Blood by the Mixture and Concoction of several Humors in the Blood but that it is only separated from the Blood by means of the Glandulous Balls of the Liver it self and that such as it is it pre-exists in the Blood and therefore has need of nothing more than Separation Which Separation he thinks to be thus brought to pass Neither says he is there any Necessity for Suction to the End the Choler should be sent to the Intestins or Gall-Bladder through the Porus for a strong and continued Compression of the Glandules of the Liver caused by continual Respiration and the Impulse of the Blood running through the Arteries and the Branches of the Portae promote the Office of Separation in the Glandulous Balls and its Propulsion through the Branches of the Porus as it happens in other conglomerated and conglobated Kernels in the Parotides and the like XXXIX But herein the learned Gentleman is very much mistaken for there is in the Blood coming to the Liver and bilarie Vessels a certain Substance intended for Choler but not Choler it self As there is in the Nourishment a certain Matter out of which a Chylus is to be prepared by the mixture of a specific Ferment and the specific Concoction of the Stomach which is not the Chylus it self And in the Chylus there is the Substance of Blood but not the Blood it self And as these Humors the Chylus and Blood are made by specific Fermentations and Concoctions in the Bowels design'd for that purpose of those things which before they were not in like manner the yellow and bitter Choler is made out of sweet Blood and acid splenic Juice of which neither is yellow or bitter neither of 'em is Choler or contain any Choler in themselves being mix'd together in the Liver and fermented and concocted after a specific Manner And the chiefest part of it for some of the thinnest remains mix'd with the Blood is carried to the Vena Cava and the Heart is separated from the rest of the Blood being unfit to be changed into Choler and is carried to the Roots of the bilary Vessels and so by degrees proceeds to the Porus and bilarie Bladder In like manner as in Chymistry various Bodies are changed into Metals which before were not Metals And out of things void of Colour mixed and boyling together a new Colour is raised which was not in the Substance before as out of white Salt-Tartar and transparent Spirit of Wine is produced a red Colour And hence it may be certainly concluded that there is not any single Separation of Choler pre-existent in the Blood but a new Generation of Choler which was not before As to the Arguments which Malpigius alledges of the pre-existency of Urine in the Blood and other things too prolix to be here cited they are not of so much Moment as to prove that pre-existency of Choler in the Blood and single Separation from it when as there is not the same Reason for the Separation of the superfluous Serum pre-existent and the Generation of necessary Choler not pre-existent Of this see more in C. 10. already cited XL. The natural Colour of Choler is yellow the Tast bitter and somewhat tart the Substance Fluid But by several Causes all these three in a sickly habit of Body suffer Alteration as the Blood is either in a bad or good Condition or the splenetic Iuice conveighed to the Liver is more or less Salt Acid Sowre or Austere For hence arise many preternatural Qualitys of Choler and as they vary happen Fevers Cholerick Distempers Dysenteries Iaundice Colic Pains and several other Diseases Which Regner Graef affirms to arise only from the Corruption of the Pancreatic Iuice but contrary to Experience for the Dissections of Bodys that have been brought to the Grave by those Diseases frequently tell us that when the Sweetbread has been firm and sound the Cause of the Disease has lain hid in the Liver Bladder and other Bilarie Vessels tho' we do not deny but that the same Diseases may arise from a vitious Pancreas Hence there are several Alterations of the Colour of the Choler which is sometimes Pale sometimes Saffron Coloured sometimes Red sometimes Rust-coloured and sometimes inclining to Black Nevertheless Regner de Graef not considering the Flux of the splenetic Juice to the Liver has
with it as is seen upon Blood-letting in Malignant Fevers which are no part of the Chylus but only corrupt Humors XXI This is the true manner of making the Blood which serves for the nourishment of all the Parts and contains in it self Matter adapted for the nourishment of all and singular the Parts out of which that is appropriated to every one which is most convenient for their nourishment to some Particles more concocted and subtile to others less concocted and thicker to others Particles equally mix'd of Salt and Sulphur as in fat Bodies to others more Salt and Tartarous as in Sinewey and Boney People and to others Particles are united and assimilated some disposed one way some another XXII This Apposition proceeds chiefly from the Diversity of Figures which as well the particular Particles of the Blood as the Pores of the several Paris obtain For hence it happens that the Blood being forc'd into the Parts some Particles more easily enter some sort of Pores and others another sort and are figur'd one among another after various shapes and forms and so are immediately united with the Substance of the Parts and are converted into their Nature and those which are not proper for such a Figure are carry'd to other Parts till the remaining and improper portion is again transmitted back to the Heart there to be concocted anew and endu'd with another more proper Aptitude It is vulgarly said That the several Parts attract from the Blood and unite the Particles most similar to themselves But there is no such Attraction allow'd in our Bodies neither are the Parts endu'd with any Knowledge to distinguish between Particles similar or dissimilar But the Blood such as it is is equally forc'd to all the Parts but the Diversity of Figures as well in the several Particles of the Blood as in the Pores of the Parts is the Reason that some Particles stick and are united to these and others to other Parts to these after one manner to those after another From which Diversity the Diversity of Substances arises some softer some harder some stronger and some weaker XXIII This Nutrition by the Blood is caus'd two manner of ways 1. Immediately when the Particles of the Blood are immediately oppos'd without any other previous or remarkable Alteration as is to be seen in the Fleshy and Fat Parts 2. Mediately when Apposition happens after some remarkable Concoction or Alteration preceding as in the Bones to whose Nourishment besides the Salt Tartareous Particles of the Blood there concurs the Marrow made before out of the Blood as also in the Sinews which are not nourished only by the Blood communicated to their outward Tunicle through invisible little Arteries from the continuation of those Arteries that pass through both Membranes of the Brain and Spinal Marrow but also by the Salter Sanguineous Particles first prepar'd by the Concoction of the Brain XXIV But in this Nutrition from the Blood three Degrees are to be observ'd 1. When the Body is so nourish'd as to grow by that Nourishment 2. When it is nourish'd and remains in the same Condition 3. When it is nourish'd and decays XXV Now that the Cause of this Diversity may be more plainly known we are to consider That there are Four Things necessary to perfect Nutrition 1. The Alimentary Juice it self 2. The Apposition of this Juice 3. Then its Agglutination 4. And lastly Its Assimilation The Alimentary Juice is the Blood which is forc'd by the Beating of the Heart through the smallest Arteries to the Parts that are to be nourish'd and is thrust forward into their Pores by which means the Substance of the Parts does as it were drink it in And because in these Pores something of Humor tending toward Assimilation remains over and above hence it comes to pass that the convenient Particles of the new-come Blood more agreeable to that Humor are mingl'd with that Humor sticking there before and being there concocted by the convenient Heat and proper Temper of the Parts are by degrees agglutinated and more more assimilated to the Substance of the Parts and are so prepar'd and dispos'd by the Vital Spirit continually flowing into the Parts together with the Arterious Blood that they acquire Vitality and become true Particles of the Parts endu'd with Life and Soul equally to the rest XXVI If now while that Nutrition is made the smaller Particles of the Parts by reason of their moister Temperament or cooler Heat stick but softly to each other then upon their first Apposition by reason of the great Plenty of Alimentary Humor flowing in by the impulse of the Heart they easily separate from each other and admit more Nutritive Humor than is requisite to their Nutrition from the Plenty of which being agglutinated and assimilated happens the Growth of the Parts by degrees because more is appos'd and agglutinated than is wasted But when by the increase of Heat the smaller Particles are dry'd up and become hard and firm as in Manhood then they no longer separate one from another by reason of the Alimentary Juice forc'd in and the Juice that is pour'd into the Pores in great quantity is vigorously discuss'd by the more violent and stronger Heat that no more can be appos'd and assimilated than is dissipated whence there follows a stay of Growth wherein the Substance of the Parts will admit no Excess or Diminution of Quantity Lastly Those smaller Particles of the Parts are not only dry'd up by that same stronger Heat and the Pores are streightn'd so as to admit less Alimentary Juice but the Alimentary Juice it self by reason of the Heat dimimish'd by Time and Age and consequently a worse Concoction of the Bowels grows weaker and less agreeable to the Substance of the Part it self and then as in Old Age the Parts themselves decrease and diminish For the unaptness of the Pores in the Parts and of the Nutritive Juice it self as also of the concocting Heat and the small Quantity of the said Juice are the reason that less is appos'd than is dissipated Now â—…his Decrease is chiefly and most manifestly observ'd in the softer Parts whose smallest Particles are moister and more easily dissipated as the Flesh the Fat c. But it is less observable in the Bones and other harder Parts whose smallest Particles are more fix'd and not so easily dissipated XXVII Here by way of Parenthesis a Question may be propos'd Whether Old Men grow shorter than they were in their Prime This many affirm and confirm by Ocular Testimony Spigelius absolutely denies it For says he That they grow shorter I deny but that they grow leaner I grant For the Bones according to which the Length of the Body is extended being hard and solid Bodies are neither diminish'd by Age nor the Force of any Disease But the Flesh is wasted and consumed as well by Age as by many other Causes So that if they
spungy for the more easie passage of the Vapors VI. The thickness of it is various according to the variety of Ages nor is it always the same in the same Age. For the diversity of Regions also causes a great difference Thus Herodotus relates that the Skulls of the Persians are very thin and brittle and easily crack'd those of the â—…gyptians very strong and thick hardly to be broken with the fall of a large Stone Moreover the Skulls of tender People are less thick and hard than in labouring Folks enur'd to Hardship The cause of which Carpus believes to be for that tender People always keep their Heads cover'd from heat and cold but Husband-men Sea-men and the like are used to go bare-headed Winter and Summer for which reason he advises not to cover over much the Heads of Children which are strengthened by being left bare and rendred more sit to endure external Injuries VII The Cranium consists of two Tables or Slates the External and Internal thinner in Women than in Men. Of which the one is thicker and smoother the other harder hollowed with several Furrows to give way to the Vessels creeping through the hard Meninx from which Meninx some remarkable Vessels insinuate themselves near the Ears into the Plates of the Skull and moisten the space between And the Reason why the Cranium is made of a double Table least any Conâ—…usion of the Head should easily penetrate the whole Cranium by which means sometimes one Table is only broken the other remaining entire VIII In the middle between these Tables lies hid a certain spungy and cavernous Substance containing a marrowy Juice somewhat bloody for the Nourishment of the Cranium which is made out of the Blood flowing through the small Arteries which pass through the little Holes of the Tables And this is that Blood which when the Skull is trepann'd when you come to the Diplois flows forth somewhat ruddy Concerning this Blood Riolanus has 〈◊〉 worthy to be observed by all Practitioners From these Caruncles says he that is the spungy little Caverns seated between each Table being very much contus'd the Blood being squeâ—…z'd and putrifying ulcerates the Bone outwardly appearing entire but the matter sweating forth from the inner Table putrifies the Brain it self Wherefore if in scraping the Cranium you perceive the Blood to distil forth never think for that reason that the Blood penetrates the second Table because the Blood flows from the foresaid middle Space This middle Spungy space between the double Tablature of the Cranium by Hippocrates and the Anatomists is call'd Diploe though Galen rather chooses to call the External and Internal Table both taken together Diploe This middle space is sometime bigger sometimes less sometimes scarcely discernable where both Tables seem to unite and constitute the simple and pelucid Cranium Bartholinus reports that he dissected a Cranium wherein this middle Space was altogether wanting and all the Cranium seem to consist all of one Table perhaps because the Bones being dryed and contracted through Age it did not manifestly appear or else because the Cranium was only dissected in that Part by Bartholin where both the Tables unite together and left the other spungy Part untouch'd For Anatomists rarely cut the whole Cranium into small Parts Hippocrates making mention of some certain Caruncles means that middle spungy Substance of the Cranium which Fallopius not perceiving seeks after other particular Caruncles in that spungy Substance but erroncously for Hippocrates by those Caruncles means no other than that spungy Substance for that there are no other Caruncles in that Substance But sometimes it happens that in Wounds and grievous Contusions of the Head that a spungy Hyposarcosis grows out from that middle space which nevertheless was no more in that spunginess before than the flesh in the Pyramidical Body near the Testicle before the Sarcocele Burstness In this spungy middle Space especially where the Persons are infected with the French Disease a certain vitious Humor gathers together which in time growing more sharp and virulent corrodes the Tables themselves but more frequently the exterior as being less hard and causes dreadful Pains in the Periosâ—…eum and Pericranium sometimes we have seen both the Interior and Exterior corroded and so the whole Cranium perforated Which Palmarius Riolanus and Benivenius confirm by their own Observation CHAP. IV. Of the Commissures of the Bones of the Cranium THE Bones of the Cranium are joyned together with various Commissures which some call generally Sutures Others more properly distinguish into Sutures and Harmonies I. A Suture is a certain Composure of the Bones like things sow'd with Seams distinguishing and conjoyning the Bones Which in the upper part of the Head resembles two Saws with their Teeth clapt together In the Cranium there are many Sutures alike both for Number and Situation both in Men and Women con trary to Aristotles Opinion The Skull is seldom seen without Sutures And probable it is that in young People it is never without Sutures for that such a Skull as it would be less apt to resist external Injuries and it would hinder the Growth and Distention of the Head with the rest of the Body Yet Aristotle tells of Skulls that have been seen without Sutures and among the Neoterics Vesalius Fallopius Coiter Iohannes à Cruce Alexander Benedictus and others assert the same and as is shewn at Helmstadt and the Monastery of the French at Heidelbergh which were perhaps the Skulls of old Men in which those Sutures were dry'd up such as I have two by me at this present and as have been many times seen in other places And thus we are to understand Herodotus Arrianus and Arrian concerning the Heads of the Moors and Ethiopians by them reported to be without Sutures not that they were without Sutures when they were young but were afterwards so hardned by the extream Heat of the Air and driness of Age that the Sutures united II. These Sutures are twofold some proper to the Skull others call'd Illegitimate III. The real Sutures resembling the Teeth of two Saws clapp'd one into another and hence call'd Serratae These I say will sometimes part asunder and give way to Humors and Vapors molesting the Brain as in those Hydrocephalics troubled with redundancy of â—…erous Humors IV. The Illegitimate Sutures lying upon the Bone like Scales are therefore call'd Squamous But these Commissures are rather to be referred to Harmony than Suture or else to the middle between both and therefore are not unduly called Harmonical Sutures The real Sutures are three V. The first which is foremost is the Coronal because it surrounds the Fore-part of the Head like a Crown This runs forth from one Temple to the other Transverse above the Forehead and joyns the Bones of the Forehead with the Bones of the hinder Part of the Head VI. The Second which is the hindermost opposed to this
Air no less troublesome to it IV. Which Vellication of the Nerve being communicated to the Nerve and perceived by the Mind presently more copious Spirits were determined to the Place affected for its Relief which distending in breadth the Nerve and Muscle belonging to it but contracting it in length caused the Convulsion By the Pain of this Convulsion the Head being troubled sends the Animal Spirits disorderly to these or other lower Parts and so contracting them in the same manner the Contraction happens not only in the wounded but in other Parts likewise and from this great Disturbance of the Brain and Animal Spirits happens a Delirium V. This is a dangerous Malady for besides the Nerves and Muscles the noble Bowel is distmpered Therefore says Hippocrates a Convulsion ensuing a Wound is very dangerous But the Youth and Strength of the Patient promises great hopes of Cure besides that the Convulsion proceeds from an external Cause that may be removed VI. The Method of Cure consists in keeping the Patient warm and in a warm Place in removing the sharp and biting Oyntment and washing the Wound with Barley-water boiled with Hyssop and a little Honey dissolved in it then put a Tent into it dipped in this Oyntment â„ž The Yolk of an Egg n â— j. Honey Turpentine an Ê’iij Spirit of Wine Ê’ij Then lay on Emplaster of Betony or Melilot VII The Parts afflicted and especially the wounded Arm are to be fomented with this Fomentation â„ž Marjoram Rosemary Betony Calamint Hyssop Basil an M. j. Flowers of Dill M. ij Of Chamomil Melilot an M. j. s. Seeds of Cumin â„¥ j. of Lovage Ê’iij Of Dill â„¥ s. White-wine q. s. Boil them to lbiij VIII After Fomentation strongly chaâ—…e the Parts affected with this Liniment warm â„ž Martiate Oyntment Oyl of Ireos Oyl of Foxes Earth-worms and Spike an â„¥ j. Oyl of Castor â„¥ s. IX In the mean time after a Glister given let the Parties take a Draught of this Apozem to strengthen the Brain and Nerves â„ž Root of sweet Cane Fennel Male Piony an Ê’vj Herbs Of Majoram Rue Betony Rosemary Baum Basil Calamint an M. j. Flowers of Stoechas M. s. Fennel Seed Ê’ij Raisins cleansed â„¥ ij Water q. s. Boil them to lbj s. Then mix Water of Tilet Flowers Syrup of Stoechas an â„¥ iij. X. Now and then let her take a small quantity of this Conditment â„ž Species Diambra ℈ iiij Candied Root of sweet Cane Conserve of Flowers of Sage Betony Anthos an â„¥ s. Syrup of Stoechas q. s. XI Lastly clap such a quilted Cap upon her Head â„ž Leaves of Marjoram M. s. Of Rosemary Betony Flowers of Dill Melilot an Two little Handfuls Nutmegs Ê’j Benjamin Ê’s Beat them into a Gross Powder for a quilted Cap. XII The Convulsion ceasing the Body must be purged with an Infusion of Leaves of Senna Rubarb Agaric c. or with Cochiae or Golden Pills Diaphenicon or Diaturbith with Rubarb And then return to the use of the foresaid Apozem and Conditement XIII Her Diet must be easie of Digestion condited with Marjoram Hyssop Rosemary Betony Sage Anise-seed Fennel-seed and the like Let her sleep Long and take her Rest as much as may be And be sure the Body evacuate regularly HISTORY XV. Of the Epilepsie A Boy of eight years of Age indifferent lusty no care being had of his Diet first became sad and the Winter being past often complain'd of a grievous Head-ach In March as he was at play he fell down of a sudden quite senseless writh'd his Eyes and clutch'd his two Thumbs hard in his Fists That Fit soon went off but the next day it returned much more vehement attended with manifest Convulsions of the Body From that time the Fits returned twice thrice and four times a Week with more terrible Convulsions But in the Summer they were much gentler and not so frequent But the Autumn following especially near Winter the Fits took him very often and very violent and that too of a sudden without any warning with horrid Convulsions and Foming at the Mouth And at last the I continuance and violence of the Distemper had so disordered the Animal Functions that the Child was become sottish I. THAT the Boys Brain was affected was plain by the distress of the Animal Functions II. This Distemper is called an Epilepsie Which is a Convulsion of the whole Body not perpetual with which the Party taken falls to the Ground with an intercepting of the Senses and Functions of the Mind rising from a Peculiar malignant and acrimonious Matter III. Bad Diet contributes much to the breeding of this Disease as the greedy devouring of bad and raw Fruit which heaps up Crude and Flegmatic Humors in a Flegmatic Body and these filling the Brain first caused the Head-ach then through their long stay in the Brain obtaining a certain peculiar pravity and acrimony constitute the containing Cause of the Epilepsis IV. From this depraved and acrimonious Humor exhale sharp and malignant Vapors which as often as they twitch and bite the beginning of the Nerves about the heat of the common Sensory so often they cause the Fit For while Nature endeavors to shake off that troublesom Acrimony from the sensible Parts it happens that as the Spirits flow in greater or less quantity into them they contract and relax alternately and move the rest of the Nerves and Muscles of the Body after the same manner whence those short and frequent Convulsions V. Now because this Malignant and sharp Humor chiefly and oftenest afflicts the small diminutive Nerves near the seat of the common Sensory hence it comes to pass that the fit so suddainly seizes For so soon as those little Nerves feel that Acrimony Nature endeavors to shake it off And because that endeavor is made and begins near the common Sensory therefore there is a stop put upon the Functions of the Senses and Mind For in regard the Pine Kernel is presently affected and for that the Influx of the Animal Spirits through the Nerves sometimes contracted sometimes relaxed can never be regular hence it happens that the Organs of the Senses become defective in their Functions and by reason of that disorderly Influx of the Spirits into the Nerves and Muscles the Patient presently falls VI. The Fits are milder and not so frequent in Summer For that the Pores of the whole Body are more open by reason of the External heat so that there is a greater dissipation of the Humors and considering the time of the year less Flegm is bred and heaped up in the Brain Therefore in Autumn and Winter they are most frequent and violent because of the greater abundance of Flegm then bred and less easie to be dissipated through the Pores then contracted with Cold besides the Vapors exhaling from it are more abundant and acrimonious VII The Foam at the Mouth proceeds from hence for that those Flegmatic Humors expelled from the Brain into the Jaws and Lungs by that
and the taking of Tobacco is very Beneficial XI Decoctions of Guaiacum Sassafras and Sassaparil prepared with hot and drying Cephalics to provoke Sweat now and then are of great use XII This Quilt may be made for the Patient to lay upon his Head â„ž Leaves of Rosemary Marjarom Thime Flowers of Lavender an two small hand fuls Mastic Frankincense an Ê’ j. Cloves Nutmegs an ℈ j. For a Quilt To anoint the Temples and top of the Head which is every day to be done use this Liniment â„ž Oyls of Rosemary Amber Marjoram an ℈ j. Oyl of Nutmegs pressed ℈ ij Martiate Oyntment Ê’ ij XIII If notwithstanding all this the Catarrh continue make an Issue in one Arm or in the Neck XIV Let him keep in a moderately warm Air observe a good Diet roasted rather then boil'd condited with Spices and hot Cephalics avoid Radishes Mustard Garlic Onions which raise and fill the Head with Vapors His Drink must be sparing but strong moderate sleep and moderate Exercise HISTORY XVII Of an Opthalmy A Person about thirty Years of Age abounding with hot and Choleric Blood having heated himself the last Winter at an extraordinary compotation of strong Wine and then exposing himself in a bitter cold Night to the extremity of the weather presently felt a sharp pain in his Eyes with a burning heat the next day a very great redness appeared in the white of his Eye with a manifest swelling of the little Veins He could not endure the light so that he sat continually with his Eyes shut sharp Tears flowed from his Eyes which when he opened his sight appeared to be very dim I. HEre the Part affected was the Eye in which the annate Tunicle or the Conjunctive Tunicle was chiefly aggreived the other Parts of the Eye only by Accident II. This Disease the Physitians call an Opthalmy or Blear-eyedness which is an Inflammation of the annate or white Tunicle accompanied with redness heat pain and tears III. The Antecedent Cause of this Disease was an abundance of hot Blood through the whole Body which being violently stirred by the extraordinary heat caused by the Wine and suddainly detained by the Original Cause or the outward extream Cold and overflowing the conjunctive Tunicle constitutes the containing Cause IV. For the blood being moved more rapidly through the Arteries and Veins by reason of the extraordinary heat of the Wine was thickned of a suddain by the external Cold received into the Eye so that it could not pass so speedily through those little Veins as it was sent from the Heart which caus'd the Veins of the Tunicle to swell and distended the Tunicle it self and the stay of the Blood corrupting it and causing it to wax hot and sharp produced the Inflammation V. The Pain was occasioned partly by the distention of the Tunicle partly by the acrimony of the Humors corroding the Tunicle VI. He could not endure the Light partly because the Pain was exasperated by admission of the External Air partly because the Eyes being opened the Animal Spirits presently flow into it as they are determined for the benefit of seeing and distend the Eye which destension augments the Pain for the avoiding of which the Patient keeps his Eyes shut to avoid the distension of the Part. VII Now in regard the sight proceeds from the copious Influx of the Spirits into the Eye and because the Tunicle cannot endure that distension hence the Eyes being open the sight grows dim in regard that the fewer the Spirits are the duller the sight is VIII The Tears issue forth chiefly upon opening the Eye by reason that the Caruncle in the larger corner of the Eye that lies upon the hole in the Nose is twitched and contracted in each Eye by the neighbouring Inflammation especially if any injury of the Air accompany it and by reason of that painful contraction does not exactly cover the Lachrymal point so that the hole being loose and open the Tears flow forth in greater abundance And they are sharp by reason of the Salt mixt with the serous Humor and seem to be much sharper then they are by reason of the exquisite Sense of the Tunicle which is now already molested IX This Opthalmy threatens great danger to the Eye in regard that by reason of the Winter cold the discussion of the Humors flowing into the Annate Tunicle is the more difficult and the longer stay of it may hazard the Corrosion and Exulceration of the Annate and the Horny Tunicle and so produce a white Spot a Scar or some such blemish in the Sight X. In the Cure the antecedent Cause is to be removed as being that which nourishes the Containing and the Original Cause is to be removed that the Containing one may be the better discussed XI The Body is first to be Purged with one dram of Pill Cochiae or half an ounce of Diaprunum Electuary Solutive adding a few grains of Diagridium or else such a Draught â„ž Rhubarb Ê’ j. s. Leaves of Senna Ê’ iij. Tartar Ê’ j. Anise-seed Ê’ j. Decoction of Barley q. s. Infuse them and then add to the straining Solutive Diaprunum Electuary Ê’ iij. XII The Body being Purged open a Vein in the Arm and take away eight or ten ounces of Blood Then Purge again and if need be bleed again XIII To divert the Excrementitious Humors from the Brain to the Eyes Cupping-glasses may be applied to the Neck and Shoulders or a Vesicatory behind the Ears Which if they prove not sufficiently effectual make a Seaton in the Neck or apply an Actual or Potential Cautery to the Arm or Neck XIV To asswage the Pain drop into the Eye the Blood of the Wing-feathers plucked from Young Chickens or Womens Milk newly milked from the Breast or the Muscilage of the Seeds of Flea-wort and Quinces extracted with Rose-water or the Yolk of an Egg boiled to a hardness or else the following Cataplasm laid upon the Eye â„ž Pulp of an Apple roasted â„¥ j. s. Crum of new White-bread â„¥ iij. Saffron Powdred ℈ j. s. New Milk and Rose-water equal Parts Make them into a Cataplasm XV. The Pain being somewhat asswaged this Collyrium may be dropped into the Eye â„ž Sarcocol fed with Milk Ê’ j. Tragacanth Ê’ s. Muscilage of the Seed of Quinces q. s. XVI For discussion of the Humor contained in the Tunicle foment the Eye with a Spung dipt in the following Fomentation warm â„ž Herbs Althea Fennel Flowers of Camomil Melilot an M. j. Water q. s. boil them to eight ounces then add Rose-water â„¥ iij. XVII After Fomentation lay on the Cataplasm again or else drop the following Collyrium into the Eye â„ž Alloes washed in Fennel-water ℈ j. Sarcocol steeped in Milk Ê’ j. Saffron gr vij Eyebright and Fennel-water an â„¥ j. XVIII Let him keep in a temperate and clear Air free from Dust and Wind and Smoak let him avoid too much Light and wear a green pâ—…ece of Silk before his Eye His Diet must be sparing
hid about the Larynx Ossophagus and Chaps nevertheless a certain Redness extended it self toward the outward Parts adjoyning to them X. This is an acute and dangerous Disease which must be either speedily cured or sudden Death ensues for that the Inflamation and Tumor increasing will cause a Suffocation The Fever augments the Danger for that the Patient being not able to swallow any thing the internal Heat cannot be quenched by Drink nor the Debility of the Body be repaired by Nourishment However there is some hopes because the Inflamation does not lye altogether hid in the Miscles of the Larynx but extends it self to the outward Parts where Topicks may be applied besides that the Redness promises an Eruption of the Inflamation towards the outward Parts to the great Benefit of the Patient XI In the Method of Cure it is requisite 1. To hinder the violence of the Blood flowing to the Parts affected 2. To discuss the Blood already collected therein 3. To promote Maturation 4. To prevent Suffocation by Chyrurgery XII The first thing therefore to be done is to let Blood freely in the Arm. And if once letting Blood will not suffice to open a Vein in the other Arm and a third time if need require Also to draw a good quantity of Blood from the Frog-veins XIII In the mean time the Body is to be kept open with emollient Glisters XIV Let the Patient make frequent use of this emollient and discussing Gargarism â„ž Sliced Licorite Ê’iij Two Turneps of an indifferent bigness Scabious Violet Leaves Mallows Mercury Beets an M. j. Flowers of Camomil pale Roses an M. s. Citron Peels â„¥ s. Water q. s. Boil them to lbj. s. Add to the Straining Syrup of Dianucum â„¥ ij Diamorum â„¥ j. Honey of Roses â„¥ s. Mix them for a Gargarism If the Tumor seem to tend to Suppuration add thereto Cleansed Barley Ê’j s. Leaves of Althea M. j. s. Figgs n o ix XV. Outwardly apply this Cataplasm â„ž Root of white Lillies Ê’j s. Leaves of Beets Mallows Mercury Althea Flowers of Camomil an M. j. Pale Roses M. s. Fengreek Meal â„¥ j. s. The inner Part of one Swallows Nest powdered Water q. s. Boil them into the Form of a Poultis to which add Oyl of Camomil â„¥ ij Mix them for a Cataplasm If there be any likelihood of Maturation add thereto Fat Figs n o vij or viij Meal of the Root of Althea Hemp-seed Pulp of Cassia Oyl of Lillies an â„¥ j. XVI So soon as the Patient is able to swallow purge him gently with an Infusion of Rhubarb Pulp of Cassia Syrup of Roses solutive or of Succory with Rheon XVII Then give him this Julep for Drink â„ž Decoction of Barley lbj. s. Syrup of Diamoron Dianucum and Violets an â„¥ j. Oyl of Sulphur a little to give it a Sharpness Mix them for a Iulep XVIII If the Imposthume break let the Patient holding his Head down spew out the purulent Matter and cleanse the Ulcer with a Gargarism of the Decoction of Barley sweetned with Sugar Honey or Syrup of Horehound or Hyssop of which Syrups a Looch may be made Afterwards let him use a Gargarism of Sanicle Plantain Egrimony Cypress Nuts red Roses c. sweetned with Syrup of dry Roses and Pomegranates XIX If while these things are made use of the Difficulty of breathing increase so that a Suffocation may be feared before the Matter can be discussed or brought to maturity the last Remedy is Laryngotomic or Incision of the Larynx concerning which consult Casserius in his Anatomical History of the Voice Aquapendens in his Treatise De Perforatione Asperae Arteriae and Sennertus's Institutions L. 5. P. 1. Sect. 2. C. 7. XX. When the Patient can swallow let his Diet be Cream of Barley Amygdalates thin Chicken and Mutton Broth boiled with Lettice Endive Purslain Sorrel Damask Prunes c. Let his Drink be small Ale refrigerating Juleps and Ptisans Keep his Body soluble and quiet HISTORY VI. Of a Peripneumony or Inflammation of the Lungs A Strong Young Man having overheated himself with drinking Wine after Mid-night drank a Pint of cold Water and so exposing himself to the cold nocturnal Air went home Presently he felt a Difficulty of Breathing which every moment encreased without any acute Pain in the Breast However he felt a troublesome Ponderosity in the middle of his Breast toward the Left-side He had a little Cough which after molested him and caused him to spit bloody and frothy Matter but not much He had a great Redness upon his Cheeks About three or four Hours after a strong and continued Fever seized him with an extraordinary Drought and Dryness of his Mouth His Pulse beat strong thick and unequal and his Head pain'd him extreamly and his Difficulty of Breathing encreased to that degree that he was almost suffocated I. THE chief Part here affected was the Lungs especially the left Lobe as appeared by the difficulty of breathing and the heaviness in the middle of the Breast toward the Left-side By consequence also the Heart and the whole Body II. This Disease is called Peripneumonia which is an Inflamation of the Lungs with a continued Fever difficulty of Respiration and a ponderous trouble in the Breast III. A Plethora is the antecedent Cause of the Disease The next Cause is greater Redundancy of Blood forced into the Substance of the Lungs then is able to circulate The original Cause was too much overheating and too suddain refrigeration IV. The Wine overheated the Body thence a strong and thick Pulsation of the Heart by which the Blood attenuated by the Heat was rapidly forced through the Arteries into the Parts but being refrigerated by the actual Coldness of the Water drank and the in-breath'd Air and not able to pass through the obstructed Passages of the Pulmonary Veins and Arteries begets that remarkable Swelling accompanied with an Inflamation partly through the Encrease of the Blood partly by reason of its Corruption and violent Effervescency V. Now the Bronchia or Gristles of the Lungs being compressed by this Tumor of the Lungs the Respiration becomes difficult and that Difficulty more and more encreases because every Pulse adds some Blood to the Tumid Part. VI. Then because the Lungs being swelled and distended must needs be more heavy thence that troublesome Ponderosity is perceived in the Breast especially toward the Left-side because the Inflamation possesses the sinister Lobe However there is no great or acute Pain because there are no large Nerves in the Substance of the Lungs which therefore have no quick Sence of feeling and as for the inner Tunicle of the Bronchia which most acutely feels it is hardly affected with this Distemper only the sharp Heat of the putrifying Blood somewhat tickling it and the thinner Particles of the Blood being squeezed into it provoke a little Cough accompanied with a little spitting of Blood VII The Cheeks are red by reason of the spirituous Blood boiling in the Lungs
of the Heart into the Lungs But after two days the Heart gathering strength and filling the little Vessels of the Lungs with Blood the violence of the Cough easily forced it out again IX The Appetite was lost through the continual Agitation of the Cough and weakness caused by the Evacuation of so much Blood which caused a Debility of the whole Body and Bowels together with the Stomach Besides that bad Diet had bred several crude Humors in the Stomach which had dulled the Appetite and weakened Concoction X. The decay of strength proceeded from loss of Blood and the Bodies being wearied by the violent Agitation of the Cough XI This Disease is very dangerous 1. In respect of the Part affected since no man can want Respiration 2. In respect of the Cause which is partly a Corrosion partly a Rupture of the Vessel 3. In respect of the difficulty of the Cure which requires rest which is not to be expected in the Respiratory Parts Neither can the Solution be taken a part but the Flux of the Catarrhs and the Cough must be cured together Therefore says Faventinus Blood being spit from the Lungs with a Cough the broken Vein cannot be closed but with great difficulty For when any little Vessel of the Lungs is opened or broken an Ulcer follows which brings a Consumption that soon terminates in Death All the hopes of this Patient consisted in his Age and strength XII In the method of the Cure the Cough is first to be allay'd 2. The Blood to be diverted from the Lungs 3. The broken Vessels to be consolidated 4. The descent of the Catarrhs to be prevented 5. The crude and sharp Humors to be hindred from gathering in the Head 6. The deprav'd Constitution of the Blood and Humors to be amended XIII After Glystering or some Lenitive Purge given at the Mouth Blood-letting is most proper which is to be repeated as necessity requires especially when the Patient perceives any heaviness in the lower Part of the Breast for the Blood-letting hinders the repletion of the Vessels of the Lungs and their being forcibly opened by the quantity of Blood XIV To thicken the Blood and the Catarrh and allay the Cough ℞ Haly's Powder against the Consumption ℈ ij s. Red Corral prepared ℈ j. Decoction of Plantain ℥ j. Syrup of Comfrey ℥ s. Mix them to be drunk Morning and Evening Let him often in the day use the following Looch and Amigdalate ℞ Syrup of Comfrey dry Roses Coltsfoot an ʒ vj. Of Poppies ʒ iij. Mix them for a Looch ℞ Sweet Almonds blanched ℥ ij s. Lettice Seeds ℥ s. Decoction of Barley q. s. Make an Emulsion of lb j. with which mix with white Sugar q. s. For an Amidgdalate XV. To divert the Catarrh make an Issue in the Arm or Neck and apply Cupping-glasses to the Scapula and Back And to prevent the Collection of crude Humors let him wear a Cephalic Quilt composed of Ingredients to heat and corroborate the Head dry up the Humors and open the Pores and to open the Passage of the Nostrils let him take some gentle Sternutory XVI When the Cough is thus removed and the Blood-spitting stopped proceed to the farther consolidation of the corroded and broken Vein To which purpose the Patient must be gently Purged by Intervals to evacuate the sharp Humors by degrees In the mean time let him drink this Apozem thrice a day ℞ Barley cleansed ℥ j. Roots of the greater Consownd Tormentil Snake-weed sliced Licorice an ʒ vj. Sanicle Herb Fluellin Winter-green Colts-foot Egrimony Ladies Mantle Plantain an M. j. Red Roses M. j. Heads of white Poppy ℥ ij s. The relicks of prest Grapes ℥ iij. Figgs No. v. Make an Apozem of lb j. s. Instead of this he may take the quantity of a Nutmeg of this Conditement ℞ Haly's Powder against a Consumption ʒ j. s. Coral Prepared Blood-stone Harts-horn burnt an ℈ j. s. Conserve of Red Roses ℥ ij Syrup of Comfrey q. s. XVII His Diet must be of good Juice and easie Digestion and somewhat of a clamy Substance as Veal Lamb Mutton and Broths of the same ordered with Barley Rice Reasons c. More especially Goats Milk Let his Drink be sweet Ale not too small let him not any way strain his Voice and for his Body let him keep it so soluble that his Stools may be easie HISTORY VIII Of a Consumption A Lusty Young Man twenty two Years of Age having for a long time lived disorderly at first felt for some time a heavy pain in his Head which seeming to abate about Winter presently he began to be molested with a Defluxion of sharp Humors to the Lungs and thence with a violent Cough which brought up every day a great quantity of thick tough Flegm after he had been troubled with this Cough for some Months at length he brought up Blood mixed with his other Spittle and about three Weeks or a Month since purulent matter was observed to be mixed with his Spittle sometimes without sometimes mixed with Blood of which he hauk'd up every day more and more However his Spittle had no ill smell he had also a continual slight Fever but attended with no signal Symptoms his Nostrils were dryer then usually and out of which there came little or nothing to speak of he was much Emaciated and very Feeble His Appetite lost or very little and his Cough frequently interrupted his sleep I. SEveral Parts of this Young Mans Body were affected The Head as appeared by the Pain therein and the Catarrhs The Lungs as appeared by Cough and Spittle and the Heart as was manifest by the Fever and consequently the whole Body was out of Order II. This Disease is called Phtisis or a Consumption Which is an Atrophy or wasting of the whole Body proceeding from an Ulcer in the Lungs with a sleight lingring Fever III. The remote Cause of this Disease was disorderly Diet which bred many sharp and viscous Humors in the Body and the going carelesly uncovered in the Winter time bred a cold ill temper in the Head which contracted and stopped the Pores of it by which means the Vapors ascending from the lower Parts condensed in the Brain and for want of passage begot a heavy Pain in the Head being as yet more ponderous than acrimonious and lodged in the less sensible Ventricles of the Brain IV. The same Humors with their viscosity had obstructed the usual Passages of the Nostrils and Palate and so finding no other way fell down upon the Lungs and Aspera Arteria which caused the Cough at what time the Head-ach abated because the condensed Humors having found out a new Channel were no longer troublesom to the Head V. By the Acrimony of the Catarrhs some Corrosion was made in the Lungs and thence the violence of the Cough preceding an effusion of Blood mixed with the Spittle yet not very much because none of the larger Vessels were either corroded or dilacerated by the fury of
thence in good part ascending to the Ventricle to promote Concoction Which is the reason they make no Fermentation so that the Nourishment fluctuates in the Stomach and is vomited up raw Or else they only cause a flatulent dilatation of the Aliments whence a great distention of the Ventricle the occasion of those loud Belches by reason of the Viscosity of the crude Matter therein contained IV. The deprav'd disposition of the chylifying Bowels was contracted by disorderly Diet and the long use of Meats thick sharp and hard to be digested out of which an unconcocted Chylus and out of that a crude and not easily dilated Blood was generated which being carry'd to the chyllfying Bowels could not be master'd conveniently by them and so by degrees they became debilitated and vitiously disposed V. By reason of an ill concocted Chylus and the crude humors collected and bred in the Ventricle it acquir'd a cold ill Temper which render'd it unable to perform its duty by bringing the sermentaceous Matter sticking to its Tunicles to any farther perfection VI. A great part of the Flegmatic humors abounding in the Blood passes through the Reins hence the Urine becomes pale and thick and the sediment like it VII There is no Feyer because no Putrefaction nor excessive Sulphureous Effervescency VIII This is a dangerous Disease because it threatens an utter decay of the natural strength for want of Nourishment IX In the Cure the Body is to be often purged with Hiera Picra Diaphaenicon Cochiae Pills Infusion of Agaric and the like X. Then this Apozem is to be prescribed of which he is to take three or four times aday â„ž Roots of Elecampane Calamus Aromatic an â„¥ j. Roots of Zedoary and Tamarischs an â„¥ s. Germander Dodder Baum an M. j. Leaves of Lawrel Marjoram an M s. Iuniper-berries Orange-peels an â„¥ s. Anise and Fennel seed an Ê’ ij Raisins cleansed â„¥ ij Water and Wine equal parts Make an Apozem of lb j s. XI The Stomach and other Bowels are to be corroborated with some such Conditement â„ž Ginger condited Candied Elecampane root Candied Orange-peel Conserve of Anthos and Flowers of Sage an â„¥ s. Oyl of Iuniper ℈ j. of Anife gut viij Oyl of Cinnamon and Cloves an gut j. or ij Syrup of Elecampane q. s. For a Conditement XII If after this the Distemper do not abate give the ensuing Vomit â„ž Leaves of green Asarabacca Ê’ iiij Rhaddish water â„¥ ij Squeeze out the Iuice according to Art then add Vomitive Wine Ê’ jij. Oxymel of Squils â„¥ s. XIII Then Prepare a Medicated Wine of which let him drink a draught every Morning between whiles taking a small quantity of the foresaid Conditement â„ž Roots of Elecampane â„¥ s. of Zedoary Ê’ ij Germander Marjoram Carduâ—…s Benedict an M. s. Orange-peels and Iuniper-berries an Ê’ iij. Anise and Fenel seed an Ê’ j. Cloves Cinnamon an ℈ ij Lucid Aloes ℈ iiij Hang them in a bag in 〈◊〉 iiij of White-wine XIV Forbear Pork pickled and smoaked Meats but observe a Diet of good juice and easie Concoction prepared with Horse Radish-root Majoram Rosemary Sage Lawrel-leaves Anise and Fennel-seeds Pepper Cloves and Spices Let his Drink be middle Ale and Wine and sometimes after Meals let him take a spoonful of Spirit of Wine or Matthiolus's Aqua Vitae Let him sleep and exercise moderately and let him sometime anoint the Region of the Ventricle and Hypocondriums with Oyl of Nutmegs and cover it with the Skin of a Vulture or Wild Cat and let the Excrements of his Body be duly and regularly evacuated HISTORY IV. Of a Hypochondriacal Passion with a Nauseating and Vomiting A Young Man in the Flower of his Age accustomed to hard salt and acid Food living an idle Life for a long time nauseating some sorts of Nourishments sometimes had no Stomach sometimes had too much but with difficulty retained and digested the Aliment received with rumbling distention and pain in his Stomach and many times was cruelly griped in his Guts and all the lower Part of this Belly with an extraordinary rumbling But these Evils were for some time abated by the copious breaking of Wind upward and downward Sometime a saltish Liquor was wont to void it self at his Mouth with an extraordinary nauseating and a slight Vomiting especially in the Morning though it many times happened at other times of the day and upon that evacuation he was somewhat better But about a Month since all these ill accidents began to grow worse For his Vomiting was often and violent so that he threw up whatever he swallowed with a great force which though they had not been long in his Stomach yet they came up very acid and which was more to be admired sometimes after dinner he brought up two or three ounces of a transparent Liquor only as he said himself Saltish and Sowrish Yet he retained both his meat and drink and after that Liquor was come up retained and digested them very well when he did not Vomit the Gripings and Rumblings of his Belly were more troublesome He had no Fever but was thoughtful and sad several Scorbutic Spots appeared also upon his Skin and his Body waxed lean I. HERE several Parts were ill affected chiefly the Stomach Guts and Sweetbread II. This Disease is called a Hypocondriacal Affection which is an acid ill Temper of the Sweet-bread Ventricle Intestines and Parts aâ—…joyning III. The Primary cause proceeds from a saltish and acid ill Temper of the Sweet-bread contracted by irrigular Diet by which the Pancreatic Juice became too salt and acid and that at one time more then another according to the nature of the Aliments received into the Stomach IV. This Juice flowing out of the Sweet-bread into the Duodenum and ascending good Part of it into the Ventricle corrupts the Ferment of it and so causes bad Concoction But if it fall into the Stomach infected with any stinking and depraved quality then it causes loss of Appetite and nauseating and sometimes vomiting But if it flow in over acid then it begets outragious hunger V. From this vitious Concoction and Fermentation arise Distensions Pains Rumblings and much Wind which being belched upward in some measure abates the Distention VI. But if that vitious Juice fall altogether down to the Intestines then the Decoâ—…tion is better the nauseating less However a vitious Effervescency excited in the Guts from whence Wind Rumblings Roarings Pains and Distensions of the Intestines VII The Liquor flowing out at the Mouth with a nauseousness is the Pancreatic Juice carried up to the Head and through nauseousness ejected out at the Mouth together with the Salival Liquor VIII Which Pancreatic Juice growing afterwards more sharp and deprav'd and more violently twinging the Stomach causes a frequent and violent Vomit Which if it happen after Meals to break forth through those Aliments into the upper Part of the Stomach as it causes a great nauseousness alone is vomited up alone the Aliments remaining in the Stomach where
Judgment upon a Wound whether it be Mortal or no which is of no small moment to a Judge or Magistrate for their Conduct and Procedure upon Criminals in that particular Such likewise they must be who by dissecting a Diseased Body can procure any advantage to the living by finding out more proper Remedies according as by Dissection they have found in others the cause and seat of the Disease Though by what has already been said you see the Credit and Reputation Anatomy has in former Ages been yet the Study of it never flourished more than in this last Age wherein so many are so strenuously industrious that one would think in our Age it might be brought to perfection Who can ever forget the Learned Asellius for finding out the Lacteal Veins No less than immortal Glory can be due to the Renown'd Harvey our Country-man for finding out the Circulation of the Blood He that cannot acknowledge the Excellency of our Willis for his Anatomy of the Brain must never pretend to the subject Discourse The curious Researches of our Wharton on the Glands surpass what has been said in former Times The Scholastic and Learned Glisson has performed his Share in trasing the Meanders of the Liver-Vessels The acute Lower has shown in sensible Terms how the prime Mover of the Humane Machine exerts its Power The renowned Bartholinus in Denmark the Swammerdam's Bilsius's de Graaf's and others in the Low-Countries but especially the Learned and Laborious Diemerbroeck in Utrecht have raised to themselves immortal Monuments of their Learning and Industry about this Subject And upon Diemerbroecks Labours principally what I have here to say shall be employed He says he had for several Years been conversant in Anatomical Studies that in teaching others he had learned many things himself that were new and till his Time altogether unknown upon which he resolved to write a Book of particular Observations and make them publick as he saw several others had done before him But abundance of his Friends disswaded him from this and urged him rather to write a whole Body of Anatomy and to put into it besides what Galen Eustachius Vesalius and others had written who had been most excellent in Works of this Nature not only his own but all the Modern Inventions of all Learned Men whatsoever This Advice was not unwelcome to him because none had attempted this before him But the Attendance upon his Practice the Greatness of the Undertaking and the Criticalness and Censoriousness of this curious Age to say nothing of the Malice and Envy of some did a little deterr him However these Difficulties being surmounted he undertook the Business finished it and made it publick All the new things which either he could find out or were hitherto found out by the best of Anatomists he has here brought upon the Stage He further in his First Edition engaged that whatever hereafter he should find lying hid in obscurity he would bring to light and when he died that he would bequeath all to Posterity For as long as the Desire of advancing Anatomical Knowledge should continue in the World he knew innumerable other things would be produced which we cannot now so much as dream of such things he recommends to Posterity and that out of Love to the common Welfare Men would not hereafter scruple to undertake this Province In this Anatomy of his he tells you he is not so ambitious as to arrogate to himself the excellent Sayings or the new Inventions of others but desiring to give every one his due Honour he sets down the Names of the Authors of whom he borrowed any thing for as Pliny says He ever reckoned it a piece of Good Nature and Modesty to acknowledge his Benefactors but that it was an Argument of Guilt and Ill Nature to chuse rather to be catched in Theft than to restore another his own when he at the same time is in debt upon Interest And so he gives to all their Due For he professes he would not be accounted one of these that by writing of Books would procure themselves a Name who by raking and scraping all they can from others get a great deal together and vaunt it all for their own concealing the Authors Names from whence they stole when in the mean time they mis-apprehend perhaps the Authors Meaning and what they have thence transcribed neither they themselves well understand nor are they able to express it to others Nevertheless in quoting of Authors he uses not many Flatteries and Complements but avoids all fulsome and Adulatory Blandishments wherewith abundance of Books now adays are rather blotted than adorned while they style the Authors whom they cite the most Eminent never enough to be commended the most Acute the most Famous the most Learned the most Noble the most Celebrated c and adorn themselves especially such as are yet alive with I know not what Epithetes it may be to avoid and prevent some shrowd Objections which haply they might otherwise fear or that they themselves being ambitious and delighted with such empty Applause desire the same Favour at one time or other to be returned upon themselves he reckons all he quotes to be Learned Men nor does he doubt of it though he thinks some more Learned than others Therefore he would have no Man take it ill that he lards not his Name with many such Epithets because as Complements now pass indifferently upon all Men they rather fully the Illustrious Worth of the Deserving than add any Splendor to it In this Book he studies not so much Politeness of Style as the Truth which has no occasion for Bombast and Rhetoric But that he may the better discover what the Truth is in several places he opposes other Mens Opinions but in a friendly way some he refutes and wholly rejects but without any Malice here and there he ushers in his own but without Ambition and whereas he has observed that in most Authors several things are wanting about the True Use of the Parts many things either written or judged amiss in several places he treats more fully concerning it but without Disparagement or Reproach to others For he never reckoned it any Fault in a Learned Man that all other Mens Writings do not please him alike nor that he corrects many things and contradicts many provided it be done civilly and without Virulence and Calumny which alass is now the Practice of too many Supercilious Scriblers who the better to defend their Darling Opinions and these often taken and stolen from others and vouched for their own had rather attack their Adversaries with foul Words and Scurrilous Writings which does not at all become Learned Men then concert the difference in friendly Reasonings In the Seventh Book of this Work and other where in describing the Ducts of the Veins he takes a new and unusual Method for whereas other Anatomists heretofore derived the Branchings of the Veins from the Vena Cava and other great
Secondly Because action is competible to the whole operating Organ but use to every part of the Organ for instance The action of a Muscle is to contract but the use of the Musculous Membrane is to contain its fibres and to seperate it from other Muscles of the Artery to bring blood to it as of the nerves animal spirits to support the fibres of the flesh Yet oftentimes use action and function are promiscously used by Anatomists And the action of a part because it tends to some end or other is often called use And also use because it excludes not action is called action But use is of greater latitude then action Hippocrates divided things that make up the whole into things containing things contained and things that move or have in themselves the power of motion Galen calls these three things Solid parts Humors and Spirits In this division the threefold parts of the body are not comprehended but only three things without which a man cannot continue entire that is alive For only the containing or solid parts are true parts of the body Yet these parts cannot continue alive except they be continually nourished by the humors Not that humors are parts of the body but the proximate matter which by coction is changed into the substance of the parts into which till they are changed they cannot be called parts and when they are changed they cannot be called humors for a bone is not blood and blood is not bone though the one be bred of the other The same must be understood of spirits which being made of the subtilest and hottest part of the blood do very much contribute to the nutrition of the body Therefore though a man cannot continue alive without these three yet it does not follow that all these three must necessarily be parts of the body A Vine consists of solid woody parts and a Juyce whereby it is nourished and yet it is evident this Juice is no part of the Vine because if a Vine be unseasonably cut abundance of it runs out the Vine remaining entire wherefore a blind man may see that it is no part if the Vine but only liqour which by further coction would be turned into a Vine Thus also when there is a Flux of blood by the Haemorrhoids Menses or any other part or when one makes water or sweats no man in his wits will say that then the parts of a mans body are voided although a man cannot live without blood and serum But if pieces of the Lungs be brought up in coughing or if piecesâ—… of the Kidneys be voided in Urine as it sometimes happens in their exculceration then it is certain that the true parts of the body are voided Besides these are parts of the body whence actions immediately proceed and they proceed not from the humors and spirits but from solids For the humors and spirits move not the Heart Brain and other parts but they both breed and move the humors and spirits for when the Heart Brain and other parts are quiet humors and spirits are neither bred nor moved this appears in a deep swoon and though there is abundance of them in the body and those very hot and fit for motion as in such as dye of a burning Fever yet as soon as the Heart is quiet they neither move through the Arteries Veins and Nerves nor are able to move the Heart or any part else which is a certain Argument that they are Passive and that no Action can proceed from them And that the humors and spirits are moved by the Heart and bred in it and other parts will more plainly appear lib. 2. cap. 11. and lib. 3. cap. 10 11. and in several other places And now though solids cannot act without the humors and spirits and by them their Actions in as much as by their quantity or quality as their heat cold c. they are able to cause this or that mutation or temper in Solids are made quicker slower stronger weaker better or worse yet they are without air yet air is no part of the body neither does the Action of respiration proceed from it but from the muscles of the breast forcing it out though in the mean time air by giving way to the motion of the muscles and passing in and out through the Aspera Arteria affords such an aptitude for respiration as without it no respiration could be performed though also by its heat or cold it may make respiration quicker slower longer or rarer according as by these mutations the heat of the parts is augmented or diminished and thereupon necessity obliges one to breath quicker or slower So the Heart and other solid Parts are not mov'd by the humors and spirits but act upon the humors and spirits they move attenuate and concoct them till at length they turn their apt particles into a substance like themselves and so apply and unite them to themselves and make them parts of the body which they were not before they were applied and assimilated For one part of the body is not nourished with another part of its whole a bone is not nourished with flesh nor a vein with a nerve c. Neither can that which nourishes the parts by any means be called a part for otherwise there would be no difference between a part and its nutriment With which Nourishment unless the Parts be daily cherished and their consumed particles restored their strength and substance would quickly waste and fail and by that failure at length their Action would be lost So that Man of necessity must have both Blood and Spirits for the support of Life hence saith the Text in Levit. 17. 11. the Soul that is the Life of the Flesh is in its Blood as being the nearest Support of the Body without which neither the Parts of the Body can act nor the Man himself live Yet it does not follow from thence that the Blood and Spirits are part of the Body For the same might be said of the external Air without which no Man can live For take away from a Man the use of external Air either by suffocation or drowning or any other way you presently deprive him of Life as surely as if you took from him his Blood and Spirits Yet no man of Judgment will say that the external Air is a part of the Body Seeing that most certainly if that without which Life cannot subsist were to be accounted a Part the external Air must of necessity be said to be a Part of our Body as well as the Blood and Spirits Moreover it is to be considered that if the Humors and Spirits have contracted any Foulness or Distemper they are by the Physicians numbred among the Causes of Diseases not among the diseased Parts Besides that if they were Parts they ought to be similar yet never any Anatomist that I ever yet heard of recken'd 'em among similar Parts For most of the Organic Parts
are composed out of the Similar And yet among those Similar Parts which compose the Organic never did any one reck'n the Blood or Spirits as Similar Parts For all the Organs ought to derive their Composition from those things which are proper and fixed not from those things which are common to all and fluid continually wasted and continually renewed IX Therefore the Body of Man may exist intire in its Parts without Blood Spirits and Air but it cannot act nor live without ' em And thus a Man cannot be said to live without a rational Soul and to be a perfect and entire Man yet every one knows that the Soul is not to be reck'n'd among the parts of the corruptible Body as being incorruptible subsisting of it self and separable from the rest of the Body since that being incorruptible it cannot proceed from any incorruptible Body but derives it self from a divine and heavenly Original and is infused from above into the corruptible Body to the end it may act therein so long as the Health and Strength of those corruptible Instruments will permit Actions to be perform'd To which we may add that an Anatomist when he enquires into the parts of human Body considers 'em as such not as endu'd with Life nor as the parts of a Rational Creature Neither does he accompt the Causes of Life and Actions by any manner of Continuity or Unity adhering to the Body to be Parts nor is it possible for him so to do And thus it is manifest from what has been said That the Spirits and Blood and other Humors neither are nor can be said to be Parts of our Body Yet all these Arguments will not satisfy the most Eminent I. C. Scaliger who in his Book de Subtil Exercit. 280. Sect. 6. pretends with one Argument as with a strong battering Ram to have ruin'd all the Foundations of our Opinion If the Spirit saith he and he concludes the same Thing of the Blood and Spirits be the Instrument of the Soul and the Soul is the beginning of Motion and the Body be the Thing moved there must of Necessity be a Difference between the thing moved and that which moves the Instrument Therefore if the Spirits are not animated there will be something between the thing enlivening and enliven'd forming and form'd which is neither form'd nor enliven'd But the Body is mov'd because it is enliven'd Yet is it not mov'd by an external but an internal Principle Now it is manifest that the Spirits are also internal and that the internal Principle of Motion is in them therefore it follows that they must be part of the Member But this Argument of the most acute Scaliger tho' it seems fair to the Eye at first sight yet thoroughly considered will appear to be without Force as not concluding any thing of Solidity against our Opinion For the Spirit is no more an Instrument that moves the Body than the Air is the Instrument that moves the Sight or Hearing So neither are the Spirits the Instrument of the Soul but only the necessary Medium by which the active Soul moves the instrumental Body and also perceives and judges of that Motion so made in that Body So that it is no such Absurditie as Scaliger would have it to be but a Necessity that there should be something inanimate between the enlivening Soul and the instrumental Body enliven'd which is part of neither but the Medium by which the Action of the enliven'd instrumental Body may be perform'd by the enlivening Soul But saies Scaliger the Body is moved because it is enlivened and that not by an external but an internal Principle We grant the whole yet we deny the Spirits to be the internal Principle when it is most apparent that the Soul is the internal Principle which operates by the assistance of the Spirits So that it cannot from hence be proved that the Spirits live or are Parts of the Body but only that they are the Medium by which the Soul moves the Body But because that Scaliger spy'd at a distance a most difficult Objection viz. How the Spirits could be a Part of any corporeal Body when they are always flowing and never in any constant Rest but continually in Motion through all the Parts of the Body indifferently to avoid this Stroak he says that the Spirit 's a quarter of that part of the Body where they are at the present time and when they flow out of that part then they become a part of that Body into which they next infuse themselves and so onward But this way of concluding of Arguments is certainly very insipid and unbeseeming so great a Man when it is plain from the Definition of a Part that a part of our Body is not any fluid and transient Substance but as it is joyned to the Body by Continuity and Rest. X. The Parts of the Body are twofold 1. In respect of their Substance 2. In respect of their Functions XI In respect of their Substance they are divided into Similar and Dissimilar XII Similar Parts are those which are divided into Parts like themselves So that all the Particles are of the same Nature and Substance And thus every part of a Bone is a Bone of a Fiber a Fiber Which Spigelius calls Consimiles or altogether alike the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or of like Parts They are commonly reckoned to be ten Bones Gristles Ligaments Membranes Fibers Nerves Arteries Veins Flesh and Skin To these by others are added the Scarf-Skin Tendons and Fat By others the two Humors in the Eyes the Glassie and the Crystalline by others the Marrow the Brain and Back-Bone And lastly by others the Hair and Nails Of these some are simply Similar as the Bones Gristles Fibres c. wherein there is no difference of Particles to the Sight I say manifest to the Sight for that in respect of the several smallest Elements not to be perceived by the Eyes but by the Mind of which they are composed no part of 'em can be said to be really and simply Similar Others are only Similar as to the Senses wherein there is a difference of Particles manifest to the Sight as a Vein Arterie Nerve c. For a Vein consists of the most subtile Fibers and a Membrane An Arterie of Fibers and a double different Tunicle A Nerve consists of the Dura and Pia Mater or Membrane little Fibers and Marrow Nevertheless to a slight and careless Sight they seem to be Similar because they are every where composed after the same manner and so are like to themselves as not having any other Substance or Composition in the Brain than in the Foot or any other Parts Of the several similar Parts we shall afterwards discourse in their proper Places Now all the similar and solid parts in the first forming of the Birth are drawn like the Lines of a rough Draught in Painting out of the Seed to which the Blood and milkie Juice
some will object This Membrane then at the first forming of the Birth ought to have been form'd out of the Seed with the rest of the solid Parts But neither in Abortives nor in Infants newly born any Flesh is observ'd to lie under the Skin therefore there can be no such Membrane there as that to which the Fat is said to adhere I answer That that Membrane in all new born Infants is most certainly form'd but by reason of its extraordinary close sticking to the fleshy Pannicle it is not so easily to be discovered I remember once that in a certain large and fleshy Infant that was Still-born I found something of a small peice of Fat like a kind of Froth sticking to the Membrane and as a Rarity not usually to be seen so soon I shew'd it to all the Lovers of Physick that were by Peter Laurembergius also seems to agree with us in this particular as he who in his Anat. l. 1. c. 8 demonstrates That the Fat he should have said rather the Membrane to which the Fat will afterwards grow is form'd in the Womb and that there never was any Child born without Fat that is without the Membrane surrounding the Body and the Caul VIII As the Fat which incompasses the Body grows to its own Membrane so the same thing happens in the Fat of other Parts For whereever Fat is to be found as in the Intervals of the Muscles the Heart the Kidneys and other parts there are to be found many thin Membranes like little Baggs or hollow Lappets hanging at the Ends of the Vessels which adhere to another thicker Membrane spread underneath as it were a Base and Foundation In these the Fat or oyly Matters of the little Bagg being separated from the Blood are condensed and collected and so out of several little Baggs filled with oyly Matter being mutually clapt together at length are made huge Portions of Fat. Malpighius also by the help of his Microscopes has observ'd that the said little Sacks are variously formed some being flat others oval others of another Shape and that they are knit together partly by the Membranes of which they are formed partly by the little Net of the Vessels Nevertheless it is to be observed that these little membranous Baggs do not grow to all the thick Membranes which is the reason that Fat does not grow to all Membranes as in the Lights Bladder the Meninges or Membranes of the Brain the Liver and Spleen c. in regard that no such membranous Baggs do grow or hang to the Membranes that cloath and invest ' em Then as for the Bones it may be questioned in some measure whether their own Cavities do not supply the place of membranous Baggs which Cavities in the larger Bones are bigger in the lesser Bones lesser and Spungy or whether any membranous Baggs may be contained in those Cavities in which the fat Marrow is collected Which latter seems to be therefore so much the more probable for that the Marrowy Fat seems to be in a manner interwoven with little Fibres and Membranes IX Others there are who farther extend the foresaid Doubt concerning the Membrane of the Fat and do not put the Question whether the Fat encompassing the Body either alone or together with the Membrane to which it sticks be a Part of the Body it Constitutes but whether it be any manner of way to be reckoned among the Parts of the Body They who maintain the Negative affirm 1. That it is not a spermatic Part engendered out of the Seed 2. That it is not endued with Life like the rest of the Parts because it sometimes grows and sometimes wastes Insensibly 3. For that in case of Hunger and Famine it turns into the Nourishment of the other Parts whereas one Part cannot nourish another 4. Because it performs no Action 5. Because it is not restrain'd within any peculiar Circumscription But because the Affirmative seems to me the more fit to be embraced as the truer I answer to the First that the first and least Delineaments of the spermatic Parts are only engendered out of the Seed which at the first are so thin that they can hardly be discern'd by the Eye or else lye hid as in the Teeth and several other Parts which do not appear till long after when enlarged and encreased by the Nourishment which is daily afforded 'em And so also it is with Fat To the Second That as the Muscles through Diseases insensibly decay and yet it cannot be said that they are not endued like the rest of the Vessels with Life thus also the Increase or Decrease of the Fat is no Proof that the Fat is not also endued with Life like the rest of the Parts To the Third I answer That it is not true that the Fat turns to the Nourishment of the rest of the Parts in case of Famine but rather that is most certain That the Fat is wasted also by long abstinence like the other Parts when depriv'd of its Nourishment To the Fourth I say that Galen l. 6. de placit c. 8. allows Action to Fat by understanding Use as he also in many other places confounds Action and Use tho' in reality there be a great difference between ' em Besides that the Cuticle the spungy Bones of the Nostrils the various Membranes the Hair and other Parts tho' they perform no Action but only serve to several Uses are therefore not excluded out of the number of the Parts for which Reason there is as little cause for the exclusion of Fat from the same Number To the Fifth I affirm That it is restrain'd within its own Circumscription tho' not contracted to a Point in like manner as the Flesh which has no Circumscription exactly determined besides we know that the Figure makes nothing to the Essence of the Part. X. The Colour of Fat in Men as well as in brute Beasts differs something according to Age. For in Youth it is of a yellowish or rather rosie kind of Colour in elderly People somewhat enclining to White but in decrepit People altogether White Tho' these Rules are not so general in any Age but that there may be sometimes an Exception and the Sport of Nature may be observ'd Laurembergius attributes this Diversity of Colours to the Qualities of the Blood Not without reason Others would rather deduce it from external Causes But these will agree with Laurembergius if we will allow the Qualities of the Blood to be changed by external Causes And so the Blood may be said to be changed by the Variety of Causes XI Fat is either internally thickened in the internal Parts or external spread next under the Skin of which we chiefly speak in this place This is circumfused over all the Body except the Lips upper part of the Ear the Eye-brows the Cods and the Yard to which it would be but a Burthen XII It differs also in Quantity several Ways 1.
which also happens to the two other lower Pairs the Ascending and Transverse are crossed on both sides by the Processes of the Peritonaeum extending themselves to the Testicles but in Women by the Vermiform Ligaments of the Womb which Passage being overmuch widen'd or broken if the Call or Intestines fall upon the Groin or Cod it is the cause of Burstenness They derive Nerves Arteries and Veins from the Intercostal Branches at the upper part V. The Linea Alba is a whitish part running from the Cartilago Mucronata through the middle of the Paunch and Navil to the Os Pubis or Share-bone It has the firm Substance of a Tendon through the Concourse of the Ends of the Tendons of the Descending Ascending Transverse and Pyramidical Muscles of the Abdomen It is broader above the Navil narrower below it and in Women with Child many times it appears of a blewish Colour which Colour it has been known to keep till the third Month after Delivery Riolanus animad in Bauhin seems to believe it to be a peculiar Membrane running out from the Cartilago Mucronata of the Breast through the Navil to the Commissure or joyning of the Share-bone and receiving the Tendons of the Share-bone In the same Animad in Bauhin he affirms the Linea Alba to be imaginary perhaps because that being blind through Age he could no longer discern it VI. The second Pair is constituted by the Muscles obliquely Ascending furnish'd with Ascending Fibres which as they ascend cross the Descending in form of a Letter X. They arise from the Transverse Processes of the Vertebers of the Loyns from whence they receive the Nerves and the Apophyses or going forth of the Os Sacrum but membranous both and the outward fleshy part of the Hip-bone Hence the fleshy Ascending are joyn'd at the top to the Cartilages of the eighth ninth tenth and eleventh Ribs and terminate in the Linea Alba with a broad nervous Tendon crossing the right Muscles and are nourish'd by the little Branches of the Arteries growing from the musculous Artery near the Loyns and casting forth Veins to the musculous Vein Some Anatomists vulgarly hold that these Muscles with a double Tendon enfold the right Muscles Which is not very probable For above the Tendons of the Ascending Muscles rest upon the right Muscles and are so fast interwoven with their Tendony Intersections that they can hardly be separated whole from ' em But in the lower or inner part of the Muscles those Tendons cannot be discover'd and therefore they are deservedly rejected by Vesalius and Riolanus and Lawrentius is justly blam'd by Riolanus for taking notice of 'em in his Sculptures VII The third Pair is that of the Musculi recti so call'd because of the streight Course of the Fibres They are very strong three or four fingers broad and about a finger thick They arise fleshy from each side of the Cartilago Macronata the Breast-bone and the Cartilages of the Ribs where they receive three or four Nerves from the Intercostal parts and so descending directly down and being united almost near the Navil and distinguish'd with two three sometimes four Impressions as it were into several Muscles end at length with a strong thick Tendon in the Share-bones Some Anatomists describe their beginning from the Share-bones and make 'em to end in the Cartilages of the Ribs Others believe that they consist of several Muscles and place their beginnings partly in the Cartilages of the Ribs partly in the Share-bones and make 'em to end at their Intersections and affirm the several parts contained between the Tendon-like Inscriptions to be so many Muscles To which Opinion not improbable Spigelius gives his consent induc'd thereto by this Argument Because they not only receive Nerves from the Intercostals above but also below from the first Pair of the Loyns For it is a perpetual Rule that every Muscle moves toward its beginning But where the Nerve is inserted there as Galen testifies is the beginning of the Muscle See the Reason l. 5. c. 1. but here several Nerves are inserted into their Parts not only above and below but also those which are interspac'd with separate Interfections and therefore there are many beginnings of these Muscles which in regard they cannot be many in one Muscle therefore all the Musculi Recti do not consist of one but of several Muscles Moreover if we consider their primary use which is strongly to press down the Belly for the Expulsion of Ordure and the Birth which Compression and Expulsion does not require that either the Breast-bone should be drawn downward or the Os Pubis upward but that those Bones should remain in their places and that all and every the parts of these Muscles should swell together that so the upper parts of every one should draw upward some parts that are nearest to 'em at the first Intersections the lower parts other parts which are nearest to 'em downwards and that the middle parts lying between the Intersections should draw to themselves the parts that are next 'em on both sides Which Contractions being made by distinct and several Parts to several parts which cannot be done in one Muscle it follows that every single Musculus Rectus must consist not of one but of several Muscles VIII As they receive large Arteries from the Epigastrics ascending and the Mammillary Arteries descending so they send forth a larger sort of Veins to the Epigastric and Mammillary Veins IX These Arteries and Veins at their Ends in the inner part are vulgarly said to joyn together about the middle by Anastomoses one into another So that the Ends of the Epigastricks open into the Ends of the Mammillary Veins whence many derive the Consent and Sympathy of the Dugs with the Womb. But I have always observed these Anastomoses or Openings of one Vein into another to be wanting nor did I ever yet meet with any Body wherein these Ends were not distant one from another the breadth either of a Thumb or a little Finger so that I am certain the Cause of that Consent can by no means proceed from hence Thus Vesalius likwise in Exam. Obs. Fallop writes that he has observed that those Vessels are never so united that it may be said there is any Communication between ' em Bartholin also in dub anat de lact Thorac c. 1. writes that he sought for these Anastomoses in a sound young Woman kill'd six weeks after her Delivery but could find none rather that the Branches ascending and descending were about a fingers breadth distant one from another yet Riolanus defends those Anastomoses most stiffly Anthropog l. 2. c. 8. and asserts that he had shewn 'em to a hundred of his Scholars But for all that I do not give so much credit to his words as I do to my own eyes Perhaps old Riolanus might be dimm-sighted at that time and so perhaps might think he saw what was not to be seen Of these Anastomoses see more
more juicy fort of Meats when the chiefest part of the Food not being yet turn'd into Chyle still remain'd in the Ventricle LIX Hence appears the mistake of many Physicians who thought that the Nourishment which was first eaten was first discharg'd out of the Stomach those things which were last eaten were last parted with And hence they have been very careful to prescribe an Order in Feeding as to eat those things which are of easie Concoction first and those things which are hard of Digestion last for fear of begetting Crudities through a preposterous Order in Feeding according to the Admonitions of Fernelius 3. de Sympt Caus. c. 1. 5. Pathol. c. 3. Mercurialis 3. Prax. c. 12. Sennertus 3. Prax. part 1. Sect. 2. c. 9. and of many others Certainly whatever Variety is received into the Stomach is confus'd mix'd and jumbled together and that by Fermentation by which the spiritous and thin Particles spread themselves and free themselves from the dissolv'd thicker Substances and so the thick being stirr'd and agitated together with the thin by that motion there is made a Mixture of all together of all which Mass that which is sufficiently digested passes through the Pylorus that which requires farther Concoction remains of a harder Substance in the Stomach LX. Here three hard Questions are to be examined in their Order First Whether if Hunger be occasion'd by the acid fermentaceous Particles creating a troublesome Vellication in the Stomach what is the Cause of that which is call'd Pica or a deprav'd Appetite as when People long for Chalk Oatmeal Lime and the like Secondly Whether in a Dyspepsie or difficulty of Digestion and Fermentation in the Guts Choler can be bred in the Stomach such as is evacuated upward and downward in the Disease call'd Cholera Thirdly Whether the whole Chyle when concocted on the Stomach fall into the Intestines LXI As to the first The Cause of a deprav'd Appetite call'd Pica and Malacia seems to us not to have been by any person sufficiently explain'd when as the affect it self is a thing to be admir'd in regard the force of it is such especially in Virgins and Women for men are seldom troubled with it that they will often with a wonderful desire covet Meal Chalk Tobacco-pipes Dirt Coals Lime Tarr raw Flesh Fruits and other strange things altogether unfit for Nourishment as live Fish the fleshy and brawny part of the Members of a living Man and Stones as Sennertus reports that he knew a Woman that swallowed every day two pound of a Grindstone till she had at length devour'd it all besides several other Precedents cited by Physicians and what daily occurs to our Observation Now they generally affirm the Cause of this Mischief to be the deprav'd Humours contain'd in the Ventricle which according to their various Natures excite in some a various Appetite to this in others to that whether bad or good in some to dissimilar noxious things in others to similar as the vitious Humours according to their different qualifications variously tear move the little Fibres of the Nerves of the Ventritle by the peculiar Motion of which communicated to the Brain there arises the same Motion in an instant in the Brain by which a peculiar Appetite is stirred up to this or that thing Francis de le Boe Sylvius Prax. l. 1. c. 2. as also in the Dictates of the Private Colledge assembled in the Year 1660. going about to explain this thing more particularly asserts that the Cause of this deprav'd Appetite is a vitious Ferment of the Stomach corrupted either by the vitious Nourishment Physic or Poyson swallow'd down or by several Diseases especially such as are incident to Women infecting the whole Mass of Blood then the Spittle and lastly the Ferment of the Ventricle and disposing 'em to an ill habit But if this formal Reason be of any force let us from thence also ask this Question Why such an Appetite coveting this unusual Dyet is also to be found in those who are troubled with no vitious Humours in the Stomach as I have sometimes found by Experience tho' I cannot deny but that there may be now and then for all that some ill Humours in the Stomach Wherefore in a Man whose Ferment and Ventricle are without fault meerly upon the wistful looking upon some Picture sometimes of Fish sometimes of Fruits or other things not fit for Dyet shall find himself to have a strong Stomach for these things in the same manner as the looking upon the Picture of a naked Venus excites many Men to Venery What and of what sort must be the Nature and admirable Quality that must so move the little Fibres of the Nerves and the Brain that by reason of that special Motion there must be an Appetite to Grindstones Tobacco-pipes Coals c. which there is no body but knows can never be desir'd as a remedy against that troublesome gnawing or as necessary for Nourishment LXII And therefore these things must proceed from some other Cause that is to say from the Mistake of the Imagination and thence a deprav'd Iudgment arising from an ill habit of the Brain and a vitious Motion of the Spirits and not from the pravity of the Humours in the Stomach For according as the vitious Humours augment or diminish the Vellication of the Fibres more or less intensly it may increase or abate the Appetite but not direct it to a particular choice of Dyet especially such a one as is unnatural For Hunger is a natural â—…nstinct by which Nature is barely excited to receive Nourishment as a remedy for the gnawing but not more especially to this oâ—… that Food or to this or that Dyet if it may be so call'd as being altogether unnatural LXIII Then as for that which is said That sound healthy People being a hungry covet sometimes Fish sometimes Flesh sometimes Fruit now roasted now boyl'd c. This proceeds not from any peculiar Vellication or Gnawing but from an Animal Appetite which judges that sometimes such sort of Meats sometimes another sometimes sweet sometimes sowre will be more grateful and proper for the Stomach and therefore sometimes they covet more eagerly Wormwood-wine raw Herrings and several other things of themselves ungrateful than others more pleasing to the Palate and more wholesome LXIV Now since the Choice or Refusal of Meat or of any thing else depends upon the Iudgment and Iudgment proceeds from the Brain certainly the Cause of coveting this or that peculiar thing is not to be sought for in the Stomach but in the Brain which if it be out of order through bad Humours and ill Vapours arising from any filth gathered together in the Womb Spleen or Sweetbread and hence asscending up to the Brain easily occasions deprav'd Imaginations whence follows a deep deprav'd â—… Judgment and through the mistake of that Judgment noxious and absurd things are covered rather than the best and most wholsome as Chalk Coals
of both those Openings closing the Ingress of the Ilium into the Colon was so guarded by these Valves that nothing could fly back again And by this View we found that of the foresaid four Opinions the second was the most probable but that the first third and fourth which was our own was a Deviation from the Truth Only that the third rightly and truly asserts that there is a certain fleshy Circle which laps the Ingress of the Ilium into the Colon. XXXIV In this Colon the thicker sort of Excrements are gathered together and contain'd till the time of Exoneration whereas it would be a great Shame and Trouble to have his Excrements continually dropping from him For which reason it is very large and capacious and has little closing Valves to stop and retard the Excrements And by reason it encompasses almost the whole Abdomen sometimes ascending sometimes descending hence it happens that the Dregs and Excrements to be expell'd pass down more slowly requiring two or three times of compressing it self for their Expulsion XXXV The third and last of the thick Guts is the Intestinum Rectum which descending in a streight Line into the hollow of the Hips ends in the Fundament Call'd by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it runs on without any Excrescencies or Windings also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it is the Beginning or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it constrains us as it were by a kind of Command to quit our selves of the Burthen that oppresses us XXXVI It is far inferior to the Colon in Length and Brâ—…dth as not being above one Palme and a half in Length and about three Fingers broad but in Thickness and Carnosity exceeds all the Guts Being outwardly covered with fat Appurtenances XXXVII It is ty'd to the Os Sacrum and Coccyx by means of the Peritonaeum and in Men is fastned to the Root of the Penis in Women to the Womb by a musculous Substance whence springs the great Consent of these Parts XXXVIII The End of it is the Fundament called Anus and Podex which has three Muscles The First which is called Sphincter and is fasten'd to the lowest Parts of the Os Sacrum embraces and purses up the Fundament orbicularly to keep in the Excrements To this there are some who add another but of a thinner Substance for the same Use inseparably joyn'd to the former and as it were riveted into the Skin at the Extremity of the Fundament But this the greatest part of Anatomists confound with the first and make but one of both The other two are called Levatores or Fundament-Lifters which rising from the Ligaments of the Coxendix and Os Sacrum descend distinct to the Sphincter and intermix their Insertions with it to the end they may draw the Fundament back again brought down by the Force of straining in Evacuation Tho' Riolanus derives their Original from the Bones themselves yet he divides 'em erroneously into four Muscles whereas such a Division cannot be made without Dilaceration as de Marchettis well observes Anat. c. 3. These Muscles being loosened by any Accident cause a falling of the Fundament or rather a sinking down of the Gut XXXIX Into the Fundament are ingrafted the Roots of the Haemorrhoid Veins which are two fold Of which the Internal ascending sometimes to the Right sometimes to the Left Mesenteric Veins and sometimes to the Splenic Branch empty their Blood into the Vena Porta but the External enter into the Hypogastric Branch XL. Arteries accompany the Veins proceeding partly from the lower Mesenteric Branch and partly from the Hypogastric Arterie XLI To these three or four little Veins joyn themselves deriv'd from the extream parts of the pith of the Back which make this Gut very sensible and infuse Spirits into the Muscles to enable their Contraction CHAP. IX Of the Mesenterie I. THE Mesenterie or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is so called from its Situation as being placed in the middle of the Bowels II. It is a membranous Part seated in the middle of the lower Belly destin'd not only to bring the Vessels safe to the Intestins and carry 'em back again but also to be a common Band of all the Guts themselves lest their manifest Windings and Turnings should be confounded and intangl'd to the manifest hazard of Life and Health III. Which tho' it be but one is divided by some into the Mesaraeum or Mesenterie and the Mesocolon while the thin Guts stick to the first the thick Guts to the latter IV. It consists of a double strong Membrane continuous to the Peritonaeum and every where stuft with Fat Besides which Wharton writes Adenograph c. 7. That he has found out and demonstrated a Third Middlemost and proper to it somewhat thinner than the former and propping up the Vessels and Kernels within it V. From the Center to the Circumference it is about the bigness of a Span. But the Shape of it is Circular whose Circumference is contracted into innumerable Folds to streighten the length and widness of the Guts and to contain their proper Situation and Order In the Middle it is large Oblong in the Sides especially on the left Side where it descends to the right Gut But it is of an extraordinary thickness in fat People the bulk of Fat being largely augmented In others it is much more thin VI. It rises about the uppermost and third Vertebra of the Loyns to which it is ty'd with a very firm Connexion Fallopius believes it to derive its Original at the Nervous Plexare or Knitting from whence it takes its Beginning of which more c. 18. l. 3. c. 8. VII It has several very small and soft Glandules inserted among the Membranes and in the middle one great one all which it is most certain do manifestly conduce to the attenuation and greater Perfection of the Chylus And of these Glandules there is great Difference found in the number not only in several sorts of Animals but in many Individuals of the same Species However this is observ'd in Man where they are sewer in number their bigness compensates that Defect Now that they conduce to the Attenuation and perfecting the Chylus hence appears for that innumerable milkie Vessels run through 'em after what manner is to be seen Cap. 11. and pour the Chylus into 'em to imbibe in it something of a slight subacid Quality for its greater Perfection which Vessels proceeding from 'em meet together at length in the middlemost great Glandule and thence in a direct and short Channel are carry'd to the Receptacle of the Chylus into which they empty their milkie Juice This Glandule Fallopius and Asellus erroneously call the Pancreas or Sweetbread and many at this day the Pancreas Mesenterii but very far different from the real Pancreas seated under the Stomach VIII This both Experience and our own Eyes do teach us For if these Glandules
Substance of the Cystis or of its Neck remain beyond the Ligature but that only the common Ductus Cholidochus and the bilary Porus may run directly toward the Intestines and then tying another Knot near the Jejunum a remarkable Quantity of Choler will be collected together and evacuated out of a small Wound made beyond the Ligature in the mid Way which Knot may be several times unty'd that the Porus Bilarius being plentifully fill'd may be emptied again XLIII To which Experiment may be added three or four Observations of Riolanus Anthropog l. 2. c. 22. From whence it appears as plain as Day that the Choler flowing from the Gall-bladder never ascends thorough the Bilary Porus to the Liver And that no Choler often descends from the bladder yet in the interim flows in great quantity from the Liver through the Poras Communis to the Intestines and therein if it be endu'd with bad qualities produces Diarrhoeas Dysenteries the Disease Cholera cruel Gripings and other Distempers XLIV Concerning the use of the Bladder there have been hitherto great Disputes among the most Eminent Doctors Aristotle thought it to be separated from the Blood as a meer noxious Excrement whose Opinion is followed by many And hence it is that Bauhinus Anat. l. 1. c. 45. makes a doubt whether the Collection of the Choler in the Bladder be necessary to Life when the ancients affirm'd the cause of long life to be the emptiness of the Gall-bladder deducing their Argument from Harts that have no Gall and yet live long Haly Abbas and Avicen say that it heats and strengthens the Liver and helps its Concoction Zirbus writes that it defends the Liver and other parts from Putrefaction Which Opinion tho' it be exploded by Vesalius yet does it not displease Riolanus Helmont asserts it to be the Balsom of the Liver and all the Blood Glisson asserts that it does not only preserve the Liver from Putrefaction but prevents its Obstructions purifies the Blood and hinders its Coagulation Veslingius also says that it preserves the very Chylus from Putrefaction Many Neoterics according to the Opinion of Galen have design'd only to promote the Evacuation of the Excrements out of the Guts which Bartholine says are thereby made fluid and fit for motion And thus all have made a doubt concerning the Use of this Noble Juice which is found to be wanting in no Man and which no Man can live without and of which Fernelius writes that many People have dy'd in whom there has been found no other cause of their Death than that the Gall-bladder was altogether empty of Gall. XLV Manifest therefore it is that Choler has a more noble Use than hitherto has been ascrib'd to it by Physicians and Philosophers And indeed the chiefest Use of it is to be serviceable to Fermentation Of which more at large c. 17. CHAP. XVI Of the Spleen I. THE Spleen call'd by the Latines Splen by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is an Organic Part or Bowel seated in the left Hypochondrium under the Diaphragma between the Stomach and the Ribs II. It is very rare or rather prodigious as both Aristotle and Pliny testifie that the Spleen should change places with the Liver that is that this should be in the left and the other in the right Hypochondrium which nevertheless has been observ'd by Cornelius Gemma and Talentonius And such an unusual Accident Cattierus describes and Bartholine relates two or three Histories to the same purpose Observat Anat. Rar Cent. 2. Hist. Also it is as unusual for the Spleen to be wanting which defect nevertheless Hollerias reports that he saw in a certain Woman and was found in Ortelius as has been said c. 14. Andrew Laurentius also makes mention of a Body dissected at Paris that had no Spleen in which the Splenetick Branch ended in a small Glandulous Body Thus Kerckringius in his Anat. Observ. writes that in two Births dissected at Amsterdam he observ'd the Spleen to be wanting Aristotle also testifies that the Spleen is wanting in several Creatures L. 3. de part Animal All Creatures saith he that have Blood have a Liver but all have not a Spleen And c. 24. All most perfect Creatures only have a Spleen Thus Riolanus following Aristotle's Opinion Creatures that have none or very small Lungs have none or a very small Spleen Ent also in Apolog. writes that he has observ'd several Birds to have no Spleen III. In Men it is generally but one and seldom exceeds that number Nevertheless Cabrolius Observ. 15. as also Posthius and Dominic de Marchettis have foâ—…nd two Fallopius observes in Observ. that he has seen three frequently in Dogs there are two not so often three unequal in bigness out of each of which there is a vessel extended to the Splenetick branch And the same thing perhaps may fall out in other Creatures For Aristotle de Generat Animal l. 4. c. 4. writes that some brute Creatures have a double Spleen and that some have none at all IV. The Convex part of it is knit to the Diaphragma not so fast and tite as the Liver but superficially as also to the left Kidney by small membranous Fibres springing from the Peritonaeum And yet in Novemb. 1668. we found so fast a Connexion of it to the Diaphragma the left Kidney and the left Lobe of the Liver extended so far that the Connexion could hardly be sever'd without dilaceration but this rarely happens The flat part adheres to the Caul and the adjoyning Parts and being so bound in sane bodies seldom descends beyond the lowest Rib but the Ligaments being loosen'd it is felt in a lower place to the great disturbance of health but the Ligaments being quite broken somtimes it slides down into the Hypogastriâ—…m which Cabrolius observ'd to have happened to a certain Noble Man whose Spleen swam upon the whole Concavity of his belly And which by Riolanus was seen in a Parisian Woman whose Spleen rested upon her Womb and for two years deceiv'd the Physicians who took it for a Mole whereas when the dead body was open'd the cause of the Swelling and the Womans Death were both found together to have proceeded from the Spleens being fall'n down out of its place V. The bigness of the Spleen in Men is various according to the diversity of Bodies and Constitutions For generally it is six Inches long three broad and about the thickness of the Thumb Iâ—… diseased bodies it sometimes grows to an enormous bigness so that its protuberancy beyond the Ribs may be both felt and seen Theâ—… that inhabit moist Regions and Fenny Places have large Spleens Lindan reports also That the Common People of Friezland that use for their common Drink sowre Butter-milk have great Livers In the Year 1657. I dissected a body wherein I found a four square hard Spleen about the bigness of a mans head Fernelius also writes that there was a Liver seen that
bigness of half a Man's head For that Nature wonderfully sports her self in bigness number figure and vessels Of which there are various and remarkable Examples in Eustachius Fernelius Vesalius Carpus Botallus Bauhinus and others Yet this Variety is very rare and hardly to be found in one among six hundred XIII In Figure they represent a French Bean or the expanded Leaf of wild Spikenard On the Outside they are gibbous and bow'd backward On the inside somewhat hollow at the ingress and egress of the Vessels The Superficies in a Man of ripe years is smooth and equal otherwise in a Cow Sheep and many other brute Creatures in whom it is unequal as if the Kidneys were compos'd of many round fleshy little Lumps or Buttons Which external shape they also shew in new-born Children which remains for three years and sometimes for six years after the Birth as Riolan witnesses Eustachius reports that he never observ'd that shape in Men grown up but only twice But Dominic de Marchettis writes that he shew'd the same Figure twice or thrice in the Theatre at Padua Once I remember I saw the same in a Man run thorough the middle of the Abdomen above each Kidney with a Sword In whose body when at the request of the Magistrate I enquir'd into the Cause of his death and the Nature of the wound by chance I found such a Figure of the Kidneys as if compos'd of small Buttons XIV They are cloathed with two Membranes of which the outermost is common proceeding from the Peritonaeum call'd the Fatty because that in fat people it is surrounded with a great quantity of fat Into this the Arteria Adiposa runs from the Aorta out of it proceeds the Vena Adiposa which the right Kidney sends to the Emulgent rarely to the Trunk of the Vena Cava the left sends forth to the Vena Cava This Membrane knits both Reins to the Loyns and Diaphragma the right also to the blind Gut and sometimes to the Liver the left to the Spleen and Colon. The innermost and proper Membrane is form'd out of the external Tunicle of the Vessels being dilated which Vessels enter the Kidney with one only Tunicle Into which little Nerves are inserted proceeding from the Fold of the sixth Pair and the Thoracical Branch affording a dull sense of feeling to the Kidney which being nevertheless extended further into the Ureters endue them with a most acute sense and for that reason are the Cause that in Nephritic Pains the Stomach having a fellow feeling has oftentimes a desire to vomit But very few Nerves and those very small and hardly conspicuous enter the Substance of the Kidneys it self XV. Both the Kidneys have two large Vasa sanguifera that is to say an Artery and an Emulgent Vein among which are sprinkled certain small Lymphatic Vessels as some imagine XVI The Emulgent Artery produced from the Trunk of the descending Aorta being first doubled enters the flat part of the Kidney thence it is dispers'd through the Substance of it with divers Branches and therein vanishes into extream small and invisible Twigs Through this Artery which is very large great store of blood is carried to the Kidney partly to nourish it together with its Urinary Vessels partly that a good part of the serous Humor may be separated from it in its Glandules and that being emptied through the little Urinary Fibres and Papillary Caruncles or the ten little Bodies in the Reins into the Pelvis or Receptacle of the Reins the blood may become less serous This Artery we have once seen in the right Kidney inserted into the lowermost part of the Kidney XVII The Emulgent Vein is a little larger than the Artery This with innumerable Roots meeting together in this Trunk adheres to the Kidney and its Glandules and thence proceeding out of it from the flat part runs on to the Vena Cava into which it opens with a broad Orifice so situated as to give a free passage for the Blood into the Vena Cava but hindring it from flowing out of the Vena Cava into the Emulgent Whence it is certain that the Blood is forc'd into the Kidney by the Emulgent Artery only and part of it remaining after the Nourishment of the Kidney being freed from a good quantity of the serous Humour in the little Glandules flows through the Emulgent Vein into the Vena Cava I think it was never observ'd that two Emulgent Veins proceeded out of one Kidney yet once it was seen and publickly demonstrated by us in a dissected Body in Novemb. 1668. Both were of the usual largeness and one proceeded from the middlemost flat part of the Kidney after the wonted manner the other from the lowermost part of the same right Kidney and about the breadth of half a Thumb one below the other was inserted into the Vena Cava And something like this I find to be observed by Saltzman in Observ. Anat. XVIII The left of these Emulgent Veins in a Man enters the Vena Cava somewhat in a higher place and is longer than the right by reason of the higher and remoter situation of the Kidney from the Vena Cava In many Beasts the right is the higher Sometimes their number is unequal and their Progress unequal as shall be shewn more at large L. 7. c. 6. XIX The dissemination and dispersing of both the Emulgent Vessels through the Kidney cannot be exactly demonstrated because of the extream slenderness of the Branches and the dimness of the Sight In the mean while several Anatomists have written various Speculations concerning this matter according to the diversity of their Opinions Among the rest Rolfinch asserts that the Roots of the Emulgent Veins meet together with the ends of the Emulgent Arteries by Anastomoses and that he reports to be first observ'd by Eustachius L. de Ren. But Malpigius lately has sufficiently demonstrated the vanity of these Conjunctions who by his Microscopes observ'd that several ends of little Arteries end in very small Glandules adhering to the little Urinary Fibres or Vessels and that so some part of the Serum is separated from the Blood of those small Arteries and carried by the Urinary Vessels to the Pelvis or Receptacle of the Kidneys but that the rest of that Blood is suck'd up by the ends of the Veins and so flows to the Emulgent Vein and thence to the Vena Cava XX. In the inner part of the Kidney is contain'd the Pelvis or Infundibulum which is nothing else but a membranous Concavity compos'd of the Ureter expanded and dilated in the hollow of the Kidney and reaching thither with open and broad Branches sometimes eight or ten like Pipes XXI Over which lye little pieces of Flesh or Carunculae vulgarly call'd Papillares by Rondeletius Mammillares over each one like small Kernels not so deep coloured but harder than the rest of the Flesh about the bigness of a
Reins XXVI For that there is a certain Specific Effervescency or separating Fermentation in the Reins or about the Reins by which part of the Serum together with the Impurities mix'd with it is separated from the Blood three Reasons teach us 1. First For that most Diureticks abound with Salt which causes that Fermentation nay many of these Diuretics are Salts themselves as Salt of Beans Vine-stalks Iuniper Prunella c. 2. Because Sudorisics by which the Serum is separated from the Blood are very effectual whether Salt of Wormwood Carduus Mother-wort c. or such as are endued with an acid Salt as Vinegar Oyl of Vitriol or Sulphur Spirit of Salt and the like which cause or increase that Effervescency 3. For that in cold Distempers as the Anasarca by reason of the weak Constitution of the Liver because there is not a strong and sufficient Ferment prepar'd for which reason the crude Serum is not sufficiently separated from the Blood nor yet attenuated thence it happens that very little Urine is discharg'd tho' the Serum abound in all parts of the Body and distends all the parts with a sensible Tumour But how by that Effervescency part of the Serum with its Impurities comes to be separated and what form it assumes to pass alone through those narrow and porous passages of the Kidneys the Blood being excluded from 'em whoever can demonstrate this deserves the Laurel XXVII Here the Glandules of the Kidneys assume to themselves a great priviledge in which very few doubt but that there is a peculiar power of separating the Serum from the Blood But in regard that besides the Serum Matter also slimy Flegm and other Humours much thicker than the Blood it self nay Gravel and Stones are discharged with the Urine hence whether this Separation of the Blood be to be ascrib'd to the Glandules alone was question'd by many who therefore joyn'd to their assistance a specific disposition of the Pores in the Kidneys no less obscure and unknown than the foresaid specific Fermentation and peculiar power in the Glandules to separate the Serum For who I would fain know will unfold to us wherefore the Serum with the Humours contain'd in it separated from the Blood by the foresaid specific Fermentation descend through the Pores of the Kidneys and Glandules without any Blood when in the mean time the purulent Matter brought from the Breast and altogether mix'd with the Blood has been often seen to pass through the same Pores without any Blood Thus in the Year 1638. I cur'd a Merchant of Nimmeghen who was troubled with an Imposthumâ—… which was at length discharg'd through the Urinary Passages in two days time with some pain in his Ureters two Chamber-pots full of white Matter well concocted and somewhat thick and so was free'd from his Aposteme Whereas before the same Matter the Fluctuation of which was not only perceiv'd by himself by reason of his difficult breathing but also was easily heard in the stirring of his Body backward and forward threaten'd him not only with a Consumption but with certain Death XXVIII Something to the same purpose I also observ'd in the Year 1639. in a Servant of the Lord of Soulen who being troubled with an Aposteme in his Breast all the Matter was discharg'd through the Urinary Passages with a terrible pain in the Loyns and Ureters by reason of the distension of the parts caused by the passage of the thick Matter Andrew Laurentius also Anat. l. 9. quaest 12. relates a Story of the same nature by him observ'd in a certain Person troubled with an Empyema whose Body being opened he found a certain sort of stinking Matter in great quantity in the Concavity of the Breast and the left hollowness of the Heart of the same nature with that which came from him with his Urine which was a certain sign that it came from the Breast through the Heart to the Kidneys XXIX These and such like things while others consider and observe a difficult Explication of the Matter they reject the Glandules and affirm the whole Business to be done by the sole peculiar disposition of the Pores in the Kidneys that is to say their Aptitude and Structure which they cannot describe neither by means whereof the thick Matter finds a passage through them but the thinner Blood cannot pass Fling say they thin Chaff Pease and Beans into a Country Farmers Barn-Sive the thicker Pease and Beans easily pass through the Holes but the long thin Chaff remains in the Sive But tho' the aptitude of the Pores in dry things may occasion such Accidents 't is much to be doubted whether in liquid and fluid Bodies mix'd together the same thing may happen especially when neither exceeds the other in fat that is to say whether a Substance four times thicker than the Blood by reason of the said Structure of the Pores alone may be able to pass through such narrow Pores which do not only not give passage to the blood that is mix'd with it and is much thinner but stops it Whether also the blood which is so thin and fluid that it has been sometimes seen to sweat through the Pores of the Skin coming to the Pores of the Reins cannot as easily or rather much more easily be shap'd to the form of the Pores of the Reins than Matter which is so thick that it can hardly pass thorough the Ureters but many times extreamly torments 'em by their distension And so that Reason as to the particular Structure of the Pores of the Reins seems hardly sufficient to explain the said Evacuation therefore there is something yet lies hid which no body yet could ever discover In the mean time tho' the Cause of this thing do not manifestly appear this is certain as to the thing it self and we our selves have seen Matter carried from the Breast to the Kidneys and Bladder discharg'd in great quantity without any intermixture of blood XXX But we shall not insist altogether upon Liquids what shall we say of things that are solid and hard are they also shap'd in like manner so as to be strain'd through the Pores of the Kidneys without any concomitancy of Blood Yet there are several Examples of hard things that are discharg'd with the Urine without any blood attending Thus Longinus relates a Story of a Virgin that being surpriz'd with a suddain laughter swallow'd three Needles which she held in her Mouth which came from her again in three days with her Urine Alexander Benedict l. 3. Anat. c. 9. writes another Story of a Pack-needle four fingers breadth long which descended into the Bladder and was afterwards found in the dissected body Iohn Matthaeus also relates that a small Iron Nail being swallow'd unawares was taken a long time after cut of the Bladder with a Stone cut out at the same time the Stone cleaving round about the Nail as if the Nail had been the groundwork
will object that the ruddy Colour of the Blood-bearing Vessels demonstrates that there is Blood in them which Colour however is hardly ever seen in the substance of the Stones and therefore no Blood-bearing Vessels seem to enter that substance I answer that happens through the extraordinary thinness of the Arteries pressed by the white Seed-bearing Vessels for which reason in a thousand other parts the little small Arteries and Veins are imperceptible Besides if a Stone be newly taken out of the Body and any ruddy Liquor be injected through a Syringe into the Spermatic Artery several Blood-bearing Vessels will swell up in the midst of the Stone and so become conspicuous Lastly I shall add what I have learnt by experience in Man That is in cutting out the Stones of vigorous and healthy Men that have been slain that for the most part no Blood-bearing Vessels are to be discovered in the inner Substance no nor in the Stones of living People cut out after the Cure of Burstenness or at most only some small Foot-steps of such Vessels appear in those sound persons But in Bodies emaciated by Diseases I have observed several small Branches of Blood-bearing Vessels slightly manifest but very slender running through the inner parts of the Stones which we did not only shew privately to several young Students in Physick but in March 1663. November 1668. in two Human Bodies emaciated by a long Distemper shewed the same to divers Spectators publickly in our Anatomy Theater The cause of which seems to be this For that as there is in the Brain a peculiar Specific power by vertue of which Animal Spirits are made of the Blood in its Vessels Fibres and Pores so also there is in the Testicles a peculiar Seminifick Power by vertue of which the Blood being carried into their Vasa Sanguifera is altered into Seed Now this active Power being strong and vigorous in sound People hence the more subtile and more salt Particles of the Blood carried through the little Arteries to their more inward parts together with the Animal Spirits coming through the Nerves fall into those Plexures or labyrinth-like and most wonderfully interwoven Vasa Sanguifera and being there received by them lose their ruddy Colour as the Chylus loses its white Colour in the Heart and is changed into white Seed But as for that small remainder of Blood remaining in the Vasa Sanguifera it is so obscur'd and discolour'd by the whiteness of the substance of the Stones and the said Vasa Sanguifera that it is not preceptible to the sight But in sickly People whose Stones as well as other bowels are weak the separation of those Particles of blood which are necessary for the making of Seed is neither well perform'd nor with sufficient speed for which reason the Sanguiferous Vessels are more tumid and containing more blood than ordinary and more visible to the Sight Moreover at the same time the ill separated and over ruddy Particles of the blood being affused into the Seminiferous Vessels are but ill and slowly concocted and altered into Seed therein and therefore the Sanguine red Colour appears in some measure here and there in these Vessels For the same cause it also happens that in those that are too frequent in Copulation there is sometimes an Ejection of blood instead of Seed the Stones being so debilitated by frequent Venery and over much spending of the Seed that the convenient Particles of blood flowing into those Vessels cannot so soon be separated from the rest nor changed into blood Now the forementioned Power proceeds from an apt convenient and proper formation and temper of the Stones which temper being either altered or weakned by Diseases or overmuch use of Women they also suffer in their Seminific Power as for the same reason the Power of making Spirits is weaken'd in the Brain XXVII Here a great question arises How the more salt Particles of the Arterial Blood infus'd into the Stones and most apt for Generation and the watery or white Particles come to be separated from the red Particles Which is a thing so dubious so obscure and intricate that never any Man as yet durst go about to unfold it or at least they who durst attempt to say any thing flying to peculiarity of Substance and Pores seem to have hardly said any thing at all In the preceding 14 Chapter we have told ye how that in the Liver the Separation of Humours to be segregated from the rest of the sanguin Humours is performed by small invisible Glaudulous Balls formerly unknown but in our times discovered by the diligence of Malpigills with the help of his Microscopes Also c. 18. We have likewise shewn ye that the blood passing through the Ash-coloured Substance of the Brain in that passage by reason of the peculiar property of its Glandulous Substance and its Pores loses its most subtil and spirituous saltish Particles which being imbibed by the beginning and roots of the small Nerves are there by degrees more and more rarified and attenuated and exalted to a more refin'd Spirituosity while the other ruddy and more Sulphury Particles are sucked up by the more small Veins and so by degrees return to the Heart And thus it seems probable that the same Operation is perform'd in the Stones For either some very small and hitherto by reason of their extraordinary Exility invisible Kernels or Glandulous Balls are intermix'd and scattered among the small Vessels of the Testicles by means of which such a necessary Separation is made Or else there is a certain white marrowy peculiar substance surrounding the small Vessels of the Testicles of which the Stones chiefly consist into which Substance the Arterious Blood being infused loses in its passage the most subtil saltish Particles of which the Seed chiefly consists most apt for the generation of Seed to be thereupon suckt up by the peculiar Vasa seminifera of the Testicles and more exactly to be prepared while the other Particles entring the Orifices of the small and imperceptible Veins return to the Spermatick Veins and so farther to the Heart But which of these ways is to be asserted or whether any other third way is to be determin'd upon we shall leave to them who by a more accurate Inspection or by the help of Microscopes shall be able to make a clear discovery In the mean time there must be something certain and assur'd of necessity by means of which the aforesaid Separation is to be performed For otherwise if by Transfusion alone the blood should immediately flow out of the Arteries into the Seminal Vessels there would be no reason why it should not all be converted into Seed but that some part of it should return through the little Veins to the Heart and moreover why its red Colour should not alwaâ—…s appear in the said Vessels XXVIII Besides the Vessels already mentioned by more accurate Inspection of Anatomists and that not so lately neither many Lymphatick Vessels have bin
are melted and made fit to receive and gently cherish the Eggs falling out of the Ovaries through the Tubes into the Womb. For if the Eggs should fall into a dry womb they would produce no more than the Seed of a Plant cast into dry Ground For as nothing comes of that Seed unless sow'd in a Ground moisten'd with a tepid Humidity so nothing comes of the Egg unless it fall into a womb watered with a convenient lukewarm Moisture XXII Some will say this cannot be so for the Eggs of Fowl do not fall into a moist womb but into a dry Nest and yet a Chicken is hatch'd out of this Egg. I answer That as for Birds and other Creatures that lay Eggs there is not the same Reason for them neither do they require any such Moisture of the womb or thicker part of the masculine Seed but only the Fomentation of Warmth For being to hatch Chickens without themselves provident Nature has provided for them within the shells of the Eggs what was requisite and could not be conferr'd by any thing extrinsic that is a copious convenient Moisture wherein the spirituous part of the male Seed may form out of it self what is to be form'd and nourish it also with the same till it comes to the maturity of a Chicken And therefore it is that the Eggs of Fowl have a Yolk which is deny'd to all the Eggs of Creatures that bring forth living Conceptions In which sort of Creatures it neither is nor could be so For they being to bring forth large Births there could not be Nourishment sufficient contained in little Eggs by which the Birth might be augmented and nourished to such a Bigness Hence it is of necessity that extensive Nourishment must flow into the Eggs and come to the Birth and first the thicker parts of the male Seed already melted ought gently to receive the new form'd Body and nourish it by Apposition and then other more copious Nourishment must be conveighed by the Mother to the womb for the Nourishment of the large Birth Having thus spoken sufficiently in general of the matter of the Seed now let us a little more accurately consider the spirituous Part. XXIII Hippocrates discoursing of the spirituous Part writes in several Places that the Seed falls from all Parts that is to say that something is generated in every Part resembling the nature of the Part which being conveighed from each part to the Stones and mix'd with the thicker Matter together with that same thicker Matter composes the Seed containing in it self the Ideas of all and every part XXIV Aristotle ascribes a celestial Nature to this spiritual Part like the nature of the Stars For saith he there is in the Seed of all Creatures that which renders the Seed fruitful and is called Heat and yet no Fire nor any such Quality but a Spirit which is contained in the Seed and frothy Body as also Nature that is the Soul which is in that Spirit answerable in proportion to the Element of the Stars XXV Now that we may inquire more narrowly into the Original and Nature of this spirituous Part of the Seed we are first to understand that it is a most subtle Body produced by another Body having a fitness by the help of external Causes to produce and form another Body like to that from which it had its own Modelling For when this Body has gain'd a proper Matter wherein to subsist it is together with that matter deposited in a convenient place and freed from all Incumbrances XXVI That it is a Body is apparent because it is subject to corporeal Laws Putrefaction Corruption and Change c. and is produc'd by a Body and not from a rational Soul from which if it were produc'd it could not be corrupted for that being incorruptible must generate something incorruptible like it self But that it is corrupted is apparent in the Emission of fruitful Seed from which no Conception happens for then nothing is generated out of it but it perishes and is corrupted like other corruptible Substances XXVII That it is produced out of a Body is plain from hence that it is generated and not created As also that it is produced out of the Substance of the Seed dissolv'd by the ambient Heat and Moisture loosning the conjoyn'd Mass of the mix'd Body and is nothing else but a thin Vapour fluid and moveable volatiliz'd by the Heat For which reason it would easily fly away unless it were detain'd as being wrapt about by the thicker Particles of the Seed not so apt for Volatility and by and by straitly enclosed by the womb and its proper Membranes and in regard of its salt Particles of which for the most part it consists it were somewhat inclin'd to fixation and so were hindered and stop'd in its Flight XXVIII That it has an Aptitude from the convenient Matter of which it self consists and wherein it inheres by the help of external Causes to produce and form a Body like to that from whence it proceeded Experience teaches us But whence that Aptitude proceeds is not altogether so manifest XXIX That the Figures and Forms of Bodies arise from the various Constitution partly of the forming Cause partly of the Matter out of which they are compounded is a thing confessed among the Philosophers In Generation therefore a just and due Constitution and Disposition of the Matter is required that the formal Cause may act upon it and form and generate something out of it Now the foresaid Spirit rooted in the Seed containing in it self the forming Form call'd Nature both has and perfects that requisite disposition of Matter and that is the first Agent or Principle of the forming of the Birth and also the first and next Matter of the Parts to be delineated For there is a certain efficient Spirit infused into all natural Seeds which arising out of the thinnest and most volatile salt and sulphury Particles of the Seed it self concocted after a particular manner by the Heat and intermixed with the more fixed Particles of the Seed is the primary cause of Formation and the primary and next matter of the Body to be form'd and actuates the other Particles of the Seed and as it were leads the Dance of natural Motions which being coagulated absent extinct or suffocated there can be no Generation Now if such a Spirit be contain'd in all Seeds then certainly in the Seed of Man XXX Now a small Particle of this Spirit contains in it self the Ideas of all and singular the Parts of the whole Body which Parts it is able again to form out of it self when by the Assistance of the Uterine Heat being somewhat loosen'd and freed from the thicker Mass of the Seed it advances toward the Ovaries and enters the Eggs and in them now carried through the Tubes into the Womb it is agitated mov'd and rouz'd into Action For being agitated it acts
us that if a woman with Child continually and strongly think of the maim'd part of any Man from which she took a suddain Fright she brings a maim'd Infant into the World tho' both she and her Husband had their Limbs perfect and quite the contrary if she continually think of a perfect and sound Child she will bring forth a Child perfect in its Limbs tho' perhaps either she or her Husband might want a Limb. In like manner a Man may more easily imprint into the seminal Spirits the Ideas of Parts defective than the Woman through her Imagination can deface alter or deprave those parts And as this is certain of a woman by Experience the same is still more certain of a Man Neither is it to be questioned but that if the Parents think continually and much upon those defective Parts nor by other Imaginations imprint in the seminal Spirit the Ideas of those defective Parts they shall beget Children maim'd in those parts This is apparent from hence in the first part that if the Parents were born maim'd in any part when they have not been able afterwards to imagin any Ideas of the entireness of that part as being that which they never knew perfect in themselves frequently the Children are maim'd in that part But if they were maim'd in any Member long after they were born then easily and strongly imagining the Idea of that part of which they knew the soundness and the use before they may supply that defect in the Seed and its Spirit XXXV But how the said Idea's are imprinted in the Seed by the Imagination of the Parent is not so easily explain'd However thus it seems to happen The Image of the thing often and seriously thought upon is exactly delineated in the Brain and that Picture and its bringing into Shape being imprinted in the Animal Spirits and by them communicated also to the arterious Blood together with these that are to be the matter of the Seed is carried to the Stones and in the making of the Seed supplies therein the defect of those Ideas which could not flow from the parts of which the Parent was destitute and so the Seed with its enlivening Spirit furnished with all the necessary Idea's of the several parts of the whole Body acquires such an Aptitude that all the parts may be form'd out of it even those Parts of which the Parent is destitute That this is thus done in the Seed is no such Wonder seeing that after the same manner sometimes the Idea's of various things are imprinted in the Birth already form'd through the strong Imagination of the Mother Because that the Idea's of things imagined and exactly depainted in the Brain being imprinted in the Animal Spirits by the determination of the Spirits made by the Mind or Will together with the Arterious Blood flow to the womb of which and of the Birth therein contained the great bellied Woman often thinks thence they are carried through the umbilical Vein to the Birth it self which being very tender by reason of the extraordinary softness of its Body easily receives the Idea strongly imprinted into it by the Imagination of the Mother as an Image seen is imprinted into the soft Brain to be shortly offered again to the Memory which is very small at the Beginning but increases more and more as the Child grows in the womb as Letters or Pictures slightly engraven with a Penknife upon the Rinds of a Cucumber or Melon grow by degrees with the Fruit. And thus also the Images of visible things at a great Distance are depainted in the Tunicle of the Eye by the help of the Intermediate Air and Sounds are conveighed through the Air to Places remote XXXVI Swammerdam proposing this Doubt to me in his Miracle of Nature How it comes to pass that Parents maim'd in some Parts beget whole Children as if he would with one Herculean Argument dilucidate the whole Obscurity answers because all the parts are contained in the Egg. But if this be the true Cause how comes it that out of that one Egg containing all the Parts sometimes a Child happens to be born maim'd in some parts and that sometimes when the Parents are sound and perfect in all their Limbs and such as before that have begot and afterwards also beget entire limb'd Children Why should the Foundation of an Arm or a Legg or any other part be more wanting in that Egg than in the Eggs of other women both before and afterwards conveighed to the womb out of which entire Childeren have been conceived If these women's Eggs contain all the parts of the birth in themselves why does Swammerdam himself say that Levi long before he was born lay in the Loyns of his Parents Will he have also some Eggs to be generated in the Loyns of Men 'T is to be fear'd he will shortly bring 'em as well out of the Heads as out of the Loyns of Men and the Stones of Women XXXVII Here another Doubt arises seeing that those spirituous Irradiations equally happen from all parts of the Body in the Body of a Child as well as of one grown to Maturity Why the Office of Generation may not equally be perform'd as well by a Child as by a Person fully grown When as the forming Spirit is equally present in both I answer this falls ouâ—… for two Causes 1. Because that in a Child that Spirit has not yet a Subject wherein to inhabit For the Blood being very Oylie is consumed in the Growth and nourishment of the Body so that there is no superfluous blood out of which the seed can be duly made 2. Because that in a Child there are wanting those requisite Mediums to perfect that Work For besides the extream Oyliness of the Matter and its unaptness the spermatic Vessels are over weak to make Seed In Males the Yard is too short and the Passages are too narrow to conveigh the Seed out of the Stones to the seminary Vessels and thence to the Vrethra In Females the Vessels are two small and straitened and the womb too narrow to receive the Seed XXXVIII From what has been said perhaps some one may raise another Question seeing that the spirituous â—…dea-bearing Irradiations are to be considered only in the Seed of a Man how it comes to pass that the Birth does not always resemble the Male parent in likeness of Feature and Form but frequently the Mother Hippocrates of old gave sundry Reasons for this taken from the various Quality and Quantity of the Seed of a Man and Woman mix'd together Whose Opinion many follow but do not explain it all alike Among whom are Capivaccius and Deusingius whose Opinions because they are grounded upon no solid Foundations we shall omit for Brevities Sake My Opinion is that all this whole Matter depends upon the Imagination of the Mother For a bigg-bellied Woman always thinking this or that when she is awake and converting her Thoughts for
there can be but one form of one thing so the Principle containing that Form can be but one Therefore the Seed of Man is but one For being simple and indivisible in its Form it cannot be composed of two which it would be if it should proceed from the Male and the Female Subtil Exercit. 268. Several other Arguments he adds in the same place by which he does not only deny all forming Power in the female Seed but refuses to acknowledg the Seed it self nor will he seem to allow it any ministerial Function Scaliger's Arguments are very weighty so that I easily agree with him that the form and act of Formation proceeds only from the Seed of the Man and that the womans Seed contributes no forming effective Cause to the shaping and delineation of the Birth Yet I cannot with Scaliger wholly renounce the womans Seed for I have both asserted and prov'd it to be very necessary for Generation And being necessary yet not having a forming Power it cannot otherwise be necessary but only in respect of that Matter without which the Power of the mans Seed cannot be waken'd and rowsed into Act. Now that it is not endu'd with a forming Power appears from hence that a woman cannot conceive of herself without the help of male Copulation Tho' it may be very probable that in her nocturnal Pollutions which happen to women as well as men besides the seminal Matter breaking forth out of the Prostates into the Vagina many times the Eggs slip out and evacuate through the Tubes into the Womb. Which nevertheless if the Seed included in the Eggs contained two Principles of Generation Active and Passive seeing she has both Place Time and Nourishment convenient within her own Body could not choose but conceive of herself Besides Nature has so provided that there shall be only one Agent to produce a natural Effect by the Testimony of Aristotle but if the Seed of the woman participated of the formal and efficient Cause then there would be two active Principles the Seed of the woman and the Seed of the man which is repugnant to the Order of Nature Again if both Sexes contributed an active Power the Male would produce either the same with the Woman or another quite contrary If the same then one would superabound if different then Twins would always be begot or Hermaphrodites which rarely happens Lastly our Opinion is confirm'd by the Natural Instinct of Mankind for the Children are not denominated from the Mother but generally from the Father as from him who being their Efficient Principle contributed to their being form'd LVIII Hence it is apparent that the Seed of the Woman does not contain in it self any forming Power in reference to the Birth nor is any Efficient Cause thereof nor as the first matter contributes to the first matter of the Birth that is to be form'd but that it is only necessary as a matter gently receiving the generative Principle of the Male Seed dissolving and fomenting it and setting at liberty the forming spirit inherent in the generative Principle and disposing it to act and to form all the first Lineaments of the Body out of it self and nourishing the Embryo when reduced into shape LIX Hippocrates does not seem to favour this Opinion of ours who writes thus Lib. 1. de Genitur In Man there is both the Male and Female Seed and so likewise it is in Woman but the Male Seed is the stronger and Generation must of necessity be accomplish'd by the stronger In which words Hippocrates seems to intimate that Womens seed partakes no less of the Efficient Cause than the Man's I answer That in Generation the strength of the Seeds consists partly in the Efficient Cause partly in the Material preparing for Formation And both Causes being taken separately may be called eitheir strong or weak or to use Hippocrates's phrase either Virile or Female When the Efficient Cause of Formation which is in the Male Seed is strong or virile and the material cherishing and nourishing Cause which is the Female Seed is likewise strong or virile then of both together comes a Male Child If either Cause be weak yet one stronger than the other then from the Cause that prevails proceeds a Boy or a Girl So that it cannot be concluded from the words of Hippocrates himself that he allowed the Female Seed an Efficient Power but that he has plac'd that same strength of which he speaks no less in the Material preparing Cause than in the Efficient and that by strength in the Male Seed he understood a strong and robust efficient Power of Forming in the Womans Seed an excellent temper of preparing and nourishing Matter and an aptitude to set at liberty the efficient principle latent in the Virile Seed LX. Veslingius fancied quite another Opinion of the Womans Seed for he acknowledges therein a double substance one Corporeal requisite for the forming of the Birth and another more watery which loosens the parts of the Womb cherishes and preserves the Birth and which he says flows continually into the Womb after Conception The Portion saith he of Spermatic Moisture which slows from the Stones to the bottom of the Womb is of a more noble use after Conception For upon this swims the rude little Body of the Embryo at the beginning of its conformation and so not only hinders the more intense heat of the Womb from making any irregular dissolution of any thing but gently sustains the Birth it self in the strong shogs of the Mothers Body and secures the Umbilical Vessels at that time as thin as a hair from danger of a Rupture Veslingius has done well to consider two parts in the Seed of the Woman but in that he was greatly deceived according to the ancient Opinion that the Man and the Womans Seed were mix'd together in the Womb and so thought the Birth to be form'd out of that Mixture and that he also believed that the Milky Juice which in Big-bellied Women flows to the Womb for the nourishment of the Child to be the more watery part of the Womans Seed Concerning which Juice see Chap. 31. LXI At this day according to the Opinion of Harvey many people assert that the Womens Seed after Conception together with the Man's Seed flows out again from the Womb as being altogether of no use Yet tho' the vanity of that Opinion be apparent from what has been said we shall examin it however more at large in the next Chapter After this Explanation made both of the Man's and Womans Seed two things remain to be inquired into in general concerning the Seed First At what Age the Seed is generated and Secondly Why Eunuchs and gelt Animals become fatter and more languid LXII As to the first The Seed is not generated till the habit of the Body becomes dryer and stronger and when the Body is come to its full growth And hence it is that because
the Body attains that strength and firmness between the fourteenth and twentieth year that then the Seed begins to be generated and acquires every day so much the greater perfection by how much the Body grows stronger and needs less growth Now the reason why Seed is not generated at younger years and in Childhood is vulgarly imputed to the growth of the Body upon which the superfluous part of the Blood of which the Seed is hereafter to be made is then consumed But this Reason is far fetch'd and only a sign of the Cause why Seed is not generated First therefore we are to enquire why at younger years the Body most increases in bulk and grows so fast that by the knowledge of this we may come to know why the Seed is not generated at that Age. LXIII The growth of the Body proceeds from hence because all the Parts abound with a moist sulphurous oily Iuice and for that reason are very flexible and apt to extend so that the Animal Spirits flowing into them the Blood pour'd into the Arteries for Nourishment sake do not so sharply ferment and therefore cannot make a sufficient separation of the salt Particles from the sulphury Partly because their force is debilitated by the copious Moisture and oiliness of the sulphury parts partly because the Brain it self being as yet very much over moist does not at that time breed such sharp Humours as to make a smart Effervescency which afterwards come to be generated in greater quantity when all the parts come to be drier For this Reason also the Spermatic Vessels where the chief strength of Semnification lies are not then so very much dryed but by reason of the copious more moist and oily Particles of the Nourishment continually poured in upon them they are extended and grow in length and thickness and that so much the more swiftly by how much more moist and oily Nourishment feeds them as it happens in Infancy and Childhood But their strength and solidity is then more increased when they become dryer and grow less I speak of moderate and convenient driness not of a total consumption of moisture Now the reason why they become more dry is because the overmuch oily Moisture is by degrees consum'd by the increasing heat and by that means the overmuch moisture and lankness of the Spermatic Parts is abated and they become stronger in regard a greater quantity of the salt Particles separated from the Blood is mingled with them and is more firmly united and assimilated to them LXIV The same cause that promotes and cherishes the growth of the Body hinders the Generation of Seed in Children Hence it is that the Blood is more moist and oily and the Animal Spirits themselves less sharp and fewer in quantity flow to the Stones so that there is only enough for the growth of the Parts but not for the Generation of Seed But afterwards through the increase of heat that oily superfluous substance being somewhat wasted then the Brain being dryer begets sharper Animal Spirits which being mix'd with the Arterious Blood carried through the Nerves to the Stones more easily separate from it the salter Particles more fit for the Generation of Seed with which being condens'd and mix'd into a thin Liquor by the proper quality of the Stones proceeding from their peculiar structure and temper they are concocted into Seed which becomes so much the more perfect by how much the copious Moisture is predominant therein which in perfect Seed ought to be but moderate LXV And hence it is also apparent wherefore in old Age very little or watery or no Seed at all is made in the Stones Because that by reason of their abated heat over much moisture again prevails at that Age through the whole Body tho' not so oily as in Childhood but crude and more watery whence the Brain becomes moister and begets fewer or less eager Spirits and the Blood becomes colder and moister Moreover the Parts themselves concocting the Seed become more languid and over moist and consequently unapt as well in respect of the Matter as their own proper debility to make Seed I except some sort of old men vigorous in their old Age who at fourscore and fourscore and ten have begot Children as Platerus relates concerning his own Father LXVI As to the latter Question why Eunuchs and gelded Animals become more languid and less vigorous the Reason is because that through the cutting out of the Stones there follows an extraordinary change of the whole Temper of the Body in regard that lustful seminal Breathing ceases which is diffus'd over all the Parts of the Body which is apparent from the peculiar Smell and Rankness of Tast in the Flesh of Beasts ungelt and by means of which the Blood and other Humours are more warmly heated and the Spirits rendered more smart and vigorous This remarkable Alteration of Temperament is apparent in Eunuchs from hence that the Hair grown before Castration never falls off and the Hair not grown before either upon the Lips or other parts never comes Quite contrary to what befalls those that are not geit LXVII The same is manifestly observed in Deer who shed their large Beams every Year and then new ones come the next Year in their places but being gelt presently after they have shed their Horns their Antlers never grow again but they become very fat Now this change of Temper caused by the defect of lustful and masculine seminal inward Breathings thorough the whole Body tends toward Cold whence it happens that the Blood becomes more oily and less fervent and the animal Spirits are generated less sharp and vigorous and less dispers'd and that part of the Blood which otherwise ought to be consum'd in Seed and seminal Spirits remains solely in the Body fills the Vessels and more plentifully nourishes every part and that plenty and oyliness of the Blood moistens and plumps up the Body to a more extraordinary Corpulency For the fermenting Quality of the animal Spirits in such an abounding Quantity of sanguineous Juice tho' less fervent being now more languid and remiss becomes less able to separate the sulphury and oily Particles of the Blood from the salt ones which for that reason remaining mix'd together in greater quantity and joyn'd together for the nourishment of the Parts moisten them less and render them fatter but more languid and not so strong For that Interposition hinders the more dry and salter Particles of the Blood from being firmly united to the spermatic Vessels LXVIII To this we may add that in those that are gelt by reason of that extraordinary Redundancy of oylie Blood the Brain it self is overmuch moistened whence the Spirits become less sharp subtil and vigorous and consequently less sharp and fit for animal Actions Which make Eunuchs more dull less couragious languid and effeminate and slower in all the Exercises both of Body and Mind LXIX From the same Redundancy
the Mother Others call it a Vegetative Soul and make no distinction between this and Nature but say that Fertile Seed of necessity must be enlivened This Soul of the Seed Iulius Scaliger and Ludovicus Mercatus stiffly defend And Sennertus following their footsteps Institut Med. lib. 1. cap. 10. has these words They seem all to me to be in an Error who deny the Soul which is the Cause of Formation to be in the Seed For if you grant the forming power to be in the Seed you must allow the Soul to be likewise in it For in regard the Powers are not separable from the Soul of which they are the Powers it is impossible that the Powers proper to any thing should be in a Subject wherein the Form is not from whence the Power slows And since we come to the knowledge of the latent Essence by the Operations what 's the reason we do not attribute a Soul to the Seed that sufficiently manifests it self therein by its Operations But they are two the enlivening of the Seed and the Conception and the forming of all the parts that are necessary for the Actions of Life For every Soul as is manifest in the Seed of Plants is preserv'd while the Soul is in it and remains prolific for some time and while it is sound and uncorrupted in a proper place and with convenient Nourishment operates as living and exercises its operations upon the matter at hand which is not only to be seen in some Creatures by the Action it self but in the regenerating of some parts especially in Plants For the same Operations are observ'd in the Seed and in Plants sound in all their parts which shew the same Agent in both For it is altogether the same Operation whereby the Soul latent in the Seed forms the Body of the Plant out of the Matter attracted and afterwards every year restores the fallen Leaves and gather'd Flowers and thrusts out new Branches and new Roots and therefore it is a sign and Argument of the same Faculty and of the same Soul And this not only in Plants but also in the Seeds of perfect Creatures must of necessity be allow'd to be done For as the Flesh is not made out of Blood unless the Flesh it self enliven'd change the Blood into Flesh much less shall a Creature be made of Seed if the Seed want a Soul And a little after he adds For the Body of Creatures being the most excellent and perfect it follows that what is not enlivened cannot be the principal Cause of the enlivened Body but that the Body enlivened is produced by a Body enlivened as the principal Cause And certainly these Arguments of Sennertus are of great weight to prove that there is a Vegetative Soul in all generated Bodies which is also stiffly maintain'd by Deusingius De Gener. Foet in Utero part 2. sect 1. L. But because a Doubt may here arise from whence the Seed has this Soul it will not be amiss to add something for the clearer illustration and confirmation of the said Opinion We must know then that all and singular the parts of a living animated Body ought to participate of that Soul and to live by it and hence that which is separated to the perfection of the Seed out of the several parts ought also to participate of the same Soul which is also to intermix with the Mass of the Seed And because out of all and every part something of most spirituous parts like Atoms is allow'd to the making and perfection of the Seed hence it comes to pass that the Epitome of the whole animated Body endu'd with the like Soul is contain'd in the Seed and that Soul the Seed being deposited in a convenient place is separated from the thicker parts of the Seed by the Heat with that same Matter of the Seed wherein it inheres that is to say the most spirituous part divided from all and every the other parts and rows'd into Action and so throughout forms a resemblance to that form which is separated together with that same subtile part of the Seed unless prevented and hinder'd in its Operation or that it be extinguish'd and suffocated by any defect of the Heat or circumfus'd Matter LI. But it may be objected That the Forms of animated Beings are indivisible and hence that no parts of the Soul can be separated from the single parts but that those parts meeting together in the Seed constitute the whole and entire Soul To which I answer That the Forms of animated Beings are not of themselves divisible however they may be divided according to the division of the Matter so that the Matter be such wherein the Soul can commodiously lye hid and out of which it may be rais'd again to its duty by the natural Heat temper'd to a convenient degree This is apparent to the Eye in a Willow wherein any Bough being torn off from the Tree the Soul is divided according to the division of the Matter and as it remains in the Tree it self so likewise in the Bough as appears by its Operation For that Bough being planted in a moist Ground the present Soul acts in it forthwith and produces Leaves Roots and Boughs and the Mother Tree it self shews no less the presence of the Soul in it self by the same Operations So likewise in Creatures that same spirituous Essence which is separated from all the several living parts to be carried to the Seed participates of the same Soul of the parts out of which it is separated as being able to afford a convenient Domicil for the Soul seeing that where such a Domicil cannot be afforded the living Soul fails and so being mix'd with the Seed it causes the Seed to be potentially animated if the substance of the Seed be rightly tempered which Soul potentially lying hid therein the Seed being deposited in a convenient place being afterwards freed from the Fetters of the thicker Substance wherein it is enclos'd is rais'd into Action and acting forms out of the Subject wherein it inheres like parts to those out of which the Separation was made as being of the same Species with the Soul out of which it was separated LII And therefore when it is said by Aristotle and other Philosophers That the Soul lies hid potentially only in the Seed this is not to be understood as if the Essence of the Soul were not present but in reference to its being intangled in the other thicker Matter of the Seed so that it cannot act till disintangled from it the Seed being deposited in some convenient place by the Heat which dissolves the said Matter but so separated it acts forthwith and out of its spirituous Subject separated from the parts of the Creature delineates and forms what is to be form'd and increases it with the next adjacent Nutriment For the Seed being of the number of Efficients and seeing every Agent acts not as it is potentially but actually such
divine Operations But no Man unfolds that substantial Form that first Act that first Matter of Fermentation by which all animate Beings obtain Life and are thence said to live nor what that first Act that Form or Matter is but all Men acquiesce in the Name alone of a Vegetable Soul LXVIII This same Soul I call the vivific Spirit produced out of Corporeal Matter surpassing all other Spirits produced out of Matter Now altho' this Definition of mine be sufficient to denote the Substance it self of the Soul or rather the Subject wherein it abides nevertheless it will not satisfy many who desire a farther Explication of the Nature of this Spirit which however it is better to contemplate in Thought than to express in Words For how or with what Knowledg instructed it forms and joyns the Parts of the Body to be form'd so fitly and with so much decency of Order and Shape he only knows who alone and first of all created all things at the Beginning What it is that rowses it and frees it from the Incumbrances wherewith it is surrounded and brings it upon the Stage of Action has been already sufficiently explain'd that is to say the Heat acting in convenient place and time upon the Seed for that without such a Heat it cannot be dissolved or waken'd out of the thicker Matter LXIX Regius thinks he has found out a way to unfold this Gordian Riddle more clearly and after another manner promising to explain this obscure Mystery of Nature as do many others by manifest Reasons He writes that the Formation of the Birth is perfected by the heat as well of the Womb as of the Seeds by which their Particles are agitated in the Womb and being agitated by reason of their Shapes and Magnitudes which they have acquired in the seminary Passages tempered and shap'd after a certain manner of necessity become in the Womb a perfect prolific Principle of the Creature to be form'd furnished with Alimentary Iuice and cloathed with little Membranes in some Measure resembling the Seeds of Plants Then he adds that this Explication of the Formation of the Birth is so manifest that there is no farther Necessity of framing in the Womb or Seed any Idea Fantasie or Principle of a Soul or any other Faculty to be the Author of Formation But the most learn'd Gentleman who at first sight promises something of a Delphian Oracle in these words does but explain the lesser Obscurity by the greater Obscurity and swelling with an extraordinary Self-Conceit he is pleased with his own Invention as to believe that never any Man ever did or ever will invent any thing more subtilly and ingeniously when as there is nothing in it but Vanity and Ostentation For what others call the Soul of the Seed the vegetative Soul the Plastic Power the Architectonic Vertue c. that he calls certain Shapes and Magnitudes of the Particles of the Seeds more difficult to be apprehended than plastic Power or vegetative Soul And altho' perhaps some Persons may believe that the Artificial Formation of other things without Life may in some Measure be conceived by his mechanic Explication annexed yet does it not from thence appear how the Parts of our living Body are generated out of the diversity of the Shapes and Magnitudes of the Particles of the Seed what should occasion the Heart to be form'd in the middle of the Breast and not in the Abdomen or Head why there should be in that particularly eleven Valves and no more wherefore not two Hearts in one Birth how the Parts receive Life from the Principle of the Birth and what introduces Motion and Actions c. All which with an innumerable number of other things he that will refer to the Shapes and Magnitudes of the Particles of the Seed ought first to tell us what they are and how they are mixed Who does not this proposes his Shapes and Figures as meer Imaginary Chimeras and clears up no Obscurity but wraps us up in more Darkness and while he pretends to tell us something of Novelty and better says nothing at all but intangles an obscure thing in newer but obscurer Terms LXX Lately Tho. Willis has set forth the Substance and Nature of this Soul quite otherwise de an Brut. c. 2. Where after he has asserted the Soul of Brutes which we call Vegetative to be Corporeal and extended through the whole Body and divisible together with the Matter wherein it abides at length concludes that the Soul lying hid in the Blood or Vital Liquor is either a certain Fire or Flame But that we have affirm'd the Soul of a brute says he to be not only Corporeal and extended but that it is of a certain fiery Nature and its Act or Substance is either a Flame or a breath near to or a Kin to Flame besides the large Testimonies of Authors both Ancient and Modern Reasons and Arguments almost demonstrative have also induc'd me to it As to what appertains to the Suffrages of others that I may not seem to insist upon the Authority of a single Gassendus who has maintained this Hypothesis I shall here cite many both ancient Philosophers and Physicians For not to mention Democritus Epicurus Laâ—…rtius Lucretius and their Followers Hippocrates Plato Pythagoras Aristotle Galen with many others tho' disagreeing about other things Yet in this Opinion That the Soul was either a Fire or something Analogical to it they all shook Hands to whom among the Moderns Fernelius Heurnius Cartesius Hogeland and others also have joyn'd themselves and lately Honoratus Faber has delivered in express Words That the Soul of the brute is Corporeal and its Substance Fire LXXI But while the famous Thomas Willis with all those most ingenious Philosophers and Physicians asserts the Soul to be Fire he names indeed a Body of the greatest Activity but such a one as consumes and destroys all things in which and upon which it acts whereas the Soul by its Presence does not destroy those Bodies in which it is and acts but preserves 'em in their soundnss excites the Members to their Functions and defends 'em from Corruption till those Bodies wherein it abides are destroy'd by some other Cause together with the Soul it self Moreover among all those famous men not one could ever teach what it is that forces or instructs that Fire in the Generation of the Creature to adapt and joyn all and singular the parts in such an exact and admirable order together and in every one to perform such various and determin'd Operations as the making the Chylus in the Stomach Blood in the Heart Animal Spirits in the Brain Sight in the Eye Hearing in the Ear Taste in the Tongue why through its extraordinary activity and rapid Motion it does not hinder the Formation of the Organs and rather destroy 'em being form'd then form 'em it self and produce variety of Actions out of each LXXII Moreover the foresaid Thomas
probable that the necessity of Respiration forces the Birth to a stronger Calcitration when the Birth in the Womb breaths sufficiently considering the Proportion of its heat For Vessingius resting upon the Authority of Hippocrates writes that the Lungs of the Birth enclosed in the Womb by a gentle dilation draws something of Air and for proof of this he alledges the Infants being often heard to cry in the Womb. Examples of which are produced by Albertus Magnus Libavius Solin Camerarius Sennertus Bartholin and Deusingius Also the Learned Velthusius believes that in this case the Air penetrates to the places where the Infant lies and that it is attracted by the Infant by Inspiration Nay the Honourable Robert Boyle in Experim Physic. Mathem Exercit. 41. seems to confirm this crying by a most memorable Example I knew a certain Lady says he who was with Child some years since at what time her friends bemoan'd her Condition to me that she was very much terrified with the Crying of her little Infant XXVI But whoever they were they were all in an Errour that wrote of the Respiration and crying of the Birth in the Womb. For first the Relations of these things are taken from the vain stories of idle and unskilful Women and Men who either conceive Whimsies of their own or else on set purpose perswade others into a belief of these Vanities Either to move the Rich to Pity for generally the poor are they that only hear these Noises or else to get themselves a name among the Vulgar by establishing some Prophecy upon these feigned wonders But we shall hardly read of any person of Reputation that ever heard this imaginary Crying Secondly it is impossible there should be any breathing or crying in the Womb without any Air but which way shall it come thither For the Mouth of the Womb is so closely shut by the Testimony of Galen or Hippocrates that it will not admit the point of a Probe nor the least Air or Water Of which though some make a doubt yet we found to be true in the year 1649. When we opened the Body of a young Woman that was poysoned in whose body we found the Womb swollen with a Birth above a hands length and the Mouth of the Womb not only most closely contracted but also stopped up with a glutinous clammy flegmatick Humour that would not admit the sharp end of a Bodkin unless it should have been forced through the Glewy substance The same thing we found in December 1665. in a Woman seven Months gone that dy'd suddainly Moreover besides this closing up the Mouth of the Womb the Birth is also so exactly enclosed in its Membranes that no liquor contained within can distil forth nor any external Air penetrate withinside VVhich difficulty Gualter Needham observing after he has related a story as it was told him of a Child that was heard to cry in the Womb of a Noble Woman L. de format foet writes that the Air cannot come from without to the Birth but that it may be there generated by the fermentation of the Humours latent within as wind is bred in the Stomach Guts and other parts But this being in some measure granted how is it possible that the Birth going about to cry should draw in that or any other Air when it swims upon the Milkie liquor of the Amnion which would fill up the Mouth of it For should it breath in the Air it would be choaked in regard the Liquor in the Mouth would slide down into the Lungs through the rough Artery together with the Air and fill up the middle Fistulous part of the Windpipe Certainly t is a wonder that those Learned Men who have written concerning this Uterine Crying have not made this Observation upon it that the sound which is heard in the Belly of a Woman with Child which they that hear perhaps take for the crying of the Infant proceeds only from the Wind that roars in the Guts compressed and straitned by the bulk and weight of the Infant as we hear sometimes a wonderful whistling of the wind impetuously forcing it self through the narrow holes of windows such a one as once I remember I heard my self with several others exactly resembling the sighs and groans of a Man in sorrow or in some great danger so that all that heard it were frighted and talked of nothing but Spirits and Hobgoblins that bewayl'd some terrible Misfortune that was to befal them whereas after half an hours search we found the winding hole through which the wind passing made that lamentable noise which ceaâ—…d upon stopping the Hole And thus t is no wonder if the Vapours passing through the streights of the Compressed Guts sometimes make a whining noise like the crying of an Infant as you shall hear in the lower Belly noises of the wind resembling perfectly the croaking of Frogs and the Hissing of Serpents Therefore says Aristotle the Infant never cries till it be come forth out of the Womb. XXVII Here perhaps an important doubt will arise if it be so that the Birth promotes its delivery by vehement kicking occasioned by the necessity of Respiration and so provokes nature to Expulsion what 's the Reason 1. That sometimes a very weak Birth that wants no Respiration is forced out of the Womb in the fifth or sixth or seventh Month in which seventh Month however many mature Births sufficiently strong and lively and wanting Respiration are born though it may happen that many Births unripe very weak and unable to brook the change of Air and Nourishment may be and are frequently born in that Month. 2. That a Birth that dies in the VVomb consequently requiring no Respiration is cast forth by female Labour seeing that in neither of these cases there is any need of strong Calcitration to promote delivery I answer to the first that sometimes a Birth may be sound in the Womb according to the time that it abides there after Formation though not ripe that is so weak as not to be able to brook the changes of Air and Nourishment and that of such a Birth a Woman miscarries by Abortion not through the necessity of Respiration or provoked by sprawling but by reason of a cause far different either the flowing in of too much flegm or too violent Agitation of the Womans Body or through the rapid disorderly and violent motion of Spirits and Humours as in the passions of Anger or Fear by all which cause the Placenta is loosned from the VVomb or the Birth is killed which then becomes heavy and troublesom to the VVomb and provokes it to Expulsion and to the end that trouble may be expelled presently the Spirits are sent in great quantity to the Contracting Fibers of the VVomb and Muscles of the Abdomen which by drawing both the one and the other together expel the Birth To the Second I say that the Birth being dead for some times the pains of Travel cease because
is much thinner Wharton saw in an Abortion in the sixth Month the lower part of the Thymus grown to the Pericardium and thence being bifork'd as it was under the Canel-Bone without the Breast ascending the sides of the Weazand So likewise in Calves it adheres at the lower part to the Pericardium whence it increases into a bigger Bulk and being divided leaves the Thorax above and ascending both sides of the Weazand runs forth to the Maxillary Kernels and sometimes to the Parotides XII And in these Creatures it is very great call'd Lactes and coveted as a dainty Bit. XIII It has also little Arteries and Veins from the Iugulars so small that they are hardly to be seen in Dissection XIV Wharton allows the Thymus Nerves from the sixth Pair and the subclavial Contexture which he thinks do empty into this Kernel their nutritive Liquor defil'd with some impurity and extraordinary acrimony and resume it again when refin'd But this is an erroneous Opinion for Wharton takes the Lacteal Vessels to be Nerves and describes 'em as such which in these Glandules are never more commodiously to be seen than by inspection of a Calf newly calv'd and fed with Milk in the same manner with those that are scatter'd among the Kernels of Breasts that give Suck Moreover Wharton does not observe what Juice is contain'd in the Thymus of a new-born Birth that is to say whether Chylous or Milky such as Harvey found therein and Deusingius saw plentifully flow out of it and such as you shall find in sucking Calves kill'd an hour or two after they have suckt Which Juice does not flow thither through the Nerves but through the Lacteal Vessels to be brought to more perfection therein and so to be transmitted through the subclavial Veins to the Hollow Vein and Heart But because this Juice in grown People by reason of the narrowness of the Lacteal Passages tending thither as being dry'd up flows in very small quantity or not at all into the Thymus hence in such People that part is very much diminish'd and contracted in like manner as in Womens Breasts when they grow dry Therefore there are no Nerves that are manifestly carry'd into the Thymus as being of little use to this Part neither sensible nor wanting the Sence of Feeling Tho perhaps it may permit some invisible Branches of Nerves to bring about some private Effervescency for its own Nourishment XV. Wharton affirms that he has often seen Lymphatic Vessels running through this part and emptying themselves into the Subclavial Vein Nor do they pass thither without reason seeing that in the preparation of the milky Matter that Lympha is requisite to raise a fermentaceous Effervescency in the Heart CHAP. V. Of the Pericardium and the Humour therein contain'd I. THE Pericardium as it were thrown about the Heart which Hippocrates calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Sheath or little Capsule of the Heart is a membranous Covering every way enfolding the Heart whereby it is contain'd within its Seat and defended from all external Injuries It is contiguous to the Heart but so far distant from it as the Convenience of Pulse and Agitation requires II. It arises at the bottom of the Heart from the common outward Tunicles taken from the Pleura enfolding the Vessels of the Heart which being about to enter the Heart leave it for the forming of the Pericardium III. Riolanus allows it a double Membrane the outermost of which he will have to be deriv'd from the Mediastinum but the innermost from the Tunicle of the Vessels of the Heart But it would be too great a Difficulty to demonstrate that Duplicity Moreover the outermost Tunicle of the Vessels of the Heart is derived from the Pleura as is also the Membrane of the Mediastinum Besides that it would be absurd that from one single Pleura two Tunicles should meet together toward the Forming of the Pericardium one from the Tunicle of the Vessels and another from the Mediastinum and that in the mean time the Mediastinum should remain a peculiar Membrane The same Riolanus inconstant to himself writes in his Animadversions upon Laurentius that the Pericardium rises from the Pleura in the doubling of which it is contain'd and in his Animadversions upon Bauhin That there is not a double but only one single Tunicle of the Pericardium forgetting perhaps what he had written concerning their duplicity in his Anthopograph l. 3. c. 7. IV. The outermost part is ty'd to the Mediastinum with several little Fibres and appears conjoin'd and continuous to it about the bottom of the Heart where it gives way for the greater Arteries and Veins to pass through The lower part of it sticks to the Center of the Diaphragma V. For Nourishment it has such slender Arteries that they can hardly be discern'd It sends forth little Veins to the Phrenic and Axillary Veins It also admits diminutive Nerves from the left Branch that turns back and the Sixth Pair passing to the Heart VI. It contains within it a serous Liquor ruddy in Bodies naturally constituted bred from the Vapours sent from the Heart and somewhat condens'd in the Pericardium to the quantity of one or two Spoonfuls This is the true Cause of its Generation and therefore they are not to be heeded who think it to be produced from Drink Spittle Fat of the Heart or any other Causes Nicholas Stenonis however believes it to be emptied out of certain Lymphatic Vessels into the Peritonaeum VII This Liquor moistning the Heart withoutside and rendring it slippery makes its Motion also more easy and prevents overmuch Driness But the long want of it causes Driness and many times a Consumption The want of it proceeds when through some Wound of the Pericardium Exulceration or some other Solution of Continuity that same Sweat of the Heart condens'd therein flows out of it and cannot be contain'd therein Yet some Practitioners have observ'd then when it has flow'd out through some Wound of the Pericardium that Wound being cur'd it has bred again and the Patients have recovered their Health Of which we have many Examples alledged by Galen Cardan Beniverius Peter Salius and others This Liquor is found as well in the Living as Deceas'd as appears by the Dissection of living Creatures which clearly convinces Matthew Curtius who will not allow it in living Animals VIII In diseased Bodies we have found it of a more watry Colour sometimes like Urine at other times like troubled Water but much more in Quantity For I have met with many Anatomies in our Hospital in which I have found half a Pint of this Liquor at a time In the Year 1651. in the Body of an English Man that had long fed upon ill Diet and so falling into a Flegmatic Cachexy at length died we shew'd to the Spectators at least two Pints contain'd in a distended and very much loosen'd Pericardium which was observ'd
forc'd in at the upper part out of the Syringe I say through the Pores because there is no need of middle pipes to convey the Water into the lower Pipes for that the Pores of the Spunge afford a sufficient passage But if these Pores are streightned and the lower Pipes are contracted by any Accident that the Water cannot pass equal in quantity and swiftness then the Spunge receiving more than it can transmit begins to swell and consequently the loose piece of Leather wherein it is wrapt becomes distended hard and tumid The same will happen if any viscous Matter be forc'd through the Syringe into the Spunge by which the Pores and Passages are stopt up for then receiving much more than it can well discharge of necessity it will rise into a Tumor He that will apply this Similitude to the Body of Man will find the Circulation of the Blood to be occasion'd in like manner through the Pores of the Substance and hence perceive the Cause of most Swellings XIV There is an extraordinary and manifold necessity of this Circulation 1. Seeing that the Blood being once discharg'd into the Parts the farther off it flows from the Hearth of its Fire is so much the more refrigerated and less a part for nourishment there is a necessity of its return to the Fountain of heat the Heart to be again new warm'd and attenuated therein which return is occasion'd by this Circulation 2. Without this Circulation neither could the Blood be forc'd to the Parts that are to be nourish'd nor could that which remains after nourishment together with the Chylus be carry'd back to the Heart 3. By means of this all the Particles of the Blood are made fit for nourishment by degrees and according to a certain order For there being no long Concoction in the Heart but only a certain swift Dilatation therefore the Chylus upon its first passage through the Heart does not acquire the absolute perfection of Blood but at several passages sometimes these sometimes those Particles become more subtile and fit for nourishment 4. By the help of this Circulation the virtue of Medicines taken and apply'd is carry'd through the whole Body or the greatest part thereof 5. By means of this the Blood is in continual motion and preserv'd from congealing and putrifying 6. By means of this we come to the knowledge of many Diseases concerning which in former time many Disputes have arisen among Physicians 7. By means of this Physicians also understand how to undertake the Cures of most Diseases whereas formerly they only proceeded by uncertain Conjecture There is no necessity that I should here refute in particular the vain Arguments of Primrosius Parisianus and others who stifly endeavour to oppose this Circulation and uphold the darkness of former Ages remitting the Readers that desire to be more particularly inform'd of these things to Ent Highmore and several others who make it their Business to refute the Arguments of such as uphold the contrary Opinion XV. But here remain two more Doubts 1. Whether the Chylus circulates through the whole Body 2. Whether the Serum circulates in like manner I answer That as to the Chylus so long as it is not within the command of the Heart and before it has enter'd the Veins it is not forc'd by the beating of the Heart and consequently does not circulate Thus the Chylus contain'd in the Milky Mesenteric and Pectoral Vessels is thrust forward by the compressure of the Muscles and other parts but is not mov'd further forward by the beating of the Heart so long as it has not enter'd the Veins So the Chylus falling out of the Milky Vessels into the Breasts circulates no farther but like Milk is either suckt or flows of its own accord out of the Teats But if any part of it there enter the Mamillary Veins that same still retaining the form of Milk or Chylus is convey'd together with the Vein-Blood to the Heart wherein being dilated presently it loses the form of Chylus or Milk and assumes the form of Blood at first more crude or less spirituous but afterwards to be more and more perfected by several passages ' through the Heart And so it does not circulate through the whole Body in the form of Chylus but in the form of Blood having no manner of similitude with the Chylus Whence it comes to pass that there is no Chylus to be found or that can be found in the Arteries In like manner neither does the Chylus circulate in Women with Child toward the Cheese-cake or Amnion As neither does it in some Women not with Child but flowing likewise to the Womb is corrupted and putrefies about the Womb and flows forth with more or less ill smell according as its Corruption is more or less Which is most probable to be the most obvious Cause of Uterine Fluxes Also the Chylus that sometimes flows to the Urinary Bladder cannot circulate All which things being consider'd we must conclude at once that the Chylus does not circulate through the whole Body but that entring the Veins it retains the form of Chylus only so far as the Heart and there loses its form upon the dilatation As for the Serum this is also to be said that it does not circulate but when it enters the Blood-bearing Vessels For no Humors circulate by virtue of the beating of the Heart till after they have enter'd the Limits of the Heart's Command and become subject to its Motion But so long as they acknowledge any other Mover such as are the Peristaltic Motion of the Stomach Guts and other parts and the compressure of the Abdomen c. they never circulate As the Serum when having pass'd beyond the Bounds of the Heart's Empire it falls into the Ureters and Bladder And the Flegmatic Lympha when separated from the Blood of the Choroidal Fold it comes to be deposited in the Ventricles of the Brain circulates no more tho' it circulated before when it was mix'd with the Blood CHAP. IX Of the Parts of the Heart See the 9th Table I. IN the Heart are these Parts to be specially consider'd Two little Ears two Ventricles with a middle Septum that distinguishes them eleven Valves and four large Vessels of which two adhere to the Right Ventricle the hollow Vein of the Pulmonary Artery and two adhere to the Left Ventricle the Pulmonary Vein and the Aorta Artery Now let us us see in what Order the making of that enlivening Nectar proceeds in this Ware-house of Sanguification To which purpose we shall produce the several Parts in that Order as Nature makes Use of 'em in the execution of this Office II. The Little Ears are as it were Appendixes to the Heart seated on both sides at the Basis of the Heart before the Orifices of the Vessels carrying the Matter to the Ventricles and from some sort of likeness to the Ears call'd the Little Ears of the Heart III. They
are two in number of which the Right and looser is plac'd next the Vena Cava the Left which is the lesser thicker and firmer joyns to the Pulmonary Vein They are both remarkable for their more than ordinary bigness in the Embryo IV. They are compos'd of a peculiar Nervous Substance though somewhat thin and soft for more easie Dilatation and Contraction V. Their outward Superficies appears to be full of Wrinkles but smooth when fill'd and distended VI. They are both concave and supported on the inside with strong and nervous Fibres as with Pillars between which are to be seen certain little Furrows fewer on the Right side more on the Left VII In the Birth and new-born Infants they are of a ruddy Colour in Persons of ripe years somewhat darker than the Heart which nevertheless in Dilatation by reason of the Blood receiv'd grows more ruddy in Contraction the Blood being discharg'd becomes paler VIII They are dilated and contracted like the Ventricles of the Heart but varying in Time For always the dilatation of the Ventricles concurs with the contraction of the Ears and the contraction of the Ventricles concurs with the dilatation of the Ears as appears by the Dissection of Living Creatures Which teaches us also that they continue a weak palpitation when the motion of the Heart sails and are as it were the last parts that die Hence Harvey and Ent were of opinion that they were first enliven'd and that the beating little Vessel that appears first in the Egg was the little Ear and not the Heart Which Deusingius opposes and which seems to be an Error by the number it self seeing the Heart has two little Ears and only one jumping little Vessel appears in the Egg which in all probability seems rather to constiture the Heart which is single than the Ears that are two IX Their Use is to receive the Blood first of all from the Vessels that bring it in slightly to ferment and prepare it and so prepar'd to send it to the Ventricles Walaeus believes 'em to be the Measures of the Blood carry'd to the Ventricles from the Vessels that bring it in which Opinion Riolanus also approves But Sennertus that they are appointed for the particular Attraction of Air for the making of Spirits But how much he is deceiv'd we have already told you and shall further declare in the following Thirteenth Chapter X. The Heart has two Cavities call'd Ventricles distinguish'd by the Middle Septum which is fleshy close and thick gibbous on the Right side concave on the Left a wonderful piece of Workmanship wrought on both sides with little Pillars or Sinews and several little Caverns but no where pervious These Sinews some take for Muscles and little Fibres proceeding from them and extended as well to the treble-pointed as the Mitral Valves and to be the Tendons of those Muscles conducing to the Contraction of the Valves of the Heart Whence appears the Error of the Ancients who wrote that the Blood pass'd through its broader pores from the Right to the Left Ventricle Certainly if there were any such pores diligent Nature had in vain provided that Oval Hole in the Basis of the Heart and that some middle Vessel which joyns the Pulmonary Artery with the Aorta for then there had been no need of these passages if the Blood could have pass'd through the pores of the Septum from the Right into the Left Ventricle And therefore Realdus Columbus deservedly opposes that ancient Opinion and truly informs us that the Blood is thrust forward into the Lungs out of the Right Ventricle through the Pulmonary Artery and from thence descends into the Left Ventricle through the Pulmonary Vein Farther also he writes That he had found that same Septum by which the Ventricles are distinguish'd to be gristly in some Bodies a certain sign that the Blood could not pass through that from the one to the other Ventricle Let Riolanus therefore hold his peace who so stifly defends the passage of the Blood out of the Right Ventricle to the Left through the Septum that he supposes Figments for Foundations and affirms that the Septum is not only conspicuously pervious toward the Point but also that there are certain little holes in it Perhaps Riolanus might see these holes in his Sleep which never could be found by any Anatomist that was awake either in a raw or boyl'd Heart Only Dominic de Marchettis writes that he found once two holes in the upper part of the Septum which were furnish'd with Valves in the Left Ventricle But without doubt he was deceiv'd by one great oval hole which in new-born Children is always to be seen but afterwards is clos'd altogether and this by reason of its extaordinary Breadth he took to be two XI In the Ventricles sometimes various Things are bred contrary to Nature though the Physician can hardly tell what the Patient ayls Sometimes we have found little Gobbets of Fat and as it were little soft whitish pieces of Flesh about the bigness of half an Egg and sometimes bigger In October 1663. we dissected a Virgin about three and twenty years of Age who in her Life-time had often complain'd of an extraordinary heaviness and palpitation of her Heart and had often fallen into swooning Fits and so dy'd In whose Body we found such a Gobbet of Fat almost filling the Right Ventricle and another little one in the Lest and after a more diligent Search we found that it was no kind of Body bred by the coagulation of Blood but really a firm piece of Fat not to be crumbl'd between the Fingers And this we judg'd to be the Cause of her Death for we could find no other in the whole Body Neither did she complain in her Life of any other Distemper than of that Anxiety and those swooning Fits which the ignorant People of the House took for Convulsions or Fits of the Mother In Decemb. 1668. In another young Wench of the same Age we found in the Right Ventricle such another Body of Fat about the bigness of half a Hen-Egg And both Bauhinus and Riolanus write That they have often met with such pieces of Fat. Smetius also tells us two Stories of a whitish Substance found in the Heart about half a Fingers length a Thumb's breadth resembling the Marrow of the Leg of an Ox furnish'd with several Appendixes Tulpius tells us of a Flegmatic Polypus found by himself in the Left Ventricle Vesalius writes That he found in the Left Ven tricle of the Heart two pounds of a blackish Kernelly sort of Flesh which seems to be an Error of the Printer instead of two Ounces the man before his Death being very sad very wakeful and his Pulse beating very unequally Beniverius tells us That he found in one Body a piece of Flesh like a Medlar and in another a hard brawny Substance about the bigness of a Nut. Nicholas Massa
with the Blood and among the rest Malachias Truston defends this Opinion and carry'd with it to the Heart to the end that by its Mixture the Blood may be made more Spirituous and thinner for which they produce these Reasons 1. Because there is some Air to be found in the Ventricles of the Heart besides the Blood 2. Because that in the Plague-time the contagious Air infects the Heart 3. Because they who fall into a Swoon presently come to themselves upon the holding of Vinegar Rose or Cinamon-Water or any fragrant Spices to their Nostrils because that Fragrancy entring their Lungs together with the Air suck'd in is presently mixt in the Air with the Blood and presently carry'd to the Left Ventricle of the Heart But this Fiction seems to be of no great weight For were it true then ought the Air to be mix'd at all times with the Blood in the Lungs nor could good Blood be generated without its Admixture but no Air can be mix'd with the Blood in the Birth enclos'd in the Womb and yet the Blood which is then made is as good and as perfect without any Mixture of the Air. And therefore I answer to the First That the Air which is contain'd in the Ventricles of the Heart cannot be said to be carry'd thither by any Inspiration because it is equally as well in the Right as in the Left Ventricle whereas there can no Blood descend with Air to the Right because of the Obstacles of the Semilunary Valves Moreover such a kind of Air is to be found in the Cavity of the Abdomen which cannot be said to be carry'd thither by Inspiration besides that such a sort of Air is found in the Abdomen and Ventricles of the Heart of Births inclos'd in the Womb. To the Second and Third I say That the inspir'd malignant Air does not therefore infect the Heart because it is mix'd with the Blood but because the Blood passing through the Lungs endues them with an evil Quality which is thence communicated to the Blood contain'd in the Vessels and so to the Heart For as the hot Air impresses a hot Quality so a cold Air a cold one so a venomous or putrify'd Air or a fragrant Air impresses a contagious or fragrant Quality to the Blood and Lungs therein contain'd For that a Quality be communicated to another Body there is no necessity that the Body from which that Quality flows should be mix'd with the Body to which that Quality is communicated For that red-hot Iron should warm there is no necessity that the Iron should enter the Body that is to be heated 'T is sufficient that the small red-hot Particles of the heated Iron by their vehement Agitation violently also agitate the small Particles of the adjoyning Body to be heated and so by that violent Motion cause Heat As when a piece of Antimonial Glass put into Wine gives it a vomitive Quality there is no necessity the Antimony should be mix'd with the Wine and so when the Wine enters the Body of Man it suffices that by its Quality for it comes out exactly the same weight as it was put in it has so dispos'd the Substance of the Wine as to make it vomitive When Corn is grinding there is no necessity that the Wind should enter the Wheels and Mill-stones for by the Motion of the Sails the Wheels and Mill-stones will move though the Wind that gives the Motive Quality do not enter the Flowr or Wheat Lastly if the Air inspir'd should be mix'd with the Blood then if a man should blow into the Lungs when fresh with a pair of Bellows through the Rough the Artery the Breath would break out through the pulmonary Artery toward the Left Ventricle of the Heart which we could never observe in any Experiments that ever we made Moreover if the Air should enter the Blood-bearing Vessels not only those Vessels but the Parts themselves which are nourish'd with the Blood would be puft up with the Air and be continually infested with flatulent Tumors XXVI Charleton utterly rejects this same Refrigeration of the Lungs and the Use of Breathing and opposes it with three or four Arguments but so insipid that they deserve no Refutation and then he concludes That the Air is suck'd in for the finer Subtilization of the Blood and heating of the Vital Spirits Which Willis also affirms in his Book against Highmore But because it is an Opinion repugnant to the very Principles of Philosophy it needs no great Refutation For it is a known thing in Philosâ—…hy That Cold condenses but Heat attenuates The First is so true that in the Instrument call'd a Thermometer it is so conspicuous to the Eye that it is never to be contradicted So that there cannot be a greater Subtilization of the Blood by the cold Air suck'd in by the Lungs but without all question a Conâ—…ensation rather Now if those Learned Men before-mention'd would have held That there is a greater Subtilization of the Blood by sucking in of the hot Air we should have readily granted it but then we must say too that that Subtilization will soon be too much unwholesom and in a short time will prove deadly And that it is not the End of Respiration for the Blood to be subtiliz'd by it but that being subtiliz'd and forc'd out of the Right Ventricle of the Heart into the Lungs it should be there condens'd But if for all this they will still maintain the contrary then of necessity they will run upon a hard Rock of Necessity For then it will follow that the hotter the Air is that is suck'd in so much the swifter and easier will the Blood be and the Refreshment of the Heart greater and Men that live in a hot Air would have less need of Respiration And by Consequence also in a Fit where there is present need of Refreshment as in Burning Fevers where the Spirits are very much wasted it would be requisite to lay the Patients for the quicker restoring of their lost Spirits and refreshment of the Heart in warm Beds or expos'd to the roasting Heat of the Sun lest the Blood should be too slowly subtiliz'd in a cold Bed by the cold Air breath'd in and so the Heart and Spirits want their due and seasonable Refreshment But how contrary these things are to Reason and Experience is obvious unto them who have but so much as saluted Physical Practice at a distance Which when Gualter Needham had throughly consider'd he will not permit the Lungs any Faculty to heat or subtilize the Blood and proves his Opinion by strong Arguments XXVII Alexander Maurocordatus of Constantinople opposes this Opinion of the Lungs having the Gift of Refrigeration and brings several Arguments to uphold his Undertaking Of which the chiefest are these 1. Seeing that the cold Air which is suck'd in does not enter the Blood-bearing Vessels of the Lungs but is only circumfus'd about 'em in the Bowels of
of Diet for want of a thinner who are therefore slower to all manner of Animal Actions and of dull Wits Whereas on the other side they who live in hotter Regions abounding with plenty of all sorts of wholesom Diet and seldom feed upon salt or smoak'd Meats but accustom themselves to a thinner and more wholesom sort of Diet and consequently are serv'd by their Bowels with better Concoctions their Humors and Spirits are thinner and more volatile and their Bodies and Wits more nimble and active Aristotle indeed says that Melancholy People are ingenious but this is not to be understood of such as are altogether melancholy and together with a thicker blood have thicker Spirits but of such as incline to Melancholy and consequently whose Spirits are neither too thin and volatil for such are too movable and inconstant nor too thick for they are stupid but in a middle temper between both And therefore such People are neither too quick nor too redious in the transaction of Business but prudently weigh and judge of things before they proceed to Execution XI Perhaps it may seem strange to some People that the salt Particles should be made so subtil and spirituous as to be able to pass freely thro' the invisible Pores of the Nerves But they will cease to wonder when they observe in Chymistry the extraordinary Subtility and Volatility of Volatile Salt and how swiftly the Spirits of Salt will pass through the invisible Pores of the earthen Vessels Nay if they only consider how common Salt without any mixture of Water or Moisture being dissolv'd into Pickle will penetrate through the thick sides of wooden Vessels and sweat through Stone Pots overcast both within and without with a Glassie Crust as we find in those Vessels where we salt our Beef or keep our pickl'd Fish If then fix'd Salt only melted passes through the Pores of the Vessels how much more easily will the most subtil Spirit of volatil Salt pierce through the Pores of the Nerves XII Here some will object That Salts and Acids are sharp and corroding so that if the Animal Spirits were generated out of the salt Particles of the Blood and consequently participated of any Saltness they would corrode all Parts whatever by reason of their Acrimony which would occasion Pains and many Inconveniencos I answer That it is certain that the Animal Spirits are indu'd with some slight Acrimony but not so much as to occasion any sensible molestation because that exceeding Acrimony which is in fix'd Salt by reason of the sharp pungent Particles conjoyn'd with it becomes mild in that volatil and vaporous Spirit because the small sharp Particles being dissolv'd are more remote one from another and their Force is broken by the intervening Air or some steamy Vapour For example if any one go into a Cellar and draw in the Air that is all intermix'd with a most subtil exhaling Spirit or if he snuff up into his Nostrils the spirituous Vapor of Wine heated at the Fire yet shall he not feel the least grievance nor perceive any Acrimony which he would do if he snuft up into his Nostrils the Spirit it self fix'd in the Liquor So in our great Salt-Works where the Sea-Salt is boyl'd and depurated the exhaling Vapors being impregnated with the volatil Salt if they be taken in at the Mouth or Nostrils little or no Salt-Savour shall be perceiv'd therein whenas the fix'd Salt is most sharp And this comes to pass because the Forces which are conjoyn'd in the fix'd and thick Body and for that Reason are very powerful in the dissolv'd and vaporous Body are separated and thereby render'd weak and of no strength And this is the Cause why the Animal Spirits do not corrode because that being dissolv'd into a most subtil Vapor they have not so much Acrimony in them as can be troublelom to any Part. To this we add that they have a most thin and subtil serous Vapor together with so much sulphury Spirit joyn'd with them for a Vehicle which does not a little weaken and temper the Acrimony Moreover the Parts themselves through which they pass and into which they flow partake of some other Moisture which also much weakens and diminishes their Acrimony XIII From what has been said it is sussiciently apparent that the generation of the Animal Spirits is not Animal but meerly Natural and that they differ not only in some Accidents or Qualities but in their whole Kind from the Vital For in these the sulphury Juice mixt with the salt is far more prevalent in those there is very little sulphury or any other Juice apt to take Fire These are extracted out of the Chylus and veiny Blood those only out of the salt part of the arterious blood These flow visible through the large Arteries and Veins those invisible through the invisible Pores of the Nerves Over those the Soul has no power over these it has And therefore there is a vast difference between the Animal and Vital Spirits But now the Question is whether the Animal Spirits themselves do not differ one from another in Substance in Manner and Place of Generation and in Use Whether some are not generated out of the Blood others out of the Lympha or some other Matter Also whether some are not generated in the foremost others in the middle others in the hindmost Ventricle Or as Willis lately tells us whether some are not made in the Substance of the Brain others of the Cerebel Lastly whether some peculiar and differing from the rest do not cause the Sight others the Feeling others the Hearing others the arbitrary Motion and others the spontaneous Motion I answer That the Animal Spirits are not generated out of a different Matter nor in various Parts for we take the Brain and Cerebel for one part neither do they differ one from another but are all of the same Nature Composition and Condition but that the diversity of their Operations arises from the diversity of the nature condition of the Parts into which they flow as those which flow into the parts adapted for feeling as the Membrane Skin those cause the Feeling those that flow into the Eye cause the Sight those that flow into the Ear cause the Hearing those that flow into the Muscles Fibers and other Parts ordain'd for Motion cause Motion though they be the same and no way different as every Instrument is adapted to this or that proper Action In the same manner as the Beams of the Sun which though they be always the same and proceed from one Sun neither confer any other Light or other Strength or any other thing to any other Things yet produce most different effects according to the difference of the Constitutions of the things into which they flow For here they produce Barly there Trees in another place Stones here Worms or Fish sometimes Insects or other things Here they extinguish Life there they are the cause
close to the Skin that it can hardly be separated from it and is also ruddy in that Part because of the frontal Muscles interwoven with it The proper Parts are Muscles Bones Gristles and other Parts to be describ'd in their due Places The Face is divided into the upper and lower Part. The upper Part from the Hair to the Eye-brows is call'd Frons the Forehead and in this part in a Body entire is referr'd to the Face whereas in a Skeleton it belongs to the Skull The lower Part extended from the Eye-brows to the extremity of the Chin contains the Eyes the Nose the Cheeks and other Parts especially to be describ'd and in Men round about the Mouth is adorn'd with a Beard II. Frons the Forehead is so call'd a ferendo because it carries thâ—… Signs of Gravity Sadness Mirth Morosity c. The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as much as to say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Part above the Eyes III. The Shin of this Part is moveable because it is furnish'd with two large Muscles which Riolan calls the fleshy musculous Membrane on each side one rising from the Scalp near the Coronal Sutâ—…re and sticking closely to it which at the sides are knit to the Temple Muscles and above are somewhat distinguish'd in the middle but below so closely joyn'd together that they seem one Muscle They terminate at the Eye-brows which they lift up and contract the Flesh which sticks close to them into Folds and Wrinkles 〈◊〉 writes that he observ'd in a Person that had a large Nose an Appendix of these Muscles extended even to the Gristles of the Nose These Wrinkles Physiognomistâ—… observe and take from thence the Signs of the Nature and Fortune of Men and often foretel Wonders concerning future Events that shall happen to them And the better to perswade the credulous of the certainty of their Predictions distinguish the Wrinkles into streight and transverse and of these they make seven in number consecrated to the seven Planets all which they confess do not appear in all men but that some are wanting in some People only that they are for the most part conspicuous which are appropriated to Mercury Vâ—…nus and Iupiter especially if the Eye-brow be lifted up which happens to those that are under dâ—…ep Meditation or that the Skin of the Forehead be contracted as when men are angry which causes a corrugation both of the streight and transverse Wrinkles But how frivolous and uncertain these Predictions are besides daily Experience what we have discours'd at large concerning the Influences of the Planets I. de Peste plainly demonstrate The said Frontal Muscles derive little Nerves from the Branch of the third Pair proceeding from the hole of the Orbit of the Eye They are furnish'd with little Arteries from the external Carotides and send forth little Veiâ—…s to the Jugulars They have streight Fibers by which they draw the Skin streight up not transverse or oblique as Columbus and Aquapendens assert contrary to ocular Demonstration and Reason IV. Here by the way we must observe without the Face that two Muscles very slender seldom remarkable are to be found in the hinder part of the Head which being short thin and broad arise from the transverse line of the hinder part of the Head in which the Muscles moving the Head end and being furnish'd with streight Fibers ascending upwards terminate in a broad Tendon and touch the Muscles of the Ears at the sides By these Fibers which belong to those more remarkable Muscles the Skin of the Head is drawn toward the hinder parts which Iohn Schenckius testifies of himself and Columbus of his Master Under the Forehead are contain'd the Domicils of the four Sences Seeing Hearing Smelling and Tasting The fifth Sence of Feeling has no particular habitation in the Face but is dispers'd over the whole Body CHAP. XIII Of the Eyes in general THE Eyes in Latin Oculi in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are the Organs of Sight form'd and consisting of several similar Parts for the sake of seeing These like the Stars and Luminaries of our Bodies are plac'd by the Supream Creator in the upper part of our Body that as Sentinels from a high Watch-Tower they may be able to discover fortuitous Accidents what to avoid and what to entertain and thro' the admirable Construction Elegancy and variety of visible Objects to evince us of the Omnipotency of the invisible God For they are the Tapers of the Bodies which like the Sun give light to Man For as the shining Sun illuminates the wide World but withdrawing his Beams is the cause of Darkness so the Eyes being perfect and open illustrate the Microcosm and display the wonderful Works of God but being blinded involve the little World in darkness and compel miserable Man to live perpetually as in an obscure Prison in perpetual Darkness for that being depriv'd of those Windows he is also depriv'd of all Light his first and chiefest Pleasure Now if the Structure of the Eye be but more narrowly consider'd certainly there is no man living whom the immense Wisdom of the Supream God will not ravish into Admiration and Amazement who in the framing these Organs was so much the more exquisite in his Workmanship by how much the Sight excels all the rest of the Sences in Excellency and Dignity I. The Eyes are in number two partly for the greater perfection of the Sight partly that if the one should happen to be hurt the other might supply the Office and Duty common to both In Man they are distant but a small space the one from the other in Brutes their distance one from t'other is far greater II. If you look upon the Ball it self their Figure is round and spherical to render them the more apt for Motion and more fit to receive the visible Rays But if you consider the Eyes together with their Muscles annex'd to the hinder part then their shape is somewhat oblong like the Root of a Tulip III. Their Colour in Men is somewhat various in some blewish in others yellowish in others black which Variety is most conspicuous about the Apple of the Eye in the Rainbow and proceeds from the colour of the Uveous Coat In the Kindom of China by the report of Travellers the Inhabitants have black Eyes but in Tartary green In Brutes of the same kind there is not observ'd so great a Variety The Causes of these Colours are at large set down by Aristotle Simon Portius and Montaltus to whom I refer the Reader IV. The Bigness of the Eye in Men is but indifferent not in all Men exactly equal yet such as suffices to receive the Rayes of visible Things However that small difference in the Bigness does not a little contribute to the greater or less perfection and strength of the Sight For large and Goggle Eyes are much duller of sight
body but will grant that they may be carry'd to a great distance As to Epidemic Ophthalmies they generally spread themselves by reason of the common Cause proceeding from the Air or Diet but not by reason of any Contagion issuing from the Eyes or if contracted by looking upon the Person affected it proceeds from the conturbation of the Spirits aforesaid So that if ever any Looking-Glasses were defil'd and spoyl'd by any contaminations issuing from the Eyes creâ—…at Iudaeus Apella for I will not Neither does the Story of Hoffman prove it for it is beyond all Belief that a hard and polish'd Looking-Glass which neither Oyl of Vitriol nor Aqua fortis can penetrate should be corrupted and spoil'd by a few Exhalations proceeding from the Eyes of a Virgin nay that those Exhalations should so penetrate the Pores of the Glass that the Quicksilver should fall off from the Back-side when those Glasses will not admit the most subtil and sharp Spirits to pass through their sides Perhaps that Looking-Glass might be corrupted by the great quantity of viscous and foul Vapors exhaling from the Mouth of the Virgin and the rest of her Body which contamination also might have been easily wip'd out with a Clout so that the Quicksilver did not fall off for that reason Rather it is most likely that Hoffman being over-credulous was deceiv'd by the pratling Gossips that told him the Story and shew'd him the Looking-Glass which was not spoil'd by that Cause but by the Moisture of the Wall against which the Glass had hung long only it happen'd that the Quicksilver fell off at the time that the Virgin lookt in it By way of Corollary I shall add one thing If any Contagion issu'd from the Eyes of blear-ey'd Men it would be no less catching in the Dark than in the Light as it happens in the Pestilence and Itch but let any one lie with an Ophthalmic person sleep and converse with him all Night not knowing him to be so his Eyes shall never come to any hurt thereby though he shall presently catch the Distemper by conversing and seeing him by the Light Which is a certain Sign that it does not proceed from any Contagion but from the Conturbation aforesaid A certain German Student going into a Brothel-house about Night and asking for a Whore was carry'd as she made him believe to a very fair Bedfellow without a Candle in the Dark pretending that she would by no means be known because she was another man's Wife with whom he lay all that Night and several other Nights afterwards which not sufficing he would often boast among his Companions what a lovely Mistress he had got to himself His Associates understanding that he was gone one Night to the same Bawdy-House in the middle of the Night came a great Cluster of them together and whether the Bawd would or no lighting up several Candles went up in search of their Fellow-Student and broke open the Chamber-Door He seeing his Companions entred skipp'd out of the Bed and put on his Cloaths and soon after the Wench was dragg'd out of her Bed to the Light at what time they found her to be an ugly blear-ey'd Jade and thereupon jeer'd their Companion who had never seen her before by the Light almost to Death for bragging as he had done of the Beauty of his unknown Harlot On the other side the poor Scholar who was ignorant of that Deformity in her before after he had lookt more accurately upon the Strumpet by the Candle-Light became so troubl'd and disturb'd through his aversion to the Deformity of the Spectacle which he beheld that he was suddenly tak'n with a desperate Ophthalmy of which he could hardly be cur'd in a Month's time Whence it is apparent that the young Man contracted that Blear-Ey'dness through the Conturbation of his Spirits only and not by Contagion which otherwise he had caught by lying with the deform'd Beast so many Nights before IX In the Eyes there are two sorts of Parts to be consider'd some that contain others that constitute and form them The containing Parts are various The Pits of the Eyes call'd Orbits the Eye lids with the Brows both lower and uppermost the Caruncles in the Corners and the Kernels The constituting Parts are the Fat the Vessels the Muscles the Tunicles and Humors CHAP. XIV Of the Parts containing the Eyes See Table 14. I. AMong the Domicils of the Eyes which are allow'd 'em for Security and Convenience two great Cavities are first to be consider'd which are vulgarly call'd Orbits hollow'd on both sides the Nostrils under the Forehead in the Bones of the Cranium wherein the Supream Architect would have the Eyes to be contain'd that in these Bony Seats they might reside more safe from all external Injuries Which Bones either hanging over or plac'd under the Eyes the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as much as to say Sub-ocular II. The Figure of the Orbits is round and somewhat oblong the Largeness but moderate no more than sufficient for the Eyes with their Kernels Fat and Muscles to be contain'd therein and mov'd with freedom III. They are cloath'd withinside with the Pericranium which Riolanus denies contrary to Ocular Testimony to which the Fat and Beginnings of the Muscles closely adhere IV. In each there are three Holes two behind and those the biggest and one upon the side which is less The innermost of those behind affords a passage to the Optic Nerve The outermost plac'd at the side of it is an oblong Fissure through which the moving Nerves with the Arteries and Veins proceeds to the Eye The Lateral Hole which is less is seated in the inward Angle This under the Sieve-like Bone is bor'd through to the inner parts of the Nostrils and sends forth Tears therefore vulgarly call'd the Weeping-Hole Concerning this Hole Spigelius makes this Observation that it is bigger in Women who are apt to shed Tears than in Men and in such as are not subject to weep Now that the Tears may not flow continually through these Weeping-Holes the Supream Architect has plac'd on each side a soft and kernelly Caruncle furnish'd with small sanguineous Vessels and Nerves almost invisible as also with two small little Vessels carrying the Lympha proceeding from the inner part of the Glandulous Flesh and insensibly pouring forth Liquor continually to moisten the Eyes This Glandulous Flesh covers the weeping-hole hence by some call'd the Lachrymal Caruncle and so prevents the continual Efflux of the internal Liquor till press'd by its over-abounding quantity it gives way a little and so affords a Passage to the Liquor which is the Tears This Caruncle being overmuch contracted by the cold Air or eaten away or exulcerated by some sharp Humor it happens that the said Hole is not exactly shut whence happens a continual and unvoluntary emission of Tears At length between the Ball of the Eve cover'd
way how to find out those Vessels The Mouth of those Rivers saith he are easily discovered if you extend never so little the whole Eye-lid in the outermost Corner For then about half a Thumbs breadth from the outward Limbus you shall meet with three in the Angle it self four below and six sometimes seven above through which a Bristle being thrust in without Dissection you shall easily find a Passage into the Kernel it self The last year discovered these Vessels to me when holding to the Light of a Candle the Eye-lid of a Sheep after I had pluck'd out the Eye out of the Orbit to sâ—…e whether it were transparent or no at what time the shining Rivulets of the Lympha clearly betray'd themselves XII The innermost Canthus is bigger particularly called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and by Hesychius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Fountain as seeming to be the Fountain from whence the Tears issue in which the Glandulous Caruncle aforesaid lyes upon the Lacrymal Hole Which being corroded away by the Acrimony of sharp Humors then the Eye weeps without any constrait which is the cause of that Distemper which the Physitians call the Lachrymal Fistula the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In the Eye of an Ox besides this Caruncle there is to be found a certain brawny hard Particle smooth toward the Eye on the outward part somewhat rough affording a more easie Motion to the Membrane by which the Eye twinkles XIII Little soft Gristles lace the Extremities of the Eye-lids which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins Cilia for the more ready Expansion and exact Closure of the Eye-lids Of which the uppermost is much broader than the lower XIV Within these Grisly Limbus's about the larger Corner two small Holes are obvious in each Eye called the Lachrymal Points admitting a Hoggs Bristle within the Membranes of the Eye-lids more conspicuous in Oxen and other large Animals than in Men. These close together into one Channel near the Lachrymal Hole which running forth towards the Fore-parts opens with a manifest Hole about the Extremity of the Nostrils through which that thin Liquor distils especially in cold Weather when Men drop at the Nose before they are aware And sometimes through these Lachrymal Points some small quantity of the Lymphatic Liquor squeez'd out of the Kernels flows forth like Tears without any compulsion which gave them the Name of Lachrymal Holes though they are not really the Fountains of the Tears In the Extremities of the Eye-lids under the upper is inserted a row of streight Hairs turning somewhat upward by Hippocrates call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Casserius and others call particularly Cilia which grow to a certain length set thin by Natures Law which they never exceed They are always also black and never grow grey like the rest of the Hairs of the Body nor do they ever shed but in virulent Distempers of the Part as the Elephantiasis or the Pox. Yet Aristotle affirms that they fall off from Men that are extreamly addicted to Venery These keep off from the Eyes little Bodies flying in the Air and render the Sight more perfect by slightly darkening the Eye for that if they be wanting through any Distemper or other Cause the Eye never discerns so exactly at a distance but if by any Accident they are turn'd toward the inside of the Eye they become cruelly troublesome and hinder the Sight In Oxen besides the Eye-lids there is yet another Membrane under the Eye-lids which both Men and most Animals want which is govern'd by a peculiar voluntary Motion For it is drawn with a double String to the opposite Corner the one lying hid above the other below which arises from a certain Muscle plac'd in the outer Corner which Muscle by Fallopius is taken for part of that which draws the whole Eye to the outward Parts By the benefit of this Muscle Oxen twinkle and can shut their Eyes the Eye-lid being still open when they lear least any thing should fall into the Eye XV. For more security above upon the Confines of the Fore-head and Eyes the Eye-brows are placed hanging over like a Bow with a thicker Skin and rough with the Hair lying pressed down toward the outward Parts to receive Sweat Dust and other things that fall from the Head least they should slip into the Eyes These Eye-brows by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ruffus calls the hairy Extremities of the Fore-head and that part of them which looks toward the Nose is call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Head of the Eye-brows the other regarding the Temples 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Tail of the Eye-brows The middle space between both Eye-brows in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latins because it is smooth and void of Hair is call'd Glabella Though sometimes that part be also hairy the Eye-brows meeting together at the Extremity of the Nose which Aristotle observes to be the Sight of a Person 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 austere and morose and such a Man is therefore by him call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 CHAP. XV. Of the Tears I. HAving made mention in the former Chapter of the Passages through which the Hairs flow in regard the Tears themselves together with their true Fountain have been but obscurely hitherto describ'd by the Philosophers we thought it would not be time ill spent by making a short Digression to insert into these Anatomical Exercises a more exact Discourse concerning them that whence those serous Drops distil and what they are may be the better understood As to the original Causes and matter of Tears Opinions are very various II. Empedocles as Galen testifies imagined that Tears were generated out of attenuated and melted Blood But in regard that many men can weep of a suddain and when they please it is not probable that the Blood can be so suddenly melted III. Iohn Baptista Scortias will have Tears to be generated in the Corner of the Eye from the Animal Spirits which being composed by the Apprehension of something sad is melted and distils into Tears Of the same Opinion Iacobus Tappias seems to be who writes that as Urine and Sweat are Excrements of the veiny and arterious Blood so Tears are the Excrement of the nervous Blood that is to say the Animal Spirits But in regard that only invisible Animal Spirits and no visible serous Humors can pass through the narrow Pores of the Nerves seeing also that Tears flow out at times of great Joy and Laughter when there is no sence of any Saddess lastly seeing that so great a quantity of Tears as in a short time issues forth in extraordinary Grief would destroy the whole Frame of Man If so vast a quantity of Animal Spirits should be wasted in their supply it is apparent that Opinion can no way be defended as being far from Truth IV. Georgius Nyssenus and Moletius thought Tears to be generated out
together to burst forth into Tears X. Some few were of Opinion that Tears were a Portion of the Potulent Humors contain'd in the Brain and Veins of the Eyes and more especially in the Veins of the Corners of each Eye which bursts forth upon the Compression or Dilation of those Veins occasion'd by much Joy or Sorrow But the narrowness and small number of those Veins hereby discernable contradict this Opinion together with the vast quantity of the Lachrimal Humors which cannot be collected to that Abundance in those diminutive Vessels and flow forth in so large a quantity nor can it be so suddenly transmitted to them nor pass through them Add to this that the little Veins of the Eyes take in at their Extremities the superfluous bloody Humors and carry them to the Jugulars but pour none out from themselves because there is no passage for that potulent Matter to come to the Eye XI Nor do they differ much from the foregoing Opinion who believes the Tears to be nothing else but the Serum which is separated from the Blood which is carried to the Head when the Pores are so disposed by a certain Motion of the Spirits that it may be able to burst forth But they neither tell us what that Disposition is nor that same certain Motion of the Spirits which two things in regard they are so extreamly different and multi-cacious and cannot be naturally the same as well in Constriction as Dilatatiâ—…n in Sadness as in Joy in which contrary Accidents however Tears must flow from one and the same next Cause and not from diverse and contrary there is nothing remains that can desend that Opinion XII At this day many ascribe the Flux of Tears only to the Lymphatic Vessels carry'd to the Eyes Yet never any Person that I know of has hitherto demonstrated that manner of Lachrymation nor those Vessels themselves besides Nicholas Stenonis that most accurate Describer of Kernels who lately going about to explain that Opinion more at large not without reason affirms them to be a Serous sort of Liquor chiefly separated from the Arterious Blood but as to the manner and place of Separation his Opinion is quite different from what any body has hitherto propounded For he believes that the Blood is carried through the Arteries into the Glandules of the Eyes and that the Superfluity of it is suckt up by the Veins But that the Veins if they be squeez'd together by any Cause do not perform that Office sufficiently and then by reason of the long stay of the abounding Blood in the Glandules the Serum is separated from it in greater quantity and flows in the form of Tears through the Lymphatic Vessels proceeding from the Kernels Then he believes the Veins to be compress'd by the swelling of the Glandules caused by a more copious Influx of Animal Spirits which creeping into the Glandules through the diminutive Nerves at the disposal of the Mind as in Grief Anger Joy Sadness flow sometimes more sometimes fewer into the Kernels more than after a various manner and streighten them more or less To this cause he refers those Tears that are shed contrary to Inclination as also those which proceed from Fumes and sharp Vapors or break forth upon any violent motion of the Body and farther believes his Opinion to be mainly confirmed by the bursting forth of bloody Tears which are sometimes observ'd Certainly this new Opinion is propounded very speciously but in the mean time it does not sufficiently discover the Fountain of Tears For if we compare the great quantity of Tears so swiftly bursting forth with the diminutive Blood-bearing Vessels of those Kernels presently this Opinion will fall to the Ground at the very Threshold For how few and how small are those little Arteries which are carried to the Kernels of the Eyes The most of them are invisible Therefore though in the time of Sadness all the Veins of those Kernels which would carry back the Blood should be altogether obstructed and all their little Arteries open'd by a Solution of the Continuum and out of these not only the Serous Part of the Blood but all the Blood that was contain'd therâ—…in and carried through them should burst forth they would not be able to pour forth the hundredth part of such a quantity of Liquor in a whole hour as often in great Sadness is wept out in Tears in the space of one single quarter of an hour If it be answered that in the time of Sadness the Blood is carried in greater quantity to the Eyes and that the said Kernels swell and are more compress'd and the Veins streightned Reason will teach us the contrary For in Sadness the Pulse of the Heart and Arteries is little and contracted and the exterior Parts wax cold because the Heart sends from it self much less Blood into any of the Arteries much less into those of the Head Neither is there any reason why in Sadness it should be carried in greater quantity and more serous to the Kernels of the Eyes than to any other Parts Moreover the little Arteries of those small Kernels are too few and too narrow for so great a quantity of Blood and Serum to pass through them in so short a time as is so swiftly wept out in Tears Lastly there is nothing to cause those little Kernels more to swell or be compressed in time of Grief than at other times For as to those Animal Spirits which as Nicholas Stenonis asserts How forth at the Disposal of the Mind Sometimes more sometimes fewer as in Grief Anger Joy c. and move the Kernels after a various manner we grant that they enter the Kernels in a small quantity through those diminutive few and for the most part invisible Nerves moderately to separate the saltish symphatic Liquor from the Arterious Blood and pour it forth through the small Vessels describ'd in the foregoing Chapter for the necessary moistning and smoothing of the Eyes but not in so great a quantity as to move the Eyes and cause them so swiftly to swell or to compress them and so to squeeze out such a quantity of Tears For by the Influx of those Animal Spirits hardly any other Parts are mov'd at the disposal of the Mind then the Muscles and such parts as are mov'd by the Muscles Add to this that in Sadness the Animal Spirits flow in lesser quantity than is usual to any parts whatsoever which is the reason that the Joynts often tremble and the Sight of the Eys is darkened For the Heart contracting it self and beating but weakly as in Sadness little Blood is sent to the Brain to encrease their Generation and withal the Motion of the Brain it self being thereby weakned it sends forth fewer Animal Spirits to the rest of the Parts Lastly though we should grant what that Famous Gentleman asserts his Opinion is not thereby confirm'd but quite overturn'd For thence it follows that the more copiâ—… us those Animal Spirits
upward The fourth Pair call'd Geniohyoides drawing directly upward and somewhat forward arising with a large and fleshy Original from the inner and lower Seat of the Chin extends it self to the middlemost Seat of the Hyoides To these Pairs Fallopius adds two more viz. A fifth which rising with streight Fibers from the middle and inner part of the Chin is inserted into the Hyoides This Pair many confound with the preceeding fourth and look upon it to be the same but others number it among the Muscles of the Tongue The Sixth which he says constitutes two little pieces of Flesh bearing the Resemblance of Muscles which rising from the same Chin seem to be some part of them intermix'd with the first that moves the Tongue but proceeding farther to the lower Parts are inserted into the sides of the Hyoides and draw that Bone to the Chin. CHAP. XXIV Of the Tongue the Salival Channels the Spittle Tast and Savor See Table XVI THE Tongue by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latins Lingua is an Organic Part the Instrument both of Tast and Speech and the assistant for the swallowing of Meat and drink seated in the Mouth under the Palate I. It is oblong broad of a Moderate bigness answerable to the Mouth and toward the Root of a remarkable thickness but somewhat thinner toward the Lip II. The Substance of it is peculiar to its self fleshy and soft cover'd with a double Membrane the one outermost and thick the other innermost and thin III. The Exterior Membrane that overspreads the upper Surface of the Tongue very porous and in Men moderately smooth but in most Brutes especially fourfooted Beasts very rough and in the Superficies divided as it were into two Parts with a small running along in the middle all the length of it This Membrane is thought to proceed from the thick Meninx and is said to be common to the Mouth the Palate the Gullet and the Larynx But in regard it does not overspread the whole Tongue every way but only extends it self along the Superficies as far as the Root and Jaws and does not reach either to the lower part of the Tongue nor to the Gullet but is only united to the inner Tunicle and that it is apparent that it is a thicker Substance of another nature in the Tongue and the Palate it is clearly evident that it has no community with the Membrane of the Gullet and Larynx For though it has not that thickness and roughness in Men which is seen in Brutes however it is thicker and differs much from that which enfolds the Larinx and Gullet withinside which difference is apparent for then when it is dry'd up in burning Fevers and other Distempers or by excess of Drought and afterwards comes to be moistned again it is separated and falls off three times thicker then the Membranes of the Larynx and Gullet Moreover as the Tunicles of the Eyes Ears and Nostrils differ very much from other Membranes nay from one another though we believe they proceed from the Menix's so this Tunicle of the Tongue together with the Tongue and nervous little Paps being to contribute some Service to the Organ of Tast ought of necessity to have some Constitution beyond other Membranes in respect of which it may be enabled to contribute some specific Service to the Tast. Neither is it that we think the specific Service here requir'd is due to any specific Nerves or specific Spirits in regard we have already prov'd that there is nothing of Specific perform'd in the Parts upon that ground This Membrane is very Porous and such it ought to be to the end it may be able to send through the said Pores in some part of it to the nervous little Paps that lye under it those things which being to be tasted are laid upon it and stir'd by the Motion of the Tongue The Tast of which things by reason of its obtuse Sence of Feeling least it should be injur'd by sharp and acrimonious Gustables and Tactibles it does not of it self so quickly perceive The very same Membrane in Cows Sheep and other such like Brutes much thicker than in Men is rough in the upper Region out of which grow forth several little sharp pointed Bodies somewhat grisly of an unequal length disposed in a kind of order moderately bow'd and extended toward the Root covered with a slender Tunicle taken from the Membrane from whence they proceed which cause that Roughness Which little Bodies however in the more rising part of the Tongue toward the Root are much fewer much less and in some none at all to be seen Such little Bodies of so large a bigness are not to be found in the Tongues of Men which is the reason they are not so rough Yet in the Year 1660. upon the Dissection of one who in his Life-time had been a Captain of High-way-Men I found that Roughness very observable For the upper Superficies of his Tongue was as it were stuck with little Strings that look'd like a kind of Down Now the reason why in Brutes these Grisly Bodies are longer and much bigger than in Men and why they stand with their Points towards the Chaps seems to be because the Nourishment which they take with their Heads down upon the Earth may be the more easily retain'd and not easily slip out of their Mouths while Man that stands upright may without trouble hold his Food in his Mouth and therefore a moderate roughness is sufficient for the retention of his Food IV. But the foresaid use of these small Grisly bodys it seems to be only the Secundary use as that which does not require so large a furniture of little Bodies but what is the primary use is much disputed among the Learned For in regard they are not hollow like Straws which could never be discover'd by any Microscope they cannot discharge either Spittle or any other humor either into the Tongue or the exterior Parts of the Tongue as some have imagin'd the most acute Malpigius believes that these Bodies by the motion of the Tongue make a certain Compression upon the Kernels in the Palate observ'd by Stenonis and that so Spittle and Slime is squeez'd out of them to moisten the Tongue and the Mouth and therefore that Nature has given to Brutes that feed upon hard and raw food not only a thicker covering of the Palate but has also order'd these grisly bodies growing in the Tongue to be harder and longer that by continual rubbing the upper Parts they may more strenuously squeeze out the moisture but in men has made the same Bodies more lank and flexible where the Structure of the Palate is more loose and soft and therefore requiring a slighter Compression to squeeze and force out the Moisture Moreover he thinks it may be questioned and that not without reason whether the glutinous roots of these Bodies lying under a thick
inner Parts â—…f the Bones through the little Arteries of which more by and by Two things are here to be noted 1. That the Marrow is plainly destitute of feeling though formerly Paraeus thought otherwise 2. That it is not enveloped with any Membrane in the Cavity of the Bones By which Mark Hippocrates distinguishes it from the Spinal Marrow The Spinal Marrow says he is not like the Mâ—…rrow which is in the other Bones for only this has Membranes which the other Marrow has not This Marrow is very useful to the Bones for that the tartareous Particles when they are near to fixation quickly congeal into an Icy Hardness so that the Bones would become very brittle and never grow to their due Magnitude unless that marrowy Fat penetrating the whole Bone did not temper and sâ—…ften the extream Hardness of the tartareous Particles and so provide that in the Growth of the whole Body that the tartareous Particles do not separate but still continue new Intermixtures with fresh Particles till the Bone have attained its Perfection Which growth surceases when by reason of the increasing Heat of the Body these Particles are so drved up that they can no longer be mollified by the marrowy Fat nor extend themselves Whence it comes to pass that the more the heat of the Body encreases the less the Body shoots out in length because the bones which are the Basis's and Props of the Body become more and more dry and hardâ—…ed and the Marrow grows thicker and less moist Hence it comes to pass that Insants grow much in a short time Children less and Youth less than they and aged Persons never grow at all by reason their Marrow is less in quantity and less moist and oyly and their dryness of their Bones causes them to be more brittle and easily broken Now the Tartareous Particles are separated from the Arterious Blood by the mixture of the Animal Spirits which that they flow in great quantity to the Periostea the quick Sense of the Periostea testifies Vid. l. 3. c. 11. After which separation the Particles are opposed to the Bones by the help of the marrowy Fat which moistens them V. But the Blood flows to the Periostea and inner Parts through the Arteries and the less useful remainder flows back again through the Veins To which purpose those Vessels not only terminate with their Extremities in the Periostea but also penetrate the Bones themselves and pour forth Blood into their innermost Concavities to be changed into Marrow which is the proper Nourishment for the Bones And though their Ingress is not discernable in all yet in the larger Bones of the Shoulder and thigh it is apparent where the Cavities are perspicuously pervious as far as the Marrow affording passage to the Arteries Besides their Ingress into the Bones appears by the Sanguinous Juice which is form'd in the Deplois the middle spungy Table of the Skull and in the inner spungy Substance of the Ribs of Infants and many other Bones which could never come thither through any other Channels To this add the Observation of Spigelius who at Padua in a great Rottenness of the Shin-bone saw the substance of the Bone perforated by the Arteries at what time Plempius was present by his own report I my self in the Year 1665. had a young Man in cure whose Shin-bone in the Fore-part was corroded with an extraordinary Rottenness After I had taken away the Flesh about it with the Periosteum I perceived in the inner Cavity which reached to the Marrow a little Artery beating very quick whereas no Man could dream of an Artery in the hardest Place of all the Bone nor was the Artery continuous with the Flesh for that was taken away and yet the Pulse remained for many days in the inner rotten Cavity of the Bone Which makes me believe that these Arteries are seldom conspicuous in the hard Part of the Bone when Men are at their full Maturity perhaps because the Arteries being pressed by the hardness of the growing Bone at length vanish all together and where they are somewhat bigger than ordinary those People by reason of some ill Humors in their Bodies are easily subject to Rottenness in their Bones by reason of the sharp and corrupt Blood poured into them through the Arteries which by the Infusion of good Blood when Bones are broken afford Matter for Callosity However this shews Platerus's Error denying that the Arteries never enter the Bones and how much Galen was in the Right who allows to every Bone a Blood-bearing Vessel bigger or lesser according to the Proportion of the Bone Now that the Bones harden by reason of the increasing Heat is plain from those Men who are born and bred in hot Countries for by reason of the great external Heat and the Internal sooner increasing within they are generally shorter dryer and leaner the Humidity of the Body being sooner wasted On the other side they who inhabit cold and most Countries and eat and drink plentifully they grow tall by reason of the flower increase of their Heat and Drought as we find by the Danes Norwegians Muscovites c. Now that Growth is hindred from the Increase of Heat and Drought is apparent from hence that Ladies to prevent their Lap-dog Puppies from growing take away their Milk and moist Food and feed them with Wine or Spirit of Wine which causes a quicker increase of the natural Heat and renders the Alimentary Blood more dry and sharp by which means the Bones being dry'd more suddenly the Puppies cease to grow VI. The officient Cause of the Bones is the vivific Spirit seated in the Seed which Galen calls the Ossific Faculty disposing the more Tartareous Parts of the Seed for the Materials of Bones These Spirits therefore may be said to be the Essential form of the Bones which some Physitians will have to be their cold and dry Temper but Aristotle will have it to be the same Rolsinch finding that the Bones were still the same in dead Bodies as in living believes the formal Cause of the Bones to be no more known than the formal Cause of a Stone But what if we say that the vivific Spirit is the Form of living Bones and their cold and dry Temper together with their own Conformation the Form of living Bones As for their accidental Form it is their Shape and Figure whether round flat streight or crooked according to their various use VII As to the Time of their Formation Aquapendens believes that the Bones are first generated among the other Parts resting upon Galens Argument at the beginning of the Chapter Harvey believes them not to be sooner generated than other Parts of which many turn into Bones of the Birth as in the Teeth Neither is there any thing to be seen in the first Principles and Beginnings of Formation but a soft slimy gluteous Substance that approaches no way to the Constitution or Nature of Bones which Constitution
rest by degrees become thin and shorter They have pretty broad upper Appendixes the Cavities of which receive the little Bones of the Wrist and the lower which tack them to the Cavities of the Fingers IV. The Phalanx of the Fingers the Thumb being numbred in consists of fifteen Bones for that three compleat every Finger different in bigness of which the first and largest is covered with the second the second with the third and the third with the Nail It is gibbous without plain within and somewhat hollowed for the more commodious comprehending the solid Bones They have Processes above and below The uppermost are round and have one round hollowness in each of the first four Bones receiving the Bone of the Meta-carpium The rest are provided as it were with a double Cavity distinguished with a small Protuberance The lower Processes put forth as it were a double head distinguished by a Cavity with which they enter the double Cavity of the imposed Bone except the third and last Bone which is only fenced with the Nail All these Cavities and Processes to facilitate motion are covered with a Gristle CHAP. XIX Of the Bone of the Thigh and Leg. THere are three Parts of the Foot the Thigh Leg and extream Part of the Foot I. The Thigh called Femur in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 consists of one strong Bone in length and bigness exceeding all the rest of the Bones of the Body round and somewhat gibbous before behind somewhat depressed and hollow marked with a rough Line obliquely descending toward the Knee II. The upper Part has a thick Process prominent toward the Hip bone with a round and large Epiphysis imposed upon it and so composes the gibbous head of the Thigh underpropt with a strong Neck which being overcast with a Gristle is hid up in the Acetabulum of the Hip and there fastened with two strong Ligaments one broad thick and Membranous which encompasses the whole Joynt the other round which being produc'd from the Cavity it self of the Acetabulum is inserted into the received head of the Thigh and fastens it most firmly to the Acetabulum and thus this Articulation is perfected by Enarthosis III. Concerning this Epiphysis Rolfinch observes that it adheres with a very loose connexion to the Bone of the Thigh so that being boyl'd in Water it suddainly becomes soft and is easily separated from the Bone especially in young Animals for which reason it is in Infants and Children easily separated from the Bone upon any slight occasion as when Children are set to go too soon by their Nurses and then it is taken for a Dislocation and that Error prevents the Cure This brings to my Memory that once or twice I saw this Recess of this Epiphysis from the Thigh Bone which the Chyrurgions took for a Luxation though the head could by no means be perceived to be slipt out of the Acetabulum Only the Thigh-bone was turn'd back toward the hinder Parts and the upper Part was perceived to ascend without a head and so one Thigh became shorter than the other But no body then thought of the Recess of the Epiphysis which now I find was the cause Below the Neck where the Bone begins to grow broader two Processes are produced provided with their Epiphysis's which are manifestly conspicuous in Children but afterwards become Bony and are united inseparably to the Leg without any seeming diversity of the Substance One of these Processes the upper and bigger bend upward towards the Exterior Parts The other lower and far less having the figure of an obtuse Tubercle looks backward toward the inward Parts which Riolanus believes to be rather an Apophysis then an Epiphysis That is called the bigger Trochanter this the lesser Trochanter To this lesser for the most part there joyns toward the outer Parts another lesser Tubercle in a place somewhat lower These Processes afford Insertion and rise to several strong Muscles Below where the Thigh-bone grows thicker by degrees with its Appendix it forms two large Heads of which the outermost is thicker then the innermost These being overcast with a Muscle it enters the double Cavities under the Leg which are fortify'd likewise with a Muscle Between those Heads it has another Cavity small before large behind through which remarkable Vessels are carry'd to the Legs together with the fourth Nerve of the vast Pair Between these Cavities the Protuberancy of the Leg is admitted and so that Articulation is compleated by Gynglymus while they also receive these two heads of the Leg. Moreover there are two other little Cavities at the side of each Head into which the Tendons of several Muscles are inserted IV. More behind in the Ham the two Sesamoides Bones are plac'd to the lower Appendixes of the Thigh which grow to the Heads of the two first Muscles moving the foot whereas otherwise the rest of the Sesamines stick to the Tendons of the Muscles V. But because the Articulation of the Knee was not yet strong enough but that through the motion of the Leg or by any external violence the Bones might slip out of their place therefore there is a round and broad Bone placed upon the Joynt like a Circular Platter by the Latines call'd Molae Patella and by others Rotulae of a Gristly substance in Children which afterwards becomes Bony and to facilitate its motions is overcast within-side with a Gristle This Bone adheres to the Tendons of the Muscles with a looser connexion it being requisite that it should not be two streight ty'd to prevent an easie Luxation and yet not hinder the Motion of the Muscles The necessity of this Office Galen observed in a certain Young Wrestler whose little Platter being dislocated ascended toward his Thigh whence happened a dangerous bending in the Knee so that he could not walk down a Hill without the help of a Staff The same thing I have also observed in my Practice upon the like Accident And though Paraeus asserts that he never saw any Man halt who had broken that Bone yet I knew a Young German Nobleman whose Platter was shot away with a Musket Bullet so that he could not so much as go Yet a Bone-setter here in Utrecht fitted a certain Iron Instrument to his Knee which bending the Thigh-bone in Conjunction with the Leg in some measure supply'd the loss of the Knee-pan so that with the help of that Instrument he could walk indifferently but when that was off he could not move his Foot nor stand a moment VI. To the Thigh is annexed the Crus being that Part which extends it self from the Knee to the Heel This is compos'd of two Bones very much differing in thickness and bigness cohering together above and below but parted in the middle by reason of the Muscles of the Feet yet connexed with a strong interceding Ligament VII The first of these is by the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the
Vessels Muscles 446 455 The Eye-brows 448 F. The Face 440 Fat 13 Fat folke less fit for Venery 207. Why less active 334 The Feet and the Parts of them 493 Females whether begot by the Left Stone 148 Fermentation 27 The Fibres in general Flowers in Women the cause of them 168 The Tendril Fold 132. The Net-resembling Fold in the Womb 176. The Choroides Fold 398. It s progress and use ibid. The Forehead 441 The Fornix 397 398 The Frog-Distemper 486 Frontal Muscles 441 Function of the Brain 420 Function of the Parts 3 G. Gelâ—… Animals grow fat 207 Genitals of Men and Women how they differ 185 Glandules of the Kidneys 120. Of the Mesentery 49. How passed by the Milky Vessels 59. Of the Breasts 282. Of the Larynx 369. Of the Gullet ibid Of the Tongue 483 Glissons Experiment 82 Gonorrhea the Cause of it 143. Gonorhea simplex the Cause of it 192 The Gristles in general 610 Gristle Scutiform of the Larynx 367 Angular and Guttal of the same 368 The Gristle of the Ear 464 Growth 341 The Gullet its Connexion Vessels Substance 370 c. Its Motion 371 Gums 478 The Guts 42 H. Hare of the Eye-lids 447 Hair its generation 374. The roots of it a Heterogeneous Body its form efficient Cause 375. First Original 376. Variety of Colours whence 377. Whether part of the Body 381. Whether it contributes to the strength of the Body 383 Hang'd People how kill'd 358 The Hand 493. And the Parts of it 494 Dr. Harvey's Opinion touching Conception 213 215 217. Concerning the Uterine Liver 236. His Opinion and two questions concerning the Birth 276 The Head in general 373 Heart in general 305. c. Its motion 312 c. The true Cause 316. Unnatural things bred therein 324. The Office of the Heart 329. Glissons new Opinion ibid. The Helix 463 Heat of the Blood 335 Hermophradites 183 Hernia varicosa Carnosa 133 Herophiius's Wine-press or the Forâ—…ular 385 Histories of Conception 217 c. The hollow Vein and Veins united to it above the Diaphragma 540. Below the Diaphragma 54â—… The Horny Tuincle 45â—… The Huckle-bone 589 Humors whether Parts of the Body 4. The four Humors always in the Blood 342 Humors of the Eye 459. Whether sensible 462 Hunger what and whence it proceeds 29 The Hymen whether or no 177. Whether a sign of Virginity 178 The Hyoides-bone 480 Hypothyroides Muscle 368 I. Ideas how imprinted in the Seed by Imagination 197 Jejunum Gut why Empty 110 Imagination of the Face of it 292 Indications of the Ancients taken from the Ear 463 Infants Bones how constituted 606 The Infundibulum or Funnel 413 Jugular Kernels 376 K. The Kidneys 116. Their Vessels 117 Their Substance 119. Malpigius's Discoveries ibid. Their use 120. Observations three 121. Whether they concoct Blood 125. Whether Wounds in the Kidneys be Mortal 126. Deputy Kidneys what 127 Kicking of the Infant in the Womb the Cause of it 275 276 L. The Labyrinth 468 The Lachrymal Kernel 415 The Lachrymal points 417 Larynx its Figure Vessels Bulk Substance Gristles 367 Laurentius Bellinus's fleshy Crust 482 Learned men deceived by Old womens tales 273 Ligament Ciliar 459 Ligaments in general 611. Of the Head of the Iaws Hyoides Bone and Tongue 612. Of the whole Trunk ibid. Of the Scapula's Arm and Hand 613. Of the Leg and Foot 614 Likeness of Features whence 198 Liquor in the Amnion what it is 250 c. The Liver 78. Whether a Bowel 79. Worms and Stones in it 85. The functions of it 108 109 112. The Office of the Liver 83. Sometimes joyned with the Lungs 185. Glisson's Experiment 82 The Long Marrow 406. It s difference from The Spinal Marrow ibid. The Lucid Enclosure 397 Lungs their bigness substance c. 350. Preternatural things in them 351. The colour in a Child before it is born 352 Division Lobes 353. Several Observations concerning them 354. Their motion 362 c. Lympha what 74 75. Difference between it and the Serum 76. Whether nutritive 348 Lymphatic Vessels 69. Of the Liver 81. Lymphatic Iuice the use of it ibid. Lymphatic Vessels in the Testicles 137 Of the Lungs 357 M. Males whether begot by the Right Stone 148 Malpigius's Observations of Blood 349 Materials of the Hair 378 Maxillary Kernels 376. Processes 408 The Mediastinum 303 Melancholly 342 Membranes in general 519 Membrane of the Muscles 17. Of the Drum 465 Meninxes of the Brain Dura Mater its Holes Vessels c. 384 385. Pia Mater 387 407 The Mesentery 48 The Mesenteric Milkie Vessels 58 Milk what 285 c. Whether Animal Spirits the matter of it 291 Mesue's Story concerning Milk ibid. Observation concerning it 293. Why dry'd up upon Weaning 294 Milkie Vessels to the Bladder of the Womb 122. To the Vice-Kidneys 123. Milkie Utrine Vessels a question concerning them 252. Milkie Vessels of the Breasts 283 Monstrous Births the reason 247 Mother Fits the cause of them 171 Whether from the Sweetbread juice 172 The Mount of Venus 179 Muscles 17. c. Of the Eur 464 466. Of the Cheeks Lips and lower Iaw 477. Muscles in general 497. Of the Head 503. Of the Arms and Shoulders 505. Of the Scapula 506. Assisting respiration 507. Of the Back and Loins 509. Of the Abdomen 510. Of the Radius 511. Of the Wrist and hollow of the hand ibid. Of the Fingers and Thumb 512. Of the Thigh 513. Of the Leg 515. Of the Foot 516. Of the Toes 517 The Mirtle-form'd Caruncles in Womens Privities 178 N. The Nails 607 The Nameless Bones 597 The Nameless Tunicle 457 Navel string what It s Situation 256. It s use 257 The Neck 372. Strength of the Body judged by it 372 The Nerves in general 548 c. Of the Neck 557. Of the Breast and Bâ—…ok 559. Of the Loins 560. Proceeding from the Os Sacrum 561. Of the Arm and Hand 561. Of the Thighs and Feet 563 Nerves within the Cranium 410. Second third fourth fifth Pair 414 415. Turn-again Nerves ibid. Of the Nostrils 472 Net The wonderful Net 413 Nose It s Figure Bigness Bones and spongy Bones 470 Nostrils 471 The Nut of the Yard 151. Of the Clitoris 181 The Netform'd Tunicle 459 The Nymphe Their Substance Vessels Use and Observation concerning them 180 O. Oesophagus vid. Gullet Old Men whether they grow shorter 342 The Orbicular Bone in the Ear. 467 Order to be observed in Dissecting the Brain 419 Organs of Hearing 463 Organs of Smelling 470 Original of the Principles of the Blood 337 The Os Sacrum 589 Oval Hole in the Heart 327 The Oval Window in the Ear. 468 Ovaries in Women first discovered 156. How the Eggs descend from them to the Womb 159. Womens Stones to be rather called Ovaries 158 P. The Palate 478 The Perastates 139 Pannicle fleshy 16. 383 Parenchyma of the Liver 84 Part of the Body what 3 Net Organs 4 Principal which ibid. Subservient which 8 Noble which ibid. Ignoble which ibid. Parts
then it happens that the Blood is not sufficiently purify'd from that defilement and hence that after some Years the Small Pox comes again by reason that the Old remainders are by some new occasion provoked to Action But that the Small Pox should seize in such an Order four Children of the same Man and that in so short a distance of time and every time come out so thick is that which never before we knew in all our Practise If perchance some few had only come forth the first time it might have been probable that some of the Relics of the Contamination not sufficiently seperated through weak Fermentation might break forth again but in regard that Conjecture vanishes by reason of the great quantity coming out over the whole Body both the first and second time I would fain know to what other cause we can attribute such an accident as this then to some occult and unexpressible cause that lies no less latent in the Small Pox then in the Pestilence and how it should come to pass that I my self who am now about seventy Years of Age and was not only conversant with these but a Thousand others yet never should have the Small Pox since that contagion does so easily infect others HISTORY IX A Virgin of Three and Twenty Years of Age Plethoric and Strong being taken of a suddain with a Fever accompanied with an extraordinary heaviness of her own head took a Dram of Treacle in a little Wine which causing her to Sweat soundly presently the Small Pox came out very thick over all the Body but her Fever and heaviness were so far from slackning that they grew more violent Then my advice but too late was asked for the strength of the Maid was so far spent that there was hardly any thing to be given her However I gave her twice a Dram of Crabs-Eyes prepared with a little Decoction of Barley and prescribed her a pleasing Julep But the sixth day her Monthly Evacuations came from her out of the Order of time and the same day the Pox that continued high raised till then suck down again So that the Fever and heaviness increasing the Maid all her strength failing her dy'd the next Night ANNOTATIONS AT the same time two other Young Maids their Evacuations bursting out unexpectedly and unseasonably in a short time dy'd And this has been observed by us several times in this disease when there is a violent Ebullition of the Blood and that the Small Pox come out thick without any Diminution of the Fever and Symptoms then it is a very bad if not a mortal Sign if the Monthly Evacuations break forth out of Season For such Patients seldom or never escape though that Eruption happens upon the Seventh or any other Critical day Moreover we have observed this that if during the Ebullition of the Blood in the Small Pox the Monthly Evacuations also break forth at the usual Period of time such Patients are then also in great danger and many of them dye though some ease might be expected from such an Evacuation HISTORY X. ANN of Durenburch a Young Maid of Twenty Years of Age was taken with a Fever and Heaviness accompanied with a Dosiness of the Head and an inclination to sleep and oft-times a slight interveneing Delirium affrightment in her sleep and a moderate Thirst. Having taken a Diaphoretic and Sweat soundly soon after the Small Pox appeared Afterwards she drank of this Decoction four five or six times a day ℞ Barley cleansed ℥ s. Root of Elacampane ʒ v. sliced Licorice ʒij Orange-peels ʒiij Scabious a handful and a half Fennel seed ʒj four greater Cold seeds an ℈ iiij Fat Figs no. xv Raisins stoned ℥ j. s. VVater q. s. for an Apozem of two Pints When the Small Pox were now sufficiently expelled by the use of this Decoction I ordered that her face should be often fomented with a soft Spunge dipped in lukewarm Mutton Broth but because it fell out that the Broth could not be had and she was importunate for some Topic to preserve her Face I ordered her Face to be anointed twice a day with old Oyl of Turneps which done the Pox in her Face were not so big as those over the rest of her Body they ripened also sooner and the Scabs at length falling off no Pits at all remained in her Face Only the Oyntment was continued till she was perfectly cured ANNOTATIONS IF the Small Pox are not large and Contiguous for the most part we administer nothing to prevent Piting but leave Nature to do her own business in regard she does it better of her own accord then the Physitians can do by Art so that the Patients themselves do not dig off the Scabs with their Nails but suffer them to dry and fall off of their own accord This daily Experience tells us For that Thousands are better Cured without Pits or Marks left behind to whom no Topics are administer'd and many to whom Topics have been administer'd without Judgment have had deeper Pits then if they had left the Work to Nature without Topics But if the Pox are very large and Contiguous in the Face or if they be such Patients that will not be satisfy'd unless the Physitian ascribe them Topics which is frequent among Young Ladys that are afraid of their Beauty then such things are to be prescrib'd as mollifie the Scabs of the Pustles and bring the matter therein contain'd to quickest Maturation To that purpose I have frequently prescribed the Oyl of Turneps with good success by which means very few or no Footsteps of the Small Pox have been seen which was once imparted to me as a great Secret by on Harscamp a Famous Practitioner Forestus anoints the Scabs with Oyl of Sweet Almonds till they are dryed up which prevents as he says all Piting and Scars and so highly approves that remedy that he cannot think of any better as being that which has no Smell and is no way noisom either to Children or grown People However great care is to be taken of making use of dryers at the Beginning for these prevent the farther Maturation of the matter and by drying up the Scabs and Pits hinder the Generation of new Flesh of which Errour committed Forestus gives us a terrible Example For says he when a Young Gentleman of Thirty Years of Age having had the Small Pox by the advice of his Nurse made use of Butter Fryed to Blackness in a Frying-Pan and besmeared all his Face over with it the Scab became so very nasty exulcerating all his Face that he lost one of his Eyes and but for the application of timely remedies had lost the other too And therefore it is that we so often inculcate that many People scape better that use no applications at all so that whatever Authors write that Maturing Medicines are to be applyed I say it is to be done with great Caution HISTORY XI A Noble Lady of Eighteeen
is chiefly communicated to others by Contact and Attraction of putrid and most nasty Vapors of Sweat of Ordure c. and therefore they who attended the Sick or staid any while with them were sure to be infected with the Distemper but the Contagion was first spread all over Nimeghen more especially for this reason because the whole City by reason the Army was so vast was all full of Souldiers insomuch that all the Streets and Lanes were fill'd with Souldiers some in Health and some sick lying every where at the Sides of the Streets and hence the Filth and Excrements as well of the Sick as Healthy were thrown into the publick Passages in great Heaps nor was there any avoiding them because of the extraordinary Multitudes of People passing to and fro And thus it came to pass that the malignant and corrupt Vapors rising from those nasty Dunghills infected the whole City with Contagion and Disease The Cause of this Disease did not lye so much in the malignant Corruption of the Spirits as of the Humors and therefore it might be very properly call'd a Pestilence in the Humors but it differed from the Pestilence in this that in the Pestilence the vital Spirits in this Fever the Humors are corrupted after a malignant manner Moreover the Contagion of the Pestilence hangs in the Air and infects more at a distance but the Contagion of this Fever is communicated by the Immediate Contact and Attraction of malignant Vapors Lastly the Pestilence is a Disease more acute and dangerous and of which more die than escape but in this Disease more escape than dye This Fever at the beginning seiz'd some sharply but most People gently some without and others with a slight Cold and Shivering A little after the beginning in many followed a very great Heat accompanied with a vehement Thirst which Burning sometimes intermitting by slight Intervals continued for the most part till the seventh day or longer In many also this intense Heat was not perceived and in such Persons the Heart was more affected by the malignity of the Humors than the heat for in them the Vital Faculty was more endammag'd At the beginning of the Distemper there appeared a very great Debility and Dissipation of the natural Strength Deliriums in some in most Faintness in many Head-achs and want of Sleep in all Thirst with a great driness of the Tongue many also presently after the Disease were troubled with malignant Dysenteries and Diarrâ—…ea's very difficult to be cured The Pulse was also very thick but weak and unequal Upon the days of Crises's the Patients were generally worse nevertheless very few Crises's that were good Nature seemed to endeavor and attempt Crises's but in regard of the great quantity of malignant Humors and the wasted strength of the Patient she was not able to accomplish them Crises's by Sweat or bleeding at the Nose or coming down of the Courses sometimes alone vanquish'd the Distemper but very seldom for they were for the most part imperfect bâ—…t by loosness of the Belly they were dangerous and to many mortal In some little red Spots breaking out over all the Body upon the Skin chang'd the Disease sometimes for the worse and sometimes for the better Some that lay long sick had critical Abscesses in some sound part But Carbuncles never appeared I never saw any that had either Kernels in their Groins behind their Ears or under their Arm-pits or that Nature ever voided any thing through those Emunctories Some that had been cured of this Fever easily relapsed into as dangerous and mortal a Distemper especially if they exposed themselves abroad too soon or committed the least Error in Diet. In the Cure of this Distemper the primary and chief Relief was given by Blood-letting three or four times and in some six or seven times repeated I have seen French-men whom their Physicians have let Blood in four days space no less than twelve times and have taken great quantities of Blood from them for the Patients found great Ease after Blood-letting and because so known a Remedy at length that many without the Advice of a Physician would order themselves to be let Blood by which means some cured themselves of their Distemper More than that this seemed a greater Wonder that when Blood-letting decays the Strength so much yet in this Disease after great quantities of Blood taken away Nature gathered new Strength and was relieved from the burthen of malignant Humors and all the Patients even they that were in the weakest Condition were able to endure Blood-letting These Fevers submitted to no Remedies so easily as to Blood-letting The Blood which was drawn forth for the two or three first times was very Corrupt in all Men. Nor do I remember that among all those Multitudes of Sick People I ever saw one that had good Blood taken from him at the beginning but for the most part whitish often between livid and greenish wherein there was a little mixture of red Blood It was Muscilaginous like the Decoction of Calves-feet In most it was Coagulated In some also it would hardly Coagulate the Fibres being for the most part consumed by the Corruption and those were in most danger After the third or fourth Bleeding the Blood prov'd tolerable Being call'd therefore to Patients after loosening the Belly with a Glyster we order'd Blood-letting as soon as possibly we could and if the Patients strength would permit we repeated it the next day taking away every time from half a pint to a pint of Blood and the same we did again after three or four days intermission according to the strength of the Patient and the excess of the Fever Nevertheless in the mean time we Administer'd Purging Medicines and sometimes Glysters to keep the Body open and because there was a Malignity in the Disease we made frequent use of Diaphoretics and Antidotes Juleps and Cooling and Cordial Electuaries were very Beneficial mix'd with Diuretics more especially if they were opposite to the Malignity When the Patient could not sleep we anointed his Temples with some gentle Opiate and gave him sometimes Narcotics to swallow ANNOTATIONS MAlignant and Pestilent Fevers how they may be allowed without a true Pestilence we have shown at large in our Treatise of the Pest. But these Fevers are various as not proceeding always from the same Cause nor seizing the same manner nor admitting the same Cure Sometimes the Infection of the Air alone sometimes extraordinary Corruptions of the Air by bad Dyet or otherwise sometimes hurtful Exhalations of things Corrupt and Putrid sometimes dispositions of the Temperaments of the Air and Bodies either single of themselves or some or all of them conjoyned together create these Epidemic Fevers and therefore as the Causes are various so is there great varieties in the Cure And therefore it is that these malignant Fevers seldom appear twice altogether one like another Fracastorius describes a Pestilential Fever which differed very much from
Teeth for which reason we gave him a proper Water to wash his Mouth which heal'd his Tongue again by degrees all this while we made use of the fomentation prescribed the twelfth of March but then leaving that off we clapt a Cap about his Head with Cephalic Herbs sowed into it Upon the twenty fifth the Fever went off and the Patient grew much better hitherto we had laid nothing but Mel Rosaceum or Honey of Roses mixed with a little Spirit of Wine upon the hole of the Cranium or the Meninx but then we mixt the following Powder with the Honey ℞ Aloes Hepat Sang. Draconis Myrrh Mastick Olihanum an ℈ j. s. Barley Flower ℈ ij s. reduce the whole into a very fine Powder The twenty sixth of March he quite recovered his Sences then again the Meninx being pressed down with the foresaid Instrument there flowed out a small quantity of white and well concocted Matter both Morning and Evening after this day he rose and sate up for three or four hours and fed well the following days nothing of Matter came forth of his Skull but contrary to our desire in four days time the hole was filled up with Flesh without side also the Flesh grew every way but too suddainly so that we were forced many times to take it off with a slight Caustic in regard we were to stay till the Bone Scal'd at last in the sixth Week a great large and thick Scale was seperated from the Bone and then the Wound being filled up with Flesh the Patient was cured in a short time only this Inconvenience remain'd that upon any suddain change of Air his Head would ake and Wine presently fuddl'd him In this Condition of Health he lived above four Years as he used to do But in September 1641. as he was sporting in the Camp well in Health with some other Troopers he fell down Senseless and presently his whole Body being contracted with a most terrible Convulsion he Expir'd within a quarter of an hour had I been there at that time I would have opened his Skull to have seen whether the cause of his Death had proceeded from any thing of his old Wound ANNOTATIONS AS to Wounds in the Head with a Fracture of the Cranium the Question is when the Separation is to be made says Albucasis If the Patient come to the three first days after the Wound then the Bone must be taken away before the fourteenth day if it be in the Summer then make hast to remove the Bone before the seventh before what lyes under the Bone of the Pannicle be corrupted and terrible accidents ensue Says Avicen Separation must not be delay'd in Summer beyond seven days in Winter not beyond ten but the sooner the better Hippocrates allows but three days before Separation of the Bone which is to be cut and admits no longer delay if the weather be hot To which Hippocrates ought to have added if the Chyrurgeon be sent for soon enough for if he be sent for late or that the Patient and his friends will not consent then the Skull is to be perforated at any time so there be any hopes of Life For in a certain danger a doubtful Remedy is better then none For it matters not says Celsus Whether the Remedy be altogether safe when there is no other Horstius opened the Cranium of a certain Person upon the Eleventh day and of another upon the Fifteenth Hildan tells a remarkable Story of a Cranium perforated with success two Months after the Wound received upon which the Matter gushed out with a full stream the Patient was cured Thus in our Patients Case at first came forth mattry and watry Blood and upon the Seventeenth day meer white Matter Hildan also produces another Example of a Skull perforated upon the eleventh day And Aegineta writes that he knew one whose Cranium was perforated a Year after the Wound receiv'd by which means the Patient recovered However he advises Separation of the Bone in the Winter before the fourteenth day and in the Summer before the Seventh In short these Operations prove best at the beginning and as Avicen says the sooner the better But if the beginning be over-sliped it would be inhuman to give men over so long as there is hopes Otherwise as Celsus says It is part of a prudent Man not to meddle where there is no hopes at all Had those deadly Symptoms there appeared in our Patient before the Operation which appeared afterwards we had never adventured it nevertheless he was cured contrary to our Expectation Some Physitians advise ye to take great care least in the laying bare of the Cranium which proceeds perforation you make any Incision in the Sutures for fear the Fibres of the hard Meninx passing by the Sutures and united with the Pericranium should be hurt as if there were any such great danger in that For I have been present at such Operations many times and have ordered Incisions to be made upon the Sutures if I found it a proper place and that the little Fibres should be scraped off with a Pen-knife and yet no harm ensued and I have found by Experience that such cautions as these are only fit for contemplating Physitians who never were present at such Operations Only take care of hurting the Temporal Muscle and that the Trepan be not set upon the Sutures and the Perforation made there OBSERVATION LVI An Opthalmy THE Wife of Captain Iunius was troubled with an extraordinary Inflammation of her Eyes with great Pain two days after two of her Maids and a Man Servant were seized with the same distemper and said they contracted it by looking upon their Mistress after due Purgation I laid upon the Eyes all Night the Yolk of a hard-boyl'd Egg kneaded together with Womans Milk to asswage the Pain afterwards I ordered one or two drops of this Opthalmic Water to be dropt into the Eyes twice or thrice which being duly observed the Ophthalmy vanished within three days ℞ White Vitriol ℈ j. Sugar-Candy ʒj Plantain Water ℥ ij Rose-Water ℥ j. mix them together ANNOTATIONS GAlen numbers Blear-Eyedness among the Contagious Diseases and says it may be contracted by Contagion like the Pestilence or Itch. But he gives no reason for what he says Thus Plutarch of all Diseases the Contagion of Blear-Eyedness says he creeps amongst them that live together from one to another so sharp a faculty it has of affecting the Sight Thus says Ovid Dum spectant Laesos Oculi laeduntur ipsi Multaque Corporibus transitione nocent As to the Nature of this Contagion Physitians are very silent but who treat of it seem to be of this Opinion that Corrupt Vapours and Spirits issue forth from the vitiated Eye which being carried to the Eyes of those that are sound infect the same However Benedictus Faventinus writes that there is something of Putrid which Exhales from the Blear-Eyes which infects the ambient Air with the same
engenders the Stone and causes the Gout is the Sal Tartar which is more sharp and four times more abounding in Rhenish-wine than in French or Canary or any other Wine which tartareous Salt not being well digested in some Bodies is separated from the Mass of Blood and with the Serum carried to the Kidneys and so hardens into Stones and being expell'd into the Joynts causes most dreadful Torments For the Nature of Salts is by corroding other Bodies to reduce them into Atoms and associate to themselves This Corrosion is the Cause of the Gout for while the tartarous Salt corrodes the nervous and membranous Parts and endeavours to associate them to its self those cruel Pains are excited which are mitigated by an Afflux of watry Humors for Salt dissolv'd with much moisture looses its Acrimony But you 'l say why does not this Salt cause as great Pains in the Kidneys as in the Joynts because the most subtle and acrimonious part of it is dissolved by the continual Passage of the Urine and carried away with the Urine through the Bladder but the thick gravelly and earthly Substance remains which does not offend so much by its Acrimony as by its Bulk and roughness Now the reason why the German Wines abound with Tartar is because the very Soil of Germany it self where the Vines grow aboundeth with Tartar nor is there any Plant which sucks up the salt and tartarous Parts of the Earth more than the Vine And therefore it is that in many Places of Moravia Austria Bohemia and Hungaria where the Soil is such that most Men are troubled with the Gout or Stone in the Kidneys and Bladder or both Lastly that Wine engenders the Gout is apparent from hence for that the Forbearance of VVine cures it Of which the Physicians bring many Examples and M. Donatus himself confesses that he was cured of the Gout by leaving off VVine for two years OBSERVATION LXX An Extream Pain under the Sternon-Bone LIeutenant More in the Flower of his Age in Ianuary felt a most terrible Pain which extended it self in a right Line from the top of the Aspera Arteria to the upper Orifice of the Stomach all along the Sternon-bone and so cruelly tormented the Person that he could not move himself one way nor other He neither had any Cough or difficulty of Breathing his Lungs and Aspera Arteria were perfectly free nor did his Gullet pain him in swallowing neither lastly was there any thing to be seen outwardly The Pain lay under the Sternon where it is fastned to the Mediastrinum or in the Membrane annexed to it withinside which was thus occasioned The Patient the Evening before had been hard drinking a strong sort of French Wine at a great Supper and with that and a very great Fire all the time in the Room had over-heated himself to a great degree After which going home at Midnight in a Sweat of a suddain by the way he was taken with a violent Cold for it freezed very hard hence the Pores being presently shut the hot and sharp Vapors being condensed and congealed stuck to the inner Membrane of the Sternon-bone which almost numb'd that part with the sharpness of the pain that was still encreasing by the motion of the Breast For the Cure of this Malady I loosened his Body with a Glister and then prescribed him this Sudorific to take warm ℞ Treacle ℈ iiij Extract of Carduus Ben. and Angelica an ℈ j. English Saffron gr vj. Of Treacle-water ℥ ij Oyl of Anise gr iiij Mix them for a Potion Upon this he sweat very well but the pain continued as before After he had sweat I applied the following Cere-cloth to the place affected ℞ Powder of Castor Cloves Benjamin Saffron an ℈ j. Galbanum dissolved in Wine ℥ s. Melilot Oxicroceum ʒiij Mix them and make a Cere-cloth to be spread upon Leather as long as the Part affected four Fingers broad and anoint the same with Oyl of Nutmegs distilled After this Cere-cloth had stuck six or seven hours to the Part the pain began to abate very much so that the Patient could move himself with more ease The next day he took a Purge and had five Stools which done after the Cere-cloth had stuck on three days the pain went quite off and the Gentleman went abroad well in Health But afterwards in February having over-heated himself with drinking of Spanish Wine the same Cere-cloth cured him again in three days OBSERVATION LXXI The Head-ach PEter Ioannis an Ale-brewers Servant a strong Fellow in Ianuary when it freezed very hard was taken with a terrible pain in his Head otherwise ailing nothing by reason of which pain he could take no Rest night nor day for several Days and Nights together which not only caused the loss of his Stomach but also a Delirium nevertheless the Patient was so obstinate that he would take no Physic only by much perswasion he would admit of Topics Thereupon for present ease I prescribed the following Fomentation with which being warm I ordered his Head to be fomented and Napkins four times doubled and dipt in the Fomentation to be laid all over his Head and to be shifted as they grow cold and this is to be continued all the Night long ℞ Rosemary Vervain Betony Thyme an m. j. Marjoram m. j. s. Sage m s. Flowers of Cammomil and Melilot an m. j. of Dill and Stoechas an m. s. Seeds of Cummin and Dill Lawrel Berries an ℥ s. White-wine q. s. Boil them to lb iij. To the Straining add Spirit of Wine ℥ iiij For a Fomentation The next day the pain was much abated but in regard the Patient refused all manner of Physic the Fomentation was continued for two days by which time his Sleep returned and the pain went almost all off only some remainder of pain in his Fore-head a little above his Nose with some Obstruction of his Nostrils which proceeding from a tough Flegm closely adhering to the Ethmoids-bone I prescribed him a sneezing Medicine of the Juice of the Root of Betony which when he had drawn up into his Nostrils first opened with a Quill he voided from his Palate and Nostrils a great quantity of tough Flegm and so was quite freed from his intollerable pain ANNOTATIONS I Confess this Course of curing without any Evacuation or Diversion preceding was not so safe for that the flegmatic Humors collected in the Brain and attenuated by the hot Fomentation might have easily fallen upon some noble Bowel not without great danger but in regard the great abundance of Humors threatned either an Apoplexy or a Delirium or a Lethargy and the Intensness of the Pain a Fever and for that the Patient refused to take any Physic not so much as a Glister nor would suffer Blood-letting I was forced for the prevention of greater Mischiefs to proceed as I did to Topics remembring the Saying of Celsus 'T is no matter whether the Remedy be safe when there is no
Obstruction of the Spleen JUstin de Nassau a Noble Youth about six Years of Age about the end of April began to be troubled with an obstruction of his Spleen which within a Fortnight encreased to that degree that the hard Spleen bunched out almost half as big as a Mans Fist when I came I felt the Boy 's Spleen with my hand and perceived the Child otherwise chearful then grown Melancholy like an Elder Person but in regard he loath'd Physic I only prescribed him a proper Diet and ordered him only Ê’ s. of Tartar Pulverized every Morning and Evening in a little Broth I also order'd the following Emplaster to be laid upon his Spleen which after it had lain on ten days and then but once shifted the hardness vanished and the obstruction was dissipated â„ž Gum Ammoniac Galbanum dissolved in Vinegar an â„¥ j. Emplaster of Melilot Ê’iij Mix them and spread them upon red Leather OBSERVATION LXXXII A Suffocation of the Womb. GOdefrida ab Essem a Woman about thirty Years of Age had been troubl'd with an Uterin Suffocation for which she had taken in vain several things that had been given her by Midwives and other Women her Fits increasing I was sent for and found her somewhat red in the Face but altogether senseless only she breath'd and that but very little neither The Woman cry'd out her Womb was got up to her Throat which was Impossible but indeed I felt a certain hardness in the upper Region of her Stomach that moved up and down from one side to the other about the bigness of a Mans Fist therefore because she was not in a condition to swallow any thing I ordered her Temples and the inside of her Nostrils to be rubbed with Oyl of Amber distilled by descent Then I ordered the Midwife with her middle Finger smear'd with three or four grains of Civet to fret the sides of the Matrix within side while another Woman with all her strength forced down the hardness and thus within a quarter of an hour the Woman after she had ejected a putrid sort of Seed came to her self again nor had she ever after any more Fits ANNOTATIONS THat sweet Odours applyed below draw down the Womb not only the Authority of Authors but Experience tells us Therefore Galen says that perfumes which heat and loosen do good because they heat Those that heat attenuate also and loosen by which means what is thick and difficultly moveable is easily Purged out through the open Pores Moreover that they have a faculty to dispel Wind which is very troublesome in Uterine Suffocations Aegineta advises the pouring of most Odoriferous Oyntments iâ—…to the Womb and Aetius would have the Womb fumigated with Spices that have a faculty of loosning sweating and expelling Wind. However care is to be had how you hold these sweet Odours to the Nose least you encrease the Suffocation by oppressing the Head In this case some Physitians make use of many sweet Scents but for my part I only make use of Musk mixt with a little Oyl of Lillies and many times order a Woman to fret and sitillate the inside of the Orifice with Musk only which has produced wonderful Effects Frication with the Finger alone helps to a miracle and is commended by Galen Avicen Valesco de Tarenta Simon Betreino though indeed there is nothing like present Copulation where it is to be done with allowance so that indeed for a Woman in the same Condition with our Patient there is no such Remedy as a Husband Thus Duretus being call'd to a Woman under a Hysterical Suffocation and finding her in a Fit as cold as Ice and her Husband by order'd him to have to do with her which he did and the Woman presently recovered OBSERVATION LXXXIII An Erysipelas or St. Anthony's Fire in the Thigh MOnsieur Kelfken Consul of Nimeghen had an Erysipelas in his right Thigh with which he had been formerly often troubl'd he was threescore Years of Age and had a very foul Body He had laid upon the Erysipelas Linnen rags dipt in Vinegar and Water of Elder-berry Flowers which somewhat abated the Erysipelas only certain little Blisters rose up here and there as he was wont to have when he used the same Vinegar and Water before upon these Blisters after he had prickt them with a Needle he laid a Leaf of green Tobacco but after it had lain on for three or four days the Skin was more and more exulcerated and a certain gangrenous Particle began to appear upon which the Gentleman sent for a Chyrurgeon who easily cut out that gangrenous Part sticking in the Skin and then endeavoured with various Plaisters to cure the solution anointing the whole Thigh because of the Erysipelas with Galens refrigerating Oyntment and this course he took for six Weeks but when he could do no good I was sent for I found the Patient full of watry and Flegmatic Humors which falling Salt upon his Thigh caused that continual Exulceration this made him loose of Body and his Stomach was indifferent but he had such an Aversion to Physic that he would swallow nothing when I look'd upon his Thigh I found the Plaisters were the cause of the Exulceration of the Neighbouring Parts which by reason of their Fatness and Density they were not able to retain or suck up the Salt and sharp Humors flowing into them the Humors were forced to flow to the Neighbouring parts which they corroded therefore deeming it the best way to perform the Cure with Cataplasms which by reason of their softness might suck and dry up the flowing Humors I prescribed the following Cataplasm without any Oyliness or Fatness â„ž Pomegranate Rinds Flowers of Pomegranates an â„¥ j. Leaves of Oake of Plantain Egrimony Sanicle an Mij Pimpernel Flowers of red Roses an Mj. common water l. iiij boil them to the Consumption of half â„ž Leaves of Oake M. iiij of Egrimony Plantain an Mj. s. Powder them together then ada Bean Flower â„¥ ij of the said Decoction q. s. boil them a little and make a Cataplasm This being oftentimes shifted cured the Ulcer but about three Months after a new Defluction fell upon the Thigh causing a large fiery Erysipelas now unless it were one Purge and one Decoction of China Sarsaperil c. He would take nothing inwardly thereupon the foresaid Cataplasm was laid on which did very well for a time but then a new Defluxion happening with a large Erysipelas the Pains encreased the Ulcer enlarg'd it self and a little after the part gangren'd and there appeared a blackish gangrenous Particle in the outer side of the Thigh about the bigness of a Doller the Chyrurgeon therefore washed the part affected with lukewarm Wine anoynted it with cleansing oyntment of Parsley and laid on the same Cataplasm which caused the gangrenous Particles to fall out then the Ulcer being well cleansed the Cataplasm alone was laid on in the mean time for the more convenient Evacuation of the Humors
because it began to spread more and more I was sent for Thereupon after I had purged her Body I ordered her to wash her Hands with equal parts of mercuriated Water and Virgins Milk and to let them dry of themselves By which means the Scabbiness came forth more and more for two or three days but within three or four days afterwards wholly dry'd up and was cured OBSERVATION CI. A Malady in the Stomach ISaac of Aix la Chapelle forty six years of age was troubled with an old Distemper in his Stomach occasioned by difficult and painful Belchings so that after he had eat or drank any thing he was forced to belch fifty and sometimes a hundred times and more and that often both by day and by night neither could he stop them or if they did not break forth he was like one that was ready to burst Besides his Sight was very weak so that he could not see to read or write without Spectacles and that at a very near distance too and thus he had been troubled from the twentieth year of his Age till then He had had the Advice of several Physicians to no purpose upon which I desired him to try only one Experiment which was to smoak one Pipe of Tobacco after Dinner and Supper At first he took but half a Pipe but afterwars he grew such a Proficient that he would take two or three so that after he had continued the use of Tobacco in that manner for about a month his Belching ceased and his Sight was much amended ANNOTATIONS NIcholas Monardes writes that Tobacco is hot and dry in the second degree and therefore attenuates concocts cleanses discusses asswages Pain and has a stupifying Quality is good against the Tooth-ach allays all Pains of the Head being outwardly applied and laid upon the cold Stomach cuts the same c. Which Qualities Dodonaeus acknowledges also in Tobacco But in regard that in their time this Plant was not so much in request the Benefit and Abuse of it was less known to them than to us Practical Disputations OF Isbrand de Diemerbroeck Concerning the DISEASES OF THE HEAD BREAST and LOWER BELLY The Cures of the chief Diseases of the whole Head in Twenty Five Disputations annexed to the Cases of the Patients themselves HISTORY I. Of the Head-ach A Person of forty years of age of a Flegmatic Constitution often liable to Catarrhs in the midst of VVinter in a very cold Season had travelled for forty Days together and by the way had fed upon flatulent viscous Meats of hard Digestion and other such kind of Food to which he had not been accustomed and instead of VVine he had been forced to drink thick muddy Ale Upon his return home he complained of a troublesome Pain in his Head more heavy and obtuse than acute which if you laid your hand hard upon the place was so far from being exasperated that it was more gentle for the time This Pain was also accompanied with Noises in his Ears an Inclination to Sleep which his Pain however would not permit him to take and a want of Appetite a Lassitude of the whole Body and Paleness in the Face I. IN this Patient we find the Head to be first affected by the Pain thereof and the Noise in his Ears Whence by consent the whole Body suffers as appears by his Lassitude and other Simptoms II. The Malady of which he chiefly complains is a Pain in the Head which is a trouble to the Sense of Feeling in the membranous Parts caused by the Solution of the Continuum III. This Pain is internal in the Parts contained within the Skull as is from hence apparent for that it is not exasperated but somewhat mitigated by laying the Hand hard upon the Part. IV. The remote Cause of this Malady is disorderly Diet by which means by the use of Meats of ill Juice and hard Concoction several crude and flegmatic Humors are generated in the whole Body but especially in the Head which produce the Antecedent Cause which being encreased by the external Cold wherein he had traveled for four days together and fixed in the membranous Parts of the Brain occasioned the containing Cause V. These flegmatic Humors being by the external Cold condensed in the Head and not being evacuated through the Pores obstructed by the Cold or other Passages appointed for the Evacuation of the Excrement were gathered together in great abundance in the Passages of the Brain and by reason of their quantity distending the membranous Parts of the Brain and dissolving the Continuum caused the Pain VI. The Cure is to be hastned for if that flegmatic Humor stay long in the Head 't is to be feared that the Malady may turn to a heavy Drowsiness or an Apoplexie or if it dissolve too soon and make too improper a way least it cause some dangerous Catarrh which falling upon the Lungs or lower Parts may endanger a violent Cough or Suffocation or some other desperate Distemper in some other part VII Four Indications are here to be considered in order to the Cure 1. That the abounding Flegm be evacuated from the Head and whole Body 2. That it be specially evacuated out of the Head it self 3. That the Pain be allay'd 4. That the Head be strengthened and the Concoctions of the Bowels be promoted and so a new Generation of abounding Flegm as well in the Head as whole Body be prevented and that the Flegm already generated and abounding may be consumed VIII For the Evacuation of Flegm abounding in the whole Body let him take this purging Draught ℞ Trochischs of Agaric ʒj Leaves of Senna cleansed ℥ s. Anise-seed ʒj s. White Ginger ℈ j. Decoction of Barley q. s. make an Infusion Then add to the Straining Elect. Diaphaenicon ʒij Diagredion gr iiij Mix them for a Draught If the Patient cannot take this give him of Pill Cochiae ℈ ij or iij. or else ʒj of Powder of Diacarthamum or Diaturbith with Rhubarb This Purgation must be repeated to prepare the Humors three or four times every three or four days one after another IX For Evacuation of the Flegm particularly accumulated in the Head Sternutories and Errhines are of great use The one because they draw down viscous and tough Humors through the Nostrils and Palate The other because the Brain being by them provoked and violently contracting it self as violently expels tough Humors sticking to the Ethmoides Bone and by removing the Obstruction makes way for the Excrements detained therein X. Of this Sneezing-powder let him twice or thrice a day snuff up a little into his Nose ℞ Marjoram Leaves ℈ j. Root of white Hellebore ℈ j. s. Pellitory of Spain ℈ s. Black Pepper Benjamin an gr v. If Sneezing prevail not let him snuff up a little of the following Errhin into his Nostrils ℞ Iuice of Marjoram ℥ s. Iuice of the Root of white Beets ℥ j. Mix them for an Errhin XI In the mean time to allay
the Pain anoint the Fore-head Temples and Top of the Head with Martiate or Alabastrin Oyntment mixed with a sixth part of Oyl of Dill or a Cataplasm of Flowers of Cammomil Melilot and Dill adding a little Nutmeg and Saffron with as much of the Crum of White-bread and White-wine as is sufficient and lay it between two Linnen Rags to the Temples and Forehead but beware of all Narcotics XII For the Corroboration of the Head and the rest of the Bowels and Diminution of the Flegm External and Internal Medicaments are proper and a convenient Diet. â„ž Roots of Calamus Aromatic Elecâ—…m pane Fennel an â„¥ s. Galangale Ê’iij Herbs Betony Marjoram Rosemary Hyssop Baum Thyme an M. j. Sage Fowers of Cammomil Staechas an M. s. Seed of Fennel Aniâ—…e Caroways an Ê’s Iuniper-berries Ê’vj Raisins cleansed â„¥ ij Common Water â—…nd Whiteâ—…ine equal Parts Boil them anâ—… make an Apozem to lb j. s. with which mix Syrup of Staechas â„¥ ij or iij. If after he has taken this there requires more Exsiccation still the same Simples may be boiled in a Decoction of 〈◊〉 Sassapeâ—…il or Sassafras which will make the Medicine more effectual Let him continue this Decoction for some time or if at length it prove distastful let him often take of this Conditement â„ž Specier Diambra ℈ iiij Aromatic Rosatum ℈ ij Ginger condited Conserve of Flowers of Sage and Rosemary an â„¥ s. Syrup of Staechas q. s. For a Conditment XIII And in regard that Topics are of great use to corroborate the Head and fetch down cold Humors therein remaining let him anoint his Temples and fore-part of the Head upon the Coronal Suture with this Liniment â„ž Oil of Nutmegs pressed Ê’j Oils of Thyme Rosemary Dill disâ—…illed an ℈ j. Mix them for a Liniment After this Anointing put upon the Head the following Quilt â„ž Leaves of Rosemary and Marjoram an Ê’s Flowers of Melilot Red Roses and Lavender an Ê’j Root of Florence Orrice Nutmegs Cloves Benjamin an ℈ j. Beat them into a gross Powder for a Quilt Let him wear this a Month or two upon is Head XIV Let the Patient keep a proper Diet live in an Air moderately hot Let his Food be Meats of good Juice hot and easie of Diâ—…estion seasoned with Rosemary Marjoram Stone-Parsly Sage Betony Hysop Pepper Ginger and other Spices His Drink small Wine or Mede or midling Ale Let him not sleep long and use moderate Exercise Let him keep his Body soluble Let him avoid Sadness Melancholy and sudden Frights and keep himself in an even Temper free from Passion HISTORY II. A Phrensie A Stout young Man of a Choleric Constitution abounding with Blood and living intemperately having drank over freely at a Merry meeting and thereby over-heated at length being affronted by one of the Company fell into a most violent Passion yet being hindred from his present Revenge and carried Home never slept all that Night but like a Mad-man ran about his Chamber talking of nothing but Brawls Fighting Wounds and Revenge and that with great Rage and many Follies intermixed The next Day he was absolutely mad and began to lay violent Hands upon the Servants so that he was forced to be held by lusty Men. The next Night he continued waking with an extraordinary Delirium and Fury picking Straws and the Bed-cloaths sometimes flying upon those that were in the Room His Eyes were red his Looks furious and wild he bawl'd and roar'd was very thirsty feverish and his Urine pale The third Day the Physicians were sent for I. THE continued and raging Delirium with his Waking shewed that the Brain of this Patient was distempered and the Fever was a Sign that his whole Body was out of order II. The Disease was an Inflamation of the Membranes of the Brain and thence a hot Distemper of the Brain and Spirits which caused the Fever and that the Commotion of his Mind which the Physicians call a Phrensie which is a raging and continued Delirium with a continued Fever arising from an Inflammation of the Membranes of the Brain III. The remote Cause was Intemperance in Diet which engendring a great quantity of choleric Blood in the Body occasioned the antecedent Cause Which choleric Blood being heated by excess of drinking Wine and carried in greater quantity to the Head and there powred into the Substance of the Membranes of the Brain constitutes the containing Cause of this Distemper which Disease this Simptom follows IV. For the hot Blood flowing over copiously into those Membranes and there putrifying inflamed them and part of that Putrefaction being communicated through the Veins to the Heart and thence expelled hotter through the Arteries to the whole Body kindles the Fever which causes the extraordinary Drought of the Gullet and Mouth V. This Inflammation of the Membranes infects with a hot Distemper the Brain it self and Spirits whose extream Heat Mobility and inordinate Motion deprave the principal Functions of the Brain and so breed a Delirium which proves raging and continued because of the extream and continued Heat and rapid Motion of the fervent Spirits VI. This Disease is dangerous for several Causes 1. Because the principal part is affected 2. Because continual Waking weakens the Patient 3. Because this Delirium is not accompanied with Laughter but with Raging 4. Because the Inflammation is thereby much augmented and fomented and the Choleric Matter which uses to dye the Urine is carried all to the Head and leaves the Urine pale Only there is some hopes of Cure because there is no decay of Strength or appearance of bad Simptoms as Convulsions loss of Speech Hickupings Gnashing of Teeth or the like and therefore Cure must not be delay'd till the Patient grow worse VII This Cure consists in taking away the antecedent and containing Cause and Correction of the ill temper of the Parts VIII The choleric Blood which flies to the Head is first to be evacuated drawn back derived and repelled And therefore after an emollient Glister given open a vein first in one Arm and take away ten or twelve ounces of Blood the next day in the other and the third day again if there be necessity in the Vein of the Fore-head IX To evacuate the choleric Humors give this Draught â„ž Rubarb the best Leaves of Senna an Ê’ij Rhenish Tartar Ê’iij Anise-seed ℈ j. Succory Water q. s. Make an Infusion then add to the Straining Elect. Diaprunum solutive Ê’iij Diagridion gr iij. Mix them for a Draught The next Days if he be bound let him be loosned with Glisters and the third or fourth day give him the foresaid Purge again X. Let his Temples and Fore-head be anointed twice or thrice a day with the following Liniment â„ž Populeon Oyntment Ê’vj Oyl of Poppy Ê’iij Mix them for a Limment After anointing apply the following Oxyrrhodine with rags luke warm to his Fore-head â„ž Oyl of Roses â„¥ ij Iuice of Lettice â„¥ iij. Iuice of Housleek Rose-water Vinegar of Roses
the Head hence this Melancholy is not particular to any Part but Sympathetic and therefore from the Name of the Place where the Nourishment of the Distemper lyes is called Hypochondriac V. This Melancholly Delirium is hard to be cured and not void of danger 1. Because the Causes of it are mischievous and remote in regard they occasion the Generation and Accumulation of that feculent Melancholly Matter in the Hypochondriums 2. Because that feculent Matter is obstinate and not easily tam'd by Medicaments and infects the Animal Spirits with a peculiar evil Temper 3. Because the Cure requiring a longer time the question is whether the Patient will take so much Physic or no. 4. Because the continued ascent of the Melancholly humor to the Brain the Distemper instead of being Sympathetic may turn to be the peculiar Passion of that Part. 5. Because those Melancholly Humors are troublesom to the Membranes of the Brain and Nerves through their occult and manifest Qualities their acrimony and sourness c. whence the fear is least their copious afflux to the Brain should cause Convulsions Epilepses c. 6. Because this Delirium is not accompanied with Laughter but with a sad and serious Musing Yet while there is strength and a willingness to take Physic there is some hopes of Cure VI. In the Method of Cure the containing Cause is first to be discussed and the ill temper of the Animal Spirit to be removed as also that the Antecedent Cause or Melancholly Humor in the Hypocondriums be atteuated digested and evacuated and a new Generation and Accumulation of it prevented that Obstructions be removed and that the Brain Spleen and other Bowels be corroborated VII Milder Medicaments not very hot will be most convenient least the Matter being agitated by stronger and very hot Medicines be carried in too great a quantity to the Heart and Brain VIII First loosen the Belly with this Glyster â„ž Emollient Decoction â„¥ x. choice Hiera Pâ—…cra Diacatholicon an â„¥ j. s. Oyl of Camomile â„¥ j. s. Salt Ê’ j. mix them for a Glyster The next day but one or the third day give him this Purge â„ž Leaves of Senna â„¥ s. white Agaric Anise-seed an Ê’ j. Ginger ℈ j. Decoction of Barly q. s. make an Infusion then add to the straining Confect Hamech Ê’ ij Hiera Picra Ê’ j. For a Potion IX Now because People thus affected have their Veins swelled with a Palpitation of the Heart sometimes and that their strength is in good Condition after Purging Blood-letting will not be amiss in the Arm or if the Hemorhoid Veins appear Leeches may be properly applied X. This done let the Patient drink three or four times a day a draught of this Apozem â„ž Root of Polipody of the Oak â„¥ j. Eringos Cammoch Rind of the Roots of Capers Tamarisch an â„¥ s. Herbs Borage Roman-Wormwood Strawberry-leaves all the Dandelions Ceterach Germander water Trefoile an M. j. March Violet leaves and Baum an M. s. Citron and Orange-Peels an â„¥ s. Damask Prunes vij Currants â„¥ ij Steel ty'd in a little knot â„¥ j. Anise-seed Ê’ iij. common Water q. s. Make an Apozem of lb j. s. XI After he has used this Apozem four days let him take the Puâ—…ge aforesaid again and then return to his Apozem and so continue this method for some time and if he be bound while he takes his Glister let him be loosened with the foregoing Glister now and then the Apozem may be made Purging by adding â„ž Leaves of Senna â„¥ ij Root of black-Hellebore Ê’ ij Indian Mirobalans Ê’ vj. Anise-seed â„¥ s. and let him drink â„¥ iiij every Morning If he find himself nauseous and inclining to Vomit this Vomitory may be given him â„ž Conserve of Leaves of Asarabacca Ê’ x. Decoction of Radishes â„¥ iij. Oxymel Scyllitic with Agric â„¥ s. Vomitious Wine Ê’ iij. XII In the mean time that he takes these things let him also for the strengthening of his Head and Bowels take of these Tablets several times in the Day â„ž Specier Diambrae Ê’j Dianthos Aromatic Rosatum an ℈ j. Powder of the Yellow of Citron-rina ℈ j. s. Sugar dissolved in Betony-water â„¥ ij For Tablets Or let him sometimes take a small quantity of this Conditement â„ž Specier Diambrae Ê’ j. Conserve of Borage Baum Rosemary-flowers pale Roses an Ê’ iij. Syrup of Citron rind q. s. XIII Let him keep in a good and pleasant Air and avoid Loanliness converse with merry Company and be merry himself Let him abstain from all Meats of hard Digestion and ill Nourishment especially salted and smoaked food Let him avoid bottled and windy Drink and let his Salads and Sauces be such as attenuate and open and promote Concoction but not very hot HISTORY V. Of Madness A Young Gentlewoman about twenty eight Years of Age lusty perspicacious melancholy musing and thoughtful but using an ill Diet and sometimes liable to obstructions in her Hypochondriums finding her self to be slighted by her Parents a long time concealed her greif and publickly shewed her self chearful but spent the Nights without sleep in Morosness Tears and Sighs At length she was taken with a pain in her Head accompany'd with a slight Fever disorderly but continual within a few days her pain leaving her she appeared to be light Headed for she that was before reserved of her Speech grew to be very talkative of a suddain so that at length she began to talk not only all day but all night long However for the first two or three days though she talked much yet what she said was all sence and rational enough but after that she fell to raving and non-sence then her Fever ceased but still she never slept this Delirium within a few days increased to that degree that she grew sullen angry run about the Chamber made a noise and grew so out-ragious that she laid violent hands upon all that came near her talked obscenely and tore her Cloaths so that she was forced to be held down in her Bed nevertheless she was strong had her Evacuations duly and an indifferent good Stomach nor was she very thirsty neither was she much sensible of the bitter Cold Frosty Winter-Season though she had hardly any Cloaths upon her but was always warm I. THAT the Brain of this Woman was terribly affected appears by her continued Madness accompanied with want of sleep boldness immodesty and anger and that her Heart and the rest of her Body suffered was plain from her extraordinary heat II. This Delirium is called Madness and is a continued Commotion of the Mind with an enraged Boldness arising from the heat of the Spirits III. The chiefest of all the evident Causes was her grief to be so slighted by her Parents which though she dissemblingly suppressed at first nevertheless in a young Person Melancholy of her self and by reason of her disorderly Diet abounding with Choleric and Melancholy humors and so liable to Diseases it might easily produce a raging Delirium For
Baum Calaminth an M. j. Sage Flowers of Stâ—…chas an M. s. Iuniper-Berries Ê’vj of Lawrel Ê’ij cleansed Raisins â„¥ ij VVater q. s. Boil them and make an Apozem of 〈◊〉 j. s. to which may be added Syrup of Stoechas â„¥ ij or iij. Let him drink of this Decoction three or four times a day In the mean time let him continue the use of his Sternutory IX If he cannot take his Apozem let him now and then take a Quantity of this Conditement â„ž Specier Diambrae Ê’ j. s. Conserve of Baum Flowers of Sage Betony Rosemary an Ê’ s. Syrup of Stoechas q. s. For a Conditement X. Also let the following Quilt be laid upon his Head â„ž Leaves of Marjoram Rosemary Flowers of Lavender Melilot an ℈ iiij Benjamin Nutmeg Cloves an ℈ j. To be grosly powdered for a Quilt Then anoint his Temples and the top of his Head with this Liniment R. Oyls of Rosemary Marjoram Nutmegs an ℈ j. Martiate Oyntment Ê’ij And let him wear this a good while after the Cure XI Let his Diet be sparing Meats of good Juice and easie of Digestion seasoned with Rosemary Marjoram and other Cephalics When he wakes continually Amygdalates are proper for they yield good Nourishments and provoke sleep and all natural Evacuations must duly proceed HISTORY VII Of the Lethargy A Person threescore Years of Age of a Flegmatic Constitution having all the Autumn being careless of his Diet feeding greedily upon Fruit Lettice Cowcumbers Melons and such like for some days perceived a weariness of his whole Body with a great Inclination to sleep Then he was taken with a slight continued Fever which toward Night growing worse seemed like a Quotidian This Fever was presently accompany'd with a very great drowsiness so that he could not be kept from sleeping and which was so profound that he heard not the standers by though they bawled out and made never so loud a noise being at length rowsed out of his sleep not without great difficulty and hawling and pulling he looked upon the standers-by but answered very little to their questions and that very little to the purpose not knowing that he had been asleep if they gave him a Chamber-Pot he forgot to make water and so with his Mouth and his Eyes shut he fell asleep again his Pulse was strong but slow and at distant intervals and toward Night unequal and somewhat swifter his Urine was muddy with a very thick Flegmatic Sediment I. THat the Head and whole Body of this Patient were affected appears from the profound Sleep which oppressed the one and the continued Fever and lassitude that seized the other II. That heavy drowsiness which seiz'd our Patient is called a Lethargy which is an insatiable Propensity to sleep with a gentle Fever and molestation of the Principal faculties III. The remote Cause of this Malady was cooling and bad Dyet which generating a great quantity of Flegmatic humors in a Flegmatic Body made the antecedent Cause IV. Which Flegmatic humors being carried in great quantity to the Brain and affecting it with a cold mistemper partly putrifying in the larger Vessels and inflam'd in the Heart and thence dispeirsed through the whole Body and through the Carotides Arteries to the Brain constitute the containing Cause of the Sleep and Fever V. For when those crude Humors already inflam'd in the Heart come through the Carotides Arteries to the Choroid-Fold whose small Arteries by reason of the cold temper of the Brain are narrower then usually and partly through their own thickness partly through the narrowness of those passages slowly pass through the Choroid Fold they are there thickened still more and more by the cold Constitution of the Brain and their Passage becomes more obstructed so that for that reason the Animal Spirits growing fewer and but ill supplyed and consequently not sufficing to officiate in their dutys hence follows a Cessation in the Organs of those Senses by which means when no objects can be carry'd to the Principal Senses they cease too when a profound Drowsiness out of which when the Patient is roused the Principal Senses appear damnified for want of Spirits and their disorderly motion through obstructed Passages VI. This Disease is dangerous 1. Because the Brain is dangerously affected 2. By reason of the Fever which affects the whole Body 3. Because the Patient was old and unable to conquer such a Malady for want of Natural heat and strength but because he had some strength remaining there was hopes of Cure VII In the Cure the Flegmatic Matter abounding in the whole Body is to be Evacuated drawn back from the Head and deriv'd to the lower Parts The Cold Distemper of the Head to be remov'd the Head to be corroborated and the Matter therein contain'd to be dissolv'd and drawn away VIII After a Glyster Dolorific Ligatures and hard Frictions of the Thighs are very proper if frequently used Blood-letting at such an Age is not so convenient therefore Cupping-glasses both with and without Scarification are to be apply'd to the Shoulders Neck and Back But no repelling Cold Medicines are to be used in this Case IX So soon as the Patient can be wak'd let him have this Apozem given him â„ž White Agaric Ê’j Leaves of Senna â„¥ s. Anise-seed Ê’j Ginger ℈ j. Decoctions of Barley q. s. Infuse them then add to the straining Ele. Diaphenicon Ê’iij If the Body be bound it must be loosen'd with Glysters X. The Body being well Purg'd let him take every foot a draught of this Apozem â„ž Roots of Aromatic Reed Elecampane Fennel Stone-Parsly an â„¥ s. Herbs Betony Venus Hair Century Lesser Dandelion an M. j. Rosemary Marjoram Hyssop Flowers of Stoechas Camomil an M. s. Iuniper-Berries Ê’vj Anise-seeds ℈ j. s. Citron and Orange-Peels an â„¥ s. Water q. s. Make an Apozem of lb j. s. To which add Syrup of Stoechas â„¥ ij or iij. XI After he has taken this Apozem let him Purge as before or if he like Pills better let him take ℈ ij or iij of Cochia Pills or Ê’j of Diaturbith or Diacarthamum powder'd and dissolv'd in Barley-water XII After this second Purgation let him return to his Apozem to which you may then add several Diuretics as Roots of Dodder Asparagus Eryngos and Herbs as Stone Parsley Strawberry Leaves and the like Castoreum also may be properly mix'd in this Apozem or else five or six grains given him in a little Oxymel of Squills XIII While these things are a doing let the Matter be specially Evacuated out of his Head the Head be Corroborated with Topics and the remaining Matter there discuss'd Evacuation is performed by Errhins of equal Parts of Roots of Beets and Leaves of Marjoram and by Snuf blowing into his Nostrils the following Sternutory â„ž Root of white Hellebore ℈ j. of Pellitory and Leaves â—…f Marjoram an ℈ s. Black Pepper gr v. Castoreum Benjamin an gr iiij To corroborate the Brain anoint the top of the Head and Temples with this
Molestation of the Animal Actions with a cold Rhuminess of the whole Body in which Distemper the Patient keeps that Posture of Body wherein they were when first taken III. The Brain of this Woman was affected not the whole but in that Part where the common Sense lies and that by a vitious Humor or Vapor translated thither from the Womb. IV. The Antecedent Cause is a vitious and viscous Humor or thick Vapor generated or collected in the Womb and thence conveighed to the Head through blind Channels which adhering to the common Sensory and Parts adjoyning and involving them of a sudden hinders the determination of the Spirits from the common Sensory and so constitutes the containing Cause of this Catalepsis V. Now because the whole Brain is not affected but that sufficient Spirits are generated therein whose Influx into the Nerves is not hindred by any Compression or Obstruction of the beginning of the Nerves hence it comes to pass that those Spirits flowing into the Parts designed when the common Sensory is already possessed of a sudden by that vitious Humor or thick Vapor are not determined to other Parts but copiously flow to those Parts to which they were determined just before the Catalepsis Which is the reason that the several Parts remain in that Posture wherein they were before the Fit and that the Eyes Arms and Thighs remain as it were fixed VI. Now the reason why the Patient stands being set upon her Legs and why her Members being moved this way or that remain in the same Situation is this because the Situation of the Muscles being changed the Influx of the Spirits is also changed and the Pores before open through which the Spirits flowed are shut but others which were shut before are opened so that the Spirits which copiously flowed before into these the Situation being altered flows into those Muscles into which they still also flow till the Situation be altered VII Respiration is performed after the same manner as in those that sleep and remains unhurt partly because of the remarkable largeness and broadness of the Pores and the mainly necessary use of the Respiratory Nerves partly because of the Customary and continual Determination to the Respiratory Nerves VIII The Fit ceases upon the discussing or dissipation of that Humor or Vapor which possesses the common Sensory And the Fit returns when any Vapor or Humor of the same Nature suddenly takes possession again of the same common Sensory IX This Distemper is very dangerous because the most noble Part is affected and because those vitious Humors or Vapors are not easily dispiers'd But in this Patient there was great hopes of Cure in regard the Malady was not generated in the Brain but arose from another Place Besides that the Fits being short we thence judge the common Sensory to be seized not so much by a tough and viscous Humor as by a thick Vapor which is more easily attenuated and dispelled However in regard this thick Vapor may condense into a tough Humor to the hazard of a more durable Catalepsis and loss of Life it self therefore the Cure is not to be delay'd X. The Method of Curing is 1. To discuss that thick Humor or Vapor possessing the common Sensory 2. To purge the Womb and remove the Obstructions of it and prevent a new Generation of that depraved Humor 3. To prevent the assent of that Humor or Vapor to the Head 4. To strengthen the Head that it may no more admit of those Humors or Vapors but may be able forthwith to dissipaâ—… and expel them XI In the Fit let this Sternutory be blown up into the Nostrils that the Expulsive Faculty being provoked the Vapor or Humor may thereby be violently removed â„ž Root of white Hellebore ℈ j. s. Pellitory Leaves of Marjoram Flowers af Lilly of the Valley an ℈ s. Black Pepper Corns n o vii Castoreum gr iiij Then anoint the Nostrils Temples and Top of the Head with this Liniment and put a little Cotton dipped in it into the Ears â„ž Oil of Thyme Rosemary Sage Caroways Castoreum Amber an ℈ s. Martiate Oyntment Ê’j Then let this little Bag be hung about the Neck â„ž Castor Assa Fetida Camphor an ℈ j. s. Sow them into a thin silk Bag. And in the mean time omit not the giving of a strong Glister XII If after all this the Fit remain apply Cupping glasses with and without Scarrification to the Necks Scapulas and Shoulders with dolorific Ligatures and painful Frictions of the Thighs and Feet Then leÌ„t this little Bag boil a little while in Wine and then squeez'd be laid warm upon the top of the Head â„ž Flowers of Rosemary Marjoram Thyme Calamint Flowers of Camomil and Stoechas an M. s. Seeds of Cummin Caroways Lovage an Ê’j s. Lawrel-berry Nutmegs an Ê’j For a little Bag. XIII The Fit being gone off give this purging Draught â„ž Leaves of Senna â„¥ s. White Agaric Ê’j Seed of Lovage ℈ ij Decoction of Barley q. s. infuse them and add to the Straining Elect. Hiera Picra Ê’ij XIV The Body being thus purged open a Vein in the Ancle and take away six or eight ounces of Blood XV. Then let the Patient drink three or four times a day a Draught of this Apozem â„ž Roots of Fennel Valerian Dittany Aromatic Reed Male Pyony an â„¥ s. Herbs Marjoram Nipp Calamint Rue Peniroyal Water Trefoil Baum an M. j. Flowers of Camomil Melilot Stoechas an M. s. Seeds of Lovage and wild Carrots an Ê’ij Iuniper Berries Ê’vj Water q. s. For an Apozem of lbj. s. XVI These Medicaments are to be often repeated as occasion requires And as for the regular Course of living let the Air be temperate and pure perfumed sometimes with Rosemary Baum Thyme Rue Lovage Castor and the like The Diet of good Juice and easie Digestion as such as corroborates the Brain and Womb. The Drink small and without Setling Sleep and Exercise moderate and let all the Patients Evacuations be regular and in due time either spontaneous or procured by Art HISTORY X. Of Giddiness A Woman of thirty years of age fat and lusty of a flegmatic Constitution having many times been troubled so soon as Winter was over with a heavy Pain in her Head and Noise in her Ears at length in the Spring time was taken with a Giddiness that often went and came first more mild then more vehement at what time she thought all things turned round so that sometimes she could hardly stand upright but fell down unable to rise till the Giddiness ceased which presently returned if she looked upon Wheels that ran round Flame or Smoak ascending upward upon any rapid Stream or from any Precipice Her Appetite and Digestion were good her Evacuations were regular and in Season and all the Bowels of the middle and lower Belly seemed to be in a good Condition I. CErtain it is that the Seat of this Affection was in the Brain in regard that Annoyance
of the Sight did not proceed from any Fault of the Sight or of the Medinum or the Object II. This Malady by the Physicians is called Vertigo or Giddiness And is a Deception of the Sight which makes that visible Objects seem to turn round arising from a kind of Whirl-pit Motion of the Animal Spirits in the Brain III. The remote Cause is the External Motion refrigerating the Brain and streightning the Passages of it appointed for the evacuating of Excrements so that Flegm abounding in the Body and copiously collected in the Ventricles of the Brain constitutes the containing Cause IV. By those flegmatic Humors the Ventricles are first distended thence the heavy Pain This Flegm augmenting stops up the Passages of the Brain through which the Spirits ought to pass partly by repletion partly by compression so that the Spirits missing their direct Passage and lighting upon the obstructed Passage gets thorough in a circular Motion as Water falling with violence if it meet a Dam in its way recoils three or four times in Circles before it run by V. These whirling Spirits thus circularly carried to the Seat of the Mind intermixing with the Images of visible things which are carried to the same Mind are offered to the common Sensory with the same circular Motion and so occasion that Fallacy of Sight by which all visible Objects seem to be whirled about in the same manner as the Images of visible things VI. But this same whirling of the Spirits does not last partly because the narrowness of the Passages of the Brain is sometimes more sometimes less partly because the Spirits are sometimes thicker and sometimes thinner and pass through sometimes with more sometimes less violence which is the reason the Vertigo comes by Fits For in the Motion of the Body the Spirits are moved with more violence and in greater abundance which if they cannot pass freely and directly through the ordinary Passages of the Brain but light here and there upon the obstructed Passages causes the Fit whether they be thin or thick For the Repulse of the Obstruction puts them into a Circumgyration and the plenty and violent rushing of the thin Spirits makes them they cannot pass but the thick are stoped by reason of their thickness and therefore Drunkards and young People that abound with thin Spirits are as much liable to Giddiness as old Men whose Spirits are thicker But the Giddiness of old Men is more frequent and lasts longer because of their more abounding Flegm longer and more frequently streightens the Passages of the Choroid-Fold Therefore the Vertigo seldom happens when the Body is in Motion and is generally abated and cured by rest VII But because there are not enough of those whirling Spirits that make their way through the Passages of the Brain besides that their â—…ircumrotation hinders them from entring in sufficient quantity into the Nerves This was the reason that this Patient for want of Animal Spirits in the Muscles often fell to the Ground without being able to rise before the Vertigos ceasing the Animal Spirits flowed more copiously again into the Muscles VIII Then the Fit returns again upon the Sight of Wheels turning round Precipices c. because the Images of those things being carried to the inner Parts with that same whirling and unequal Motion affects the Animal Spirits with the same circular and unequal Motion Upon the Sight of Precipices the Vertigo returns in regard the Sight of them striking a Terror into the Beholder the Affright streightens the Passages and by that means puts a sudden stop upon the Spirits which being forced forward by those that come behind because they have not a free Passage are agitated by the Repulse of the Obstruction and forced into a circular Motion IX This Malady is hard to be cured and many times turns to an Epilepsie or Apoplexie or some other grievous Distemper of the Brain and therefore the Cure of it is not to be delay'd X. The Cure consists in removing the primary antecedent and continuing Cause and Corroboration of the Brain XI First Therefore let her be purged with these Pills â„ž Mass of Pill Cochiae ℈ j. Extract of Catholicon ℈ s. Diagridion gr ij Syrup of Stoechas a little For vij Pills XII Though not much good can be expected from Blood-letting yet least the Blood should fly up to the Head in too great a quantity it may be taken from the Arm or if it happen in the time of her monthly Customs out of a Vein of the Foot Let the Vein be opened the Patient lying in Bed and let her not see her own Blood XIII Then let her drink three or four times a day a Draught of this Apozem â„ž Root of Acorus â„¥ j. Elecampane Fennel an â„¥ s. Herbs Betony Marjoram Rosemary Calaminth â—…hyme an M. j. Sage Leaves of Lawrel Flowers of Stoechas an Ms. Seeds of Anise Fennel Caroways an Ê’j s. Cleansed Raisins â„¥ ij Water q. s. Boil them according to Art adding toward the end White-wine lb s. Make an Apozem of about lbj. s. Sometimes instead of the Apozem she may take a small quantity of this Apozem â„ž Specier Diambrae Ê’j Sweet Diamosch ℈ j. Candied Root of Acorus Conserve of Flowers of Sage Anthos Baum an â„¥ s. Syrup of Stoechas q. s. XIV In the mean time let her use this Masticatory â„ž Root of Pellitory Elecampane an Ê’j Herbs Marjoram Hyssop an Ê’s Black Pepper ℈ s. Mastich Ê’v Reduce these into a Powder and then make them into Trochischs with a little Turpentine and Wax XV. Let her Temples Nostrils and Top of her Head be anointed twice a day with this Oyl â„ž Oyl of Nutmegs distilled Ê’j Oyls of Rosemary Amber Marjoram an ℈ s. She may also wear the following Quilt upon her Head for some Months â„ž Leaves of Rosemary Melilot Sage Flowers of Melilot an one little handful Nutmeg ℈ ij Cloves ℈ j. Benjamin ℈ s. Beat them grossly for a Quilt XVI Let her have a warm Room and good Air. Let her feed sparing and let her Food be easie of Digestion not flatulent and seasoned with hot Cephalics and carminative Seeds Her Drink must be small wherein if a little Bag of Marjoram Rosemary and a little Cinnamon be hung 't will be so much the better Moderate Sleep and Exercise is best when the Giddiness is off but let her Rest in the time of the Fit Keep her Body soluble and take care that all Evacuations be regular and natural HISTORY XI Of the Night-Mare A Woman of fifty years of age in good plight fleshy strong and plethoric sometimes troubled with the Head-ach and Catarrhs falling upon her Breast in the Winter the last Winter molested with no Catarrhs but very sore in the Day-time but in the Night-time when she was composing her self to Sleep sometimes she believed the Devil lay upon her and held her down sometimes that she was choaked by some great Dog or Thief lying upon her Breast so that she
could hardly speak or breath and when she endeavoured to throw off the Burthen she was not able to stir her Members And while she was in that Strife sometimes with great difficulty she awoke of her self sometimes her Husband hearing her make a doleful Inarticulat Voice waked her himself at what time she was forced to sit up in her Bed to fetch her Breath sometimes the same Fit returned twice in a Night upon her going again to Rest. I. THe Brain of this Woman was primarily affected especially in the hinder Ventricle of the Brain near the Spinal Pith for the Muscles of the Parts seated below the Head are agrieved which appears by her difficulty of breathing and the hindered Motion of her Breast Thighs and Arms. Hence the Heart is affected with the Lungs II. This Affection is called Incubus or the Night-Mare which is an Intercepting of the Motion of the Voice and Respiration with a false Dream of something lying ponderous upon the Breast the free Influx of the Spirits to the Nerves being obstructed III. The antecedent Cause of this Malady is an over-redundancy of Blood in the whole Body whence many Vapors are carried to the Head and there detained by the Winter-cold streightning the Pores and thickning those Vapors and narrowing the Passage to the beginning of the Spinal Marrow which hinders a sufficient Passage of the Animal Spirits to the Nerves and this constitutes the containing Cause IV. For while the Passages of the Nerves are compressed by the more thick Vapors detained about the lower part of the Brain at the entrance of the Marrow into the Spine sufficient Animal Spirts do not flow into the lower Parts which causes the Motion of the Muscles to fail Now because the Motion of the Muscles for the most part ceases in time of sleep except the Respiratory Muscles therefore the failing of their Motion is first perceived by reason of the extraordinary trouble that arises for want of necessary Respiration Now the Patient in her Sleep growing sensible of that Streightness but not understanding the Cause in that Condition believes her self to be overlay'd by some Demon Thief or other ponderous Body being neither able to move her Breast nor to breath Then endeavouring to shake off that troublesome Weight as apprehensive of some ensuing Suffocation but not being able to move the rest of her Members she believes them under the same Pressure Upon which when she tries to call out for assistance but because of the streightness of her Respiration she is not able to speak distinctly she makes an inarticulate Noise with great difficulty In this Strugling she continues till the Animal Spirits detained at the lower Part of the Brain by the Compression of the Spinal Marrow and there collected in a greater quantity at length forced by the continual Flux of Spirits from the Heart violently make their way through the Pith into the Nerves and Muscles and restore Motion to the Parts Then the Patient moves her Body and wakes and by that motion those thick Vapors are dissipated and being awake she is forced to take Breath to repair the Loss which she suffered for want of Respiration But because there is yet a larger quantity of these Vapors still remaining in the Head hence it comes to pass that if she fall asleep again especially if she lye upon her Back the same Evil returns in regard those thick Vapors settle more easily toward the hinder part of the Head near the Marrow V. Now that they are Vapors and not Humors is plain from hence that the Malady is so soon mastered which could not be done so suddenly were they Humors which would rather cause an Apoplexie or some other more dangerous Evil that they are thick and not thin Vapors appears from hence because the thin Vapors would pass more easily through the Pores though narrower which the thick cannot do which requires motion of the Body to dissipate them which Motion ceasing in Sleep they stick to the Place and streighten the Pores of the Nerves But if any cold ill Temper of the Brain happen at the same time those Vapors are easily condensed into Humors by that Cold which if detained in the Head cause Heaviness the Coma Apoplexy and the like If they flow from the Head to the lower Parts they breed Catarrs with which our Patient was wont to be troubled in the Winter-time VI. This Malady is dangerous least the collected Vapors being condensed in the Head should breed a Coma Apoplexy or the like VII It consists in removing the Antecedent Principal and containing Cause and the Corroboration of the Brain VIII To purge away the Antecedent Cause or the great quantity of Humors let the Body be purged with Pill Cochiae Powder of Diaturbith or this Potion ℞ Leaves of Senna ʒiij White Agaric Rhubarb an ʒj s. Anise-seeds ℈ ij White Ginger ℈ s. Decoction of Barley q. s. Infuse them and to the Straining add Elect. Diaphaenicon ʒij IX Then because she is plethoric take away ℥ viij or ix of Blood from her Arm. X. After Blood-letting let her take every morning a Draught of this Apozem ℞ Root of Calamus Aromaticus Fennel Stone-parsley Capers an ʒvj Herbs Betony Marjoram Dodder Succory Borage Sorrel an m. j. Flowers of Stoechas m. s. Iuniper Berries ℥ s. Blew Currants ℥ ij Water q. s. Boil them according to Art adding toward the end Rubarb white Agaric an ʒij Anise-seed ℥ s. Cinnamon ℈ j. s. Make an Apozem of lb. s. XI To expel the containing Cause Errhinas snuft up into the Nostrils or a sneezing Powder of Root of white Hellebore Pellitory Leaves of Marjoram and Flowers of Lilly of the Valley greatly conduce XII To corroborate the Brain let her take a small quantity of this Conditement ℞ Specier Diambr Aromatic Rosat an ℈ ij Conserve of Flowers of Betony Sage Anthos candied Root of Acorns an ℥ s. Syrup of Stoechas q. s. XIII To the same purpose let her wear such a Quilt as this upon her Head ℞ Leaves of Rosemary Marjoram Thyme Flowers of Lavender an ʒj Nutmegs ℈ ij Cloves ℈ j. Benjamin ℈ s. Beat them into a gross Powder XIV Keep her in a pure and moderate hot Air. Let her Diet be sparing but of good Juice and easie Digestion Let her Suppers be more moderate then her Dinners Her Drink must be small her Exercise moderate and so must her Sleep be and let her be careful of sleeping upon her Back Lastly a sedate Mind and a soluble Body are of great moment in this Case HISTORY XII Of the Apoplexy A Strong Man about forty years of age both a great Feeder and Drinker complained of a heavy Pain in his Head for two Months together but took no care of himself but followed on his usual Course of Drinking Fore-noons and After-noons but at length one Morning waking in his Chamber after he had muttered out three or four inarticulate Words he fell of a sudden void of
Sense or Motion only that he breathed and had a strong Pulse I. THat this man's Head was terribly afflicted the Cessation of the Animal Functions sufficiently declared II. This Affection is called an Apoplexy which is a sudden Privation of all the Animal Functions except the Act of Respiration III. It is plain that it was no Lethargy Syncope Sleepy Coma Catalepsis or Epilepsie because the Patient without any Fever lay almost immoveable insensible nor could be waked by any means having all his Members languid only with a strong Pulse and a heavy Respiration which are no Simptoms of the foresaid Diseases IV. The Brain is affected about the beginning of the Pith which is the Original of all the Nerves then besieged by a Flegmatic Humor V. The remote Cause was continual Gluttony and Drunkenness by which the Brain in a long time was extreamly weakned and the many crude and Flegmatic Humors generated therein and collected together in the Ventricles made the Antecedent Cause which afterward setling at the Original of the Nerves constituted the containing Cause VI. The Animal Spirits being hindred by those Humors contracting the Pores of the beginning of the Nerves presently all the Animal Functions cease and the Patient becomes void of Sense and Motion except Respiration because the Spirits still flow thither by reason of the largeness of the Pores of the Respiratory Nerves But the Distemper lasting together with the Flegmatic Obstruction or Compression the Influx of the Spirits into them is also stop'd which causes the Respiration also to fail and thence a heaving and ratling in the Throat VII The Pulse beats well because the Blood sent from the right Ventricle of the Heart to the Lungs is sufficiently as yet refrigerated but if the Disease continue the Pulse will also fail because the Blood of the right Ventricle of the Heart is not sufficiently ventilated and cool'd so that little Blood comes to the left Ventricle which weakens the Motion of the Heart VIII This Disease is very dangerous yet because it is but in the beginning and Respiration is not yet come to Ratling and for that there is a strong natural Heat remaining in the Patient there is some hope of Cure though not without some fear of a Palsie that will ensue the Cure IX The Method of Cure the removal of the flegmatic Humors obstructing the beginning of the Nerves to prevent a new Generation and Collection of them and to corroborate the Brain X. Let the Body be moderately moved let the Hairs be plucked and laborious Rubings and Ligatures of the Arms and Thighs This Glister may be also administred â„ž Wormwood Rue Pellitory of the Wall Mercury Hyssop Beets Lesser Centaury an M. j. Leaves of Senna â„¥ j. Celocynth ty'd in a Bag Ê’j Anise-seed Ê’v Water q. s. Boil them according to Art â„ž Of the Straining â„¥ x. Elect. Hiera Picra Diaphoenicon an â„¥ j. Salt ℈ iiij for a Glister Or instead thereof this Suppository â„ž Specierum Hierae Ê’j Trochises Alhanhal ℈ s. Salt Gemma ℈ j. Honey ℈ vj. Make a Suppository and at the end of it fasten gr iiij of Diagridium XI After he has taken this Glister Bleed him moderately in the Arm then apply Cupping-glasses with and without Scarification to his Neck Shoulders Scapulas and Legs XII Let this Sneezing Powder be also blown up into the Nostrils â„ž Roots of white Hellebore ℈ j. Pellitory of Spain ℈ s. Leaves of Marjoram ℈ j. Black Pepper Castoreum an gr v. For a Powder XIII Outwardly let this little Bag be applied warm to his Head â„ž Salt M. j. s. Sea-sand Mij Seeds of Cummin Fennel Lovage an Ê’ij Cloves Ê’j s. Heat them in a dry Stone Pot put them in a linnen Bag and apply them warm to the Head XIV Let the Nostrils Temples and Top of the Head be anointed with this Liniment â„ž Oâ—…ls of Castor Lavender Rosemary Amber an ℈ j. Martiate Oyntment Ê’j XV. When the Patient begins to come to himself give him now and then a Spoonful of this Water â„ž Water of Tylet Flowers Lilly of the Valleys Aqua Vitae of Matthiolus Syrup of Stoechas an â„¥ j. XVI Let him then be purged with Pill Cochiae extract of Catholicon Elect. Diaphenicon or Hiera Picra Powder of Diaturbith or the Infusion of such kind of Flegm-purging Ingredients XVII After Purgation let him take this Apozem â„ž Roots of Sweet Cane Fennel an Ê’vj Galangal â„¥ iij. Marjoram Betony Rosemary Rue Calamint Hyssop an M. j. Flowers of Stoechas M. s. Cordial Flowers an one little Handful Iuniper Berries Ê’vj Seeds of Anise Fennel an Ê’ij Water and Hydromel equal parâ—…s Make an Apozem of lbj. s. Of which let him take four or five ounces thrice a day with a small quantity of this Conditement â„ž Specier Diambre ℈ iiij Sweet Diamosch Ê’s Roots of sweet Cane candied Conserves of Betony Anthos and Flowers of Sage Syrup of Staechas q. s. XVIII Let this Quilt be laid also upon his Head â„ž Leaves of Marjoram M. j. Rosemary and Flowers of Lavender an two small Handfuls Cloves Nutmegs an ℈ jj Benjamin ℈ j. Beat them into a gross Powder and quilt them into red Silk XIX An Air moderately hot and dry either by Art or Nature is most proper for this Distemper Meats of good Nourishment and easie of Digestion condited with Rosemary Marjoram creeping Thyme Sage Betony Baum Hyssop the Carminative Seeds and Spices c. Small Drink and sometimes a little Hypocrass Short Sleeps moderate Exercise and orderly Evacuations HISTORY XIII Of the Palsey and Trembling A Virgin twenty five years of Age of a Flegmatic Constitution having for a long time â—…ed upon Sallads Cucumbers and raw Fruit afterwards complaining of heavy dozing Pains in her Head at length fell Apoplectic to the Ground without Motion or Sense except Respiration The Physician who was sent for had brought her to this pass that after six hours she opened her Eyes again and after twenty hours was fully restored to her Senses and spoke but all the Left-side of her Body below the Head remain'd immoveable with a very dull Sense of Feeling Yet her Monthly Customs observed their Periods though not so copious I. THat Affection which remained after the weak Apoplexy went off is called a Palsie Which is a Privation of Voluntary Motion or Sense or both in one or several Parts of the Body II. The Part affected is the Spinal Pith chiefly about the beginning of it where the one half Part of it being compressed or obstructed by the Flegmatic Humor expelled from the Brain disturbs the Use of all those Nerves proceeding from that side and by consequence of the Muscles III. The remote Cause is disorderly Diet and the too much use of cold things whence many flegmatic Humors being generated in a flegmatic Body cause an oppressive Pain in the Head which is the antecedent Cause which also afterwards obstructing the Original of the Marrow of the Brain and afterwards cast
off by one half but still obstructing the other constitute the containing Cause IV. Thus the Motion of the Left-side was taken away because that half of the Pith being obstructed the Animal Spirits could not enter into that half of the Pith nor the Nerves proceeding from it which causes a Cessation of the Actions of the Instruments of voluntary Motion or the Muscles on that side But the Sense is not quite lost but remains very dull because that several Spirits pass through the contracted Pores of the Pith sufficient for Motion yet not anew to impart Sense to the feeling Parts V. This Malady is hard to be cured by reason of the detension of a viscous and tenacious Humor in a cold Part but Youth and Strength of Body promise hopes of Recovery VI. The Method of Cure requires the Attenuation and Dissipation of the Obstructing Humor 2. To prevent the Afflux of any more 3. To take away the antecedent Cause 4. To cortoborate the Parts affected VII For Evacuation of the Flegmatic Humor give these Pills â„ž Mass of Pill Cochiae Ê’s Extract of Catholicon ℈ s. with a little Syrup of Stoechas make up vij Pills Instead of them may be given Powder of Diaturbith or DiacarthamumÊ’j or a Draught of an Insusion of Leaves of Senna Root of Jalap Agaric These Purges are to be repeated by Intervals VIII Blood-letting is not proper in this Case IX To corroborate the nervous Part of the Body and prevent the Generation of flegmatick Humors let him take this Apozem â„ž Root of Acorns Fennel an Ê’vj Florence Orice Ê’iij Betony Ground-pine Marjoram Rosemary Calamint Thime an M. j. Flowers of Stoechas M. s. Seeds of Fennel Caroways Bishops-weed an Ê’j s. Water and Wine equal parts boil them to a Pint and a half and to the Straining add Syrup of Stoechas â„¥ iij. For an Apozem Of which let the Patient take four ounces three or four times a day with a small Quantity of this Conditement â„ž Specier Diambr Diamosch Dulcis an ℈ iiij Conserve of Flowers of Sage Anthos Root of Acorns candied an Ê’v Syrup of Stoechas q. s. X. The Use of Paralitic and Apoplectic Waters will be very proper in this Case of which there are several to be found among the Prescriptions of Physicians XI If the Disease will not submit to these Remedies let him take every Morning five ounces of the following Decoction and sweat in his Bed according to his Strength â„ž Lig. Guaiacum â„¥ iiij Sassafras Sarsaperil an â„¥ ij Water lbvij Macerate these twenty four hours then boil them adding toward the end Roots of Acorns Valerian Butter-bur Fennel an Ê’vj Galangale Licorice sliâ—…'d an Ê’ij Herbs Betony Miij Ground-Ivy M. ij Thyme Marjoram Rosemary Flowers of Stoechas an M. j. Sage Ms. Iuniper-berries â„¥ j. Boil them to lb. iij. XII For Corroboration of the Head prepare this Quilt â„ž Flowers of Rosemary Marjoram Thyme Flowers of Lavender Melilot an one small Handful Cloves Nutmegs an ℈ ij For a Quilt XIII While these things are doing let the Spine of the Back be well chafed with hot Cloaths especially in the Neck about the Head and then fomented with a Fomentation of hot Cephalics boiled in Wine or else anoint the Neck with this Liniment warm â„ž Oyl of Foxes Spike Rue Goose and Cats-grease an Ê’vj Oyl of Turpentine â„¥ s. Oil of Peter Rosemary Amber an ℈ ij Powder of Castoreum ℈ iiij After Unction and Friction lay on this Plaister â„ž Pul Castoreum Ê’ij Benjamin Ê’j Galbanum Opoponax dissolved in Spirit of Wine Emplaster of Betony Lawrel-Berries and Melilot an Ê’vj Mix them according to Art XIV This Disease requires a hot dry and pure Air. Meats of good juice and easie Digestion calefying and attenuating For Drink Hydromel or Wine imbib'd with Rosemary Marjoram Betony Cardamum c. Now and then a Draught of Hypocrass or a Spoonful of Juniper-wine or Anthoswine or Aquae Vite of Matthiolus will not be improper avoid long Sleeps and Repletion and let Natures Evacuations be regular and due HISTORY XIII Of Trembling A Man fifty years of Age struck with a great and sudden Terror immediately fell down fixing his Eyes upon the Standers by but not able to speak Soon after recovering his Spirits he talked well enough but rose up with a Trembling over his whole Body From that time when he moved his Limbs the Trembling still remained which as his Body drew cold was more violent as he grew warm abated I. TRembling is a Deprivation of the Voluntary Motion of the Limbs by which they are agitated with a contrary Motion in a continued Vicissitude II. The antecedent Cause is a Flegmatic Humor contained in the Brain which being stirred by the great sudden and disorderly Commotion of the Spirits proceeding from the Terror and cast off to the Pith of the Spine constitutes the containing Cause III. For the Humor in that place contracting the Pores of the Pith prevents the free Influx of the Animal Spirits through the Marrow into the Nerves and Muscles So that not being sufficient to perfect the voluntary Motion it happens that the Limbs are moved forward by a voluntary Motion but are depressed by their own Weight so that both together cause a trembling Motion IV. This Trembling is more vehement in the Body when cold less violent when the Body is warm Because the Pores are more contracted by the Cold and more dilated by the Heat Which causes a freer or less open Passage to the Animal Spirits and consequently a more or less vehement Trembling V This Trembling is not a little dangerous for it may turn to a Palsey or may be accompanied with an Apoplexy a Carus or a Lethargy VI. The Cure is the same as of the Palsey HISTORY XIV Of a Convulsion A Maid about thirty years of Age received a Wound in her Right-arm which laid a Nerve bare but unhurt However she lay in a cold Place and by reason of her Poverty not well guarded against the Cold and besides an unskilful Chyrurgeon having stopped the Blood put a Tent into the Wound dipped in Egyptiaeum and the Apostles Oyntment which caused a most painful and vehement Convulsion in her Arm which soon after was accompanied with a Convulsion of the Thigh on the same side and of her Arm and Thigh on the other side which lasted sometimes half a quarter sometimes an Hour sometimes half an hour intermitting and returning She was in such Pain that many times it made her talk idly I. THE Nerves and Muscles of this Patient were affected as appeared by the Motion not spontaneous and that still more encrease and her Head was grieved as appeared by the Delirium II. This Simptom is called a Convulsion which is a continued and unvoluntary Contraction of the Nerves and Muscles toward their beginning III. The remote Cause was the Wound received which laid the Wound bare The next Cause was the sharp and biting Oyntment provoking the Nerve and the cold
and of easie Digestion condited with Fenel Eyebright Succory Borage c. His Drink must be small Let him avoid Radishes Onions Cabbiges Beans Lentils Olives c. The longer he sleeps and the less Exercise he uses the better and let him keep his Body open HISTORY XVIII Of the Pin and Web and Bloodshot A Boy about twelve Years of Age of a cold Constitution above five Months since perceived a dimness in both his Eyes so that at first he thought he saw Gnats and Straws fly before his Eyes Afterwards he seemed to look through a thick Mist and so his sight began to fail more and more so that he saw Men after a fashion but could not distinguish Faces nay he could hardly distinguish a Horse from a Cow In the Apple of his Eye appeared a white spot covering the Christaline Humor which yielded to the Finger if lay'd upon it I. THis Affection of the Eye is by the Physitians called Suffusio or the Pin and Web which is an Obstruction of the hole of the Uveâ—…us Tunicle caused by a Humor preternaturally gathered and staying between the Horny Tunicle and the sight of the Eye and hindring the Sight II. This Humor in this Patient was Flegmatic as appeared by the white colour in the Apple of the Eye where it was collected by reason of the cold Temper of the Eye not so able to concoct their Nourishment but that some few thick Vapors exhale from the Uveous Tuncle which are condensed into a thick Humor by the External cold in the space between the Chrystalline Humor lying upon the Uveous hole and the Horny Tunicle and mixed with the watry Humor and swim at the top in viscous and thick Particles III. This Humor being thinner and less in quantity at the beginning did not hinder the Ingress of the Beams into the Christalline humor altogether but only the thicker Particles of it prevented all the Beams from entring in which made the Patient think at first that Gnats and Straws hovered before his Eyes which however were only the thicker Particles of the said Humor but the Humor afterwards becoming more plentiful and thicker then the Sight lookt as it were through a Cloud and as that thickness of the Humor increased the Sight waxed dimmer and dimmer IV. The Cure of this Evil is very difficult because the Humor covering the Apple of the Eye is now very much condensed and therefore the danger is least hardning into a little Skin it should produce Blindness But there is hopes of Cure while the Sight remains and for that the Humor giving way to the Finger appears as yet not to be fixed V. In the Cure the Body must be Purged with Pill Lucis Golden Pills or Chochiae Diaphoenicon Hiera Picra Diacarthamum or any draught composed of Agaric Turbith Iallap Senna or the like VI. For the discussion of the cold humors let the Patient Sweat twice a week with Treacle Mithridate Decoction of Sassaparil China and Sassafras In the middle between whiles let him take Decoctions of Marjoram Rosemary Eyebright Fennel Betony Rue and the like as also Cephalic Conditements of Conserves of Anthos Flowers of Sage Eyebright Betony c. VII To strengthen the Head let him make use of Cephalic Quilts The Excrementitious humors are to be diverted from the Eye and carry'd otherways off by Visicatories applied behind the Ears or an Issue in the Arm or Neck VIII After these things Topics may be applied to the Eyes and first such a Decoction is to be prepared â„ž Roots of Radishes â„¥ ij Valerian â„¥ j. Rue Fennel Eyebright Lovage Marjoram Leaves of Laurel an M. j. Flowers of Camomil M. ij Seeds of Fennel Caroways an Ê’ ij Water q. s. Boil them to lb j. s. While it is boyling let the Patient sit with his Eye over the steam of the Decoction afterwards with a soft Spunge dipped in the same Decoction luke-warm let him frequently and long foment his Eye and observe this course for three weeks together IX Let him then drop this Collyrium into his Eyes â„ž Iuice of the bigger Celandine Rue Fennel Hony-water an â„¥ s. When he has used this for some time let him make it stronger by adding to it the Gaul of a Patridge and of a Pike one dram and afterward one dram and a half X. His Diet must be moderate hot attenuating and discussing His Sleep and Exercise moderate and an open Body XI If these avail not the Suffusion must be taken from the Eye by the help of a Needle Of Bloodshot A Plethoric Young Man playing in a Tennis-Court by misfortune a Ball strook him in the Left Eye His Eye upon this aked to that degree that he could not hold open his Eye The next day the Pain ceasing an extraordinary Bloody Redness was seen over his whole Eye without any Inflammation and his Eye-lids seemed to be infected with the same Redness But his Sight was no way damnified I. THis Malady of the Eye is called a Suggillation or Bloodshot Being a pouring forth of the Blood without the Vessels into the Tunicles over the Eyes and Eye-lids II. This Blood flowed out of the small Vessels of the Annate Tunicle and the Eye-lids broken and opened by the stroak of the Ball. For the Horny Tunicle was not hurt as appeared by the soundness of the Sight which was no way damnified III. There is no danger in this affection if it be taken in time before the extravasated Blood putrifie and inflame IV. First the Body is to be Purged and a Vein opened in the Arm. Then drop Womans Milk into the Eye or Blood squeezed out of the Quills of live Chickens and foment the Eyes frequently with this Fomentation â„ž Willow-leaves Plantain Flowers of Camomil Melilot an M. j Boil them in Water q. s. Add to the straining Rose-water â„¥ j. s. V. When there is no fear of a larger Efflux of Blood let the Fomentation be only discussive HISTORY XIX Of Blindness A Person of forty Years of Age strong but given to his Belly after he had complained for sometime of a slight giddiness with a troublesome heaviness at length his sight in two days time was so decay'd that he could hardly see no not so much as the light but became absolutely Blind and yet his Eyes did not seem to ail any thing The Patient for some time was very temperate but his blindness still continued though his heaviness and Vertigo went off and the rest of his Body was well I. THis Malady is called Caecitas or blindness which is a Deprivation of the Sight II. The Antecedent Cause of this Distemper is Flegm collected in the Ventricles of the Brain which flowing thence to the Optic Nerves and obstructing them hinders the Influx of the Animal Spirits to the Eye and the preception of visible Objects III. This Flegm was generated out of the Crude and Flegmatic Vapors and Humors arising from too much gutling and there thickned through the colder temper of
the Part. IV. By the same crude Vapors carried through the Carotides to the Choroid-Fold and obstructing the narrow passages of it that first whirling passage of the Humors and consequently the Vertigo was caused which was accompanied with a great Heaviness caused by the thick and viscous Humors which Nature endeavors to evacuate through the Sieve-like Bone V. In the mean time the Eyes look very well because there is no Mistemper noâ—… vicious Conformation in them and because the Sight fails only for want of Animal Spirits caused by obstruction of the Optic Nerves VI. These Nerves are obstructed only at their beginning by the said Flegmatic Humor which somewhat insinuated it self into the broader Pores of the begininng of the Pith. VII The Patient was afterwards freed from his Vertigo and Murr because he abstained from his usual Gormondizing which produced in a strong Body a better Concoction of the Crudities which abated the anteceding Cause and consumed the containing Cause VIII But the Blindness remained because the crude Humor fixed in the Pores of the Nerves as well in regard of their own Viscosity as the narrowness in the Pores of the Nerves could neither be discussed nor consumed And though it be no longer supplied by the anteceding Cause yet in respect of it self and the Part to which it adheres may remain and cause the obstruction IX This blindness is very difficult to be cured because the Humor sticking in the Optic Nerves is not easily discussed But because the Distemper is of no long continuance there is some hopes of Cure X. In the Cure first the Body is to be Purged with these Pills â„ž Mass of Pill Lucis Cochiae an Ê’ s. with a little Syrup of Stoechas Make nine Pills Instead of which may be given Ê’ j. of Powder of Diaturbith with Rheon or Rubarb XI The next day take away a little Blood out of the Arm and two or three days after Purge again XII After that let him drink three times a day a draught of this Apozem â„ž Roots of Acorus Valerian Fennel Elecampane an â„¥ s. Betony Eyebright Creeping-time Marjoram Rosemary Laurel-leaves an M. j. Flowers of Camomil Stoechas an M. s. Seeds of Fennel Caroways an Ê’ ij Iuniper-berries â„¥ s. Raisins cleansed â„¥ ij Water q. s. Boil them for an Apozem of lb j. s. After this is drank off it may be made Purging by adding â„ž Leaves of Senna Ê’ j. s. Rubarb white Agaric an Ê’ ij Aniseed Ê’ iij. Cinamon Ê’ j. This let the Patient drink not above once aday XIII The Body being sufficiently Purged this Errhine may be coveniently put up into his Nose â„ž Iuice of Marjoram Fennel an â„¥ s. of Beets Ê’ j. s. XIV For diversion apply Cupping-glasses to the Back and Scapulas Visicatories may be also applied behind the Ears or a Seaton or Issue made in the Neck XV. To dissipate the Remainders contained in the Brain of the Optic Nerves and for the Corroboration of the Head foment the Eyes Forehead top of the Head and Temples with this Fomentation â„ž Fennel Marjoram Rue Rosmary Betony Eyebright Flowers of Camomil Melilot Stoechas an M. j. Seeds of Anise Caroways Lovage an Ê’ij Water q. s. Boil them to 〈◊〉 ij for a Fomentation XVI After Fomentation lay on a Quilt of hot attenuating Cephalics and into his Ears put little Tents dipped in Oyl of Fennel XVII This done drop into the Eye such Colliryums as these â„ž Iuice of Fennel â„¥ j. Celandine and Rue an â„¥ s. Which may be made sharper by adding Juice of wild Radish three drams XVIII Let his Diet be Food of easie digestion Condited with Marjoram Fennel Betony Rosemary Eyebright Fennel Anise-seed and the like Shunning Mustard Garlic Onions and the like His drink small and clear Let his Sleep and Exercise be moderate and let him keep his Body open HISTORY XX. Of thickness of Hearing and Noise in the Ears A Woman about thirty six Years of Age of a Flegmatic Constitution the Winter before had been often troubled with Catarrhs from which however she was quite freed about the beginning of Feburary But then for some few days she complained of a slight heavy pain in her Head which in a short time went off upon which ensued a very great noise in her Ears with such a thickness of hearing that she could hardly hear the loudest bawling in her Ears which thickness of hearing and noise continued for near three Months together Otherwise she was well in Health and her Monthly Customs came kindly down I. IN this Patient the Instrument of Hearing was affected in the lower Part. II. The Malady was twosold Thickness of Hearing and Noise in the Ears The one is defect and difficulty of Hearing wherein only loud Noises moved by the External Objects are heard soft Speaking is not at all perceived by the Sense of Hearing This is a troublesom Sound between the Eares themselves excited by no external Object III. The Cause of the thickness of Hearing is a Flegmatic Humor lying toward the inner Parts of each Ear and hindring a sufficient Influx of the Animal Spirits to the inner Parts of the Ear partly by compressing the Acustic Nerve partly by hindring the free Motion of the Tympanum For hence it comes to pass that gentle Noises hardly move the obstructed Tympanum and the Air included within it so that the Motion by them made for want of Spirits is not perceived and consequently not communicated to the common Sensory But loud sounds more strongly move the Tympanum and the Air included within it but yet the Motion for want of Spirits and by reason of the narrowness of the Acustic Nerve is perceived no otherwise then only as sleightly communicated to the common Sensory IV. The noise or singing in the Ears is caused by the Vital Spirits passing the inner little Arteries of the Ears and with their Motion moving also the neighbouring Air included within the inner Part of the Ear. Which motion when it cannot be freely made by reason of the containing Place being narrowed by the Flegm which lyes toward the inner Parts of the Ear Hence it is that the moved Air continually strikes against the Tympanum and being repercussed by that offers it self to the common Sensory like a singing or ringing Noise V. These Symptoms continued three Months because the next Cause was fomented by the Flegmatic Temperature of the whole Body 2. Because the Flegm sticking in that affected Part is hard to be discussed VI. The fear is least these Maladies may turn to absolute Deafness For that the Flegmatic Humor may encrease and upon the dissipation of the thinner Parts thicken to that degree that no Remedies will be able to attenuate and discuss it But if the Cure be undertaken in time there is some hopes because there is no distensive Pain neither is the Hearing quite lost VII The Body therefore must be Purged twice or thrice a week with Cochiae Pills or Golden Pills Powder of Diaturbith
Electuary of Hiera or Diaturbith or Infusions of Agaric Diaturbith Iallop or other Phlegmagogues VIII To abate the Flegm of the whole Body Decoctions of Sassafras Sassaperil and Guaiacum are most proper to which add hot Cephalics at the end of the Decoction The Humors in the Ventricles of the Brain must be evacuated by Masticatories Errhines and Sneezing And to corroborate the Brain proper Apozems and Cephalic Conditements must be prescribed IX To disupate the remainders in the Head and Parts affected a Fomentation of hot and discussing Fomentations will be requisite as Betony Sage Rosemary Marjoram Calamint Thime c. the Head being often fomented with a large Sponge dipt therein After which a Quilt of the same Cephalics will be no less proper X. Afterwards to attenuate and dissipate the Flegmatic Humors contained in the Organ of Sense some such Decoction as this may be prepared â„ž Root of Wild Radish â„¥ iij. Thime Betony Hyssop Marjoram Rosemary creeping Thime Lawrel-leaves Flowers of Camomil Melilot an M s. Seeds of Caroways Cummin Lovage Fenneâ—… an â„¥ s. Water q. s. Boyl them according to Art While they are Boiling he may receive into his Ear the steam of the Decoction through a Pipe placed in the Cover of the Pot then let the Ears be fomented with Sponges dipt in the said Decoction and after Fomentation put into the Ears two Tents dipt in the Oil of Anise-seeds Fennel or Caroways XI This Cataplasm also laid upon the Ears in the Night time between two Linnen Cloaths may prove very effectual â„ž Marjoram Sage Flowers of Camomil Melilot an M. j Seeds of Nasturtium Cummin Fennel an Ê’ j. s. Reduce them to Powder and to the Powder add Onions roasted under the Embers No. ij one midling Turnep roasted Flower of Fengreek-seed â„¥ j. Water q. s. Let them boil a little while and adding Oyl of Dill of Bitter Almonds an â„¥ j. make a Cataplasm XII In the day time instead of this Cataplasm let him lay warm to both Ears this little Bag. â„ž Marjoram M. j. Rosemary Flowers of Camomil an M. s. Seeds of Cummin Fennel Caroways Lovage an ℈ ij cut and beat these and put them into a silken Bag. XIII If the use of these Remedies afford no ease then make Issues in the Neck and Arms to divert the flegmatic Matter from the Ears through other Passages XIV Beware of Places exposed much to the Wind especially the North. His Diet must be easie of Digestion condited with Marjoram Lawrel-leaves Creeping Thyme Rosemary Betony Carminative Seeds or Seeds against Wind Nutmeg c. His Drink small All Meats that fill the Head with Vapors must be avoided Moderate Sleep and Exercise and a soluble Belly HISTORY XXI Of Bleeding at the Nose the Murr and loss of Smelling A Man about forty Years of Age indifferent strong and abounding with Blood sometimes drinking over hard was for sometime troubled with sharp and salt Catarrhs falling down partly to his Nostrils partly to his Lungs and Chaps which brought upon him a violent Cough insomuch that while he was once Coughing very vehemently his Nose fell a bleeding nor could the bleeding be stopt for some hours But that being stopped and some Remedies given him for his cold and the Catarrh within two days his Cough ceased but then the bleeding returned by Intervals especially if the Patient stirred more then ordinary and that in such abundance that his life was in danger I. THE Malady is Bleeding at the Nose II. The Antecedent Cause is twofold 1. Redundancy of Blood 2. A sharp Humor collected in the Head III. The Blood abounding in the whole Body being vehemently forced upward in great quantity by the violent Cough and distending and opening the Veins and Arteries of the Nose in respect of it self becomes the containing Cause IV. Now the Blood was copiously forced upward by the Cough because the descending Trunk of the Aorta Arteria was compressed and streightned by the forcible Contraction of the Muscles of the Breast and Abdomen so that much less Blood could be thrust forward through it from the Heart which therefore was forced in greater quantity to the Head through the ascending Part of the said Artery and so it distends all the Veins and Arteries of the Head V. Now that distending Plenty opens some Vessels in the Nostrils sooner than in any other Parts of the Head because they are there seated in a moist and tender Part and cloathed with only a very soft and tender Skin VI. But because sharp and salt Catarrhs preceded certain it is that not only their Distension but Corrosion opened some Vessels in the Nostrils Otherwise had they been opened only by Distension the Bleeding had not so often returned which now returns because the Solution being made by Corrosion could not be so soon consolidated VII If the Patient never so little overwalked or stirred himself the Bleeding returned because that Motion heated and more rapidly moved the Blood which therefore flowing hotter and in greater quantity to the Nostrils could not be held in by the Extremities of the Vessels not yet well consolidated so that it forces its way out again VIII This Returning Bleeding is somewhat dangerous for fear too much loss of Blood should turn to a Syncope or that thereby the Liver should be over-cold and weakned and thence a Cachexy or Dropsie ensue IX In the Cure Blood-letting in the Right-arm is first to be done and a moderate quantity of Blood to be taken away with respect to the strength of the Person The Belly is to be loosned with Rubarb mixed with Tamarinds or a Glister X. In the time of Bleeding clap cold Water or Oxymel to the Neck and Testicles and Cupping-glasses with much Flame to the Legs and Feet XI Tye to the Fore-head a Lock of Tow with this Mixture â„ž Bole Armoniac Terra Sigillata Dragons Blood red Coral an Ê’j Volatile Flower Ê’ij White of one Egg a little strong Vinegar Mix them XII Into the Nostrils blow this Powder â„ž Trochischs of seal'd Earth Blood-stone an Ê’j Frankinscence red Coral Dragons Blood an ℈ j. Or else make long Tents and being moistned in the White of an Egg rowl them in this Powder and so put them up into the Nostrils Or mix the same Powder with the White of an Egg like an Oyntment and dip the Tents therein before you thrust them up XIII Simples also may be put up into the Nostrils as green Horstail or shave Grass or Pimpernel or Plantain bruis'd or Hogs or Asses Dung and such like which are found by Experience to have wrought great Cures XIV Nor are those things to be neglected that benefit by an occult quality to which purpose the Patient may wear the following Amulet about his Neck â„ž Powder of a dry'd Toad Ê’ij Blood-stone Ê’j s. Trochischs of Seal'd Earth Moss of human Skulls an Ê’j red Coral Ê’s Cobwebs ℈ j. Reduce them into Powder and then make them into a Paste with Muscilage of
℈ j. Diagridion gr iiij with Syrup of Stoechas Make up vij Pills XI To evacuate the Humor contained in the Ventricles of the Brain make use of this Errhine ℞ Iuice of Mercury Marjoram an ℥ s. of Beets ʒj s. Or else instead of this take the following Sternutory ℞ Roots of Pellitory White Hellebore Leaves of Marjoram an ℈ j. black Pepper gr v. For a Powder XII To strengthen the Head open the Pores and dissipate the cold Humor prepare this Quilt ℞ Leaves of Rosemary Marjoram Sage an M. s. Flowers of Lavender Melilot red Roses an one small Handful Nutmegs Cloves an ℈ j. Frankincense Mastich an ʒj Beat them into a gross Powder for a silken Cap. XIII Also lay this Plaister upon both Temples ℞ Frankincense Mastich an ℈ j. Sagapen Tacamahacca an ℈ j. s. Mix them and spread them upon black Silk Nor will it be amiss to make use of Conditements and Cephalic Apozems of Marjoram Rosemary Sage Betony Conserves of Anthos Sage c. Tobacco also taken in a Pipe is an excellent Remedy XIV Let the Patient also frequently wash his Mouth with this Decoction warm ℞ Root of sharp pointed Dock ℥ j. Male Piony ℥ s. Marjoram Sage Hyssop Thyme Betony Rosemary an M. j. Fennel and Aniseseed an ʒij Wine q. s. Boil them to lb j. XV. After he has washed his Mouth let him put into the Hollow of the Tooth with a little Cotton one Drop of Oyl of Basil or Cloves In extremity of Pain a little Spirit of Wine may be held in the Mouth to the Teeth affected But this is not to be done often for fear of hurting the Lungs XVI To divert the Humor apply a Vesicatory behind the Ear or in the Neck and keep it open for some time XVII These Remedies not availing in extremity of Pain give the Patient toward Evening three grains of Opiate Laudanum in a Pill or thirteen grains of the Mass of Cynogloss Pills or two or three Scruples of Philonium Romanum XVIII Let his Diet be condited with hot Cephalics avoiding all salt sharp and acid Diet that fill the Head with Vapors Let his Drink be small Let him sleep long exercise moderately and keep his Body open HISTORY XXIII Of those Tumors in the Mouth called Aphtae A Woman of about thirty years of Age was taken with a continued Fever accompanied with an extraordinary Faintness yet without any vehement Heat or great Thirst which in two days had brought her extreamly low Her Pulse beat slow and unequal Her Urine was like that of a Man in perfect Health So that she complained of no excessive Pain in any Part but of an extraordinary Weakness of her whole Body which was such that she could not sit upright in her Bed The fourth Day she perceived a Difficulty to Swallow so that her Drink would not go down her Throat and Gullet without Pain Trouble and Impediment At the same time her Palate Gums Tongue and Chaps were full of little white Pustles without number Her Taste was also so far gone that she relished nothing that she eat I. THis Woman was seized with a Malignant Fever accompanied with Aphtae which are certain Exulcerations in the upper part of the Mouth with an extraordinary Heat II. The Anteceding Cause were putrid Humors sharp and malignant contained in the Body which being attenuated by the feverish Heat and carried through the Arteries and occult Passages to the Mouth and causing an Exulceration therein constitute the next Cause III. That these Pustles proceed from a certain malignant putrid Humor is plain from the putrid malignant Fever preceding and joyned with them The Malignity of which appeared by the Faintness and Decay of Strength which the Patient endured whereas a Fever seems to shew no such manifest Causes of so much Weakness Then again that it was a flegmatic Humor appeared by the lesser Heat of the Fever and the whiteness of the Pustles IV. This Humor attenuated by the Fever and coming sharp to the Mouth exulcerated the inner rather than the other Parts as the Palate Tongue Gums c. because they are cloathed with only a thin and soft Pellicle which are easily exulcerated by sharp and putrid Humors whereas the former Parts more easily resist the Corruption V. Now because that Pellicle which covers the inner Parts of the Mouth extends it self through the Jaws and Gullet to the Stomach Hence also the Gullet was beset with the same Pustles which caused that Difficulty of Swallowing and painful going down of the Drink VI. Her Taste was lost because the inner Pellicle of the Mouth into which the Gustatory Nerves are inserted and by means of which the Taste happens was so full of those little Ulcers that the Gustable Objects could not come to it Besides that the Tongue being grieved by the Ulcers and infected with bad Humors could not well judge of Savors VII These Pustles are more a Sign than a Cause of danger For they indicate a malignant and dangerous Fever upon the Cure of which their Cure depends VIII The Body therefore being well purged and Blood being taken away and other convenient Remedies administred the Mouth of the Patient must be gargarized with this Decoction ℞ Barley cleansed Roots of Snakeweed Tormentil an ℥ s. Licorice sliced ʒiij Plantain Purslain Knot-grass Oak-leaves an M. j. Flowers of Mallows red Roses Pomegranates an M. s. Water q. s. Make a Decoction to lb j. Add Syrup of Mulberries and Dianucum an ℥ j. s. Mix them for a Gargle IX After she has well gargled her Mouth let her lick and wash the inside of her Mouth with this Syrup ℞ Syrup of Quinces sowre Pomegranates and dry Roses an ℥ j. X. If the Pain grow sharper let her hold new Milk in her Mouth or rather Whey and change it often Then let her lick Syrup of Quinces or dry Roses alone and rowl her Tongue about her Mouth especially when the Pustles are broken XI Let her Diet be refrigerating and such as resists Putrefaction her Drink small or else Ptisans and let her be sure to keep her Body soluble HISTORY II. Of the Aphtae Pustles AN Infant of two months old when the Mothers Milk failed was put to a Nurse of a choleric Temper but otherwise healthy and abounding with Blood and Milk After the Infant had suckt this Woman eight days it began to vomit up curdled Milk mixed with choleric and flegmatic Humors slept unquietly and voided much yellow and green Excrement At last the Mouth of it was full of white Pustles so that through Pain it could suck no longer though it seemed very desirous of the Breast In the mean time there was no manifest Fever nor alteration of the Pulse I. THE Cause of these Pustles was the Nurses serous hot and sharp Milk which the weak Stomach of the Infant could not well concoct but bred much Choler from which sharp Vapors ascending to the Mouth exulcerated the tender Pellicles of the Inner Part of
Damage to the Mouth though the Salival Channels be stopped up by this Cure for Experience tells us that the Spittle finds other Channels and Passages for the moistning the Mouth The Diet is the same as in other flegmatic Diseases Now because I do here assert a new Cause of the Ranulae and another part to be affected than other Physicians do and mention also the Salival Channels I think it necessary to tell what those Channels are These Channels were unknown till of late found out in England by Doctor Wharton and Glisson and last Winter publickly shown at the Anatomy Theatre at Leyden by Doctor Iohn ab Horn. The Substance of them is much like the Veins but stronger They are two in number and so wide in a Man as to admit an ordinary Bodkin They rise with a broad Beginning from the great and remarkable Kernel above the middle Tendon seated between the Flesh of the Digastric Muscle And hence carried upward about the middle of the Cheek they abscond themselves between two small Kernels there seated which when they have past they are carried with a streight Channel along the Nerve of the seventh Pair which they cut like a St. Andrews Cross and so somewhat toward the Fore-parts near the Bridle of the Tongue they terminate and open into two peculiar Kernels covered with a thin and porous little Membrane which are seated under the Tongue near the Frog-like Veins between the Flesh that joyns the Tongue to the neighbouring Parts and the Kernels that lye under the bottom of the Tongue Their Office is to powre the Salâ—… Moisture into the Frog-like Kernels which in them is contained as in a Sponge and emptied into the Mouth through the broad Pores of the Membrane that covers them for the moistning of the Tongue and Mouth HISTORY XXV Of the Hydrocephalus or Watry Tumor of the Head A Little Boy about a year and a halfold having been weaned six months and by his Parents that were very poor fed with raw Whâ—…y Fruit and other bad Nourishment nor keeping his Head sufficiently warm in the Winter within a short time had the hairy Part of his Head and Fore-head swelled out to his very Eyes Which Tumor in a months space increased to that degree that his Head was as big as a Mans Head and yet his Face was not swelled the Tumor was soft and white and the deep Prints of the Finger might for some time be seen in it The Child eat and drank indifferent well he had no Fever but was sleepy and moved the Members of his whole Body but dully and faintly His Nostrils were drier than usual and he spit but little He was loose and voided much Urine I. THis Childs Disease by the Physicians is called Hydrocephalus which is a Swelling of the Head caused by a Collection of serous Humors II. This serous and flegmatic Humor is collected within the Cranium and lies hid under the Skin which is discerned by the Touch there being only a soft Tumor III. That it is a serous and flegmatic Humor appears by the white Colour of the Skin and copious because it yields to compression without pain IV. The anteceding Cause are cold and most Humors in the whole Body which being raised beyond the Cranium and condensed under the Skin constitute the containing Cause V. These Humors are generated partly through bad Diet partly through the cold and moist Constitution of the Body which weakens the Concoctions of the Bowels and causes the breeding of many flegmatic and serous Humors which being carried to the Head are there attenuated into thick Vapors and gathered together till they come to a copious Body VI. These Humors cannot be evacuated through the Nostrils and Palate because their thickness has obstructed those Passages Nor can they pass through the streightned Pores of the Skin as being streightned by the External Cold so that new Humors increasing every day and none being evacuated thence hapned such a Swelling in a Months space VII However the Child fed because his Stomach was not yet loaded with this excrementitious Flegm as being copiously evacuated downwards by Urine and Stool VIII He had no Fever because the Humors were not putrified nor was there any Malignity or Excess of Heat IX He was sleepy because of the cold and moist Temper of the Brain which renders the Nerves of the Sensory languid and unfit for the Passage and Reception of the Animal Spirits besides that fewer Animal Spirits are generated in regard the vital Spirits cannot pass the streightned Arteries of the Choroid Fold Which Scarcity of Animal Spirits causes him also to move the Members dully and languidly as he did X. His Belly was soluble by reason of the great quantity of serous and flegmatic Humors that flow'd down to the Intestines the thinner Part of which being mixed with the Blood and separated from it in the Reins causes a greater abundance of Urine XI This Disease is dangerous in tender Age that will not bear strong Remedies in regard of the ill Temper of the Head the great Cachexy of the whole Body and the Quantity of the Humor In the Cure the serous and flegmatic Humor collected in the Head is chiefly to be gently evacuated the Bowels to be strengthened and the Generation of the Mistemper for the future to be prevented XIII First give the Child in a Spoon an ounce of laxative Syrrup of Succory with five or six grains of Jallop in Powder or give him to Eat five or six drams of Solutive Currans Then give him a little old Treacle and if you can let him Sweat also give him every day a little Conserve of Anthos Balm or Flowers of Sage XIV This done foment his Head with the following Fomentation warm â„ž Betony Rosemary Basil Thime Flowers of Camomil Melilot Stoechas an M j. Leaves of Lawrel M. s. Seeds of Anise Fennel Cummin an Ê’ ij White-Wine q. s. Boil them to 〈◊〉 ij For a Fomentation with a large Spunge taking Care not to let it cool XV. The Tumor being dissipated by the use of this Fomentation to remove the other Distemper anoint the Head Morning and Evening with this Oyntment hot â„ž Oyl of Camomil Alabastrin Ointment an â„¥ j. Oyl of Nutmegs pressed ℈ iiij Powder of Castor Storax Benjamin an ℈ j. Mix them for an Oyntment XVI After anointing put on the following Quilted Cap. â„ž Leaves of Rosemary Marjoram Flowers of Camomil Melilot an M. s. Benjamin Cloves Nutmeg an ℈ j. s. Beat them for a gross Powder to be sowed into a Silken quilted Cap. And let him wear this Quilted Cap for some time XVII In the mean time to Corroborate the Bowels twice or thrice a day let him take a Spoonful of this Mixture â„ž Tylet-Flowers-water Lilly of the Valleys an â„¥ ij â—…innamon water Ê’vj Syrup of Stoechas â„¥ j. Or instead of this let him now and them drink a little Hydromel And to the Region of the Stomach Liver and Spleen apply this
Liniment â„ž Oyl of Lawrel Camomil Matiate Oyntment an â„¥ s. Oyl of Nutmegs pressed Ê’ j. s. XVIII If these things avail not in three or four the most swelled places of the Head make a small Perforation in the Skin with a little Lance no wider then is usual in Blood-letting that the Serum may distill by degrees through those little holes which is to be dried up with warm Rags till it ceases to flow then lay the afore mentioned Quilt XIX These Children must have drier Diet then ordinary as Biscuit masticated Little bits of White-bread moistened in the Decoction of Raisins or Hen-broath and sweetened with a little Cinnamon or Sugar Let him have thin Broths made with Wheat-flowre and Decoction of Raisins to which add a little Wine Let him often drink Almond-Milk with a little Cinnamon-water Let him abstain from Sowre Milk Whey Ale Fruit unless now and then a Baked Apple or Pear Let him sleep moderately and keep his Body soluble and regular in his Evacuations THE CURES OF THE Chief Diseases Of the whole CHEST WITH TEN CASES OF THE PATIENTS HISTORY I. Of the Pleurisie A Young Gentleman of twenty four Years of Age having over-heated himself in the Tennis-Court and being very dry drank a large Draught of cold Ale Upon this he felt a Pain in the left side of his Chest which within half an hour grew so acute that through the trouble and the intolerable Pain he could hardly breath At the same time he had a strong Fever and a dry Cough which very much exasperated the Pain But neither his Faintness nor his Thirst was very great I. VArious Parts were affected in this Patient the Pleura Membrane the Muscles of the Misopleuron and the Heart and consequently the whole Body II. The Diseases called the Pleurisie which is an Inflammation of the Pleura Membrane and the Muscles of the Mesopleuron accompanied with a Pricking Pain in the Side difficulty of Breathing and a continued Fever III. That it is a Disease appears by the pricking Pain difficulty of Breathing and the continued Fever that it is no Inflammation of the Lungs the pricking Pain declares which never is felt in that Distemper That it is no Tumor Inflammation or other Pain in the Spleen appears from the sharpness of the Pain above the Diaphragma toward the Arm-pits and the difficulty of Breathing IV. The anteceding Cause was the great quantity of Blood in the Body The Original Causes vehement Exercises and pouring down cold Ale just after it The containing Cause is the over-large quantity of Blood contained in the Pleura Membrane and the Mesopleuron Muscles inflamed and corrupted V. The whole Body was over-heated by Exercise whence a strong and swift Pulâ—…e of the Heart which attenuating the Blood forced it in great quantity to all the Parts which so long as it had a free return through the Veins never occasioned any trouble But being thickened by the cold Ale in the Veins of the Left side of the Pleura and the Veins themselves thereby contracted it came to pass that more past through the Arteries then could circulate through the Veins which caused that accumulation of Blood that bred that Tumor in the Pleura and because the Blood that flows from the Heart has its own heat thence with the increase of the Blood the heat encreased and thence the Inflammation which caused the Putrefaction Part of which putrifying Blood being carried through the Intercostal Veins to the hollow Vein and so to the Heart caused the continued Fever which however is only Symtomatical as only arising from the Putrifaction of the Inflamed Part poured fourth into the larger Vessels VI. Now in regard the Ribs must be dilated in Respiration but by reason of the Tumid Inflammation of the distention of the Pleura Membrane and Mesopleuron Muscles they can hardly be dilated thence difficulty of Breathing which is the more troublesome because the Pleura being ended with a most acute Sense can endure no farther distention So that the Patient to avoid the Pain breaths slowly which not being enough to cool the Lungs causes a Drought of the Chaps and Mouth VII Sharp Vapors exhaling from the inflamed Part infest the neighbouring Lungs and by their vellicating the Aspera Arteria cause a dry Cough VIII This Disease is dangerous in regard the Heart is affected and Respiration is impeded besides the fear of an Imposthume in the Breast IX In the prosecution of the Cure Blood-letting is first to be done in both Arms and the Patient must bleed freely And if the first bleeding do not relieve the Patient it is to be again repeated within an hour or two after a third time if need require with regard to the strength of the Patient though a small debilitation is not to be feared X. In the mean time his Belly must be mov'd with a Glister â„ž Emollient Decoction â„¥ x. Elect. Diacatholicon Diaprunum Solutive an â„¥ j. Salt Ê’ j. Or else infuse two drams of Rubarb in Barley-water and give him to drink the streining with one ounce of Syrup of Succory with Rubarb or Solutive Rosatum Stronger Purges must be avoided XI He may also three or four times aday drink a draught of this Apozem â„ž Cleansed Barley Roots of Asparagus Grass an â„¥ j. Licorâ—…ce sliced â„¥ s. Venus-hair Borage Lettice Endive Violet-leaves an M. j. Flowers of Wild-Poppy Violets an P. ij Four great Colder Seeds an Ê’ j. s. Blew Currans â„¥ j. Water q. s. Make an Apozem of lb j. s. with which mix Syrup of Poppy Rheas and Violets an â„¥ j. To allay the Cough let him take this Looch â„ž Syrup of Wild-Poppy of Venus-hair of Violets an â„¥ j. Mix them for a Looch To allay the Pain and to attenuate discuss and Concoct the Blood collected in the affected Part Foment the Region of the affected Part with this Fomentation â„ž Mallows Althea Colewort Chervile Beats Violet-leaves Flowers of Camomil Elder and Dill an M. j. Water q. s. Make a Decoction to 〈◊〉 i j. For a Fomentation Of the same may be composed a Cataplasm by adding Meal of Lin-seed and Barley Oyl of Almonds and new Butter XIV Let him keep a Temperate Diet and of easie digestion Cream of Ptisan Chicken-broths prepared with Endive and Lettice or else let him take some such Amygdalate â„ž Sweet Almons blanched â„¥ ij Four great Colder Seeds White Poppy Seed an Ê’j s. Decoction of Barley q. s. Make an Emulsion of lb j. with Sugar q. s. to sweeten it gently His ordinary Drink must be Ptsan or small Ale but not Sowre or such a Julep â„ž Decoction of Barley lb j. Syrup of Wild Poppy and Violets an â„¥ j. Mixt them for a Iulep Let him sleep long if possible and use no Exercise HISTORY II. Of an Empyema A Person about forty Years of Age being seized with a terrible Pleurisie in his left side and not having any Remedies applied to him before the third day found little ease so that
after all the Cough still remain give him this Bolus twice a week as he goes to Bed â„ž Philonium Romanum Nicholas's Rest Mithridate of Damocrates an ℈ j. Mix them for a Bolus At other times let him use his Apozenâ—… and Tablets XVII To corroborate his Head let him wear this Cap. â„ž Leaves of Marjoram Rosemary P ij Flowers of Red Roses and Lavender an P. j. Nutmeg Benjamin Cloves an ℈ ij Beat them into a gross Powder for a Quilt XVIII If after all this there be no abatement of the Catarrh and Cough then to divert and evacuate the flowing humour make an Issue in the Arm or rather in the Neck XIX Let him keep his Head and Breast warm against the Injuries of the cold and moist Air. Let his Diet be of easie Digestion and good Nourishment seasoned with Turneps Chervil Hyslop Marjoram Betony Baum Rice Barley cleansed Spices Raisins Sugar and such like Ingredients Let his drink be middling not stale Hydromel anchosated or sweet Wine moderately taken and let him avoid all acid sharp salt and sowre things Let him be moderate in his Sleep and Exercise and take care to keep his Body open HISTORY IV. Of an Asthma A Young Man thirty years of age of a strong Constitution but careless of his Diet and living a sedentary Life some years ago having overheated himself with Walking and presently opening his Breast and throwing aside his Cloaths fell a drinking cold Rhenish-Wine and presently was taken with a Difficulty of Breathing which made him pant and heave and the next day the Malady still increasing he was in such a Condition that the third Day he could not breath unless he stood upright so that for fourteen Days he could not lye in his Bed but was forced to sit or stand whole Days and Nights together but he was more troubled in the Night than Day time After a little Cough happening which brought up a good quantity of tough and viscous Flegm his difficulty of Breathing abated and he recovered his former Condition From that time forward he was often afflicted with the same Distemper by Intervals sometimes more sometimes fewer Days together more especially if he exposed himself to the Air when very hot or drank cold Rhenish and this he further observed that when the North-wind blew he was presently seized with this Distemper unless he had a great Care of himself and that rather in the Summer and Autumn than in the Winter During this Malady his Stomach was indifferent but he could hardly eat for narrowness of the Parts and after Meals his Difficulty of Breathing grew worse He had a great Inclination to Sleep but no sooner had he closed his Eyes but he waked with Terror and Faintness so that during the Fit he could not sleep for some Days and Nights together His Belly and Breast seemed to be distended by Wind sometimes he felt a heavy Pain in his Head with a Chilliness in the hinder Part toward the Neck And about this time he had another terrible Fit not without danger of Suffocation He had no Fever nor complained of any Pain in any other Parts of the Body I. THis Mans Distemper is an Asthma which is a difficult panting and heaving Respiration and it was indeed the highest degree of this Distemper which we call Orthophnaea which is an extraordinary Difficulty of Breathing in which the Patients cannot sleep but standing upright becuse of the Narrowness of the Respiratory Parts II. The antecedent Causes of this Distemper were flegmatic Humors abounding in the Body The Original Causes were Heat and Cold. The containing Cause is a tough and viscous Humor accumulated in the Bronchia of the Lungs and fastned to them III. The flegmatic Constitution of the whole Body causes a Redundancy of cold crude and flegmatic Humors therein Especially in those Parts which being cold of themselves are over-chill'd by some external Cause so that the Body being overheated by viblent Exercise the Blood and Humors are more swiftly moved and many Vapors excited in the lower Parts which by a sudden Cold are condensed and collected in the Brain in greater quantity But in regard the Bronchia are cold of themselves and more refrigerated by the Cold of the In-breath'd Air they fasten to them like a tough Bird-lime and contracting them cause difficulty of breathing To which the Access of a Defluxion from the Brain causes a greater Contraction consequently a greater Difficulty of breathing attended with Wheezing Nor can the Patient breath but standing upright the Lungs being pendulous are most easily dilated in that Posture and the Bronchia are more open in that Situation IV. The Distemper is still worse toward Night because the nocturnal Cold thickens the Flegmatic Humors and renders them more tenacious by which means they become more obstructive to the Bronchia V. At length when the tenacious Matter is abated and thrown off by coughing then the Obstruction of the Bronchia abates and the Difficulty of breathing ceases till the condensing and falling down of new Vapors VI. Which was plain because the North-wind was so hurtful to him the reason of which was because that Wind streightned the Pores condensed the Humors and Vapors and chill'd the Head and Lungs And because the Body is hotter and raises the Vapors more copious in the Summer therefore the sudden Chilliness of that Wind more suddenly condenses and fastens them to the colder Bronchia VII The Stomach of the Patient continued good because neither the inbreathed Air nor the Defluxions from the Head offended the Stomach But the Difficulty of breathing was worse after Meals by reason of the Vapors raised by the Concoction of the Stomach which ascending to the middle and upper Belly are condensed in both and in the one fasten themselves to the Bronchia VIII He cannot sleep because he is forced to satisfie the Necessity of Respiration in the Dilatation of the Breast which failing in Sleep and consequently Respiration he is waked with Terror and Faintness and compelled to wake that he may breath and to breath with violence that he may live IX The Belly and Breast seem to be distended by Wind though it be not Wind but the continual and copious Flux of the Animal Spirits for the Relief of the Lungs which distends the Respiratory Muscles which makes him think they are distended with Wind. X. The heavy Pain in his Head proceeds from the abundance of Cold Humors collected in his Head And thence that Chilliness in the hinder part of it XI There was no Fever in regard that neither the Blood nor Humors were corrupted Nor Pain in any other Part the sharp Humors being all got together in the Head and Lungs of this Patient XII This Disease is dangerous as threatning a Suffocation especially iâ—… a new Defluxion fall from the Head upon the Lungs during the Continuance of the Malady XIII In the Method of Cure to the containing Cause must be removed that obstructs the Lungs
a Swooning Fit VII Therefore a Person thus affected ought never to Travel without a sufficient Provision of strong Wine and Food along with him that he may have his Weapons ready to resist the suddain Invasion of his Enemy VIII Moreover let him be gently Purged with Electuary of Hier a Piora Cochia or Ruffi Pills avoiding strong Purgations or if he be easie to Vomit let him take a Vomit of Asarabacca IX To strengthen the Ventricle and Spleen and mend Concoction let him take this Apozem ℞ Roots of Elecampane Tamarisch Capers an ʒ vj. Galangal ℥ s. Germander Dodder Agrimony Ceterach Baum an M. j. Leaves of Lawrel M. s. Orange Peels ℥ s. Iuniper-berries ʒ vj. Fennel-seed ʒ ij s. Blew Currans ℥ j. s. Water and Wine equal Paris Make an Apozem of lb j. s. To the same purpose also let him take this Conditement ℞ Specier Diambrae Abbots Diarrhodon an ʒ j. Elecampane Roots and Orange Peels Candy'd Conserve of Anthos and Flowers of Sage an ℥ s. Syrup of Elecampane q. s. For a Conditement X. Let his Dyet be of good and easie Nourishment and Digestion Mutton Lamb Veal Pullets and River-fish the Broaths of which must be prepared with Rosemary Betony Anise and Fennel-seed Nutmegs Cloves Wild Carrots c. Let his Drink be clear Ale and middling Wine Moderate Exercise and Sleep HISTORY II. Of a Canine Appetite A Maid about Thirty Years of Age of a Melancholy and somewhat Pensive Disposition accustomed to Salt Acid Sowre smoaked Meats of hard digestion for a whole Year was troubled with an insatiable hunger without Swooning All manner of Victuals she devoured most greedily but drank moderately after it when her Belly was full her hunger never ceased but was somewhat abated After eating she flung up all again which in a short time became so Sowre in her Stomach that the Sowre smell offended the standers by and the Maid her self confess'd that they came up sharper then juice of Limons After that Evacuation she fell to again and then again brought up what she had eaten and day and night she would have done nothing but eat and Vomit had not her Poverty enjoyned her a most troublesome and tedious abstinence in the mean time however she grew very Lean. I. THIS Distemper is called Canina Appetentia or a Cane or Dog-like Appetite Which is an unsatiable Hunger without swooning proceeding from an acid ill Temper of the Inferior Stomach wherein the Nourishment so greedily devoured is presently cast up again and then other Nourishment devoured without any abatement of Hunger II. It differs from a Bulimia for that there is a Prostration of the strength without Vomiting but many times with Swooning in the other there is Vomiting without any signal weakning of the Body III. The Ventricle of this Maid was affected especially in the lower Part. IV. The containing Cause is an acid and viscous Humor bred through the defect of the Spleen and infused in the Ventricle which vellicating the Ventricle with it's acidity causes an insatiable Appetite after all sorts of Nourishment to appease that Vellication Which Nourishment being infected by the Humors with the same acidity causes the Vellication to be more troublesome upon which great plenty of Spirits being determined to the Inferior Fibres of the Ventricle causes a Contraction of the lower Tunicles of the Ventricle and so by the help of the Muscles of the Abdomen a strong Expulsion of the Nourishment received which not being able to dissolve or eject the acid Humor still firmly impacted in the Tunicles of the Ventricle which is rather fomented by the Spleen it happens that the same raging Hunger still continues after Vomiting V. There is no Swooning in this case because there is no great consent between the lower Part of the Ventricle and the Heart and Brain VI. Because this Raging hunger accompany'd with Vomiting hinders due Nutrition and Atrophy and wast of the Natural strength is to be feared VII In the Cure the Body is osten to be Purged with Aloes Hiera Picra Infusion of Agaric and other bitter things and two or three Vomits with Leaves of Asarabacca VIII Then such things are to be prescrib'd which corroborate and cleanse the Ventricle and Spleen and promote Concoction by consuming the acid Crudities such as are prescribed against the Bulimia and the same Dyet must be observed HISTORY III. Of Difficult Concoction of the Ventricle A Certain Person Forty Years of Age accustomed to Salt Smoaked Acid Meats and of hard Digestion after he had struggled with a Quartain Intermitting Ague for Eight Months at length being freed from that slowly recovered strength because his Ventricle difficultly digested the nourishment which it received for that after Meals he was troubled with a great distention in the Region of the Ventricles and Hypochondriums which was eased sometimes by sending forth violent and loud Belches and the fewer of those he sent forth the more he was troubled Sometimes he did not belch at all and then he felt his Meat to fluctuate in his Stomach and the next day he threw it up raw and unconcocted with some relief of his trouble and so he remained free as long as his Stomach was empty but after feeding the same molestation returned His Urine was thick and pale with a copious sediment thick and palish No Fever could be perceived but his Pulse was weak and unequal and his natural strength decay'd I. HERE the Ventricles which performs the first Concoction and Chylification was infected which occasioned a difficult Concection of the Nourishment by the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 proceeding from a cold ill Temper of the Ventricle and chylifying Bowels II. Ehe Proximate Cause of this Evil is the unaptness of the Ferment to promote fermentaceous Concoction in the Ventricle by reason the subacid and saltish Particles of it are less fixed and not reduced to that fluxibility and tenuity as to penetrate the Particles of the Aliments stir up the Spirits latent therein and separate them from the thicker mass III. That defect of the Ferment is contracted through the depraved and over-cold disposition of the chylifying Bowels the Liver Spleen and Sweet-bread for which reason they do not sufficiently concoct the Ferment which is to be prepared nor reduce it to a due fluxibility and tenuity but make it over-fix'd and crude which being communicated to the whole Body begets Crudities 1. In the Blood which is therefore difficultly and unequally dilated in the Heart so that few and those thicker both Vital and Animal Spirits are generated whence a decay of Strength and dejection of the Mind 2. In the Salival Kernels of the Chaps and others of the Head where the fermentaceous falival Juice being bred raw and so falling into the Stomach becomes unfit to make a due Fermentation of the Nourishment And the same is to be said of all the other sermentaceous Juices flowing through the Choler-receiving and Pancreatic-Channel into the Duodenum and
drives the Chylus to the Breasts in Beasts See l. 1. c. 28 29. What is that something Analogous to the Rational Soul Whether Analogon be the same with the Rational Soul The said Analogon is the more excellent Spirit An Objection refuted The refutation The names 'T is a Muscle The Substance The Membranes The site and connexion The Holes Vessels It s Motion Whether the Situation of it be Natural or Animal The Pleura The Names It s duplicity The little Fibres Holes Its Vessels It s Original The Mediastinum It s Cavity Its Vessels It s Use. The Kernel under the Canel-Bone or Thymus Lactes Its Vessels It s Iuice Lymphatic Vessels It s Original Its Membranes It s Connexion Its Vessels The Liquor of the Pericardium It s Use. Whâ—… such it is iâ—… diseased Bodies The cause of the difference in Quantity The plenty of it does not cause Palpitation of the Heart The Names It is a principal Part. The Fuel of Heat It s Siâ—…ation It s Substance It s Fibres Whether the Heart be a Muscle It s Figure It s Bigness Its Coats It s Fat. Its Hairs It s 〈◊〉 Coronary Arteries Coronary Veins Nerves The Opinion of Descartes The Use of the Animal Spirits in the Heart The Dignity of the Heart Wounds of the Heart mortal A rare Observation 1. Whether the Heart is mov'd by the Animal Spirits Whether mov'd by the Dilatation of the Blood Whether 〈◊〉 part ly by the â—…ation of the Blood and partly by the animal Spirits Whether â—…ov'd by â—…n Ethereâ—…l Matter Whether mov'd by the Spirit of the Blood Whether mov'd by the Lungs The true Cause of the Heart's Motion Why the Heart of an Eel taken out of the Body beats Digression Dilatation When the Cavities are broâ—… est Vicious Motions The vse of the Pulse Circulation of the Blood First proof from the plenty of Blood The Second Proof from the Situation of the Valves The Third Proof from Ligature in Blood-letting The manner of Circulation Riolanus his manner The common manner The true manner of Circulation The Cause of Inflammations The vse of Circulation Whether the Chylus and the Serum circulate The Cause of vterine Fluxes The Parts of the Heart The little Ears Their number Their substance The Superficies Their Cavity Colour Motion Their vse The Ventricles Unnatural Things bred in the Ventricles Vessels The Right Ventricle The hollow Vein The Treble-pointed Valves The Pulmonaery Artery Sigmoid Valves The left Ventricle The Pulmonary Vein The Mitral Vâ—…ves The Aorta The Half-Moon Valves The Bone of the heart The Motion of the Blood in the Birth Double Unions of the Vessels The Oval Hole It s 〈◊〉 The other Union The Use of the Right Ventricle The Oval Hole is abolish'd in Children when born The Channel also closes up The Opinions of the Ancients concerning the Seat of the Soul in the Heart The Office of the Heart Glisson's New Opinion The Reply to Glisson's Opinion Whether any vivific Spirit be in the Blood A Similiâ—… The names It s Definition It s Substance Its Iuices A Doubt Double Spirits Vital Spirit Whether this Spirit be different from the Blood The Heas of the Blood The Temper of the Blood The quantity and quality of the Spirits various An Error concerning the Spirits An Error concerning Air. The Original of the Principles of the Blood The Chylus passing thro' the Heart ceases to be Chylus Whether the whole Chylus be chang'd into Blood The Proof of the former Opinion It s Refutation Wâ—… 〈◊〉 part of the Chylus may not be mixâ—…d with the Blood Whence the red Colour proceeds How the Parts are nourish'd by the Blood The Diversity of Figures The Nourishment from the Blood twofold The Degrees of Nutrition Four Things necessary to Nutrition Growth Stay of Growth Decay Whether Old Men grow shorter Two doubts Of the four Humors of the Blood Flegm Blood Choler Melancholy The four Humors are always in the Blood Whence the Temperaments of the Body proceed Phlegmatic Temperament 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Whether 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Spirits 〈◊〉 The Use of the Blood What Blood nourishes Charleton's contrary Opinion His Arguments The Refutation Whether the Lympha be nutritive Malpigius â—…is Observations aâ—…out refrigerated blood The Differences of the Blood The Definition It s Bigness It s Substance Preternatural things in the Lungs Observation The Cloathing Membrane The Colour The Colour in a Child before it is born The Division Their Division into little Lobes The Connexion Observation Several Observations The Vessels The rough Aâ—…tery The Pulmonary Vein and Artery Whether the Blood passes only through the Anastomoses The Bronchial Artery Lymphatic Vessels Nerves Office Respiration what It s End What kills People that are strangled Cause of Swooning in Stoves The necessity of Respiration How the Blood is cool'd Charleton's Error The new Opinion of Alexander Maurocordatus Whether the Lungs wheel about the Blood Malpigius his Opinion Thruston his Opinion The Conclusion The Secondary Use of the Lungs The Motion is passive Contrary Opinions The Refutation Whether the Lungs be mov'd by the Head The manner of Respiration What sort of Action it is It is an Animal Action An Objection Whether a man might live without Respiration Stories of of such as have liv'd long with out Breathing The Reason of what has been said It s Definition It s Situation It s Division Bronchia Bigness Substance The Rings Division Figure Vessels It s Bulk Substance Gristles The Scutiformis The Annular The Guttal The Epiglottis Muscles Common ones Hypothyroides The Proper Muscles The hinder Cricoartaenoides The Lateral Cricoartaenoides Thyro-Artaenoides The Ninth Muscle The Muscle of the Epiglottis The Kernels The Tonsillae Wharton his Error Parotides The Voice A Digression It s Situation It s Connexion Its Vessels It s Substance Kernels It s Usâ—… Cervix Epomis Shoulders Axilla or Arm-pitâ—… Iudgment of the Strength of a man's Body It s denomination It s Scituation It s Shape and Bigness The Division The Desinition The 〈◊〉 Why Women have no Beards The Place where they break forth Their Roots The Division They are Heterogeneous Bodies The Form The Efficient Cause The first Original The Diversity The reason of the Colours Why the Hair of the Head first grows grey Signs of the Temper of the Body The Materials of Hair The manner of its Generation Whether the Kernels afford Matter for the Hair 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Matter of Hair be aâ—… Excrement Objections The â—…lution Turning Grey of a sudden The Reason Whether Hairs be Parts of the Body An Observation Whether store of Hair contribute strength to the Body The Skin Fat Fleshy Pannicle The Pericranium The Periostium Bones Dura Meninx It s Holes Its Vessels It s Duplicature The 〈◊〉 or Scy the. The Cavities Torcular Hierophili The Use of the Cavities Whether any small Pipes in the Hollownesses Tenuis Meninx The Fells of the 〈◊〉 The Brain Whether the Brain be a Bowel or a real Kernel The formation of it The
Division of the Name The Bigness Whether immoderate Venery diminishes the Brain Whether Men or Women have most Brains The Shape The Substance The Colour and Softness The Fibers The Cortex and Pith or Marrow How the Matter of the Animal Spirit is separated from the Brain Whether the Shell be separable from the Marrow The Temper of the Brain Its Arteries Whether the Arteries enter the Substance of the Brain The Veins The Anastomoses of the Vessels Its Nerves It s Division It s Motion Whether the Brain move by its own proper motion The necessity of the said Motion What Organ it is The Seat of the Animal Faculties The Prâ—…minency of the Brain Snakes taken out of the Brain The Brawny Body The Lucid Septum Veins Ventricles The two upper Ventricles The Fornix The Choroid Fold It s Rise Progress It s Use. Slime or Snot The Progress of the superfluous Blood from the Fold Rolfinch's Mistake concerning the Cause of a Catarrh The third Ventricle The Buttocks The Testicles The Pineal Kernel Sand and Gravel in the Kernel The Use of this Kernel The Choroid Fold The Cerebel It s 〈◊〉 It s 〈◊〉 It s Substance 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Vermicular Processes Varolius's Bridge The Cistern Where the Seat of the Memory Its Parts The fourth Ventricle Calamus Scriptorius The long Marrow The difference between this and the Marrow of the Bones It s Motiâ—…n It s Substance Its Vessels The Coverings 〈◊〉 Division It s Cavity The Coverings The Mamillary Processes Their Number Their Original Little Pipes The Channels for the Flegm Their Coats The Use of them Not Odoratory Nerves Nerves within the Cranium The seven Pairs The first Pair Optic Their Coats The Course or Substance of the Strings The Pituitary Kernel Its Vessels It s Situation It s Substance It s Divison It s Bigness The second Pair moving the Eyes The Third Pair The fourth Pair serving to the Taste The fifth Pair serving to the Hearing The Vagous Pair The Turn-again Nerves The intercostal Fold The Mesenteric Folds Why the Bowels have their Nerves from the 6th Pair The 7th Pair moving the Tongue Whether these nervs differ from others in substance and composition The Office of the Brain The Action of the Brain Whether generated in the Cavities of the Falx Whether generated in the Pineal Kernel Whether generated in the Choroid Fold Whether generated in the exterior Arteries Whether generated in the Substance it self of the Brain Two Objections The Cause of the Motion of the Brain The Reason of the Apoplexy The second Objection answered The Definition of Spirits The Opinion of Glisson concerning the Matter The Opinion of Cartesius The Matter out of which the Animal Spirits are generated Whether Air concurs with the Matter The separation of the Spirituous salt part The separation of the salt part from the sulphury Affinity of Particles The separation of the Spirituous from the thick part The diversity of Spirits in thinness thickness The Passage thro' the Pores of the Nerves Why these Spirits do 〈◊〉 corrode by reason of their Acrimony The Difference between the Animal Vital Spirits The twofold Use of these Spirits Objection What these Spirits contribute to nourishment The progress of Nutrition The Parts of the Face The Forehead The Muscles of the forehead Muscles of the hinder part of the Head The Number The Figure Their Colour The Bigness Their Consent The Light of the Eye Whether diseas'd Eyes be contagious No Inquinations issue from the Eyes Two sorts of parts of the eyes The Orbits The Figure and Largeness The Coats Their holes A Sign of the French Disease The Eye-lids The Vessels Muscles The Ciliar Muscle What is 〈◊〉 Motion Observations taken from the Eye-brows Canthi The inner Canthus The Cilia The Lachrymal Points The Eye-brows â—… Tears in Sadness In the Murr and Sneezing In Laughter Onyons Mustard c. From Pain in the Eye Whenee the great quantity of Tears Why Men in great Sadness cannot weep Wherefore only Man weeps The Arteries Veins Muscles Their Original The Innominate Tunicle The upper Muscle The Humble Muscle The Bibitory Muscle The Indignabund The first Oblique Muscle The second Oblique Muscle The Trochlear A seventh Muscle in Brutes The Nerves Why the Eyes move together The Adnate Tunicle The reason of an Ophthalmy The Innominate Tunicle â—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Oxen. Proper Membranes Sclâ—…rotic The Choroides The Colours of it The Iris. The Apple of the Eye The Ciliar Ligament The Retina The Humors of the Eye The Watry 〈◊〉 The heaâ—… of iâ—… Whether a Part of the Body Whether an Excrement The use of the watry Humor The Vitreous Humor The Vitreous Tunicle It s use The Crystalline Humor The Cobweb Tuni cle The use of the Crystalline Humor Whether Parts of the Body Whether these Humors are sensible The Action of the Eye Definition of Sight The Organ of Hearing Their Number Their Magnitude and Figure Helix Anthelix Tragus Antitragus Alvearium Concha Indications The Parts of the Ear. The Gristle The Muscles The Vessels The Parotid Glands The inner Organ of Hearing The Auditory Passage Ear-wax The Bee-hive The Membrane of the Drum It s Rise It s Connexion The String It s 〈◊〉 It 's Muscles The use of the Membrane The Tympanum or Drum The four little Bones By whom discover'd The Hammer The Anvil The Stirrup The Orbicular Bone The passage from the Tympanum to the Iaws An Observation The Holes The Oval-Window The Round Window The Labyrinth The Cochlea The Innate-Air Veâ—…ls Nerveâ—… Use. The Definition Whether Hearing be an Action Soâ—… The Generation of Sound Differences of Sound The Organ of smelling The Description of the Nose Figure and Bigness It s Skin Bones Spungy Bones The Use of the spongy Bones Filling of the Nose Gristles Muscles The Nostrils The inner Membrane Vessels conveighing Blood Lymphatics Nerves The definition of Smelling Scent Whether Smells are Substances The efficient Cause of Smells Difference of Odors The Organ of Smelling Whether by the Nerves Whether by the Papillary Process Whether in the Membranes The true Organ of Smelling The Medium of Smelling The manner of Smelling Smelling is only in breathing Creatures Why a Scent is grateful or ingrateful The Cheeâ—…s The Apple of the face The Bucca The Lips Pro labiae Mentum or the Chin. The Substance of the Lips The Vessels The Use. The Mouth The Use. Common Muscles The square Muscle The Buccinator Muscles proper to the Lips The Muscles of the lower Iaw The Temple Muscle The Digastric The First Mansory The second Mansory The external Wing-like The Gums The Palate It s Use The Uvula It s Use. The 〈◊〉 The Use. The Hyoides-Bone Muscles The Shape It s Substance The Exterior Membrane The seâ—…undary Use. The glutinous substance The Paplike-Body Fibers The Motion of the Tongue No Kernel The Connexion Its Vessels Nerves The Epigloits The Tonsils Its Muscles Genioglossum Ceratoglossum Myloglossum The little Kernels The Spittle Channels under
Opinion that the Chylus is not always white but that from red Nourishment it becomes red from green green But herein they mistake for were it not white of it self it never would be found always white in the Milky Vessels of the Mesentery and Breast but we should also meet with red green or any other Colour which was never yet observ'd by any Person True it is that frequently it appears sometimes more sometimes less serous and thin in the pectoral Chanel of the Chylus according as there is more or less of the Lymphatic Juice which flows in great quantity from all parts into the Chyle-bearing Bag which Limpid Juice when there is no Chyle continually and leisurely flows alone through that Chanel nevertheless the Chyle that appears in those Milky ways is never seen to be of any other Colour than white XXXIV Therefore tho' the whitish Colour of it may be something darken'd in the Ventricle and Intestins by many other thick Particles of the Nourishment tinctur'd with green red or any other Colour and intermix'd with it in such a manner that the Mixture cannot be discern'd it does not thence follow that the Chylus of it self has any other Colour than white For tho' in green Herbs the white or rather pellucid Colour of the spirituous and watery Parts be not apparent to the sight it follows not from thence that the spiritous and watry part of those Herbs is of a green Colour for if the separation be made by distillation it presently appears pellucid And so it is with the Chylus for being separated from the Mass which is tinctur'd with any more cloudy Colour mix'd with the acid Ferment of the Pancrâ—…as or Sweetbread it never appears of anâ—… other Colour than white XXXV But because Chylification cannot go forward unless the Nourishment be swallowed into the Stomach it will not be amiss before we prosecute any farther the History of Chylification first to inquire into the cause of Hunger that so we may more easily attain to the more perfect knowledge of Chylification XXXVI What Hunger is there is no man but can readily give an account that is to say a desire of Food But what it is that provokes that desire and is the occasion of it has been variously disputed among the Philosophers XXXVII Anciently they held that it proceeded from the attraction or sucking of the emptied Parts and that the first emptied Parts suck'd it from the Veins the Veins from the Liver the Liver from the Stomach endu'd with a peculiar sucking Quality which act of sucking they thought occasioned that trouble which we call Hunger But this Opinion is now adays utterly exploded First for that according to this Opinion plethoric Persons would never be hungry Secondly because there can be no such attâ—…action by the emptied Parts through the Veins from the Liver by reason of the little Lappets or Folding-doors that hinder it XXXVIII Others observing that acid things create Hunger believ'd it to be occasion'd by the acid Iuices carried from the Spleen through the Vas breve to the Ventricle But this Opinion Modern Anatomy more curious has utterly destroy'd demonstrating in living Animals that the Blood descends through that Vessel from the Stomach toward the Spleen and so empties it self into the Splenic Branch but that nothing flows a contrary Course from the Spleen to the Stomach XXXIX Many there are of which number Regius who affirms that Hunger is occasion'd by the biting of the emptied Ventricle by certain sharp and hot Iuices continually forc'd through the Arteries into the Ventricle or its Tunicles which after the Expulsion of the Chylus not knowing what to gnaw upon prick the Ventricle whereby the Nerve of the sixth Pair being mov'd within it after a certain manner excites an Imagination of taking Nourishment for the relief of that pricking But this Opinion is from hence confuted for that the Blood of the Arteries by reason of the Dominion of the Sulphury Particles is by no means sowre but smooth soft and sweet so that it neither does nor can cause any troublesome pricking or corrosion neither in the Tunicles of the Ventricle nor of any other Parts tho' of most exquisite Sense as the Adnate or Conjunctive Tunicle of the Eye the Nut of the Yard c. Besides it would hence follow That by how much the more of this Arterious Blood is thrust forward to the emptied Stomach so much the more hungry a man would be but the Contrary is apparent in burning Fevers that such as in health have fasted two days together are no more a hungry whereas their Stomach is clearly emptied and the Blood continually flowing through the Arteries into the Stomach Then if Hunger should be provok'd by that Corrosion why does not that hungry Corrosion happen in such People We were about forty of us one time travelling together in our Return out of France at what time being becalm'd at Sea so that there was a necessity for us to tarry longer than we expected all our Provision Water and other Drink being near spent so that at length we were constrain'd to fast the third day not having a crumb of Bread nor a draught of Drink to help our selves but after we had fasted half a day or a little more there was not one that perceiv'd himself a hungry so that the third day was no other way troublesome to us but that it weak'ned us and made us faint Neither did the Arterious Blood occasion any hungry Corrosion in our empty Stomachs And thus not only Reason but also Experience utterly overthrows the aforesaid Opinion And therefore Ludovicus de la Forge vainly invents a way for this Arterious fermentative Liquor from the Arteries to the Stomach in Annot. ad Cartesii lib. de Hom where saith he It may be here question'd why that Liquor i. e. the Fermentative is carried through the Arteries to the Stomach and Ventricle rather than to other Parts To which I answer That the Arteries conveigh it equally to all Parts but the Pores of all the Membranes are not so convenient to give it passage as the Pores of the Ventricle Now that this feign'd Subterfuge is of no moment appears from hence That in the Membrances of the Brain and many others whose Pores are so convenient that the Blood may be able to flow in greater quantity through them than is convey'd to the Stomach yet there is neither any Corrosion or Vellication of the Part. Some that they may defend this Corrosion the better say That the Blood which is conveighed or flows to the Stomach is sharper than that which is conveighed to any other Part. But this no way coheres with Truth because all the Blood is one and the same which is sent out of the Heart to all the Parts of the whole Body nor is there any thing to separate the sharp from the milder Particles or thrusts 'em forward to these rather than to those Parts XL.
Others lastly to whose Opinion we think fit to subscribe assert that Hunger is occasioned by certain acid fermentative Particles bred out of the Spittle swallowed down and some others somewhat Salt or indigested Acids adhering to the Tunicles of the Ventricle and by that drawn to some kind of Acidity or remaining in it after the Expulsion of the Chylus stitching to the inner wrinkl'd Membrane especially about the upper Orifice and a Vellication troublesome to the Stomach which being communicated by the Nerves of the sixth Pair to the Brain thereby an Imagination of Eating is excited to appease the troublesom Corrosion XLI This Acrimonie is infused into those fermentative Particles by the Stomach when the sulphurous Parts are jumbl'd in the Iuices that stick to the inner Tunicle and the Salts are melted by the convenient Heat of the Ventricle to a degree of Fusion and so they turn Acid after a Specific Manner To which purpose the swallowed Spittle descending to the Stomach may be very prevalent for this hath a fermentative Quality in it self as we shall shew ye l. 3. c. 24. and to the same effect may also conduce the subacid Pancreatic or Sweetbread Juice being infused into the Duodenum if any Part of it shall rise toward the Stomach or shall transmit any acid Vapors or Exhalations from the Intestin to it XLII Here some Object and say if this be the Cause of Hunger then when the Stomach is full and Concoction and Fermentation are both busily employ'd Men would be most Hungry for then many more acid and fermentaceous Particles are called forth to their Work which must of Necessity pull and tear the Ventricle much more than the few before mentioned 'T is deny'd For the Particles to be fermented and fermented that is dissolv'd will be more but not the Fermentaceous or Particles dissolving Of which we have an Example in Leven'd Bread whose single Parts have no power to ferment another Mass of Flower because the acid Particles are no longer predominant but the Sulphureous as appears by the sweetness of the tast And so long as that prevalency of the sulphury Particles continues in the dissolv'd Particles so long they cannot become Acid or Fermentaceous for Sulphur is Sweet As appears in Fevers wherein acid Medicins are generally most plentifully prescrib'd for the subduing of the sulphury Predominancy And restoring the convenient fermentaceous Quality For when the Prevalency of the sulphureous Particles is overpowered by the Force of the salt Acids then comes the fermentaceous Acidity to be introduâ—…d So that there are not more acid sharp and corroding Particles in the full Ventricle concocting the Food or if there be they are so stain'd by the copious Liquor intermixt so that they can occasion no troublesom Vellication to the Stomach by which means the Hunger cannot be greater at that time but rather ceases altogether But when the Ghylus and with that the dissolv'd sulphureous Particles intermixt with the salt are gone off to the Intestins then the Remainder that sticks to the inner Tunicle of the Ventricle or is carried thither with the spittly Juice as being freed for the most part from the redundancy of sulphurous Particles grows sowre through the heat of the Ventricle and so begins to tear again and renews the Appetite which ceases again when that Acidity comes to be retemper'd by the Meat and Drink thrown into the Stomach and its Acrimony comes to be mitigated and blunted XLIII But if these fermentaceous Iuices are not only not moderated in the Stomach but that through some defect of the Liver Sweetbread or other Parts over sharp Humors are too abundantly bred in the Body or flow from the Head or some inferior Parts into the Stomach in so great a Quantity that their Acrimonie cannot be sufficiently tam'd and temper'd by the swallowed Food then happens that preternatural Hunger which we call Canine with which they who are troubl'd often vomit up undigested Meat together with sowre Iuices like the Iuice of Limon as they themselves confess and by reason of the gnawing Acrimony occasioned by the extream viscousness of the Humors remaining in the Ventricle presently become hungry again and fall to eat But if the fermentaceous Particles are in themselves very viscous or thicker and of a slower Motion then they require a longer time to elevate themselves and excite Hunger which chiefly happens when the acid Spirits less abound in the whole Body and consequently in the Spittle and that viscous Humor that sticks to the inner Tunicle of the Stomach XLIV Sometimes also it happens that Hunger is frequently diminished when bitter Choler ascends in too great Quantity into the Stomach as in cholerick Men in the Iaundise and several sorts of Fevers and therein by its Mixture corrupts not only the fermentaceous Relicks of the Nourishment remaining in the Stomach after the Expulsion of the Chyle but also the Spittle that flows to it The more remote Causes of lessening the Appetite are various as excess of Sleep and Laziness excess of Care and looseness of the Belly c. Overmuch Sleep and too much sitting still for that for want of sufficient Exercise of the Body the Humors also are not sufficiently stirr'd nor are the acid Particles conveniently separated from the Viscous so that they cannot be sufficiently roused up to Action In extraordinary Cares of the Mind hunger is not perceiv'd because the Thoughts are otherwise employ'd And as for loosness of the Belly 't is a certain Truth that the Ferment is vitiated XLV Now these fermentaceous Particles that excite Hunger as appears by what has bin said are acid or somewhat acid and are the same that promote the Conoction of the Stomach and ferment and dissolve the swallowed Nourishment Hence it is that Acids moderately taken increase the Appetite and cause a better Concoction of the Stomach Of which we have an Experiment besides our daily Experience in our Seamen who make long Voyages to the Indies For having fed upon thick and hard Meats for a long time hence it comes to pass that their Appetites are deprav'd and their Concoctions but weak which breeds a Scorbutic ill Habit of Body But when they come to Islands or Countries where they meet with plenty of Limons and other acid Fruits presently their Appetite is restored and all the concoctive Faculties that languished before are renewed together with their Strength through the said acidity and so in a short time they recover their former Health Therefore to keep the Seamen in Health in those long and tedious Voyages the Masters of Vessels are wont to carry along with 'em a certain Quantity of Citron Juice which they distribute now and then among the Mariners when they find their Stomachs begin to fail ' em XLVI Acid therefore are those fermentaceous Particles which excite Hunger which if they be wanting in the Stomach the Appetite fails nor can the Chylification be perfected but the Meat