the Cutaneous Glands assumeth a psorous disposition and after breaketh out into wheals into the Cutaneous Glands where it being stagnant is not able on the one side to be discharged outwardly through the Excretory Ducts of the Skin nor inwardly to be received on the other into the extreamities of the Veins so that by its long deteinment in the Papillary Glands the extravasated Liquor doth not only assume a psorous Indisposition but also a vitriolic corrosive quality whence arise divers asperities of the Skin This Ferment acquireth a Septick Indisposition by a long stagnancy in the Cutaneous Glands producing a Leprous Scurf caused by various eruptions of this depraved Matter breaking out into Wheals or Pimples rendring the amiable surface of the Body unpleasant to the Eye proceeding from a matter putrescent in the ambient parts of the Body where in a long Stagnation it acquireth a kind of septic quality corroding the Skin and neighbouring fleshy parts affecting them with the horrid diseases of Leprous Scurfs and Cancerous Ulcers which move a great compassion in the condoling Spectator And not only this irksome disease of the Itch springeth from an intrinsick Cause the depraved quality of the Glandulous Liquor derived from the Stagnation of it and from the impurities of the Blood imparted to it in motion but also from an outward procatartick cause by Contagion wherein the secret miasmes are most readily conveighed from some Diseased Person through the Pores of the Skin of one Person to the Pores of another thereby infecting the Glandulous Liquor lodged near the surface of the Body This psorous Disease is imparted by contagion from subtle parts streaming out of the Body and making the like impressions in another as being received into the Pores of the Skin And this virulent Infection derived from ichorous Pimples is most easily communicated from body to body by the quick operation of the Contagious Ferment consisting in subtle Particles always streaming out of the Body and by the indisposition of the Glandulous Liquor receptive of these infectious steams proceeding from a neighbouring diseased Body making the like impressions in another in which the Liquor of the Cutaneous Glands being made up of Nervous and Serous Liquor flowing from the Nerves and Arteries is compounded of different subtle Particles very obnoxious to Fermentation So that the active Effluvia of this Contagious Distemper do freely insinuate themselves through the minute meatus of the Exterior Skin into the Cutaneous Glands and from thence received into the lesser and greater Venous Tubes and into the right Cistern of the Heart and then through the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart and afterward impelled through greater and lesser arterial Channels into all the parts of the Body and therein imparting from the Center to the Circumference this nasty contagious Ferment with the Blood into the Cutaneous Glands where the infected Serous and Nutritious Liquor is secerned from the more pure parts of the Blood and emitted through the Excretory Vessels to the surface of the inward Skin and one Particle crowding another forward do raise up the outward Skin into Pustles full of purulent Matter which being Concreted is turned into numerous Scabs Lastly The Leprosie is a Cutaneous Disease proceeding from a Mass of Blood highly corrupted with virulent Miasmes and Acide Saline and Sulphureous Particles which though moving in association with the Vital Liquor yet cannot be so far subdued as broke into small Particles and volatilized by frequent Circulations that these Acide Saline and Sulphureous Atomes might be assimilated into Blood whereupon the Heart being highly aggrieved with these Recrements impelleth them with the Purple Liquor into the substance of the Cutaneous Glands wherein the Serous are secerned from the Alimentary Particles of the Blood which is returned by the Veins and the watry impraegnated with degenerated Saline and Sulphureous parts are conveyed by the Excretory Ducts to the surface of the â—kin where the most Liquid parts of these Recrements being evaporated the acide saline do Coagulate like Tarter incrusting the Skin which being rubb'd or scratch'd the concreted saline parts fall off like scales of Fish and the serous parts ouse out of the Skin which being dried up thereupon follow new saline accretions casing the Skin with another Crust CHAP. VII Of the Cure of Cutaneous Diseases HAving Treated of the Pathology of the Skin it may seem Methodical to say somewhat of the Cures belonging to Cutaneous Diseases among which the Measles and Small Pox lead the Van which are different Disaffections in reference to their several Aspects as various Tumours and as proceeding from divers Causes the one beginning in redness and driness disappearing in a Roughness the other commencing in Red Pimples grow after wards greater and come by degrees to Maturation appearing in numerous white Heads of small Tumours which at last determine in dry Scabs These Diseases of Measles and Small Pox though different upon many accounts yet they are both attended with Cures much alike in many cases both in a slender and temper Diet and the administration of gentle Cordials If Nature be slow in throwing out the matter of the Diseases from the Center to the Circumference by Arterial Trunks Branches and Capillaries into the small Cutaneous Glands and from thence by Excretory Vessels Dyarrhaeas and Disenteries are to be suppressed in the Measles and Small Pox and by gentle Astringent Cordial Medicines throwing out the Matter from the inward to the outward parts into the surface of the Body And in both Diseases a violent Looseness and Bloody-Flux gentle Cordials are to be advised to suppress these irregular motions which pervert the proper Course of Nature in diverting the matter of the Diseases from the surface of the Body to the inward Recesses wherefore upon this account quiet Diaphoreticks are to be mixed with Astringents at once to check the irregular and promote the regular motion of the disaffected Humours the Causes of these Diseases In the greatest Cases that can happen in these Diseases wherein they are accompanied with internal Inflammations of the Lungs in a Perikneumonia of the Plura in a Plurisie of the Membranes of the Brain in a Phrenitis of the Diaphragme in a Paruphrenitis or of the Muscles of the Larynx in a Quinsie or in any other internal Inflammation a Vein is to be opened that the most urgent and eminent Disease may be first opposed A Vein is to be opened in the Measles and Small Pox when they are accompanied with dangerous Inflammations of the inward and noble parts which will prove fatal without dispute if the Patient be not speedily relieved by Blood letting which will much advance the eruption of the Matter offending in the Measles and Small Pox wherein the sick Person being of a Plethorick Constitution is oppressed with an exuberant Mass of Blood highly obstructing the free motion of it and the Succus Nutricius in association with it
the Fleshy parts of the whole Body which is more rare upon which a strong compression being made by the Fingers a dent is remanent in the Muscular parts by forcing the Vessels inward whence they are lodged more close to each other by squeezing the serous Recrements into some neighbouring parts The Ancient and some Modern Physitians assigne the cause of an Anasarca to the fault of the Liver to its cold Temper producing a pituitous Mass of Blood which supposeth the Liver to be the instrument of Sanguification an opinion repugnant to the Laws of Anatomy and to the aeconomy of Nature because no Lacteal Vessels can be discovered by the most Curious and Industrious late Anatomists that import Chyle into the Liver in order to its greater refinement and assimilation into good Blood Whereupon I conceive it more reasonable to assign another use to the Liver The use of the Liver is to be a Colatory of the Blood to be a Colatory of the Blood which is effected by making a secretion of Bilious Humours in its numerous small Glands from whence it is transmitted by many Excretory Channels into the Hepatic Ducts and bladder of Gall as into greater Cisterns In opposition to this Opinion of laying the blame upon the Liver in the production of a Leucophlegmatia it may be Objected That many have Died in whom being opened the Liver hath appeared to be very good Aretaeus is of a different sense from the former Physitians who doth attribute the cause of an Anasarca not to the cold Constitution of the Liver but to the Colliquation of Humours which must arise from a great heat Colliquating the parts of the Body which seemeth to oppose Experience Because Persons labouring for the most part with a Dropsie have but a faint natural heat depressed by a multitude of pituitous and serous Recrements which are the antecedent Causes when moving in the Vessels and the Continents when impelled out of the Arteries and lodged in the Spaces passing between the numerous Vessels As to the Primitive and Procatartick Causes of an Anasarca which differ from evident Causes by reason the Procatartick suppose an internal indisposition of Humours Procatartick causes suppose an indisposition of the Body which the Evident do not proceeding often from a Luxurious Diet from the immoderate gratifying our Appetite in frequent and full Glasses of Wine and variety of Dishes Garnished with well fed Flesh and the eating of Meat hard of Digestion or by receiving new Aliment before the former is Concocted which do produce an ill digested Chyle the Materia substrata of a pituitous Blood perverting its aeconomy and Constitution by rendring it full of fixed Saline and Sulphureous parts by reason an unassimilated Chyle doth vitiate the Fermentation of the Blood and depress its Spirituous Particles and renders its first Elements gross and unactive productive of watry Humours the fore-runners of an Anasarca Whereupon the Causes of this Disease are divers An Anasarca differeth from an Ascitis in the parts affected First An abundance of watry Humours settled in the habit of the Body and differeth from an Ascitis in the parts affected by reason the Tumour in an Ascitis is produced by a quantity of serous Recrements parted from the Blood and lodged in the capacity of the Belly and a Leucophlegmatia is a Swelling arising from the same Humours seated in the empty Spaces of the fleshy parts Another Cause as I humbly conceive may proceed from a crude Chyle Crude Chyle a cause of an Anasarca extracted either out of a great quantity or from gross Meats hard of Concoction or from a languid natural heat or from ill ferments of the Stomach whereupon the Alimentary Liquor groweth gross as indigested which is transmitted through the Intestines Lacteal and Thoracie Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where it runneth confused with the Blood as unfit to be turned into good Blood and being impelled by a long progress out of the Crural Arteries into the Thighs and Legs and by the Axyllaries into the Arms and Hands doth stagnate in the Interstices of the Muscles relating to the lower and upper Limbs whence they grow Extended above their natural Dimensions which may in some sort be produced by the crude Chyme which cannot be received into the small Extreamities of the Veins A third Cause of an Anasarca Gross serous Humours may be a cause of an Anasarca may be deduced from the grossness of the Serous and Chrystalline parts of the Blood which are rendred unactive and apt to be Condensed by the unnatural heat of the Blood whereupon it is very probable that this Transparent Humour being thickned as torrefied by the Blood is not readily admitted into the small Orifices of the Veins whence the substance of the Muscular parts may be swelled by a superabundance of serous Particles having lost their Circular Motion as not being associated with the Purple Liquor Whereupon The causes of an Anasarca do proceed A laesa Sanguificatione as I conceive all the Causes of an Anasarca do flow A laesâ— Sanguificatione Either because the serous Particles of the Blood are not conveyed by the Emulgent Arteries into the Glands of the Kidneys or not separated and discharged through the Carunculae Papillares into the Pelvis and Ureters Or else because the indigested Chyle is transmitted through the Lacteal and Thoracic Ducts into the Mass of Blood when the decaied parts of the Blood consisting of gross Saline and Sulphureous Particles being put into a Fermentation are confederated with the most Spirituous and Volatil whereupon they work upon the similar parts of the Chyme in order to the production of the more generous Liquor of Blood which being not well Elaborated in their first rudiment in the Stomach are not easily assimilated into the Blood Crude Chyle is not easily assimilated into Blood so that the more gross Recrements do lose their Motion in their passage between the Vessels and thereby do swell the habit of the fleshy parts by enlarging the empty spaces of the Veins Arteries and Nerves stuffed up sometimes by watry sometimes by gross Chymous and other times by thick serous Chrystalline parts And all these Errors produce a depraved Mass of Blood and thereby vitiate the Succus Nutricius transmitted into it out of the Extreamities of the Nerves whence the Vital Liquor is much dispirited as consisting of the depressed Particles of gross Salt and Sulphur the principles of an ill qualified Mass of Blood And because the chief antecedent Cause of an Anasarca is the ill Fermentation of the Purple Liquor I will first describe the true nature of Blood and then give an account of a Leucophlegmatia flowing from an ill Sanguification The Mass of Blood in its natural Capacity The Mass of Blood is composed of many parts is composed of a Red Crassament Chrystalline Nervous and Limphatick Liquors and Chyle the Materia Substrata of Purple Juice passing confused in the Vessels
a close to her most painful and miserable Life In Ulcered Cancers Cooling and Drying Medicines are to be applied in Ulcered Cancerss Caustick Medicines give great pains and can no ways Cure the Patient therefore it is best to apply Cooling or at least temperate Drying Medicines that give ease and keep the Sore clean and sweet that the Patient may spin out the Thread of Life with as little pain as possible In Cancers not Ulcered it is most safe to flie to Chyrurgeons as to a Sanctuary to Cut out the Cancerous Tumour in a Fleshy part if it be not too deeply rooted near some eminent Vessels which may endanger Life in a great Flux of Blood CHAP. XXVI Of a Rheumatism THe Muscles are obnoxious to another vexatious Disease that giveth a high discomposure to the Patient in violent Pains a Rhematism Nervous and Membranous Fibres relating to the Muscles are the subjects of a Rheumatism that hath for its remote subject the Fleshy part of the Body not much concerned as composed of various Tubes of Arteries Veins and Lymphaeducts but are framed of Nervous and Membranous Fibres which are the parts chiefly affected in this Disease as the great Ministers of Sensation The Muscular parts of the lower Limbs The Muscles of the lower Limbs are most liable to a Rheumatism are most oppressed with a Rheumatism because the Blood enraged with Salt Particles is propelled downward by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Iliack Artery into the Thighs Legs and Feet as most distant from the Noble parts which Nature is ambitious to preserve This troublesome Disaffection Rheumatisms have Types and Periods is not Afflictive perpetually after one manner by reason it doth not take one constant Course but hath its Types and Periods its Exacerbations and Remissions more gentle and more violent pains and seldom hath in the beginning any eminent Swelling which is more frequent about the state or declination of the Disease and is caused by the sharp Particles of the Blood transmitted into the empty Spaces of the Muscles where they being lodged give great Alleviation of pain to the discomposed Patient The subject of a Rheumatism is not the same with that of a Joint Gout The fine Coats encircling the body and heads of the Bones constituting the Joints but the various Membrane the fine contextures of Nervous Filaments immuring the body of every Muscle and many Nervous and Tendinous Fibres branched through the whole substance of the Muscles so that these Membranous and Fibrous parts as consisting of many Nervous Filaments are the parts affected in a Rheumatism as instruments of acute Sense whence they are rendred capable of pain produced by the unnatural Fermentative Elements of Vital and Nervous Liquor The main matter of Rheumatism is the Blood The matter of a Rheumatism is Blood made up of Fermentative Particles which is impelled into various Muscular parts by several Arterial Branches whence arise those wandring pains that torment now one then another part as afflicted with Fermentative unkindly Blood making several gesses through the Muscular parts relating to the whole Body Whereupon the Blood consisting of Heterogeneous and unnatural Elements doth give a disturbance to the Sensitive parts which are not liable to Suppuration because the Acid and Saline parts do preserve the Blood from Putrefaction and an Inflammation happening in a Rheumatism is not the Disease but a Symptome of it flowing from a source of Blood settled in the empty Spaces of the Muscles and the nature of this disaffection is founded in most irksome vellications of Nerves tortured with Acid and Saline Particles It may be worth our enquiry What parts of the Blood are most concerned in a Rheumatism whether the Chrystalline or Red Crassaments are most active in the Production of it To which I make bold to give this Reply That the Serous Particles and not the other are a great Cause of this Disease The serous parts of the Blood are most concerned in a Rheumatism as acted with sharp and Saline Atomes which do highly disquiet the Nervous Filaments and as I apprehend the Nervous Liquor doth claim a share in the production of this Distemper as it is disaffected with Acid Atomes which being in conjunction with the Serous parts of the Blood as they both concur to Nutrition do assault the tender frame of of Nervous Filaments and vehemently prick them Whereupon The pituitous Matter is not the cause of a Rheumatism I humbly conceive that pituitous Matter or indigested Chyme is not the matter of a Rheumatism but of an Oedematous Tumour as being of too soft an ingeny to produce such a churlish and angry Disease speaking so great a torment to the Nervous Filaments no way agreeable to the more mild nature of the Chyle holding great analogy with the temper of Milk which sweetneth and not enrageth and being associated with the Mass of Blood giveth rather an allay then raiseth an unkindly Fermentation proceeding from Acid and Saline Atomes chiefly resident in the serous parts of the Blood The best account as I conceive as most agreeable to Sense and Reason is Mechanical fetched from the principles of Nature Chymically described constituting the Mass of Blood which being unnaturally Heterogeneous in a Cachexy do cause extraordinary Ebullitions highly afflicting the parts of the Body through which it passeth whereupon the main Ingredients of this Disease are Salts of different dispositions Different kinds of Salts the causes of a Rheumatism residing in the Mass of Blood and making great Effervescences when they endeavour to enter into a mutual association which is intended by Nature for each others Interest and Perfection because the end of these sharp Encounters is to refine each other and by subduing their Dissimilar Natures to become nearer akin to each other by a harmony of Temper in which they being Assimilated do leave their hostile disputes and kindly entertain each other in an amicable Converse And those different Saline Principles which have so stubborn and uncompliant disposition that are not capable to be reconciled by being made Similar by natural Effervescences Acids and Alkalies makâ— great Ebullitions Nature turneth out of Doors as disserviceable to the Body by several Excretory Vessels terminating in the Intestines Bladder or Ambient parts These various Saline Elements are fixed as Alkalies and Lixivial Salts and being highly indisposed in different Tempers and meeting with exalted Acids do produce extravagant Fermentations The Mass of Blood and Nervous Liquor resemble the different Elements of Vegetables as Oil of Sulphur poured upon Oil of Tartar or any other Acids mixed with Volatil or fixed Salts do cause great Ebullitions And the Mass of Blood and Nervous Liquor being made up of different Elements of disaffected Acids and Alkalies of unkindly Volatil and fixed Salts do hold a great Analogy with the Fermentations flowing from the mixture of Spirit of Vitriol and Tartar which entring into disputes
with each other do produce fierce Ebullitions and they insinuate themselves in order to Nutrition into the pores of Membranes and Nervous Filaments which being of acute Sensation are highly irritated and enraged by different Elements fretting and gauling their most tender Compage productive of tormenting Agonies Nutrition is performed by various Liquors and most racking pains in a Rheumatism To render this Hypothesis more clear I will speak somewhat of the manner of Nutrition as more conducive to the better understanding of it which is accomplished by various Liquors the one is the more mild part of the Blood which much resembleth the Albuminous Juice of an Egg and will Coagulate lâ—ke it when held over the Fire in a Spoon Another Liquor is that of the Brain transmitted between the many Filaments of Nerves into all parts of the Body These two Liquors of several Families and Dispositions associating in the habit of the Body wherein they being severed from the Red Crassament are transmitted into the Pores of numerous Vessels integrating the Muscular parts and these Chrystalline and Nervous Liquors being of a clammy nature do easily admit an accretion and assimilate with the substance of the Muscles when conveyed into their innumerable Pores Heterogeneous principles make great Fermentation in the Body Whereupon these various Juices consisting of Heterogeneous principles of Acids and Alkalies of Volatil and fixed Salts which being highly indisposed and embodied in ill habits of Body do raise great Tumults and Ebullitions in different Liquors endued with disagreeing Tempers which being compounded of fierce Salts and Acids highly disputing each other and being Extravasated in the Interstices of the Vessels into whose numerous Pores they are immitted in order to Accretion and Assimilation with the substance of the Fleshy parts So that the Nerves being Systems of many Filaments are most highly aggrieved and tormented with Vellications in a Rheumatism produced by enraged Fermentative Atomes of various furious Salts and Acids relating to the serous parts of the Blood and Animal Liquor endeavouring in the empty Spaces of the Vessels to unite and incorporate with the substance of the most delicate parts of Body the subject of Sensation Whence may easily be inferred The antecedent cause of a Rheumatism proceedeth from Humours in the Vessels what are the antecedent and continent Causes of a Rheumatism the one being In fieri the other in factu esse The antecedent relateth to the serous parts of the Blood and Nervous Liquor immitted into it by the Termination of the Nerves discomposed by tumultuary Alkalies and Acids raising high Ebullitions in different Juices while they are immured within the confines of the Vessels The continent cause of a Rheumatism obtaineth the same Matter with the antecedent and differeth in the parts affected and both agree as being derived from divers Salts the one fixed the other brought to a Fluor and so turneth Acid and they are Discriminated by reason the Antecedent cause flowing from various fixed Saline and Acid Elements embodied in the Mass of Blood are contained and circulate in the Arteries and Veins and the Continent cause proceedeth from the same principles The continent cause of a Rheumatism is derived from different ill Liquors seated in the Interstices of the Vessels disaffecting the Serous parts of the Purple and Nervous Liquor confaederated and then impelled out of the Arteries into the empty spaces of the Muscles in order to be transmitted into the Veins and in their passage some Particles are received in order to Nutrition into the pores of the Vessels to repair their lost Particles by Assimilation whereupon the Preternatural Fermentative parts of different Liquors making angry Effervescences in the substance of the Nervous Filaments do produce vexatious pains the immediate or continent cause of a Rheumatism The Procatarctick cause may proceed from ill Diet Ill Diet is a Procatartick cause of a Rheumatism from too large an assumption of variety of gross Flesh not well digested by reason of Acid Ferments transmitted out of the extreamities of the Arteries or from Depraved Liquor distilling out of the Terminations of the Nerves into the Cavity of the Stomach perverting its laudable Concoction or from eating of Meats highly salted or dried with Smoak or from drinking of small Wines full of Tartar which produce an Alimentary Liquor in the Stomach impraegnated with gross Saline Particles which being carried through the Intestines and Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Vessels doth embody with the Blood vitiating its temper and disposing it for the production of a Rheumatism The various Seasons of the Year do much disorder the Constitution of the Body Heat and cold do alter the Constitution of the Body occasioned by different tempers of the Air sometimes Hot and presently after Cold as in the Spring and Autumn wherein Nature is surprised in a suddain different alteration of Air and when the Pores have been enlarged by heat they are immediately shut up by Cold and the fiery and Saline Particles and Acid steams of the Blood and Nervous Liquor are suppressed a prohibita Transpiratione whereupon the various sharp Saline Recrements endued with Fermentative Particles do make great bussles in the Body and vex the parts Violent Labours and Exercises Violent Labours and too great indulgence of Venery and the suppression of wonted Evacuations are a Procatartick cause of a Rheumatism and extravagant Passion and an immoderate indulgence of Venery as also the suppression of the wonted evacuation of Blood by the Nostrils Haemorrhoides or Menstrua do highly discompose the Vital and Nervous Liquor in the Vessels and enrage the Morbifick Matter of a Rheumatism by raising the Fermentation of various Juices consisting of Acid and Saline parts the antecedent cause lodged in the Vessels impelled into the habit of the Body and so become the continent cause of the Disease disquieting the Nervous parts by giving them sharp pains Thus having given a brief Account of the Procatarctick Causes I will now with Permission attempt to shew the different Influences these various kindly and unkindly primitive causes do produce by making good or ill Disposition and Concoction in the Stomach Blood and Nervous Liquor in the Vessels and habit of the Body in reference to Nutrition whence arise Natural or Preternatural Fermentations of several Liquors composing or disturbing the quiet of the Nervous parts The Blood affected with a laudable Disposition The Blood in a natural state is not too fixed nor too volatil obtaineth a kind of Mediocrity of state as Learned Dr. Willis hath well observed as being neither too Fixed nor too Volatil And the parts of the Blood may be said to be too fixed when the Elements of Sulphur Salt and Earth are so firmly united in a close bond of mixtion that they cannot easily be parted as when Liquors are not well Concocted by natural heat and due Ferments as out of Wine made of unripe Grapes it is difficult to extract a Salt
the lower Story made up of numerous Threads The Peritonaeum is made up of â—everal Filaments making divers progresses finely drawn out closely struck together and rarely enterwoven with each other and some of these Filaments run long-ways passing downward from the Cieling to the Floor from the Diaphragme to the Os Ilium and Pubis and others run transversly from one side to the other of this Story from one Hypoconder to the other And the third sort of Fibres making this Membrane are oblique taking their course this way and that way in Bevil Lines filling up the spaces of the other Filaments which cannot every way have so close a Texture but there must be some Interstices and Asperities left rendring the Fabrick uneven in rises and falls unless it were supplied with a kind of Parenchyma propagated originally from genital Concreted Liquor which is afterward repaired either by a Coagulated Nervous Liquor or rather the reliques of the Serous Juice not received into the pores of the Vessels and Fibrils at the time of their Nutrition adhering to the outside of the Coats relating to the Vessels and Filaments These Nervous Fibres The origen of the Peritonaeum the chief and proper Ingredients of this extensive Compage belonging to the Peritonaeum take their first rise not from the Vertebres of the Spine but from the Nervous Plexes seated in the upper and lower regions of the Abdomen to which the Peritonaeum is so firmly conjoyned that it cannot be parted from the Abdominal Plexes without Laceration but it is so loosely affixed to the Vertebres of the Loins that it may be severed from them without the violation of its entire continued substance But above all as I have hinted before these Nervous Fibres of which the Peritonoeum consisteth have their first production with other Membranes and Nerves out of the viscid parts of the Seminal Liquor These Nervous Fibrils are in their nature oblong slender flexible bodies The description of Nervous Fibrils easily giving way to the Compression and motion of the neighbouring parts and when their force is taken off in rest these Fibrils being relaxed do reduce themselves to their former natural tone and posture Some are of opinion that the Peritonaeum consisting of Nervous Fibrils Some conceive the Rim of the Belly hath voluntary motion which is very improbable as having no fleshy Fibres hath a power to move it self up and down backward and forward conform to the various positions in which the Body is moved but these various Motions if voluntary cannot be performed without the assistance of Muscles or Carnous Fibres at least which are a kind of Minute Muscles the Machines of Arbitrary Motion But these Fibres being only Nervous as far as I can discern in the Fabrick of this Membrane are not capable of Voluntary Motion and have a Tensil nature which hath only an accidental one following the Motion of the adjacent parts as in Inspiration the Diaphragme enlargeth the Thorax and by reducing it toward a plain compresseth the Stomach and Intestines and forceth the Peritonaeum outward And in Expiration the Stomach and Intestines return up again to their former station and the Belly groweth more lank and the Peritonaeum being compressed inward by the Abdominal Muscles is put into its natural tone and posture So that the Compage of the Peritonaeum being for the most part Fibrous consisteth of innumerable small Nervous Filaments and is of a pliable nature easie to be Distended and Contracted caused by the repletion or inanition of the Stomach and Intestines And in Women with Child the Uterus being turgid with the Faetus doth ascend upward into the Body and highly distend the Peritonaeum especially in the last Months And this Membrane is above measure distended in Hydropick Bodies produced by serous Recrements or mixed with Flatulencies lodged in the Cavity of the Abdomen The Peritonaeum hath a Duplicature in its hinder Region The Duplicature of the Peritonaeum is a Conduit and Repository for divers Vessels and parts for the securer conveyance of the Seminal Arteries and Veins and before for the Umbelical Vessels and in the Hypogastrium in another process of the Peritonaeum the Uterus and Bladder have their Repositories It hath two Processes near the Os Pubis on each side one The Processes of the Peritonaeum no less in Men then in Women and are two oblique Productions perforating the oblique and transverse Muscles of the Abdomen giving conduct to the Spermatick Vessels in their way to the Scrotum but in Women they are carried to the Inguina and are terminated near the upper parts of the Pudendum in which the round Ligaments of the Uterus do degenerate into small Fibres to which the Clitoris is fastned on both sides of the Os Pubis The interior Coats of the Peritonaeum is so firmly tied to the Spermatick Vessels which if broken or relaxed a Hiernia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are caused when the Intestines or Omentum pass through the rupture or relaxation into the Scrotum whence the parts grow immediately Distended But in Women the Ligaments of the Uterus bind the processes of the Peritonaeum more firmly which being shorter are rarely afflicted with an Hiernia Inguinalis but above the Navil where the Coats are more thin are frequently tortured with an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 produced by great throws in Child-birth The Peritonaeum being a large Membrane The Glands of the Peritonaeum hath many Minute Miliary Glands lodged within its Duplicature as so many Colatories of the Blood and Nervous Liquor And I humbly conceive that all Membranes have many Glands besetting them as the Dura and Pia Mater the Intestines Mesentery Omentum c. Which is also very evident in Bruits and particularly in a Lion the King of them in which I saw many large Glands of a reddish Colour and somewhat large adorning the Peritonaeum This curious Membrane is rendred very serviceable by Nature in its uses The first use of the Peritonaeum The first is as a common Parent to propagate a common Integument to all the Viscera lodged within its Circumference The second use is to cherish and conserve all the tender Bowels and Viscera The second use of the Peritonaeum within its safe embraces lest any disturbance should be given to them by the motion of the Neighbouring parts the Abdominal Muscles CHAP. XXVIII The Pathologie of the Peritonaeum and Cavity of the Belly HAving discoursed of the curious Structure and Uses of the Peritonaeum we will now Treat of its Pathologie and of the Cavity of the Abdomen adjoining to it of the several Diseases seated in the Peritonaeum and its Confines which are Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers Ruptures Relaxations and divers sorts of Tumours An Inflammation taketh its rise either from too great a quantity of Blood in a Plethorick Body impelled by the Arteries The cause of
in order to recover her of an Ascitis caused by a suppression of the Haemorrhoids whence the current of the Faeculent Blood being intercepted her Body grew very much Emaciated and full of watry Recrements discharged into the Cavity of the Belly which being inspected after Death it was found overcharged with a quantity of Watry Humours Sometimes this kind of Dropsie ariseth from the stoppage of the Menstrua A Dropsie arising from a suppressing of the Menstrua whose watry Faeculencies do despoile the Body of the bounty of Blood as not being Purged off by the Arteries inserted into the inward Coat relating to the Body Neck and Vagina Uteri whereupon the Blood degenerates into a cold and moist Constitution as growing big with watry Impurities and hath its native heat and Spirituous parts depressed causing an unkindly Fermentation and Assimilation of Chyme into Blood and spoileth the Succus Nutricius so that it cannot be united and turned into the substance of the solid parts whence proceedeth an Atrophy of the whole Body in inveterate Dropsies derived from different Causes all producing a watry Mass of Blood which cannot be intimately conjoyned by Assimilation with the numerous Vessels of several Tribes and Families which integrate the Fleshy parts of the Body An Ascitis may also flow in good Fellows An Ascitis flowing from a Rupture of the Bladder Drinking to a hight from a large quantity of Urine which is commonly immured within the Walls of the Bladder which being overmuch distended and broken giveth a freedom to the Urine to expatiate in the more large Territories of the Belly filled up by this troublesome Liquor which causeth a great distention of the Peritonaeum Abdominal Muscles and the common Integuments of the Body rendring it uneasie and deformed Platerus maketh mention of a good Fellow after he had indulged himself in the too too free Cups of generous Liquor was forced his Legs not being able to support him to lay himself upon the Ground for repose whereupon an ill conditioned Man out of a Frolique leaped upon his Belly and broke his Bladder whence a great quantity of Urine gushed out of its lacerated Receptacle into the Cavity of the Belly which was more and more enlarged upon the unnatural recourse of Urine into the empty spaces of the Belly A Dropsie flowing from watry Recrements lodged in divers Vesicles which gave a period to his Life A kind of Dropsie may borrow its rise from watry Recrements enclosed in divers parts of the Body in proper Membranes as so many Vesicles of divers Magnitudes sometimes lodged in the substance of the Caul and between the Rim of the Belly and Intestines and between the Peritonaeum and Muscles of the Abdomen An Ascitis also may be produced which is very frequent by the Laceration of the Lymphaeducts which being Vessels of a most thin and tender Contexture may easily be broken as being obstructed either by too great a quantity or by the grossness of the Lympha stopping its course toward the common Receptacle whereupon the Lymphaeducts being surchar-charged with too great a quantity of Lympha are cracked and the Lympha doth flow through the breaches into the more free and empty spaces of the Belly A young Gentlewoman being troubled many Years with a Dropsie An instance of a Dropsie proceeding from the broken Lymphae-Ducts was at last freed from it by Death the last remedy of all Diseases and her Body being opened no fault could be found with the Viscera but only a discovery was made of the broken Lymphaeducts through which a great quantity of thin Transparent Liquor was vented into the Vacuities of the Belly which proceeded from her severe usage in her Minority by her Governours As to the Cure of an Ascitis three Indications present themselves Three indications do offer themselves in order to the Cure of Diseases the Preservative Curative and Vital The Preservative Curative and Vital The Preservative is founded in Tuenda sanitate which is accomplished by removing he antecedent Cause while the Disease is at a distance in Potentia solummodo wherein the Body is only in a disposition to a Distemper So that in reference to an Ascitis the watry Humours the remote cause of it is to be Purged off by Hydragognes which do empty the Body of serous Excrements while they are in motion in the Vessels before they are Extravasated in the spaces of the Belly The Curative Indication of a Dropsie is more difficult because it relateth to the Continent cause the watry Faeces stagnant in the Belly which being thrown out of the confines of the Vessels are hard to be Purged off but Nature being ambitious to preserve it self findeth out secret ways which are not obvious to Sense to free her self from Diseases by Purgatives which are very beneficial in an Ascitis though the manner of their Operation is very obscure and hard to understand And the most gentle Catharticks are first to be advised as Dwarf Elder Gentle Purgatives are first to be advised in Dropsies Syrup of Peach Flowers Mechoacan Extract of Elder and afterward Syrup of Buckthorn Jailap Juice of Iris and last of all refine of Scammony Gummi Gotte Elaterium which is a rough Powder and to be given only to strong Bodies in very few Grains to exalt a Medicine which must be given with great Caution because strong Hydragogues do weaken the Body Strong Hydragogues are to be given with great caution because they increase the Tumours of the Belly and aggravate the Disease by rendring the Tumors of the Belly greater derived from a larger proportion of serous Recrements impelled into the spaces of the Abdomen by the agitation of churlish Purgers as finding it more easie to throw the watry Excrements through the wonted passages of the Caeliac and Mesenteric Arteries into the Abdominal Vacuities then by unaccustomed ways the Terminations of the Mesenterick Arteries inserted into the inward Tunicle of the Intestines Diureticks may be also advised with good success Diureticks are very proper in Dropsies as the most proper means to discharge the potulent Matter of the Blood by transmitting it into the Kidneys whose obstructed Glands are opened by Diureticks whereby the Blood is refined by disburdening its Faeces into the Ureters and Bladder whence the Tumour of the Belly is lessened And because the Urine of Hydropick Persons is of a red Colour and of a Lixivial nature produced by over strict union of the fixed and crude Sulphureous parts so highly Confaederated that it is hard to sever the watry Particles in the Glands of the Kidneys and thereupon are reconveyed by the Emulgent Veins into the Cava and Heart and thence recommended by the Extreamities of the Mesenterick and Caeliac Arteries to the Abdominal Spaces whereupon it is well consulted for the advantage of the Patient Diureticks do refine the Blood and the most proper are composed of Volatil Salts labouring with an
bathing in cold Water during the Monthly Course wherein the Humours are condensed and the Pores of the inward Coat of the Vterus admit such a Contraction that the Purple Liquor cannot be conveyed into the Cavity of the womb A Coalescence may induce a stoppage of the Courses wherein some fleshy or membranous substance groweth to the Inside of the Uterus and covereth its Meatus or when the Ulcered inward Coat is cicatriced after a cured Ulcer of the womb wherein the minute Perforations are closed up which happens also after frequent Abortions wherein the little holes of the womb to which the after-burden adhereth are quite stopped up intercepting the Current of Vital Liquor into the Cistern of the Uterus Another cause may be added Suppressing the Monthly Purgation A suppression of the Menstrua from an ill Conformation of the Vterus fetched from an ill Conformation of the Uterus when its parts the Body Neck or Vagina are distorted either naturally or by some Stroke or Fall which so perverteth the natural Position of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries that they cannot transmit Blood into the Substance of the Glands and thence into the Bosom of the womb Ulcers and Gangreens of the womb often produce the stoppage of the Menstrua The Suppression of the Menstrua from a Gangreen by reason in the last Disease a great Source of Blood being impelled by the Arteries into the Substance of the womb wherein it stagnates produceth first an Inflammation and then a Gangreen wherein the motion of the Blood being stopped presently ensueth a Suffocation of the Heat the immediate cause of a Gangreen in this case there is often a great Plethora in the Vessels highly Tumefied with black discoloured Blood A young Maid about fifteen Years of Age near the time of her Courses was surprised with a great Disease accompanied with horrid Symptoms of distortion of her Mouth and many other Convulsions loss of Speech c. so that she could not be relieved by the Power of Art and Died in a small space Afterward an Incision being made into the lower Apartiment An Instance of a Gangreen'd Vterus the Viscera appeared very sound except the Uterus whose Vessels were highly distended with a great quantity of black Blood and the Uterus it self was hued with a deeper black as being Gangreened and the Neck of it very much distorted so that the streams of Blood were so intercepted in the substance of the womb that they could not be transmitted into its Cavity A Suppression of Blood proceeding from an Inflammation of the womb Bleeding is good in an Inflammation of the Vterus often the Forerunner of a Gangreen doth speak first a free Mission of Blood in the Arm once or twice and when the Inflammation is cured by deriving the Purple Liquor into other parts and when cooling Medicines have been administred as contemperating Juleps and Emulsions a Vein in the Foot may be opened with this caution That the Inflammation is allayed else bleeding below will have a sad consequence in bringing down the Blood more freely to the Vterus whereupon the Inflammation will be encreased which I once saw in a Captain of a Ship 's Wife who labouring with an Inflammation of the Uterus was imprudently bled by Leeches applied to the Haemorrhoides by the Order of an imprudent Pretender to Art whereupon she growing worse and worse and her Pains about her Back and Share-bone being very much aggravated she sent for me and after I had heard the History of the Disease and its Symptoms recounted by herself and the Standers by I gave order for a plentiful Evacuation of Blood in the Arm which was Celebrated two or three times as I remember and then gave her contemperating vulnerary Drinks and mild astringent Injections which spake an Allay to the Inflammation and cured the Symptomatick Fever In Suppressions of the Menses Purging and Opening Medicines are good in the Obstruction of the Vessels of the Womb. flowing from the Obstructions of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries and excretory Ducts of the womb first Purging Medicines may be advised of foetide Pills and Potions made of aperient and Purgative Ingredients of the five opening Roots mixed with Senna Garick and Syrrup of Buckthorn c. and aperient Apozems made of Roots of Madder Birthwort Leaves of Mugwort Motherwort Penniroial Rue Savin Chervil Balm c. The Apozems may be properly drunk by themselves or upon Pills made of the Trochises of Mirrh mixed with Castor and the like Fomentations and Baths are very proper in this Disease made with the Leaves of the former Plants to which may be added the Leaves of Mallows Marshmallows Fengreek and Line-seed c. and after Purging and Opening Medicines bleeding in the Foot may prove very Beneficial near the common Course of the Menstrua or in case they have been long suppressed about the new and full Moons which is the ordinary time of their Flux Powders of Galbanum Frankincence Styrax Savin and Bay-leaves being cast upon the Coals and the Fumes received into the entrance of the Vagina by a Funnel proveth often very efficacious in bringing down the Suppressed Menstrua The diminished Flux of the Menstrua hath very often the same causes with the suppressed only they are somewhat more low and mild and therefore it is Curâ—d by the same specifick Medicines of which the mildest are to be chosen The super-abundant Flux of the Menstrua is easily judged The Symptoms of the immoderate Flux of the Menstrua by reason when too great a quantity of them doth debilitate the strength of the Body which is associated with these Symptoms loss of Appetite weakness of Concoction Cachexy change of Colour in the Face appearing in a faint Aspect This Disease is also often accompanied with an oedematous Swelling of the Feet The causes of an immoderate Flux of the Menses may be attributed chiefly to the quality of the Blood The immoderate Flux of the Menstrua flowing from an ill qualifi'd Blood or the too great apertion of the extremities of the Vessels belonging to the Uterus As to the ill qualification of the Blood it is either hot or sharp consisting of bilious or saline pungent Particles irritating the Vessels to an excretion and serous Blood by reason it is thin may easily be transmitted through the Terminations of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries into the substance of the Uterine Glands and thence freely pass through the Pores of the inward Integument of the Uterus The Orifices of the Vessels are too much dilated either externally The exuberancy of the Menstrua flowing from the â—x remities of the Vessels of the Womb too much dilated by hot moistning and emollient Baths and Fomentations when aperient alterative and Purging Medicines have been first too freely administred or when the Terminations of the Arteries have been very highly opened by hot sharp and thin Blood or sometimes when the
Linseed-Oil and Sugar and oxymel of Squills mixed with simple oxymel Syrup of Maiden Strong Purgatives are dangerous in a Peripneumonia Liquorice and strong Purgatives are not proper in this disease lest they should enrage the boiling Blood and carry it more freely into the offended noble parts In this case Opiates may not be advised in great watchfulness Opiates are disadvantageous in this case by reason they incrassate the Blood and increase the difficulty of breathing in hindring Expectoration and render the stagnated Blood more impacted in the small Air-pipes and their appendant Sinus in the Lungs Testaceous Powders of Crabs Eies Pearl Sugar of Pearl Salt of Prunel Diaphoreticks and Diureticks are safe and mild Diureticks are very beneficial in this Disease And some drops of tincture of Saffron or Spirit of Saffron Spirit of Tartar Spirit of Niter often rectified with Spirit of Wine may be given in a draught of the Pectoral Decoction often in a day to which may be added in the preparing of it some Flowers of Red or Field Poppy If the pain of the Breast be urgent Topicks may be applied to the Breast in this disease and in reference to help Expectoration Ointments made with Oil of Mace Ointment of Marshmallows Oil of Linseed mixed with Orange-flower Butter may be applied to the Breast with Lawn Paper Some Cases may be given of this Disease As First a Person of Quality An instance of a Peripneumonia a Knight of the Bath was highly afflicted with a violent pain in his Foot whereupon a Pultice was imprudently applyed without the advice of a Physician which repelled the Goutish humor was afterward transmitted into the small Arterial Branches of the Bronchia and their appendant Cells wherein the gross clammy Blood setling in the Vessels or their empty spaces caused an Inflammation of the Lungs accompanied with a great Fever and Thirst and pricking pain and much spitting of Blood and a most difficult Breathing even almost to Suffocation In order to the Cure I advised Blood-letting with a large Orifice of the pierced Vein and a free Hand whereupon he found some alleviation I also advised proper pectoral Apozemes made up of inciding and attenuating Ingredients and various Lambitives in great difficulty of breathing I gave him Elixir Proprietatis and Spirit of Harts-horn and Spirit of Saffron are good either given of themselves or best in a draught of Pectoral Decoction whereupon he expectorated a great quantity of gross clammy Matter mixed with Blood I also prescribed often Blood-letting to the Patient as having a very strong Pulse and a very large mass of Blood which succeeded very well it being accompanied with variety of Pectoral Medicines whereupon the Patient was perfectly recovered to his former health to the Glory of God and the great joy of his Physician and Friends A worthy Knights Lady was highly afflicted with a Fever Another instance of an Inflammatiof the Lungs great difficulty of Breathing and a large quantity of Blood expectorated with thin spittle plainly shewing this distemper to be an Inflammation of the Lungs and to appease it I often advised a Vein to be freely opened in the beginning of the Disease but she was inexorable after great sollicitations and being struck with a great dread upon the motion of Bleeding would not submit to the Lancet so that the generous remedy of Bleeding being not administred she paid dear for its neglect even to the loss of her Life which could not be purchased by the application of many excellent pectoral Medicines CHAP. LV. Of the Abscess of the Lungs IN an Inflammation of the Lungs The cause of an Abscess of the Lungs the substance of the Bronchia and Sinus are distended with a quantity of gross Blood either setled in the small Ramulets of the bronchial and pulmonary Arteries or extravasated in the Interstices of the Vessels so that the Blood cannot be received into the Origens of the Veins and carried into the Left Ventricle of the Heart which chiefly happens when Blood-letting is omitted which if celebrated would have lessened the quantity of Blood and diverted its current from the Lungs and sollicited the stagnated Blood in order to motion into the extremities of the capillary pulmonary Veins which Nature being not able to make good the stagnated Blood loseth its tone and groweth corrupted and its Albuminous part is separated from the Purple Liquor and turned into a Pus whence ensueth an Aposteme which is a collection of purulent Matter in the substance of the Bronchia and membranous Cells annexed to them which became putride by the sharp indisposition of the Pus received into their Cavities which being very sensible of their burden as composed of nervous and carnous Fibres contracting themselves to expel the corrupt matter of the Abscess through the greater and less Air-pipes of the Lungs into the Mouth An Aposteme of them An Aposteme called Vomica Pulmonum called Vomica Pulmonum is much akin to that produced in a Peripneumonia only it is mere Pus generated without a Fever Inflammation Cough and spitting secretly and of a suddain and worketh so inwardly without the notice of any symptome that it cutteth off the Patient in a moment by suffocation before the Disease can be discovered Learned Tulpius giveth an account of this disaffection lib. 2. cap. 10. Vitium hoc Pulmonis Vomicam innuens latet inter initia ita clanculum ut vix ulla sui proferat indicia praeter Tussiculam primo siccam mox humidam qui aliquandiu continuante trahitur difficulter spiritus deficit anima emarcescit paulatim corpus licet interim nec Pus nec Sanguinem prae se ferunt sputa sed si rumpatur inopinato vomica occiditur dictum ac factum homo But I humbly conceive that this kind of Abscess is not always mortal A Vomica Pulmonum not always deadly and no way proceedeth from a Peripneumonia or Pthisis but a weak disposition of the Lungs inclining them to putrefaction and doth not always come of a suddain but insensibly and by degrees whereby the Pus having its first Origen from some depraved humor groweth more and more matured and by its caustick quality corrodeth the Bronchia and Sinus appendant to them and streameth in the Cavities of the Wind-pipe and is at last ejected the confines of the Body This Disease if its nature be inspected according to its continent cause may be styled a true Abscess produced in the Lungs from some impure Recrements or Heterogeneous parts of the Blood apt to be turned into Pus which being secerned from the more refined are lodged in some or many Cells appendant to the Bronchia and are there confined within some proper Membrane These impure parts of the Blood are not endued with any great Acrimony productive of a Cough neither have any great Effervescence proper to a Fever which is very small if any in a Vomica Pulmonum these vitious humors
Willis illustrates by Mineral Waters Cap. 12. De Mania Pag. 345. Primo Aquae Stygiae particulae smmme agiles irrequietae in motu perpetuo existunt hinc ut effluvia aliis decedentia nares continuo feriant atque liquor e vase effusus corporibus quibusq aliis occurrens valde effervescat eorumque poros meatus penetrat cujus ratio est quod particulae salinae sulphureis Conjunctae seinvicem exagitant cumque nullis alias generis cohaerent pariter opinari licet Spiritus Animales e sanguine uberiori quasi nitro sulphureo extillatos insigni mobilitate five inquietudine praeditos esse qui proinde e cerebri meditullio quaquaversus tum in ambitum ejus tum in systema nervosum expansi indeque perpetim rereflexi phantasmata efferata fere nunquam interrupta atque functionis tam sensitivae tum locomotivae inordinationes maximas perpetuas producunt The steams exhaling out of the nitrous Spirits of Mineral Liquors do not arise out of free and open Pores but do form new Meatus and perforate Bodies upon which they have an influx and render them feeble and turn them into innumerable Atomes which is most evident in the solution of Metals caused by proper Menstrua impregnated with nitrous and vitriolick Salts which emit innumerable restless Effluvia making troublesome Appulses upon the nervous Fibrils seated in the inward Membrane encircling the inside of the Nostrils and somewhat in a Maniack Disease the disposition of the Animal Spirits being infected with the steams and ill Liquor of the Blood are rendred very impetuous in their motion making many new Tracts in the Brain between the nervous Fibrils receding from the common road of the Animal Spirits whereupon they wander and produce absurd Conceptions in the understanding and phancy and make incongruous enunciations by compounding things present with things past and to come and confounding right notions by their disorderly conjunction with opposite and contrary sentiments And it may be observed that many vaporous minute Atomes arising out of nitro-sulphureous Spirits do not confine themselves within narrow bounds as steams ascending out of acide Liquors but do diffuse themselves every way at a distance which may be easily experimented when Spirit of Nitre is embodied with Butire of Antimony whereupon the whole room may be infected with a Black Fume arising out of those stygian Liquors or when Aqua-fortis or Spirit of Nitre doth ascend out of the Alembick a most sharp vapour being diffused from thence doth affect the Nostrils and Lungs seated at a distance which happens by the various Particles of fluide Salt and fierce Sulphure espousing each other which do exalt these different Elements and promote their activity at a distance by making them to expatiate themselves to a remote Sphaere in which they briskly exert their operations After the same method the Animal Spirits seem to deport themselves in Mad persons as Dr. Willis hath observed The manner how the Animal Spirits move in mad persons Pari equidem modo circa Spiritus Animales in Maniacis habere videtur qui siquidem ejusdem ac aquae stygiae indolis fuerint idcirco tum cerebri Compagem tum appendicem citissime trajicientes aflectos non tantum furiosos sed velut Daenioniacos efficiunt adeo ut metu aut languore quoque immunes quodvis audaciter aggrediantur sese intrepidos objiciunt etiam ob prodigiosas Spirituum exertiones robore immani polleant vincula Catenas saepe disrumpant atque viros fortissimos iis obstantes coercere nitentes siâ—ul plures debellent Whereupon the Animal Spirits may seem in mad people The Animal Spirits in a Mania may seem to resemble the motion of Mineral Waters to resemble the steams arising out of the nitro-sulphureous Particles of Mineral Liquors as they are of a fierce restless Nature passing every way through the Interstices of the Compage of nervous Filaments seated in the Brain highly disordering its Oeconomy in reference to the higher and lower operations of rational sensitive and locomotive Faculty too placed at a distance from the Brain by reason the Nerves are greatly discomposed in the muscular parts of the Body caused by the enraged Animal Liquor and Spirits The continent or immediate cause of Madness The cause of Madness may be conceived to come not so much from adust Choler consisting much of sulphureous Particles afflicting the Brain as in Melancholy but from saline Particles rendred fluide and combining with ill tempered oily Particles of the Blood resembling a kind of Arsenick Sulphure depraving the nervous Liquor and enraging the Animal Spirits But a scruple may be made how these acide Humors mixed with malignant Sulphure can be generated in the Body to which it may be replyed that highly acrimonious Recrements may be in confaederacy with the Blood in Cacheotick Habits as I have often seen in persons committed to my care a a Physician Acide Humors may be discharged by Vomiting particularly in a person of Honour who frequently vomited a quantity of acide Humors and in a Doctor of Physick who was perpetually afflicted with violent pains of his Limbs proceeding from acide saline Particles of the Blood which appeared in a great proportion of sower salival Liquor flowing out of the Oral Glands which vitiated the masticated Aliment and spoiled the Chyle of the Stomach these ill conditioned Recrements do often infect the nervous Liquor and produce Apostemes foul and malignant Ulcers which are found in the parotide axillary and inguinal Glands and by reason the putrid Humors of these ulcered parts are thin and watry Acide Recrements of the Blood vitiate the Succus nervosus it is manifest they take much of their rise from the acide Recrements of the Blood vitiating the Succus nervosus having recourse to the said Glands the Colatories of it which often degenerates in Scorbutick Constitutions into a faetide corrosive Humor which sometime proveth cancrous And the reason seemeth plain because the nervous Liquor is impregnated with numerous Particles of volatil Salt which being depraved hath its more refined Atomes depressed as confaederated with the more fixed saline and serous parts of the Blood vitiating the genuine temper of the nervous Liquor in its first production whose volatil parts being gone as becoming fixed do easily degenerate into a Fluor and being accompanied with sulphureous Atomes do make a corrosive Liquor not much unlike Mineral Water which being of a Septick nature doth generate foul strumous and cancerous Ulcers in the Emunctories of the Body and in the Glands of the Tongue Palate and Breasts of Women and other parts This depraved nervous Liquor productive of Apostemes A depraved nervous Liquor may be the cause of many diseases Ulcers and Cancers in the Glandulous and nervous parts may be reasonably apprehended to vitiate the purity of the Animal Spirits residing in the nervous Liquor as their subject and vehicle which being endued with a hot
the Disease and shaddow unto you the state of the Disease which being considered in its Paroxysm is more universal in Extent and severe in its Nature whence the subtle Particles of the Animal Latex commonly styled Spirits in reference to their Volatil Spirituous nature are the chief Guests of the Brain and are fiercely and inordinately moved drawing into consent their neighboring parts inhabiting both the Medullary and Nervous Appendages and thereby as it were conjure up stupendous storms and tempests made up of great impure Vaporous Matter darting it self into the Serous Liquor of the Brain which is thence violently forced into its Nervous outlets causing as it were a Hurricane making such a violent contusion of the Nerves and Fibres that it striketh down the Patient in the twinkling of an Eye with admirable violence to the ground where he laboreth under great vibrations of the Head and Neck grindings of the Teeth froth about the Mouth frequent motions of the Limbs against the ground and now and then the Precordia and Hypoconders are puffed up with great and frequent strokes upon the Breast So that the Precordia being Convulsed can make but disorderly Contractions and the Blood ready to quit its motion to the great oppression of the Heart threatneth the putting out of the gentle flame of Life whence the Patient not by any direction of the Will but a meer instinct of Nature giveth many repeated strokes upon the Thorax whence arise brisk concussions of the Precordia which prove as so many sollicitations to revive their drooping motions to redeem the Blood from Stagnation and the Heart from its load and perplexity so that sometimes all these sad Scenes are quickly changed and afterwards are represented more pleasant Interludes of ease and repose And now I will omit any farther discourse of this Disease designing to give a more full History in the next Chapter And in order to give you a more clear and general account of Convulsive motions which highly aggrieve the Brain and its rational and sensitive functions two considerables do chiefly offer themselves the Subject and the Causes of this Disease As to the first I humbly conceive it to be the tender fibrous Compage of the Brain which being endued with acute sense The subject of Convulsive motions is liable to many preternatural and irregular motions sometimes of the Fibrils other times of the middle and extremities of the Nerves besetting the Brain Viscera and other parts of the Body In Malignant Fevers and other Diseases of the Body The origen of the afflicted in Convulsive motions the Venenate nature as also other saline and sulphureous Particles of the Blood do infect the Nervous Liquor in the Cortex of the Brain which being entertained into the extremities do highly disorder the origens of the Nerves The body and middle of the Nerves concerned in Convulsions and as the Animal Liquor tainted with heterogeneous Particles is farther transmitted into the fibrous Compage of the Brain and other more remote parts of the middle and lowest Apartiment it violently annoyeth the middle and body of the Nerves as infesting their numerous Plexes And when the irritating Humors are carried into the Muscles and remote Coasts of the Body affecting the membranous and tendinous parts they may be properly said to be seated in the extremities and terminations of the Nerves The termination of the Nerves affected in Convulsive motions The causes of Convulsive motion The evident cause may be evident when the Succus Nervosus or Animal Spirits are discomposed and the fibrous Compage of the Brain being much debilitated is violently agitated by vehement Passions The Procatarctick cause of Convulsive motions supposeth a disposition of Humors in the Body The Procatarctick cause of this Disease which being endued with highly Fermentative Elements of the Blood do vitiate the Animal Liquor and Spirits by rendring them too Elastick highly expanding the Filaments of the Nervous Fibrils whereupon they briskly contract themselves to discharge the offensive Particles of the Nervous Juice The continent cause of Convulsive motions The continent cause of Convulsive motions cannot be derived from Inanition and Repletion the Antients have fetched from Inanition and Repletion which they illustrate by an instance of Lether or Musical Strings which contract themselves when moistned with much Air or shrunk up with much drought this Opinion seemeth very improbable by reason the abbreviation of the Nerves cannot produce variety of postures in the Muscles proceeding from irritated Humors putting the Nerves into various irregular motions and farthermore the being macerated in a great quantity of watry Recrements in an Anasarca are rendred weak and flaccid whereby they become unable to produce strong Convulsive motions The continent cause of Convulsive motions which are acted by the Elastick Particles of the Blood caused by nitro-sulphureous Particles depraving the Nervous Liquor puffing up the Filaments of the Nerves whereupon they make a great renitence or opposition by powerful contractions to squeeze out the offensive Matter disquieting the Animal Spirits and irritating the tender Filaments of Nerves The Convulsive motions are more or less universal as the Succus Nervosus infected with Nitro-saline or acid Ferments is carried out of the fibrous Compage of the Brain into a greater or less company of Nerves so that the Tendons of more or fewer Muscles are unnaturally contracted whence proceed great variety of horrid Symptoms attending several parts of the Body which may be reduced principally to Three Heads The first may proceed from a poysonous nature The second from Malignant Fevers not well determined whereupon the matter of the Disease being not duly discharged is carried into the fibrous Compage of the Brain and into the many pairs of Nerves sprouting out of the Brain The third Head of Convulsive motions may take its rise from the Succus Nervosus losing its native sweet bounty and degenerating into a sharpe acid Fermentative Liquor highly afflicting the Animal Spirits and productive of Convulsive motions CHAP. LXXI Of the Falling-Sickness HAving treated of Convulsion and Convulsive motions under a general Notice I will now discourse of them in particular of the Falling-Sickness attended with a dismal rout of Convulsive agitations of the Muscular Parts seated in the Limbs and Trunk of the Body This terrible Disease hath many appellatives fetched from the nature properties and symptoms of it And is styled by the Greeks The Names of the Falling-sickness 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the sudden seisure of the functions of the rational and sensitive Faculties And 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 either because it is a great Disease or as a miraculous Disease coming from a Divine power And is called by Hipocrates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by reason it is familiar to Children and named by the Latines Caducus a Cadendo and Comitialis as persons labouring of this Disease are interdicted the Comitia And hath the denomination of Lunaticus
incolis in consensum trahi ab iisque ad explosiones pariter inordinatas excitari licet aliquando tota spirituum tum in cerebro tum in nervoso genere consitorum serie instar longiores pulveris pyrii tractus ad explosiones praedisposita spasmus exterius à longinquo forsan in membro quodam aut viscere incipiens posterius in cerebrum traducatur And according to the opinion of this most Renowned Physician the highly Fermentative Elastick Particles of the ill Animal Juice and Spirits Nerves are the subject of the Falling-sickness do violently irritate and agitate the tender and most fine Compage of the Nerves as made up of numerous Fibrils endued with most acute Sensation the seat of Epileptick Paroxysms And before we make any farther steps into the Causes we will give some account of the Symptoms as so many Diagnosticks leading us into the knowledge of it And first of the Froth coming out of the Mouth Froth about the Lips is a symptom of the Falling-sickness conceived to be a Pathognomical sign of an Epilepsy but in truth is an attendant of an Apoplexy Carus and of Hysterick and sometimes of other Convulsive motions Some are of an opinion the Froth is a Recrement descending from the Brain to the Mouth which is somewhat improbable by reason there are no passages coming from the Brain into the Mouth by which the Froth may be transmitted whereupon I apprehend it more reasonable that the Froth being a Liquor attenuated and puffed up as being a system of many Vesicles of Air clothed with a thin Liquor Froth doth not come from the Head but Lungs transmitted from the Lungs into the Aspera Arteria by the violent agitations of the Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm compressing the Lungs and ejecting this Froth first into the Wind-pipe and afterward into the Mouth Another more dreadful Symptom is the beating of the Breast with strong blows The beating of the Breast is another symptom of an Epilepsy which I conceive is occasioned by a great oppression of the Lungs with stagnant Blood by reason of their undue Motion produced by the strong Convulsions of the Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm whence ariseth a great difficulty of breathing which to alleviate Dr. Willis saith by a meer instinct of Nature Epileptick Persons beat their Breast that the Praecordia by Appulses might make good their motions that the Blood might be relieved from Stagnation and the Heart from a great oppression Tunc fit ut laborante cerebro licet inscio mero naturae instinctu thoracem percutiant nimirum ut praecordia ita percussa velut exagitata motus suos redintegrent adeoque sanguis à stagnatione Cor à gravi oppressione vindicentur Another Symptom of this Disease which is very great is a suddain fall upon the Ground with great force A suddain fall upon the Ground is a symptom of the Falling-sickness often bruising and wounding the Trunk and Limbs as if they are possessed with some ill Spirit which proceedeth from the suddain and violent Convulsive motions of the Origens of the Nerves seated in the Brain whereupon the Muscles of the Limbs are drawn into consent by their highly disaffected Nerves productive of violent Muscular Agitations So that the Convulsed Muscles of the Trunk Legs and Thighs are not able to keep up the Body in an erect posture The continent cause of this Horrid Disease as attended with dismal accidents is seated in the Brain The continent cause of an Epilepsy and often produced by the hetorogeneous fermentative Particles of Nitro-sulphureous Elements disaffecting the serous parts of the Blood the Materia substrata of Animal Liquor and Spirits This Horrid Disease often proceeds from a clear serous Liquor The Falling-sickness proceeds from saline Particles of Meat and Drink impregnated with saline Particles somewhat akin to Aqua Fortis imbibed with the Liquors and Meat we eat and drink as they are infected with Mineral Elements which taint the Aliment with which Cattel are sustained The Nervous Liquor is sometimes vitiated with sharp and corrosive Humors resembling Vitriol so that the Blood and Nervous Liquor are vitiated with ill Humors which have much of the propriety of Vitriol as having sharp malignant acid astringent and corrosive qualities which being imparted to the Vital and Nervous Liquor do highly discompose the tender fibrous Compage of the Brain and Nerves arising out of it and dispensed to all the Muscular parts of the Body whereupon not only the Brain but the Limbs and Trunk are tortured with violent Convulsive motions the doleful attendants of an Epilepsy A young Man being seised with a violent Epileptick Fit The instance of a Patient dying of an Epilepsy flowing from sharp Serous Liquor accompanied with strong Concussions of the Muscular parts and a Froth about the Mouth was so much overpowred with it that it spake a period to his life And afterward his Brain being opened was found turgid with a quantity of clear serous Liquor in which the nervous Fibrils did seem to swim whereupon they being highly disaffected with the sharp and acid qualities of the ill watry Liquor were acted with Convulsive agitations the forerunners of Death An Epilepsy may also take its rise from a Caries of the Skull An Epilepsy proceeding from a Caries of the Brain infecting the Albuminous Liquor of the Vital Liquor with a corrupt quality in its passage through the lateral Sinus adjoyning to the Skull whereupon the Succus Nervosus being vitiated highly disordereth the fibrous Compage of the Brain productive of Convulsive motions the sad retinue of the Falling-sickness A young Man was highly tortured with a pain in his Head An instance of an Epileptick Patient dying of a◠carious Skull and violent Epileptick Fits which at last cut off the thread of his Life and afterward his Skull being taken off and inspected was found to be very much Carious in the inside which was the cause of his Disease and death by reason his Brain being opened appeared free from all ill Humors which might produce the cause of the Falling-sickness Sometimes this Disease may borrow its origination from a putrid Humor An Epilepsy coming from a putrid Humor corrupting the Nervous Liquor infesting the Coats of the Brain and corrupting the nervous Liquor which is made out of the mild parts of the Blood in the Cortical Glands and afterward received into the Extremities of the nervous Fibrils So that they being much disordered do draw the Nerves into consent and produce Convulsive motions the sad companions of an Epilepsy A Learned Man being highly afflicted with pain about the Synciput An instance of a Falling-sickness or top of his Head was afterward surprized with violent agitations of the Limbs and Froth about the Lips the concomitants of an Epilepsy and forerunners of Death This Malady may also be generated by an abscess of the Brain An
Epilepsy produced by an abscess of the Brain corrupting its substance and the Animal Liquor which being transmitted to the Fibrous Compage of the Brain and afterward to the Nerves branched through the parts of the Body makes unnatural motions the common Heralds of death A Youth labouring of a Fever and Convulsive motions An example of an Epileptick Person dying of an Apostemated Brain which determined his days and afterward his Brain being opened the Dura Menynx was discovered to have its Vessels turgid with black extravasated and concreted Blood and the neighboring parts of the Brain apostemated Sometimes a Falling-sickness may arise from a Polypus caused by a concreted Liquor lodged in the confines of the Brain A Falling-sickness comeing from a Polypus in the Brain flowing from the saline Particles of the Serous Liquor of the Blood highly annoying the tender Nerves of the Brain Of this case Learned Blasius giveth an Instance Observ Med. 2. Part 6. Ait ille in sinu Menyngis durae longitudinali subjecti muliebris publice in Theatro Amstelodamensi dissecti materia continebatur alba tenacissima quae sinum replebat ad omnes sinus rivulus diffundebatur Epilepsin laboraverat Mulier jam ab aliquo tempore qua etiam extincta An Epilepsy may also be derived from a wound of the Brain A Falling-sickness coming from a wound of the Brain cutting the Blood-Vessels whence ensueth a great effusion of Blood into the substance of the Brain producing a Falling-sickness A Student was wounded in the top of the Head An Instance of a Patient dying of a Falling-sickness upon a wound of the Brain An Epilepsy caused by a fleshy Tumor lodged in a Ventricle of the Brain penetrating through both Tables of the Skull into the body of the Brain whereupon afterward he was afflicted with the Falling-sickness which proved fatal to him And his Skull being taken off his Brain was discerned to be black and gangreened A Falling-sickness may be also produced by some fleshy tumor lodged in a Ventricle of the Brain compressing the Fibrils of the Brain whence ensue great agitations to make good the current of Liquor and Animal Spirits passing between the Filaments of Nerves Of this case Learned Rhodius giveth an account Centur. 1. Observ LV. An example of the Falling-sickness Ait ille Nullo ingenio huic malo admodum gravi quandoque medelam reperiri miretur nemo qui communis mali causas ut plurimum inexpugnabiles consideraverit quidam singulari Ich. Praevotii fama excitatus recuperandae valetudinis spe Pataviam venerat Nullo effectu ad suos reversus quum paulo post fato cessisset in cerebri Ventriculo tumor Carnosus fuit inventus qui cerebro compresso inanem huic Morbo Medicinam docuit So that any compression of the Fibrils of the Brain proceeding from a Swelling or from concreted Blood lodged upon the Surface of Brain may produce a Falling-sickness accompanied with Convulsive motions whereby Nature endeavoureth to relieve her self by violent agitations of the Nerves A Child of mine being roughly treated by an imprudent Midwife An example of an Epilepsy proceeding from a Fracture of both Tables of the Skull was pulled into the World by the Head without Throwes whereupon a great Fracture of both Tables of the Skull did arise and a large source of Blood fell down by the laceration of Blood-vessels upon the Dura Menynx compressing the Origens of the Nervous Fibrils seated in the Cortex so that the Brain being aggrieved by a quantity of concreted Blood did attempt to discharge its load by Epileptick Fits attended with Convulsive motions the mournful prologue of Death A Falling-sickness may proceed not only primarily per idiopathiam An Epilepsy per sympathiam coming from a Gangreen of the Lungs from the disaffections of the Brain but per sympathiam too by consent originally flowing from the Maladies of other parts And sometimes from a Gangreen of the Lungs following an inflammation whence some part of the putrefied Blood being communicated by the Carotide Artery to the Cortex of the Brain did highly discompose the Nervous Fibrils and put them upon violent agitations productive of Epileptick Fits A young Man having drunk a great quantity of cold Water and lying long upon the Ground fell into a high Fever and Delirium accompanied with a great pain of his Head and Epileptick concussions of his Body and Limbs which concluded in death And afterward his Thorax being opened the right Lobe of his Lungs were found black and gangreened oppressed with a large quantity of gross concreted Blood A Falling-sickness may be sometimes derived from the Ulcer of the Pancreas A Falling-sickness coming from an Ulcer of the Pancreas tainting the Blood which being transmitted by proper Vessels to the Cortical Glands of the Brain infecteth the Nervous Liquor whereupon it being received into the Origens of the Fibrils putteth them upon irregular motions causing an Epilepsy An example of this may be given in an Hysterick Woman An Instance of an Epilepsy flowing from an Ulcered Pancreas who laboured with violent Convulsive motions the retinue of the Falling-sickness ending in a fatal storm And afterward her Body being opened the Viscera were found very free from any Disease except the Pancreas which was highly Ulcered and the cause of her Death An Epilepsy may be also derived from the Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines An Epilepsy proceeding from the Diseases of the Stomach and Guts labouring of a great Flatus giving a high discomposure which is very familiar to Children often troubled with Gripes proceeding from viscid Humors mixed with yellow or green Choler causing violent Convulsive motions in the Intestines and Stomach which are fine Contextures of Nerves which being first aggrieved by flatulent acrimonious Recrements do afterward draw the Nervous Fibrils of the Brain into consent and produce strong and fatal Epileptick Fits which I have often seen in Children tortured with these severe disaffections and after Death the Abdomen being opened I have discerned the Stomach and Guts to be highly tumefied and full of yellow and green Choler associated with a clammy Matter Children and Persons of riper years are often troubled with Worms An Epilepsy coming from Worms which highly afflict the Stomach and Guts with Convulsive motions which are afterward imparted to the Brain wherein the Origens of the Nerves are seated which very much sympathize with those of the Guts and Stomach in their afflictive Diseases An Epilepsy may be also generated by a hard gangreened Spleen A Falling-sickness is taking its rise from an Ul ered Spleen coming from too great a quantity of first inflamed and afterward extravasated concreted Blood some part of which being transmitted to the Cortex of the Brain vitiateth the Animal Liquor and Spirits making great agitations in the fibrous Compage of the Brain and afterward in the other Nerves of the Limbs and Body Of this case
Learned Tylingius giveth an account in Miscellan An example of this case Curiosis ann 1674 1675 and 1676. p. 280. Ait ille Sereniss ac celsissimi Principis D. Ferdinandi Alberti Ducis Brunswicensis Lunenburgensis filiolus unius anni Convulsionibus Epilepticis admodum erat obnoxius cum his itaque graviter affligeretur ut tandem vitam cum morte commutaret Corpus ejus die 27 Jan. 1673. aperui lienem induratum scirrhosum fere lapidosum inveni A Falling-sickness may be also produced by a quantity of Genital Liquor An Epilepsy proceeding from a Virulent Seminal Liquor long lodged in the Seminal Vessels or Prostates wherein it acquireth a virulent nature communicated to the Blood carried by several Vessels to the Cortex of the Brain where it infecteth the Succus Nervosus giving a great annoyance first to the tender Fibrils of the Brain and then to the Nerves of the Body which are a continuation of them causing Epileptick Fits and Death A Person of Honor having frequently indulged Venereal Embraces An Instance â—f a Gentleman dying of an Epilopsy was sensible of the meanness of this natural act did addict himself to a chaste and abstemious life whereupon he grew Vertiginous and afflicted with Epileptick Distempers attended with a tremulous motion of his Tongue Convulsive agitations of his Head after the manner of a Rotation a paleness of his Face and dimness of his Sight so that after few days his more Noble and Divine Part quitted his Body And afterward the lowest middle and highest Apartiment being opened all the Viscera appeared to be sound only the Vesicular Cells were found full of virulent Seed the cause of his Epileptick Fits The Indications that relate to this Disease are Curatory The Indications of an Epilepsy which have regard to the Fit or Preservatory which have respect to the Cause of the Disease As to the first Purgatives Vomits and Bleeding have no place As to the Curatory Indication Purgatives and Vomitories are not proper in this Disease Cephalicks and Specificks are most laudable in a Falling-sickness as giving too great a trouble and overmuch debilitation to the sick Patient when very weak So that then the most proper Medicines in this condition are good Cephalicks and proper Specificks which compose the enraged and fortifie the weakned Animal Spirits and rectifie the Animal Liquor the subject of them Such are faetide Medicines which are highly efficacious in Epileptick Fits impregnated with Volatil or Armoniack Salt and with Vitriolick Sulphur as Oyl of Amber or with other Volatil Spirits of Harts Horn Spirit of Sal Armoniack either of it self or succinated Spirit of Blood or Soot or Tincture of Castor Compound Spirit of Lavender Compound Briony Water Comp. Paeony Water c. And as to the Preservatory Indication The Preservatory Indicatory is sounded in the rectifying an ill mass of Blood which regardeth the taking away the Cause of this Disease it is principally founded in the rectifying an ill mass of Blood and Nervous Liquor which depend much upon the laudable Constitution of the Viscera and chiefly upon that of the Brain and the good disposition of the Animal Spirits So that the ill Diathesis of the Blood and Viscera is taken away by Vomiting Purging and Bleeding which though they do not perform the Cure alone yet they prepare the Viscera and Blood and Nervous Liquor by taking away their noysom Recrements whereby the Specifick Medicines can more powerfully exert their vertue upon the Viscera being deobstructed and the Blood and Nervous Liquor being depurated whereupon the discomposed Animal Spirits and Convulsive motions are calmed and by degrees the Epileptick Fits are first alleviated and at last wholly conquered and Nature restored to a salutary condition which I have often seen by the Blessing of the Supream Physician upon methodical Prescription and Application of proper Medicines Specificks which highly speak an advantage in the Cure of this Disease are numerous viz. Amber Castor Coral Camphor Ung. Alcis Specificks in order to the Cure of this Disease a Humane Skull Misletowe of the Oak or Apple-tree Roots or Flowers of Paeony Roots of Valerian The Leaves of Rue Lavender the Flowers of Time Lily of the Valley Betony Preparations made of Swallows Daws c. These Medicines work by secret qualities Medicines in this Disease work by secret qualities and it is very difficult to determine the manner of their Operations in taking away the causes of this Disease which I humbly conceive do consist much in over-fermentative Elements in Nitro-sulphureous and sometimes Vitriolick sharp Particles of the Blood vitiating the Succus Nervosus causing the Falling-sickness as it is received into the fibrous Compage of the Brain and Plexes of Nerves whereupon they grow very unquiet and Convulsed and the Medicines adapted by Nature to the Cure of this Disease The Cure of this disaffection is performed by sweetening the Blood do sweeten the Acrimonious Particles of the Cristalline Liquor of the Blood the Materia substrata of Nervous Juice and give an allay to its Nitro-sulphureous parts by reducing it and the Succus Nervosus in some degree to a laudable Constitution whereupon the opposite Elements of these various Liquors are brought to such a Mediocrity as to produce a due Fermentation not offending the system of tender Nerves in the Brain and Plexes in other parts of the Body And Cephalick Medicines have not only a power to dulcifie the sharp parts of the Blood and exalt the gross saline Particles thereby giving a check to the over-fermentative principles of the Blood but have also an astrictive faculty to corroborate the loose Compage of the Nervous Fibrils of which the Brain is chiefly constituted And by reason its fibrous frame being rendred flaccid by serous Recrements is disposed for the reception of a Succus Nervosus depraved with acid and saline Particles highly agitating the system of tender Fibrils Corroborating Cephalicks very proper to strengthen the Brain therefore Astringent Cephalicks must be of great use after sweet Medicines have been advised to sweeten and appease the Vital and Nervous Liquor impregnated with saline and acid parts and over-acted with Nitro-sulphureous Recrements raising the said Liquors to a high Fermentation productive of Epileptick Fits To speak more closely to the Cure of this stubborn Disease Purgatives may be given if the Patient be strong I conceive it very proper to advise Purgatives to the Patient if strong of Senna Agarick Rubarb Mechoacan Jalape Hellebore mixed with Celaphicks as also the greater Faetide Pills or de Succino aut Pilulae Diambrae Hierae cum Agaric mixed with Castor Amber Camphor quickned with some Grains of Resine of Jalape Vomitories or Extract of Rud. or Hellebore Vomits may be also advised made of an Infusion of Crocus Metallorum Salt of Vitriol or Mynsicht's Emetick Tartar in a few Grains and in the working of the Vomits large quantities
of Cholick pains when its course is intercepted whereupon the coats of the Intestines are puffed up and aggrieved by the tensive and elastick Particles of Wind which always endeavouring to expand themselves grow impatient when they are confined within narrow bounds Sometimes this Disease causeth a Diarrhaea and othertimes a Dysentery coming from a quantity of thin sharp Recrements solliciting and corroding the Intestines in order to expulsion In this the ambient parts and habit of the Body The Symtomes of the Scurvey in the habit and ambient parts of the Body Severe wandring pains are often felt proceeding from sharp and serous parts of the Blood and nervous Liquor torturing the membranous and fibrous parts of the Muscles and Periostia of the Bones this Disease is also accompanied with a spontaneous weariness and great weakness of the Limbs rendring them unfit for motion which proceedeth from an ill nervous Liquor void of good Animal Spirits as losing much of their tensive Particles whereupon the Nerves and carnous Fibres grow flaccide and faint in their Contractions so that the Muscles often lose their plumpness whence ariseth an Atrophy of the whole Body and the outward parts are beset with spots of various colours of Red and Yellow as the thinner parts of purer Blood or as mixed with Choler are carried through the excretory Ducts and setled in the Skin which is sometimes infested with Tumors coming from extravasated Humors and other times with Ulcers flowing from sharp corroding Recrements of the Blood and with a Scab or Scurf derived from the ill gross saline Particles discharged by the excretory cutaneous Ducts concreted upon and adhering to the surface of the ambient parts of the Body Having given an account of the subject and the various symptomes of this Disease and their Aetiology I conceive it agreeable to Reason to shew you the causes of it The procatartick cause may be a gross Air in Maritime and Fenny places An ill Air is a procatar ick cause of the Scurvey as infected with thick and moist vapors arising out of the Earth as the Air is poisoned with malignant influences of the Planets so that the ill Air mixing in the Mouth with the masticated Aliment doth very much spoil its concoction in the Stomach by reason the Air having lost much of its elastick Particles cannot open the Compage of the Meat and prepare it for the extracting an alimentary Tincture Gros Aliment is a remote cause of the Scurvey which especially happens when the Aliment it self is hard to be concocted as in Fish salted and Flesh treated after the same manner and hardned by Smoak whereupon most of their succulent Alimentary Matter is dryed up by Salt or extracted by the heat of the Fire and Smoak so that the Earthy and subtle parts of Flesh or Fish can give no Aliment and put the Stomach upon a great trouble to sever the little Alimentary Particles from the Tartar in which they are highly and closely confined Another reason of the ill concoction of Aliment The ill Ferments of the Stomach are remote causes of this Disease making a crude Chyle the remote cause of the Scurvey are the ill Ferments of the Stomach endued with over acide or fixed saline Particles which spoil the bounty of the Chyle and make an ill mass of Blood as depressed with acide or fixed saline Elements whereupon it may be inferred with good Reason that the material cause of the Scurvy being a depraved mass of Blood must necessarily indispose all the apartiments of the Body and the various integuments encircling them and all parts lodged in their warm Bosome The source of this Disease must be in the noblest Liquors passing the whole which are the vital and nervous juyce giving Life Heat Sense Motion and Nourishment That the Blood hath a great share in the production of the Scurvey Ill Blood is an antecedent cause of the Scurvey may be made appear by its high ebullition and fermentation and by various spots and little Tumors besetting the Skin and a thick high coloured Urine much resembling Lees of Wine in colour and consistence And not only an ill mass of Blood A vitiated nervous Liquor is another cause of it but a depraved nervous Liquor often infected by it very much contributeth to the generation of this Disease declared in the most troublesome pains of the membranous nervous and tendinous parts of the Body giddiness of the Head and its weakness and Convulsive motions spontaneous weariness and a paralitick distemper which do all flow from a vitiated nervous Liquor spoiling the tone of the fibrous Compage of the Brain and Branches and plexes of Nerves imparted to the whole Body As to the ill constitution of the Blood productive of the Scurvey Ingenious Dr. A comparison of Wine with the mass of Blood Willis compareth it to Wine which laboureth of a kind of Sickness as well as Blood upon a double account either as some extraneous ingredient not easily mixing with the Liquor is put into it or when the crasis of the juyce is perverted because one or more Elements are too much depressed or others too much exalted As to the first it may be observed in Wine Extraneous ingredients cast into Wine resemble the heterogenous and confused parts of Blood that where some Grease or Brimstone is cast into it a great Fermentation ariseth and unless it be allayed in a short space the bounty of the Wine will be destroyed and after the same manner some heterogeneous Body running confused with the Blood doth disturb its regular motion as a Chyme being crude or endued with acide or saline Elements associateth with the Blood and rendreth it highly Fermentative and obnoxious to variety of diseases Wine Wine and Blood are debased when their active and spirituous principles are over-powred by gross Elements as well as Blood doth first degenerate from its laudable and native disposition as being debased or corrupted when its spirituous and more active principles of Salt and Sulphur are overpowred by other gross Elements whereupon they cannot extricate themselves and grow clear and spirituous but remaining gross the Wine is endued with an unpleasant Tast degenerating into a paled Liquor called Vappa in Latine The Blood is somewhat akin to this kind of sick Wine as its more agile volatil saline and sulphureous Particles are depressed by more gross so that the vital Liquor becometh crude and watry as in a Dropsy void of a due Consistence and spirituous parts which give Life and intestine Motion to the Blood Secondly Wine and Blood grow dispirited by too great effervescence by exalted oily Particles Wine loseth its good temper as the sulphureous parts growing too exalted do raise an immoderate effervescence called Fretting by the Vintners and not unlike to this the oily parts of the Blood getting a high Dominion over the Saline do make a great ebullition in the Heart productive of a Fever
Consumption of a Consumption or Atrophy and its Causes 846 847 Purgatives affect the Nervous Fibres of the Guts 369 In Purging the Fibres of the Stomach commence their motion about the Orifice and so move downward to the bottom of the Stomach 330 R. OF Rare parts 6 Rarefaction 9 10 11 12 Receptacle of Chyle 679 its Origen Figure and Cavity 680 Renales Glandulae their Situation Figure Magnitude Coates and uses 472 473 Of Respiration and of its efficient Cause and Retentive Faculty of the Stomach 290 to 295 Pathology of the retentive Faculty 294 to 296 The Retentive is seated in the Fibrils of the Coates of the Stomach 291 Rheumatism its Types and Periods and its Matter 151 The Causes of a Rheumatism the serous Parts of the Blood different kinds of Salts Acides and Alcalys 152 The antecedent Procatarctick and continent cause of a Rheumatism 153 Diverse other causes of a Rheumatism ill Blood and Nervous Liquor 155 Rheumatism flowing from concreted saline and Earthy parts and is also derived from sulphureous and flatulent Matter 156 Pain in a Rheumatism coming from disaffected Nervous Fibres 157 An Vniversal Rheumatism derived from all the Muscles disordered 157 The Curative preservative and vital Indication in a Rheumatism 158 Bleeding and Purging Medicines may be proper in their season in a Rheumatism 158 and in its Cure diverse Medicines propounded 159 A Rheumatism and joint Gout do not differ essentially but in parts affected 160 Nature and Organs and how the intercostal Muscles contribute to it 824 825 Of the Matter and efficient cause of Respiration 830 And of the uses of Respiration 835 836 837 Rete Mirabile and the reason of its Denomination dimensions of the plexes of Arterys how they are inosculated 1027 And the use of inosculation of Arterys 1028 Of the Ribs and their articulations and the oblique insertion of the Cartilages into the Ribs 826 The Rim of the Belly hath its process more close in Man then Bruits 514 The Rim of the Belly its situation and Figure 106 Pathology of the Rim and Cavity of the Belly and its Inflammation 164 the several sorts of Ruptures and tumors in the Belly 165 166 Rotation of the Thorax is so called improperly because it is not carried circularly but only backward and forward 97 The Rotation of the Loines and Thorax and by what Muscles it is performed 97 S. SOft parts of the Body are first formed out of the Colliquated Seed 1623 1624 Salival Liquor is fermentative as made up of various Elements 26 27 Salival Liquor is a kind of Vniversal Menstruum embodying with diverse Liquors 27 The parts of Salival Liquor and its Composition Ibid. Sanguineous parts 2 Salts being fixed are volatized by the effluxes of Air 38 Sap Vessels pass longwise and transversely in annular Fibres and diametral rays 31 Sap is exalted with Air in its motion upward and horizantally through the Vessels of the Bark and Wood 38 Sap Vessels their Figure and divarication 794 Between the Sap Vessels are seated many Areae as so many Cisterns of different Liquors 795 Sarcocele and its Cause and Cure 553 554 Of the Scurvy and how it is an Vniversal Disease and of the first seat of the Scurvy and of the Symptomes of the Scurvy in the Head Thorax and the lowest venter 1202 And of the Symptomes of the Scurvy in the habit and ambient parts of the Body And how the Air and gross Aliment is a cause of the Scurvy and of the ill ferments of the Stomach are remote Causes of this Disease 1203 The ill Mass of Blood and Nervous Liquor are antecedent Causes of the Scurvy 1204 The Scurvy is the Parent of many Diseases and the Spleen is often sound in it and of some Symptoms of the Scurvy and their Aetiology 1206 The seat of this Disease is sometimes a Corrupted Caul and other times an ill affected Pancreas 1207 The Original Cause of the Scurvy is an ill Chyle 1207 The great Cause of the Scurvy is the discrasy of the Blood 1208 Good Air and Aliment contribute much to the Cure of the Scurvy Ibid. In this Disease Purging and Vomiting Medicines discharge the recrements of the Stomach and bitter Medicines corroborate it 1208 Diureticks Diaphoreticks Vomitorys Purging Pills and Purging Medicines prepared with Antiscorbuticks and alteratives made of Aperients c. are very useful in this Disease 1209 Antiscorbutick infusions Apocemes Juices Syrupes destilled Waters c. 1210 Medicated Ale Testaceous Powders Electuaries Lime Water Purging and Diuretick Mineral Waters Chalybeat Preparations c. are very proper in this Disease 1211 Medicines proper for the Scurvy complicated with an Asthma as also Cephalicks mixed with Antiscorbuticks are very useful in this Malady 1212 Gargarismes for the Mouth and Diet Drinks for pain of the Limbs are advantagious in this Disease 1212 The Cure of Scabs Freckles Morphew Itch c. 68 69 71 Of the Scales of Fish which invest their Skin and of their situation Figure Magnitude Colour Substance and their formation 949. The use and Scales of diverse Fish 950 Secundine of the Seeds as also the Chorion and Amnios 672 Seminal Liquor of a Woman 604 to 607 Elements and parts of the â—eed of Man 617 Womens Seed is more watry and Crude than Mans 617 Mans and Womans Seed espouse a Vnion before Conception 618 The several kindes of Plastick Vertue in the Seed 619 620 Seed containeth the Ideas of all parts of the Body 621 Fibres of the Seed have dispositions and Figures 623 The Concretive Power of Seed in relation to the formation of several parts of the Body consisteth in the Fibres of the Seed derived from various salts 623 The seminal matter contained in the Eggs of Insects 662 Seeds of several Insects are different 662 Faeminine Seed 604 The union of the Seed of Man and Woman produceth the like in the Foetus 604 The Faeminine Seed is a passive or less active principle and is much exalted by the Masculine in generation 606 The Matter of Faeminine Seed and the manner how it is produced in the Ovarys 606 The Semen of a Woman is different from that of Man 607 The Materia Substrata of Seed is the serous part of the Blood and Nervous Liquor 607 The Masculine Seed hath some parts spirituous and volatil and others more fixed 617 The Faeminine Seed is more watry and Crude and less spirituous then that of Man Ibid. The manner how Masculine and Faeminine Seed espouse each other after coition 618 The Seed is first immitted into the Vagina not into the Body of the Womb 618 The accretions belonging to the Plastick Vertue do not proceed from pure salty but as mixed with other Elements 620 The seminal Liquor is made up of Alcalys and Acides 620 The seminal Ideas are modelled by the parts through which they pass 621 The Plastick Vertue doth first shew it self in the Colliquated parts of the Seed 623 The seminal Liquor is Fibrous 623 The seminal Fibres have
Agent full of Honor and Truth who will certainly make good whatsoever he hath said unto us in his Holy Writ in order to our Eternal Felicity if we observe Faith and Repentance Faith and Repentance are conditions of the New Covenant in order to Eternal Felicity the conditions of the Covenant and pay a duty of thanks and obedience to him And I confess the Incarnation of our Saviour seemeth a thing not consonant to natural reason that God and Man should be united in one Person What think ye of our union of Soul and Body But it seemeth very difficult to our apprehension how such different Natures the one a Spirit Immortal and Incorruptible the other a Body Material and Corruptible as being grand opposites should be united in one Person and assist each other in natural operations This is true in Nature and the other in Faith which rendreth all things credible to a willing mind that do not imply a contradiction in the nature of things which the Incarnation of Christ is free from it being not impossible that he who is intimately present to all things should in a more peculiar manner assume our Humane Nature as to the manner of it is as mysterious as true but the reason of it may be better apprehended for if our Redeemer had not been like us in nature as Man he could not have redeemed us for Man having offended Man also must be punished and satisfie God's Justice which Christ did in fulfilling the Law and offering himself a Sacrifice for our Sins which could in no way have proved efficacious to us had not his Divine nature been united to his Humane So that if Christ had been only Man though accomplished with Nature and Grace and had in every title fulfilled the Moral Law The Active Obedience of Christ and paid a perfect Obedience according to God's Will to all his most Holy Commands yet being a Creature he could only speak his Duty in offering up his Life in God's service to his Glory which he had originally received from him His Passive Obedience But Christ the Saviour of the World in reference to his Divine nature rendred his sufferings meritorious giving them thereby an infinite value as accompanied with infinite perfections proper to his Godhead only and upon this account he offered himself a Propitiatory Sacrifice for the whole World Another Mystery revealed in the Gospel is the Resurrection of our Bodies at the day of Judgment The Resurrection of our Bodies is not impossible which is disbelieved by Atheists and wicked Persons as repugnant to their interest to be called to account and to suffer Eternal torments for their demerits But laying aside all prejudice and truly considering the nature of the Resurrection it doth not at all imply any contradiction I confess there is no natural Agent of sufficient ability to produce such an Effect It is as easie to raise a Body as to create it but the supream cause being of infinite power and perfection having created Heaven and Earth and variety of Creatures in such great order out of nothing is able by the same power to raise Dust and Ashes to Life it being much less to restore somewhat bereaved of its being to its former Preexistence and to add new degrees of perfection then to create all things of nothing And indeed we need not wonder that the mysteries of Religion cannot be fathomed by our shallow capacities when the secrets of Nature the Essences of Forms do soar above our most elevated conceptions and we though bred in Schools are not Masters of so much Philosophy as to tell any Man's peculiar Nature The numerical difference of Individuums by which one Man is numerically discriminated from another which natural notion is as concealed from us as the greatest Article of Faith unless it be manifested to us by some supernatural Light which is as great an instance of God's Wisdom as his love to give clear and infallible Rules in an extraordinary manner to advance the Law of Nature when deficient in order to his Service and Glory and our Peace and Happiness And it will be worth our remark to consider how mean and flat our Sentiments are how abstracted soever they may seem in the knowledge of Philosophical Principles and much more in Divine And hence it may be well inferred how reasonable it is to make a strict enquiry whether God hath propounded any revealed Truth and then not to say it is an Article of Faith The Articles of Faith do not destroy but perfect the Law of Nature because it is opposite to Reason is a vain way of Argument and very fallacious because what is contrary to Reason is destructive of it and cannot be ascribed to Articles of Faith which do not destroy or abolish but perfect and exalt the Law of Nature as most suitable to it And when we are presented by Divine Revelation with some Truths of which we were formerly ignorant we must speak our thanks and obedience to him for clearing up our Understanding by some new revealed Principles The Sanctions of the Gospel are explicatory of the Law of Nature And though the great Law-giver hath enacted no new moral Sanctions but such as are consonant to the Law of Nature and the end of our Creation and hath taught us many new Precepts as explicatory of the old ones of the Moral Law and hath established new Ordinaries as Suppletories of the defect of the Law of Nature to elevate it to greater perfection to render Man capable of that great Happiness to which he was consigned in his first production And to that end the Holy JESVS hath instituted many holy Precepts and tendered gracious Promises in the Gospel as so many endearing instances of his love to caress him to his duty which are wrote in fair Characters by a Quill taken out of a Wing of the Dove to invite us by infallible and endearing Arguments to attain those Felicities and Glories which God designed us before the foundation of the World And the Eternal Law-giver our Gracious Redeemer The Levitical Rites are abolished hath taken off many burdensome and expenseful Rites of the Levitical Law which were ordained to be temporary in their first institution as the Sacrificing of Beasts and the like which were Typical of that most Excellent Sacrifice of the true Paschal Lamb who offered himself once upon the Altar of the Cross as a Propitiatory Sacrifice for the Sins of the whole World And because the Levitical Rites were only Shadows they were abolished when the more perfect substance came into the World and dwelt among us Faith and Repentance are essential to Religion and continued with us as long as this most divine order of Nature should last that Prayers Intercessions Eucharist Adoration and the observance of his Holy Ordinances Moral Precepts Faith and Repentance as the Conditions of the New Covenant should be essential to Religion and of an unalterable Nature by which a way is chalked out wherein
wondrous Works and the excellent Wisdom of the Creator It is my intendment to treat Anatomically of a Humane Body Humane Body the noblest subject of Anatomy which being apprehended under a comprehensive Notion is an universal Organ subservient to all the more noble and meaner faculties and operations of the Soul made up of great variety of Parts disposed in admirable Order so that the Inferior in their several Stations and Capacities pay a duty of subjection and obedience to the Commands of the Superiour And as preliminary to a clearer understanding of the Anatomical Disquisitions The qualification of Humane Body I will premise somewhat of the parts of the elegant Fabrick of Mans Body and their Qualifications under the notion of Solid and Fluid Soft and Hard Rare and Dense Rarefaction and Condensation Transparent and Opace Fermentation floweth from different principles promoted by various Ferments Gross and Subtle And of Fermentation flowing from these different Qualities and of the various ferments of Serous and Nervous Liquors and of Air impregnated with variety of corporeal Effluxes productive of fermentative dispositions in Fluid Bodies which are refined by secretion ambulatory to percolation made in the Glands lodged in the Membranes Viscera and Muscular parts as so many colatories of Liquors always making various Circuits from part to part So that this rare machine of Humane Body is ministerial to divers uses and operations of Life The description of Humane Body as a System of many parts disposed in excellent order Sense and Motion and may be mechanically described a Systeme of many excellent and meaner parts contrived in a well disposed order with a mutual dependance to advance each others Welfare and Interest A division of the Body into Spermatick and Sanguineous parts not proper And are divided by some into Spermatick and Sanguineous which division seemeth to me somewhat improper because they borrow their first rudiment from seminal Liquor and not out of Blood primarily because Blood it self is originally produced by Colliquation out of the ambient parts of genital Juice which is plainly visible in the white of an Egg disposed step by step to the production of a Chicken and solid parts of the muscles and parenchyma of the Viscera are stiled improperly Sanguineous because denominations are derived a majori and then the substance of the Muscles and Viscera must have the appellative of spermatick parts and are collective bodies composed of several parts generated and nourished out of seminal and nervous Liquors and are tinged only with red caused by Blood passing through the spaces of and adherent to the coats of the Vessels as a thin accretion which being of a superficial thickness may be taken away by frequent scrapings and repeated washings with fair Water whereby the aggregate bodies of many membranous tubes modelled in various sizes may be spoiled of their adventitious scarlet and be reinvested with their native whitish veils Wherefore the parts of the Body may admit another division more agreeable to Reason and the nature of the things into Similar and Dissimilar A most proper division of the Body into Similar and Dissimilar parts The first are so denominated because every Particle hath one definition or nature with the whole every part of a Fibre participateth the like substance with the whole These Similar parts are reputed Eleven in number as Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Fibres Nerves Tendons Veins Arteries Lymphaeducts and Flesh but most of these if not all do not merit the title of Similar as appearing so only to sense upon a superficial view and upon a more strict survey are found to be composed of different Particles as Flesh is an aggregate body bound up with all sorts of Vessels conjoyned to each other by the interposition of many minute thin Membranes whose interstices grow big with vital Liquor and Membranes Veins Arteries and Nerves are made up of many small Filaments interspersed with vital or nervous Liquor and Tendons are framed of ligamentary and nervous Fibres the one sensible and the other insensible Dissimilars are so called because they consist of many parts of disagreeing substance and are much more considerable than the Similars who are integrals of the Dissimilar these being Limbs or at least small Machines integrating the greater Organ of Humane Body of which they are instruments upon which account these Dissimilars are termed Organical Organical parts of the Body as consigned to be ministers of Natural Actions and to that end they are accommodated with a determinate and sensible Conformation consisting in a decent Figure just magnitude due number and proper situation of parts all which do conspire and joyntly contribute to render a part Organical in celebrating the operation of Life Sense and Motion And those Organick parts may be subdivided into Fluid and Solid A subdivision of Dissimilar parts into Fluid and Solid The Fluid parts are the Liquors of the Body The first are the more excellent as the instrumental efficient causes of the rational Sensitive and vegetable Functions and are those select Liquors of the Body the Alimentary Vital and Animal all which have their proper Channels The Alimentary is conveyed from the Stomach through the Intestines and lacteal Vessels into the common receptacle and from thence through the Thoracic Ducts into the subclavian Veins where it associateth with the Vital Liquor thence transported through the Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart and from thence by the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the left Chamber of the Heart out of which it is impelled by various Arteries into all parts of this great Machine and then it is reconveyed again by numerous Veins into the right cistern of the Heart And the Nervous Liquor generated in the cortex of the Brain is dispersed thence through small fibrils for the most part integrating the body of the Brain into the trunks of Nerves seated in the Medulla Oblongata and Spinalis and from thence propagated by greater and lesser nervous Channels into all the parts of the Body These liquid substances are easily contained The Fluid parts or Liquors are confined within Vessels or Channels and bounded within the Channels encircled with membranous Coats and are very extravagant when left to their own conduct and therefore these Liquors as Fluid Bodies being boundless in their own nature are confined within the inclosure of Vessels and do configure their soft pliable substance to the more firm concave surface of their Channel And I conceive the fluid quality of these choice Liquors doth arise from hence because their numerous Particles have a loose compage The Description of Fluid Bodies or Liquors to have a loose compage made up of numerous Particles fit for motion and may be easily parted from each other which necessarily supposeth many spaces interceeding the fruitful atomes compounding liquid bodies rendring them very ready to move truly about the little surfaces which encircle them And these Liquors
every way diffuse themselves making divers Expansions and Intumescences by their great resistance in variety of motion And now I beg pardon of the Courteous Reader if these Mechanick Motions of Minute Bodies beautified with variety of Figures in order to Motion doe not complace his Temper which I have given as most obvious to Sense and Reason the first being ministerial to the second and therefere sensible Deductions make great impression in and speak satisfaction to our Understanding And whosoever will give himself the pleasure deeply to inspect the nature of things Mechanick Notions are the clearest way of explaining Intestine Motions as most obvious to Sense may clearly apprehend the reason of Intestine Motion proceeding from Bodies consisting of Peripatetick Elements or Chymical Principles which may be best explained by Mechanick Conceptions of Figures and small Dimensions for though Sublunary Substances are discriminated by many Appellative yet they all agree in one common nature as they are Corporeal and so are divisible into numerous Minute parts affected with determinate Figures which give high advantages and dispositions to each other to associate to produce great variety of Intestine Motions which I humbly conceive are derived not only from the contrariety of Agents but also from Bodies broken into small Particles and modelled with different Figures some being Sphaerical Conical Cubical and others Pyramidal Oval Angular producing several motions in divers Bodies the causes of whose actions being reduced to Mechanick Principles hold great correspondence as well with our Sense and Reason as with the nature of things and the truth of their Essences Ingenious Descartes supposeth the souls of Bruits to be made up of Sphaerical Descartes conceiveth the Souls of Bruits to consist of Orbicular Particles which is very improbable because Sphaerical Bodies can only touch in point and so are very moveable and being minute will easily transpire the parts of the Body moveable Particles which are imagined to be such a Ferment of so great Activity as is not extant in the nature of Things as being capable to build so elegant a Structure of the Body in which it exerteth so great a variety of Intestine Motion But this Hypothesis is perplexed with many difficulties For how can it be conceived the souls of Bruits being composed of Orbicular Particles which add Wings to Motion should be deteined within the narrow confines of the Body seeing no Cements can be found to conjoyn these most active and moveable Particles which being but gently agitated will immediately part and as they are encircled with Orbicular Figures can only touch in Points and so may easily vary their station and as they are very small and of a Volatil nature can easily transâ—ire the innumerable Minute Pores of the Body And if any outward assaults upon these Minute Orbicular Bodies as so many angry Guests they will speedily quit their former Mansion House and enter into a new Association with Airy and Aethereal bodies as much akin to these imaginary Volatil Particles embelished with divers kinds of Figures of bruitish Souls Dr. Willis describeth the souls of Bruits in manner of a Flame made of numerous small bodies of divers shapes Which curious Dr. Willis describeth in manner of a Flame arising out of the fiery parts of the Blood composed of innumerable Minute Particles of divers kinds of Figures acted with a most rapid Motion of which its flamy nature doth consist and is conceived to be framed of a disagreeing furniture of many oily Particles apt to be inflamed by a hasty motion which is maintained by the most vigorous contests of many Minute Bodies affected with Angular Figures which dashing one against another do by a kind of attrition reduce themselves to a Globular form thereby rendring their nature more Volatil and ready to extinguish this finer flame unless it be perpetually supported by a constant fuel of new Orbicular Spirituous and Sulphureous Particles From whence it may be inferred with great probability Fermentation acted with various Ferments is divided into two kinds of Expansive and Precipitatory motions that the Intestine Motions attending variety of Ferments may be reduced to two kinds of Expansive and Precipitatory Actions The first kind have difform constituent parts which occasion the great disputes in contrary Agents making a variance among themselves as well as Fermented Mass Intestine Motion performed by Expansive Faculty In this rencounter of disagreeing Bodies which being highly active some are forced to make their retreat to give freedom of space to others to exercise their Motion and Particles different in Figure do violently assault each other endeavouring to Countermand each others motion by vigorous resistances until some stubborn parts are turned out of Doors and others as more pliable are subdued being brought to such a degree of Uniformity as is consistent with the welfare and perfection of the whole But Minute Bodies acting in Fermentation by a precipitating power do consist of more Heterogeneous and differents Figures Fermentation accomplished by a precipitating power which being more simple endued with more accute and incisive Angles do embody in a Mass and do encounter whatsoever opposeth their motion with great briskness and presently in substances of a loose Compage free themselves from importunate Guests and in a more compact Mass make more violent Effervescences produced by greater resistances by which they are disburdened of opposite Particles and then the disputes are calmed and the more generous Particles are united entring into those Pores which before were prepossessed with other less similar Particles Having treated of the nature of Ferments and the requisite conditions of Fermentation and its causes proceeding from bodies lessened into small Particles dressed with various Figures and acted with contrary Principles considered in a general notion as preliminary to intestine Motion relating to the Body of Man and taken in a more especial apprehension in which we make inquiry into the subject matter of Fermentation and its Causes the various Ferments productive of it and the ends to which it is consigned the secretion of Liquors and the secretory parts and the manner of effecting secretion by Percolation produced by Vessels of several kinds as so many Organs instituted by nature for the accomplishing of it And seeing the Body of Man is made up of divers Substances affected with Fermentative Principles founded in contrariety of Qualities and variety of Figures And it may be worth our Disquisition What is the subject matter of these Principles and Figures which I conceive to be Constituents of which Mans Body is formed the Containing and Contained the Solid and Fluid parts The first are made up of divers little Surfaces so closely conjoyned that they cannot easily be parted or of many Particles which being of one or divers kinds are so firmly espoused to each other that they cannot easily suffer a divorce And those are stiled more Solid as they more firmly adhere and are more closely fixed to each
of thin Transparent Substance and of a sweetish taste inclining somewhat to Subacide and is endued with Fermentative disposition as it is a serous and saline part of the Blood impraegnated with volatil saline Particles derived from Nervous Liquor transmitted into the body of the Pancreas and mixed with serous Particles which are conveyed by a common Duct into the Intestines where it meeteth with the Chyle in which it raiseth an Effervescence in it by which it is exalted and refined by defaecating the pure parts from the impure Another Humour and that noble too The fourth Ferment is the nervous Liquor exalting the Intestine Motion of the Chyle and Blood may be stiled the Nervous Liquor impraegnated with Animal Spirits and Volatil Saline and Aereal Particles whose spirituous and elastic body doth much assist Fermentation in the production of Chyle and Blood by relaxing the Compage of Alimentary and Vital Liquor and in reducing the contrary Aliments in these Heterogeneous Bodies into action whence ariseth an Effervescence of these Liquors commonly stiled Fermentation This Animal Juice associateth with that limpid Liquor in the Salival Glands where it is very much enobled by its spirituous active Ingeny and giveth a farther improvement to the serous Liquor of the Blood which exuding the inward Coat of the Stomach giveth a farther digestion of the Aliment and entereth into society with the Juice of the Pancreas by rendring it more spirituous and active to impart a greater attenuation to the Chyle in the Intestines From whence it being transmitted Chyle is impregnated with nervous Liquor in the Glands of the Mesentery into the Mesenteric Glands doth there embody with the Animal Juice which giveth it a greater exaltation and maketh it more fit to enter into alliance with the Blood in the Subclavian Veins and Ventricles of the Heart and substance of the Lungs where it giveth impraegnation to the Blood as much contributing to its Intestine Motion The Succus Nervosus also communicates a power to the serous Liquor of the Blood to be exalted in the Cortical Glands of the Brain in reference to the formation of Animal Liquor and Spirits And in the Viscera The Viscera are colatories of the Blood the Spleen Liver and Kidneys these noble Colatories of the Blâ—â—d the Nervous Liquor is ministerial to the Purple Liquor and by enlarging its Pores giveth it a disposition of Secretion which is lastly accomplished by Percolation made by various Cavities of different kinds of Vessels which I shall endeavour more clearly to set forth in Treating of Secretion and Percolation of Liquors CHAP. IV. Of the Fermentative Power of Aethereal and Aereal Particles advancing the Chyle and Blood of Humane Bodies THe most exalted Ferments are Aethereal The highest Ferments are caelestial Emanations which are as quick in Motion as active in Qualities and is most wisely Contrived by that most Glorious Agent by an excellent Aeconomy in the first Constitution of Things that Inferiour Bodies should be acted by the Influences of Superiour whereupon Caelestial Bodies as common Parents in the production of Sublunary Entities do improve their Seminal Vertues by imparting new and more spirituous dispositions to their sluggish Matter So that Aethereal Particles being of a kind of Divine Extract as Emanations of Caelestial Bodies do penetrate into the Minute Pores of solid Substances and the more free passages of Fluid Bodies and their Compages enlarged by a sublimed heat and influences do cause great Expansions in the noble Liquors of Mans Body raising their Fermentation to a great Refinement Subtle Aethereal Particles do easily insinuate themselves into the less Active Bodies Aethereal Particles being of a subtle nature are easily conceived into the bodies of the Alimentary Vital and Nervous Liquors Nutricious Vital and Nervous Liquor And these fine Irradiations being of a Volatil Ingeny have inclination to mount upward toward their former Stations to associate with Similar Substances were they not detained below within the more fixed confinements of Earthy Bodies And seeing all Intestine Motion is celebrated between contrary Agents according to that great Philosopher in his Book De Generatione 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Agere pati sunt contrariorum Aethereal influences propagated from bright Luminaries being thin spirituous Substances do come from above to meet here below with dull Earthy Bodies where they raise disputes in Waters making great Intestine Motions to advance the gross dispositions of inferiour Beings and elevate them to a higher degree of Perfection by somewhat of Assimilation which these lower Bodies do gain by their Converse with the more sublime Aethereal Influences derived from Caelestial bodies Again Bodies suffering great comminutions have their particles dressed with different shapes and sizes else they will be despoiled of all intestine Motion with which they are acted because when many Bodies are endued with an equality of Figures and Magnitudes they cannot long if at all partake of Motion which consisteth in an open Compage of moveable substances by reason their distant parts will soon reduce themselves close to each other produced by an equality of sides which making their nearer applications to each other the intermedial spaces are filled up and the intestine Motion consequently ceaseth So that these minute spirituous Particles flowing from the beams of the Sun and other Planets and Starrs of greater or less Magnitudes are darted into the Pores of all sublunary Bodies whose nimble Motions could produce little or no impressions as Ferments in this lower Orbe if they should meet with liquid Subjects only perforated with streight Pores accommodated with regular Figures by reason they would find no resistance speedily running through these regular Passages and cause little or no Inte-Motion Whereupon these aethereal Particles not consisting of irregular Angles Aethereal Particles made up of regular Angles move with great swiftness in right Lines do naturally stream with the greatest swiftness imaginable in right Lines through all Pores of other Bodies adorned with uniform Figures which give aethereal Influences free passages readily to be transmitted without giving check to their direct course thereby making by reason of their smooth abode little alteration in Bodies penetrated with such inexpressible quickness But the Liquors of Mans Body composed of Heterogeneous Principles are brought by Motion into minute Parts Liquors of Mans Body broken into small particles are endued with divers shapes and Sizes furnished with variety of Magnitudes and Figures holding no exact fitness with each other must needs have empty spaces interceding their sides whereupon they cannot make so near accesses to each other by reason of their disproportioned sides and unequal Angles giving freedom to the minute agitated Parts to play up and down and continue their Motion Whereupon aethereal Influences acted with subtil Particles do insinuate themselves through the secret Passages of our Body in its fluid Parts adorned with numerous Angles and irregular sides which do hinder the over-hasty Motion of Celestial Influences
sweet saline and oily Balsamick Effluxes do much advance the natural temper of the Air by giving it a salutary fermentative Disposition So that Effluxes do issue out of several Nutricious Juices animating Trees and Plants which are first derived from the Mould into the Minute Pores of the Cuticle encircling the Root and afterward into the Bark and Wood The manner of propagating Sap out of the Mould through the pores of the Cuticle into the compage of the Wood. through whose substance the Sap is propagated by a number of small Vessels running long-ways from the bottom to the top and is afterward conveyed cross-ways by Wooden Fibres inserted into the Bark through which the gummy steams are emitted out of Plum-Trees Cherry-Trees and the like which being of an Emplastick Thickning and Cooling temper do enter into alliance with Watry Vapours as near akin to them and all Effluxes proceeding from Lactescent Juices of Succhory Dandelion and the like being of a moist and cooling temper do associate with Aqueous Emanations And also Gummy Effluvia by their viscide and temperate nature do countermand the over Aperitive Qualities of hot sulphureous and caustick Steams The Oleagenous Effluxes flowing from Balsamick Liquors of Resinous Trees Resinous Trees emit balsamic steams in oâ— the Air rendring it salutary do with an aperient emolient discutient and healing Disposition much enoble the Atmosphaere as conducing to the preservation of the Lungs in a due Tone and to restore it when afflicted with thin and acid Catarrhs The unctuous steams of Balsamick Liquors are dissolved by and embodied with vinous Effluxes breathed out of several kinds of Fruits as Grapes Apples Pears Plums Cherries Goosberries Corance Rasberries and the like which impart a Cordial quality to the pleasant refreshing draughts of Air giving the Vital Liquor in the Lungs a spumous substance and Florid Colour These generous Vital Steams are great and principal Ingredients constituting the Fermenting temper of the Air As they are the most active steams putting the other sluggish contrary Effluvia of Trees and Plants into Intestine Motion The Resinous and Vinous Effluxes being of a similar temper do enter into a near Conjunction as preservative one of another and are Alexipharmacal to exalt the Air with benign Influences in opposition to noisome steams that are emitted out of the poisonous Liquors of Plants as wild Cucumbers Hellebore Night-shade Black Poppies divers parts of Tithimals and many other of the like nature And not only Mineral and Vegetable Effluvia are Ingredients but also those of Animals claim their share in producing the Fermentative Ingeny of Air which is a universal Vehicle of all steams whatsoever The Vital Liquor of Animals Spirituous steams are emitted out of the Pores of the Cutis and are the volatil parts of the Blood being briskly transmitted by a strong Impulse in many greater and smaller Cylinders from the inward Recesses to ambient parts of the Body the Cutis and Cuticula through whose innumerable Pores the more thin and spirituous Particles of the Blood do perpetually Transpire and in a most eminent degree when the Blood is carried in a great Torrent with violent agitations of the Body wherein it is acted by strong contractions of Muscles squeesing the Vessels and hastning the motion of the Blood imparting to it great Heat and Rarefaction The causes of the Fermentative power in Air proceed from contrary Elements the different Effluvia of several Bodies when some aethereal are emanations of Plants some sublunary arising out of Minerals Vegetables and Animals whereupon the Compage of the Blood being opened and tumultuarily impelled by the greater and lesser Arteries to the surface of the Body through which it emitteth numerous steams into the Air as being more excellent Emanations springing from an elevated principle of Life attended with more select Organs than those of Vegetables And in order to give a more clear account of the true Origen and Causes productive of the Fermentative Power which is more eminent in Air than in any other Body as it consisteth of many contrary active Principles the various steams that inspire it some being Caelestial Emanations of a Heavenly Extract as streaming above out of the Sun and other Planets and Stars of a greater or less Magnitude and others being of a more mean Off-spring arising out of a lower Orb have divers Families as they are propagated from Minerals Vegetables and Animals The Mineral Steams also are of a different Ingeny The various steams of Minerals some Saline some Sulphureous and others Earthy the Saline are different too as Armoniac Vitriolick Nitrous Aluminous and many others made up of Acids and Alcalys and Sulphureous Effluxes also are of several sorts whereof some are Salutary as Amber Bitumen Common Sulphur and others Venenate as Auripigmentum Arsnick and Earthy Steams are also several as flowing from different Earths as Terra Lemnia Sigillata and the like The Vegetable Effluxes too are no like Heterogeneous The several Effluxes of Vegetables and far more numerous than those of Minerals Because the whole Earth being Clothed with Plants and adorned with Leaves and Flowers perpetually emitting wholsome Steams into the Air some Watry and Gummy and other Uinous and Resinous Oily and Balsamic and others Saline of several Families compounded of Acids and Alcalys The Effluxes of Animals inspiring the Air are much less than those of Vegetables and are of several Natures some Fuliginous transmitted out of the Lungs with the expired Air and others Alimentary which are the more fine Volatil Saline and Sulphurious Particles of the Blood and Nervous Liquor transpiring the many Minute Pores of the Cutis and Cuticula These various Effluxes arising out of several Families of Entities and every particular Branch of them are so many different Sources out of which they are transmitted into one common receptacle of Air make divers disputes the Volatil Saline and Sulphureous aspiring are confined within the more gross embraces of the aqueous and earthy Steams which get the advantage of being refined by the more Spirituous and Volatil The more thin aperitive vinous Effluxes of Vegetables are enclosed within the more Astringent Emplastic and Oleaginous The gummy and resinous Steams grow more exalted by the association of volatil and vinous Effluvia The Steams also of the bodies of Animals The most different Effluvia of Animals as they are derived from Blood a very fermentative Liquor as made up of Heterogeneous Principles are different from those other Families of Entities and arising out of the Heterogeneous Principles of the Blood do contribute to the fermentative disposition of the Air consisting of many extraneous parts which being of contrary Natures some Rare some more Dense others aperitive or astringent some volatil others gross some Saline others Sulphureous some Gummy others Resinous some active others passive do act and react upon each other according to their several Capacities and at last after divers Contests the Heterogeneous
contexture of nervous Fibrils faced with Fat in its outward Surface The Membrana Adiposa is accommodated with many minute Cavities as so many repositories of Fat. and to that intent it is furnished with great variety of minute Apartiments within whose little spaces are lodged many small unctuous concreted bodies which are subject to be rendred fluid as melted by immoderate heat produced by violent motion of the Body And therefore Nature hath most wisely contrived these numerous particles of Fat to be confined within several Membranous Cavities as so many safe allodgments in which it is conserved as in so many proper places wherein the Fat is secured in opposition to â—iquation in case of extravagant motion It seemeth to be a great secret in Nature how Fat is generated Heat cannot cause Fat whose efficient cause is consigned by many Anatomists of no mean Rank to the first qualities of Heat and Cold. As to the first It can hardly be conceived how it should be productive of Fat which I guess proceedeth from Sulphureous parts concreted no ways to be effected by Heat rendring them fluid which is effected by a Colliquating power And all unctuous bodies which are rather condensed by Cold are rarefied and melted by hot Particles So that Cold rather Cold is rather productive of Fat then Heat or at least a very gentle Heat which is a kind of comparative Cold in reference to a more intense Heat doth contribute something to the concretion of Fat made of Oily Particles secerned from the Succus Nutricius associated with the Blood in the substance of many Glands besetting the Membrana Adiposa and thence conveyed to the empty spaces of the Vessels to whose sides the unctuous parts of Fat do adhere Whereupon I do humbly conceive that Fat being attenuated by heat and condensed by cold is only altered by them according to different modes of the Matter as being rendred fluid or condensed which are no ways the intrinsick causes of Fat formed out of the Sulphureous parts of the Succus Nutricius which are liquid as long as they move in company with the Chyme and Vital Liquor in the Vessels out of whose Terminations they are transmitted into the substance of many small Glands as so many strainers of the oily Juice which afterward exudeth into the habit of the Body where it being despoiled of motion in Extravasation gaineth a more solid substance and there being concreted is affixed to the Walls of the Vessels And oftentimes concreted Matter doth reassume its primitive nature of a Liquor when colliquated by unnatural heat or extraordinary motion When the Alimentary Liquor is expended in Diseases it is repaired by Colliquated Fat and thereby these resolved Oily Particles are reconveyed into the Veins and reassociate with the Blood and Succus Nutricius to give a supply to the Alimentary Liquor when expended in Acute and Chronick Diseases which hath been often discovered in Humane Bodies when opened after Death and diligently inspected with curious Eyes In great cetaceous Fish as Whales Porpesses and the like great proportions of Oyl are conserved in numerous Vesicles as so many Receptacles seated in a Membrane not far remote from the inward surface of the Skin and may be called Oleosa in the abovesaid Fish these unconcreted Particles are of the same ingeny with the Fat of Men and other Animals as being of an unctuous inflamable nature A most learned Author is of this Sense That Fat being Colliquated and flowing with the Mass of Blood is unnatural which is one reason saith he why Fat cannot be generated out of the Vital but Nervous Liquor I confess in Diseases when Fat is melted by an over intense heat and received into the Vessels it may be truly called an unkindly Liquor and no proper Fat but when it is originally In solutis Principiis as it were the creamy part of the Succus Nutricius it may be well reputed the Materia substrata of Fat as consisting of oily Particles which though in confaederacy with the Blood yet they admit a secretion from it in the glandulous substance of the Adipose Membrane Caul and Interstices of the Muscles which abound with many minute Glands and I believe there are scarce any Membranes or muscular parts in the whole Body which are not furnished in some degree or other with them And although the Glands seated in the Liver Splene Kidneys and the like are not secretories of Fat but of the Recrements of Bile Urine and the like And the Glands lodged in the Membrana Adiposa Caul and empty spaces of the Muscles are fit Organs to secern the oily Particles of the Succus Nutricius Membranes may supply the places of Colatories as endued with many minute Pores through which Liquors may be strained as having Vessels proper for it and I do suppose the many thin Membranes inclosing the minute globules of Fat may supply the places of Colatories seeing it may be not improbable that the Sulphureous Particles of the Alimentary Liquor moving with the Vital may be strained through the secret passages of the Membranes which may hold Analogy with the minute oily Bodies both in shape and size And I most humbly conceive that these Sulphureous Particles circulating with the Blood are no more capable to be evacuated with the serous Recrements through the Urinary Ducts into the pelvis of the Kidney then the Vital Liquor or Succus Nutricius with which the oily parts the matter of Fat are embodied because the extreamities of the Urinary Ducts do not agree with these oily parts in Figure and Magnitude And farther Fat is not generated of Nervous Liquor This most learned Author seemeth to reinforce his Opinion by affirming that Fat is produced out of Nervous Liquor and no ways out of parts associating with the Blood because in the Dissection of a dead Scorbutick Body he discerned many drops of Oyl swimming in the Blood which could not be the cause of Fat because this person was Emaciated To which I take the boldness to reply That these oily Particles floating in the Blood were unnatural being the product of Colliquation hindring the generation of Fat made by Concretion which cannot be accomplished as long as the oily parts are in motion with the Blood whose heat rendreth them thin and fluid Wherefore it is necessary for the Sulphureous Liquor to be severed from the Succus Nutricius accompanying the Blood by proper Organs which putteth the oily parts being Extravasated into a capacity of Concretion whence ariseth the more solid coagulated substance of Fat consisting of many small Globuls encircled with Concave Membranes which are formed one after another by a new afflux of oily parts Concreted and conjoyned to each other by interposition of many thin Coats and are primarily affixed to the Adipose Membrane as to their great support and common parent This Membrane having a double surface The situation of the Membrana Ddiposa is fastened above to the Fat with
celebrated by various flexions and tensions of the Thighs Legs and Feet the whole Limb is extended and lengthened till the Foot addressing it self to the Ground is turned from an acute Angle with the Leg and doth run below into a right And while the Tarsus of the hinder Foot is lifted up gradually One Limb by various postures bâ—ing lifted up and the Body bent very much forward would fall unless the Foot be quickly clapped to the ground to receive the center of Gravitation the center of Gravitation is transferred from the Tarse to the Metatarse and Toes and the Foreleg and Thigh being carried up by several Flexions into the Air the Body being born forward would necessarily fall unless the Fore-Limb was immediately extended and the Foot clapped to the Ground to entertain the Center of Gravitation and support the weight of the Body Therefore it is evident while the Fore-foot is ready to land on the Ground the Hinder-foot by it wheeling upon the Metatarse and Toes The center of gravity is transferred from Limb to Limb alternately in Progressive Motion which is the reason why we are apt to fall in violent motition of the Limbs when the centers of motion are changed over-hastily from Limb to Limb. doth draw the Trunk of the Body foreward that the other Limb being extended the Center of Gravitation may be turned upon the Heel of the Fore-foot Which is the reason why we are more obnoxious to fall in Running then Going Because when our Body is hurried in a violent motion the Hinder-foot is raised from the Tarsus to the Metatarsus and Toes with so much quickness and vehemence that the Fore-foot upon the least Impediment cannot so readily land upon the Ground and receive the weight of the Body and give a stop to its fall And this renitence of the Hinder-foot is made by its resting upon the Ground and bearing the Trunk forward and pressing the Area backward And this is the cause why different Animals in their various Progressive Motions of Going The carrying the Trunk forward is made by the pressure of the hinder Foot against the Floor whereby the Body is brought forward Flying Swimming Creeping are carried forward by pressing against divers mediums of Earth Air Water by whose resistance the numerous kinds of Creatures bring their Bodies forward In Progressive Motion both the Limbs being Auxiliaries speak a kind of grateful return to each other in mutual assistance by taking turns interchangeably in variety of Postures and Stations so that the Fore-foot becometh the hinder and the hinder the fore in alternate changes of place now and then to receive the Center of Gravitation The Limbs are Coadjutors to each other in alternate various postures in reference to Progrâ—ssive Motion to sustain the weight of the Body and other Limbs by opposite motions to draw the Trunk forward and transfer the Body from place to place in which one Limb being unable at once to bear up the weight of the Body and bring it forward at the same instant Nature hath most wisely ordered the concurrence of another Limb The weight of the Body resting perpendicular upon the hinder Limb and the Body being much bent forward the weight being carried beyond the perpendicular must necessarily tumble unless the center of gravity be received by the Fore-limb to promote the celebration of Local Motion which requireth many Feet or two at least So that the weight of a Humane Body according to the Center of Gravity resting perpendicularly upon one Limb cannot be carried forward without alteration of Postures and must necessarily fall in the Incurvation of the Body when its weight is carried beyond a perpendicular unless it be immediately transferred to another Limb to support it And it is not only requisite in Progressive Motion to have divers Limbs and Feet but also variety of their Postures and Centers of their Motion As Aristotle the great Master of Philosophy hath most truly asserted That the Motion of parts transferring the whole Body from Term to Term cannot be celebrated without different Postures of the Limbs consisting of Flexion and Tension Progressive Motion is acted by various pâ—stures of the Limbs made by Flexion and Tension and divers centers of motion which cannot be exerted in Progressive Motion without some quiescent terms as so many Physical Points placed in or near the Articulation of Bones which serve as Centers about which as Terms unmoved the bended parts of Limbs pass from a right which they had before with the neighbouring Terms to a crooked Position by which they make Angles with the said parts and on the other side the extended parts of Limbs alter their crooked and angular Models into right Positions From whence it followeth of Course that opposite Motions Progressive Motion being made upon divers Semicircles cannot be stiled a pure right motion but rather mixed being made upon different Centers are mixed as compounded of divers segments of Circles described of the extreams of bended parts whereupon Progressive Motion of Animals cannot be truly stiled purely right whether the Motion of the Trunk of the Body or Thigh be made upon the Coxendix or the Leg upon the Thigh Bone or the Foot upon the termination of the Os Tibiae or the Toes upon the Metatarse and all the Flexions of these several parts of our Limbs are portions or kinds of a Circular Motion which cannot be apprehended without different Postures in which one part of a Limb alternately receiveth the Motion of another describing not only straight but crooked Lines produced by the opposite Postures of the several portions of the Limbs CHAP. XVIII Of the several Centers Origens Insertions and Actions of Muscles relating to Progressive Motion HAving taken some view of Progressive Motion in a common Apprehension I shall now Address my self to a more exact Survey of it in describing the Osteology of the lower Limbs made up of many particular Bones to which as so many Centers The Limbs are supported by Bones the heads of many various Muscles are affixed and how Progressive Motion is managed by the contractions of Antagonist Muscles which I intend to describe making several Flexions and Tensions of the lower Limbs as under-propped by the curious frame of divers Articulated Bones the Allodgments and Bases of numerous Muscles playing up and down as so many Engines of Motion Before I treat of the Fabrick it self it may not be amiss to speak somewhat of the Out-buildings The structure of Humane Body is composed of three Stories erected upon inverted Piramidal Pillars upon which the whole Frame of Mans Body is supported and moved This most excellent Structure being composed of three Stories is built as it were upon two inverted Pyramidal Columns greater above and running more Taper downward is made up in a great measure of the Bones of the Thighs Legs and Feet The upper Bones making the different articulations are the several centers of
ranks of Animals as Insects and the like are very obscure and imperfect as gradually celebrated with more slowness wherein the whole Body is not moved at once but one part after another with great industry and time which is performed in oblique slender Bodies not supported by the interposition of Articulated Limbs as so many jointed Columns but often Sweeping or Creeping upon some Area with their bare Bellies which in several parts are lifted up and depressed again to the Ground to draw the Body piece by piece from place to place Before we make any farther progress it may seem Methodical to be inquisitive into the nature of this Creeping Motion which may be worth our Time as well as Pains as being a matter of great Curiosity and Wonder to understand the great Works of the Creator in reference to the most Minute Creatures And indeed it is very difficult to apprehend the Method by which Nature proceedeth in the production of Motion relating to Insects which is much different from that of greater and more perfect Animals and is not at all relating to Walking Flying Swimming which require a greater Apparatus of more noble Organs Again the conception of this Motion is perplext in point of its various Modes as Spiral Arch-like c. Thirdly It is difficult to pry into the Nature of it because the Instruments of it are not very obvious to Sense by reason of their smallness imperfection and various confused parts so that some Animals are furnished in order to this Creeping Motion with Bones Joints and Muscles the main Instruments of Motion as Eels and Serpents but in other Animals they are deficient as Leeches and Worms and the like and have neither Bones nor Joints but small Annular Membranes in stead of Bones and straight Fibres in stead of Muscles And now I will take the freedom to offer some requisite Conditions The first motion of Insects is wavelike found in Minute Animals as so many Pillars upon which all Creeping Motion is built The second kind is performed by Spires The first is some immoveable Base or Area upon which this Motion is founded seated without the moved bodies of Animals which are the subjects of Motion and are the second requisite of it and the third and chief are the Machines or instrumental causes of this Motion Local Motion commonly called Creeping The third is effected by Contraction and Extension admitteth a Division into many kinds as so many Modes of it which is sometimes Wavelike diversly celebrated as when the Back is curled above in variety of short Waves which is evident in Leeches and Silk-worms or acted below when Oblong bodies are rendred Crooked part after part successively wherein the Body is moved by degrees by Spire after Spire from Term to Term as in Lampreys Eels Congers But Insects do extend first the fore part of their Bodies and lift up their Heads and afterward contract their hinder Region and so bring it forward toward their Heads and so do gain more ground Aristotle The fourth is made by lesser Arches in his Book De Incessu Animalium addeth a fourth kind of Creeping acted by various Arches and doth not essentially differ from the curled Wavelike Motion which is managed by a kind of lesser Arches And the greater Wavelike Motion is full of Wonder in a kind of Silk-worm which maketh one most eminent Arch with a most crooked Angle seated in the middle of the Back highly elevated from the Earth and other different Silk-worms do make many smaller Incurvations somewhat aemulating Waves of Water one Wave impelling another and receive divers Discriminations of Colours Shape and Size But other Insects acted with many Wavelike Motions are most truly denominated Silk-worms whose Backs are variously acted with many crooked Arches being sometimes lifted up and other times depressed So that all slow Motion wherein the Body is moved part after part as step by step is reducible to Four kinds Spiral Wavelike Archlike and Motion performed by Traction of one part after another by the help of many Minute Muscles or Fibres contracting themselves And we may take our first rise from the Motion of more perfect Creeping Animals The motion of Serpents and Eels is Spiral as being dressed with the better furniture of Organs found in Eels and Serpents which are acted with Spiral Motion consisting of various segments of Circles having not any recourse into each other in order to a perfect Circle but somewhat resemble the Circumvolution and Spires of the Intestines and are not formed by many Bones Articulations or Muscles of the Limbs but by several instruments of Motion appertaining to the Spine which is furnished with great variety of minute carved Bones numerous Joints and many short Muscles which do all act their several parts in the slender Bodies of these long Animals moved by many lateral Incurvations wherein one part is haled after another displayed in Four several Postures The first is that above celebrated by the Muscles elevating the Head and Trunk from the Ground which giveth a prospect of good or ill Accidents to embrace the one and refuse the other The second Posture of Eels and Serpents The second posture of motion is made by Depression in reference to the Motion of Spires is made by Depression as by Muscles by whose Contraction the Body is inclined downward toward the Ground The third Posture of Motion is Lateral made by the alternate Incurvation of one side after another in forming Spires which are accomplished by many Lateral Muscles shortning the parts of the Body by which it is drawn forward little by little according to the nature of Motion in Oblong Bodies resting on many parts of the lower Region which give so many steps to the total Motion of the Body So that the Lateral Motion is produced by the alternate flexions of the Spiral Vertebres inclined sometimes to the right and other to the left side and this Flexion is not made as by the Articulations of more perfect Animals according to Angles but by Arches and Spires formed by many small Muscles imparting Tendons to every Vertebre of the Spine which are bent one after another toward the Head So that the many Muscles belonging to several Articulations being contracted and abbreviated cannot incurvate the whole Spine into one great entire Arch because it would prejudice Motion if each side should be furnished only with one Muscle upon whose Contraction the whole side would be moved with great trouble while the other resteth but the side being divided into many Incurvations is much more readily and nimbly moved to the great ease and pleasure of those Animals And some are appropriated particular Muscles to the Head for the carrying it forward which is thrust onward not by any other Muscles but those of the Spine following each other in different sides and making many small Spires which by divers Muscular Contractions do abbreviate the parts of the Body and carry the
wherein ariseth a Fermentation of the Blood as consisting of Heterogeneous Elements founded in different Liquors made up of Acids and Alkalies of several Salts and Sulphurs some Volatil and others more fixed which being of disagreeing dispositions make great contests to perfect each other according to the good contrivance of Nature wisely ordering that the gross parts should confine the more restless and active which else would breath themselves by the Pores of the Body into the Air as akin to them and the more Volatil Saline and Sulphureous do exalt the more gross and fixed in their converse with them Whereupon the different principles of the Blood like disagreeing Lovers The different Principles are the chief ground of Fermentation do tune each other by amicable Disputes ending in a happy Reconcilement whereby they espouse each others Interest and Perfection So that the Homogeneous parts of the Blood do by a near union Assimilate each other and the Heterogeneous Atomes that cannot be reconciled in Assimilation are turned out of Doors as unprofitable for Nutrition by the Excretory Vessels of the Liver Pancreas and Kidneys The Chyle being transmitted by the Thoracic Vessels into the Subclavian Veins associateth with the Blood and is conveyed with it by the descendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart wherein the Chyle is mixed with the Blood and broken into Minute Particles as dashed against the Walls of the right Chamber The Chyle is mixed with the Blood in the Heart caused by a brisk contraction of the Heart whereupon the Chyle being more embodied with the Purple Liquor in the Heart is conveyed from the right Ventricle by the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it meeteth the inspired Air impraegnated with Elastick and Nitrous Particles The Blood is refined by Air in the Lungs which do much refine the Blood and render it fit for the entertainment of the Vital Flame the preservative of the noble operations of the Body by a due and kindly Fermentation wherein the Blood being exalted the Similar parts being of one nature do intimately associate to preserve themselves and being embodied with the Nervous Liquor distilling out of the Extreamities of the Nerves as a proper instrument of Fermentation to assist the assimilation of Chyle into Blood and a fit Nutriment for the more solid parts and to constitute due Ferments for the Viscera while the Recrements in being troublesome and disserviceable to the Body are secerned from the Blood in the Glandulous parts of the Viscera and Membranes and thrown out of the Body by various Excretory Ducts Thus having given an account how the Fermentation of the Blood is performed by various Liquors consisting of Heterogeneous Elements and by the Comminution of it into small Particles in the Chambers of the Heart and how it is refined as inspired with Air in the body of the Lungs and afterward defaecated in the Glands of the Viscera and Membranes whence it obtaineth a laudable disposition My aim at this time is to give my Sentiments how it degenerates many ways from its due Qualifications thereby producing Hydropick Diseases when any of the requisite conditions constituting a good Mass of Blood is deficient perverting the excellent aeconomy of Nature The first Cause producing an ill Mass of Blood A pituitous Matter is the first cause of an ill Mass of Blood as hindring its due Fermentation is a pituitous Matter which I apprehend is a crude Chyle conveyed to the Mass of Purple Liquor which being of a viscous nature acquired by the faint Heat and ill Ferment of the Stomach not duly opening the compage of the Meat and not Secerning and elaborating the Alimentary Liquor which being transmitted into the Mass of Blood doth vitiate and clog it in being unfit to repair its decays as thick and clammy so that it cannot be perfectly Assimilated Whereupon when the pituitous Humour is extravasated in great exuberance in the Spaces interceding the Vessels caused by a quantity or thickness of an unassimilated Liquor not received into the Extreamities of the Veins whereupon the Muscular parts are swelled called a Leucophlegmatia by reason the pituitous Recrements of the Blood insinuating themselves into the substance of the fleshy parts do sever the numerous Vessels from each other and lift up the Surface of the Body and extend its habit beyond its natural Shape and Size The second Cause of a depraved Mass of Blood The second cause of a vitiated Blood is fixed Salt and Sulphur producing an Anasarca may be taken from its Elements of fixed Salt and Sulphur not exalted by reason of a dispirited Mass of Blood overcharged with great store of Recrements watry mixed with earthy Particles whence the Vital and Animal Functions grow faint loosing the quickness and agility of their Operations because watry Humours mixed with fixed Saline and Sulphureous Atomes do depress the fine and volatil parts of the Blood keeping it low and unapt for a due Fermentation Serous Humours do vitiate the Mass of Blood so that the serous Humours depressing the Purple Juice with which they associate are impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices seated between the fruitful Vessels wherein it being despoiled of its Motion doth settle in the body of the Muscles because the unprofitable Recrements do abound as extravasated in the empty Spaces by reason the small Orifices of the Veins cannot give them a due reception and make good the Circulation of Liquors in the Muscular parts The third Cause of the ill disposition of the Blood Gross Air depresseth the Vital Liquor proceedeth from the depression of the Vital Flame derived from the thick and gross Air and moist Vapours exhaled by the heat of the Sun out of the Marshes or Fenny Grounds much depressing the Nitrous and Elastick parts of Air the vital heat and spirit grow languid and serous Recrements superabound which are transmitted into the substance of Muscular parts growing soft and tumid as overmuch extended by watry Humours which are so excessive in quantity that they cannot be admitted into the Veins whence ariseth a Leucophlegmatia a swelled habit of Body A fourth Cause is derived from the abscesses of the Viscera Purulent matter flowing out of the abscesses of the Viscera do spoil the Blood vitiating the Mass of Blood which happen sometime in the Heart labouring with a purulent Matter impelled out of the left Chamber into the common Trunk and thence into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thenby smaller and smaller Branches into the habit of Body which groweth Tumified as depraved with corrupt Matter producing a Leucophlegmatia primarily flowing from an abscess of the Heart An instance may be given of a Woman long troubled with an Anasarca who being opened after Death many Abscesses were found in the Heart and a purulent matter in the great Artery derived from thence and by the assistance of many great
and small branches into the spaces of the Vessels residing in the Muscular parts Another instance may be given of an Anasarca proceeding from an Abscess of the Liver In a young Man a long time diseased with a swelled habit of Body falling into a Jaundies and afterward into a great Bleeding of the Nose which spake a close to his Life who being opened a great Abscess was discovered in his Liver A third may be given of a Leucophlegmatia Repelling Medicines outwardly applied are unsafe if Universals be not first prescribed arising out of an Ulcer of the Lungs proceeding from the repelling of ill Humours affecting the Skin of the Head by the undue application of Topicks without the administration of Universals as Purging Bleeding Sweating c. A Child of ten Years old born of noble Parents was afflicted with a Scabby Head which is familiar to Children imprudently Cured by an old Woman applying drying and repelling Medicines whereupon the Saline Particles being received into cutaneous Jugular Veins with the Blood and then was carried by the descendent Trunk of the Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart and so by the Pulmonary Arteries into the Lungs which were Ulcered by the saline Particles of the Blood repelled originally from the Scabby Head with which the purulent Matter being imported by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Cistern of the Heart and thence dispersed by Arterial Trunks and Branches into the Muscular parts of the Body produced an Anasarca A Branch of a noble Family was often afflicted with a great difficulty of Breathing tending to Suffocation which at last gave an end to his Breath Whereupon the Abdomen being opened a great Liver presented it self and a Spleen divided into many Lobes which is rare the Intestines turgid with Wind and grosser Excrements and his Breast being opened his left side was full of serous Blood and the left Lobes were fixed to the Ribs Purulent matter the continent cause of an Anasarca and both were vitiated with various Colours of Green and Black and the substance of his Lungs was filled with purulent Matter the origen of the Anasarca dispensed into the habit of the Body The more remote Causes of the Anasarca The remote causes of an Anasarca may proceed Ab excretis retentis either from too great an expense of Humours or from natural Evacuations suppressed or from too slender a Diet not duly repairing the constant decays of the Blood or from too great a quantity of Recrements or from Heterogeneous Elements too much depressing the Liquor of Life As to the first The first remote cause is ab Excretis it ariseth Ab excretis from great Haemorrhages of Blood either pumped out of the Lungs by violent Coughing springing a Leak in some Vessel or flowing out of the Membranes of the Brain by Vessels inserted into the Coat covering the inside of the Nostrils or by great Fluxes of Vital Liquor by the Haemorrhoides and in Women by the Arteries of the Uterus Whereupon the Blood being largely expended through extravagant Evacuations is dispoiled of its more noble and volatil Particles and thereby groweth Depauperated and unable to raise a good Fermentation to subdue and assimilate the Chyle into its own Nature whence the Blood is oppressed with a great quantity of gross Recrements and watry Particles productive of a Leucophlegmatia The second remote Cause may be deduced The second remote cause is a Retentis A retentis from the suppression of natural and accustomed Evacuations either of Blood by the Haemorrhoides or of the Menstrua in Women bringing an Ascitis and frequently an Anasarca flowing from an exuberant Mass of Blood which by hindring its Circulation filleth it full of watry Recrements which else would be transmitted to the Kidneys and discharged by the Ureters into the Bladder depraving the Ferment of the Stomach and the other Viscera spoiling the elaboration of the Chyle made thereby uncapable to be turned into laudable Blood An Anasarca may be also produced by stopping up Issues which run freely without due evacuations by Blood-letting and Purging And a Dropsie may also ensue by the undue Application of Topicks in Cutaneous Diseases wherein the offensive Humours being repelled by Cold Astringent Medicines do highly infect the Blood with Recrements perverting its due Fermentation An Excretion also of a small quantity of Urine and a suppression of large Evacuations of watry Humours by Sweats in full Bodies do render the Blood watry and dispose the Body for an Anasarca The chief Indications that occur in order to the Cure of this Disease The first Curatory Indication is by all proper Medicines to evacuate the serous Recrements of the Blood and crude Humours stagnant in the empty Spaces of the Vessels and to prevent the generation of new watry Matter The second Preservatory the cause of the Anasarca whereupon care must be taken that the Glands of the Viscera may be so disposed as to make a secretion of the several Recrements of the Blood and discharge them by their proper Excretory Ducts and that the Ferments of the Stomach may be so well qualified as to open the Compage of the Meat and extract a good Alimentary Liquor and that the Blood being freed from its crude and indigested Particles may be exalted by volatil Salts and Sulphurs and by good Ferments of the Nervous Liquor that the Vital Liquor may be restored to its native Constitution and thereby may be acted with a good Fermentation and assimilation of the Chyle into Blood transmitted into and associated with it A vital Indication is not necessary to be satisfied in this Disease by reason weakness producing Lypothimies Syncopes do seldom happen in an Anasarca whereupon Restoratives are not requisite but rather Evacuating Medicines because an Anasarca is caused by a superabundance of watry Excrements lodged in the habit of the Body upon which account it may seem rational to advise a sparing Diet as very beneficial in this Disease by reason the great quantity of Serous Humours is much lessened by Abstinence and transmitted by the Secretory Glands of the Kidneys through the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and Ureters and so into the Bladder of Urine As to the Curatory Indications they are satisfied by Catharticks The Curatory Indication is satisfied by Purgatives and Diureticks assisted with Diureticks thereby expelling the watry Recrements of the Blood circulating in the Vessels and lodged in the Interstices of them whereupon a strong Hydragogues being administred and received into the Stomach they quickly pass through the Intestines and Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where they are mixed with the Blood and do highly put it into a Fermentation and by opening the Compage of it do dispose the watry Particles for a separation and by carrying them down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta to the Mesenterick Arteries out of whose Extreamities they are discharged into the Intestines
is sollicited toward the Circumference of the Body as rendred warm and fluid with the saline and hot Particles of the Liniments Learned Doctor Willis hath given an Account of the Cure of a Leucophlegmatia oppressing all the Ambient parts in a Child Oyl of Scorpions very proper as outwardly applied in an Anasarca who was frequently anointed by his indulgent Mother with Oil of Scorpions chafed with a warm hand into the Pores of the Body which being done effectually the space of three days the Child made a prodigious quantity of Urine and so continued for some time whereupon the Universal Tumour of his Body disappearing he was afterward perfectly restored to his Health Vesicatories applied do raise Blisters Blistering Plaisters unsafe in an Anasarca and by taking away a great quantity of the serous Liquor of the Blood do make an expense of Vital Spirits in the running of many Ulcers which sometimes cannot be healed affecting the External parts of the Body with a Gangreen ending often in Mortifications which have such an influence on the inward parts by infecting the Mass of Blood having recourse by the Veins to the Noble parts that these Gangreens and Mortifications produced by Visicatories applied to Hydropick Persons do speak an untimely period to Life A sad Instance may be given in a worthy Person lately an Officer of the Navy who was affected with an Universal Anasarca caused by Grief a Sedentary Life and a Scorbutick habit of Body whereupon in order to a Cure the Muscular parts of the Body being Tumefied a confident Chyrurgeon contrary to my advice did apply Vesicatories to his Thighs which raised great Blisters whereupon I made a Prognostick that the blistered parts would Gangreen and Mortifie which followed in a short space and was attended with a fatal stroak of Death to the great grief of his Friends The deceased being a Gentleman of great Virtue and Civility for whom I had most affectionate esteemes Escharoticks may be more safely applied to Hydropick Swellings Escharoticks are more safe then Vesicatories and have not so ill Consequents as Gangreens and Mortifications to which blistered Limbs are liable Because Escharoticks do not produce so great a flux of Humours in the outward parts and serous Recrements having recourse to the Ambient parts little by little Nature can better endure it as being accustomed to it by degrees Ingenious Doctor Willis maketh mention of Escharoticks applied with good success to Swelled Limbs in an Anasarca which were first bathed Morning and Evening with Decoction of Dwarf Elder Chamomel and other warm discutient Herbs boiled in Ale or Lees of Wine and between the Fomentations were applied Cataplasmes made of the reliques of the Ingredients embodied with Bear and afterward these Applications having been made for three days both Legs were covered with Burgundy Pix except where two holes were made in the Plaisters about the bigness of a Walnut wherein were put Escharoticks made of Ashes relating to Bark of Ash and applied to the Skin for Twelve Hours and then taken off there appeared two thin Escharas out of which first gently and then more freely distilled watry Humours as out of two Fountains when the Escharas fell off until the serous Recrements were wholly discharged and the Legs restored to their natural Dimensions CHAP. XXV Of Tumours Incident to the Muscular parts THe Muscular parts of the Body are not only subject to an Anasarca The Muscles are liable to several sorts of Diseases but many other Tumours Abscesses Ulcers Fistula's Steatomes Atheromes Melicerids Inflammations Oedemas Schirrhus which proceed from many indisposed Humours stagnant in the habit of the Body So that the ill Liquors the antecedent and continent causes of the Swellings lodged in the empty spaces of the Vessels as Chyle Blood which consist of divers Juices Nervous Liquor and Lympha Steatomes The causes of Steatomes Atheromes and Melicerids Atheroms and Melicerids do all arise from gross Pituitous Humours which indeed are divers kinds of indigested Chyle modelled in a less or greater Consistence in which respect they may be called different sorts of Oedematous Tumours and are discriminated from them by reason these are Swellings at large seated in the substance of the Body But Steatomes Atheromes and Melicerids are confined within proper Tunicles as within Boundaries by which they are severed from other parts of the Body Steatomes are Swellings lodged partly immediately under the Skin and partly in the Muscular parts proceeding from a thick Flegmatick Matter or Unassimilated Chyle contained in a particular Membrane encircling it seated in the substance of the Body so that the Tunicle enclosing this thick Matter The matter of a Steatome resembleth Fat in Consistence being opened a Pituitous Humour may be discovered not unlike Lard in colour and consistence but not in nature because commonly it is not Inflammable as being exposed to the Fire wherefore it is very rare to find a Steatome to have Fat for its Matter Of which Learned Bonnetus Lib. 4. Anatom Sect. 2. Obser 4 giveth an account of a Boy affected with a Tumour in his Neck and Arm derived from abundance of Fat and serous Humours inclosed in a peculiar Membrane which taketh its origen from a Mass of Blood which being despoiled of its natural Elements is not able to elaborate Chyle associated with Blood and turn it into its own nature Whence some oily Particles of the Vital Liquor being severed from it do degenerate into an unnatural Fat and serous Humours enwrapped in a proper Membrane whence followed an Atrophy of the whole Body accompanied with a Dropsie expressed by the said most excellent Author Vbi sanguis Sulphuris sui salis legitima proportione orbatur facilis est putredo aut vermibus apta Corruptio succorum benignorum degeneratio quae saepe in generationem copiosae pinguedinis sive Cascum sive Lardum sive aliud quid mentiatur facessere potest Conspectissimum id erat 1670. In Nosodochio Argentinensi ubi exinteravimus puerum Cujus collo supra anillam sinistram ingens Tumor accreverat cujus separato bino involucro Cutaneo proprio substantia Steatoma verum erat pondus librarum quinque civilium brachium ejusdem lateris admodum cum manu totum aequalitur intumuit dissectum copiosissimam intra cutim exhibuit pinguedinem effluente Copiosissima aqua ex Musculorum Interstitiis omne reliquum Corpus macies exederat Ascitis Abdomen A Steatome sometimes is of a prodigious bigness A Steatome proceeding a Pituita Gypsea deduced from thick tough Phlegm confined in a proper Tunicle à pituita gypsea from a gross Matter resembling Plaister Of which an Instance may be given of a Servant Maid who was for a long time highly troubled with a great Swelling of her Thigh which she concealed lest she should seem to betray her Modesty in shewing her Thigh to an Artist but at last the Tumour grew to so strange a greatness that
her high Discomposure was so prevalent with her as to desire with Blushing and Weeping the assistance of a Physician to order the Amputation of the Tumour in her Thigh Which was so great and Malignant that it was judged wholly unsafe to Cut it off but more reasonable to apply an Ointment prepared with Lead which so suppressed the Increment and Malignity of this stupendous Tumour that she Lived above Seventeen Years afterward And after her Death the Tumour which rendred the Skin very uneven as defaced with many Protuberancies being opened a Steatome appeared within full of Matter like Plaister and many small Stones proceeding as I conceive from Saline and Earthy Particles concreted But most frequently a Steatome taketh its rise from a Pituitous Humour The cause of a Steatome iâ— indigested Chyle which in truth is an indigested Chyle or Chyme parted from the Blood and extravasated in the substance of the Body when it is immured within the soft Walls of a Membrane and Consolidated by the heat of the Body most commonly resembling the consistence of Lard A young Child whose left Thigh did from time to time more and more increase in bigness to the great trouble and discomposure of the Parents who like drowning Persons did lay hold upon any Twig though never so weak to support themselves sending for Barbers Empyricks and the like but finding their swelled Child to receive no advantage but rather grow worse upon their Inartificial Applications They consulted Physicians who administred the most proper Medicines both inward and outward which were not seconded with success And the Child being Dead an Incision was made into the swelled Thigh upon which immediately appeared a Mucilaginous compact Matter not unlike Lard An Atherome is a white Indolent Tumour The description of an Atherome not disguising the Colour of the Skin caused by Phlegmatick Matter not unlike Pap which I conceive was the Chyme first in association with the Blood and afterward separated from it and lodged in a proper Tunicle Meliceris is a Swelling without Pain not disguising the Surface of the Body by any unnatural Colour which I conceive proceedeth from an ill concocted Chyme commonly stiled Phlegme settled in the substance of the Muscular parts and included in the confines of a peculiar Coat So that the several Swellings having the appellatives of Steatomes Unassimilated Chyme of greater or less consistence is the cause of Steatomes Atheromes and Melicerids Atheromes and Melicerids have the same material cause of unassimilated Chyme enwrapped in peculiar Membranes and are discriminated by different Concretions of the same Matter as more or less indurated by greater or lesser heat making different impressions in the stagnant Phlegmatick Humours which cause no pain as they are not effected with Acid and Saline Particles And by reason these Tumors included in proper Tunicles represent sometime Lard other times Pap or Honey and are not apt to Suppurate unless associated with the Blood which imparteth heat and rendreth them fit for Suppuration And these Tumours as they proceed from a gross Chyme the Materia substrata of the Blood more or less Consolidated they may be Discriminated from one another according to several touches as endued with more or less softness or a greater or less quantity of Morbifick Matter A Steatome is a more hard Tumour Difference of a Steatome Atherome and Meliceris and resisteth the pressure of the Fingers but the Atherome is more compliable and sooner giveth way to the Touch as being a more lax Tumour then a Steatome And the Meliceris is the more soft Tumour of all the three and is soon pressed inward because it being contained within a Membrane of a more thin consistence than the rest therefore a Dint made in it remaineth longer by reason the Humour forced inward being of a more thin substance is longer before it returneth to fill the Cavity made in the soft Tumour by the compression of the Fingers As to the Cure These Diseases are Cured principally by Chyrurgery These different Tumours having one Matter modelled into different Consistences do obtain the same kind of Cure which may be attempted after Purging Medicines have been Administred to discharge the offensive Matter which being not removed Emollient Medicines are to be applied which being uneffectual Suppurating Topicks are to be used and if these prove not Efficacious an Incision may be made into the Tumours which must be attempted with great Caution by a Skilful Chyrurgeon that the Tumours being opened the Matter either like Lard Pap or Honey may be taken away with their proper Membranes in which they were inclosed Another Tumour is this of an Inflammation proceeding not from a Phlegmatick Matter as in Steatomes Atheromes Melicerids but from Blood Extravasated which that it might be plainly understood it may not be amiss to Treat somewhat of the Circulation of the Blood which passeth through the Heart in strong Contractions to give it heat by Motion and to break the Chyle received by the Vena Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart into small Particles in order to its Assimilation with the Blood which is afterwards carried into the substance of the Lungs to be embodied with Air impraegnated with Nitrous Particles and thence transmitted into the left Cistern of the Heart for the more perfect Assimilation of the Chyle and the common Trunk and various Arterial Channels into the substance of the Muscular parts into which it is conveyed not by Anastomoses of Arteries with Veins but by terminations of Arteries into the Interstices of Vessels that the more mild parts of the Blood being confaederated with Liquor distilling out of the Extreamities of the Nerves may give Nourishment to the neighbouring Vessels which being unable to receive the twentieth part of the serous parts of the Vital Liquor it is requisite that they being associated with it should be reconveyed out of the habit of the Body into the Extreamities of the Veins to make good the Motion of the Blood towards the Heart by greater and greater Channels leading to it Whereupon the Blood being impelled by the Arteries in too great a quantity The divers causes of stagnation of Blood producing an Inflammation or if the Blood be so gross that the small Orifices of the Veins are not capable to receive it or if upon some great contusion of the Vessels which being torn do immit too great a proportion of Vital Liquor into the empty spaces of the Vessels not possible to be entertained into the Minute Orifices of the Veins whence the habit of the Body is immediately swelled So that the continent cause of an Inflammation is an exuberant Mass of Blood stagnant in the habit of the Body caused by the Circulation of the Blood stopped in that part The distention of the adjacent parts causeth the troublesome Pulsation of the Artery whereby it groweth Tumified Red and very hot accompanied with a painful pulsation of the Artery proceeding from
its free play intercepted by the overmuch distention of the swelled parts produced by a quantity of Blood overcharging the Interstices of the Vessels and by the separating the Nerves from each other which doth violate their Union and discompose them with Pain Whereupon the immediate and continent Cause of an Inflammation is a Plethora or quantity of Blood impelled out of the termination of the Arteries into their Interstices and into those of the Veins and Nerves lodged in the Muscular parts of the Body which are distended above their natural Dimensions and affected with great heat flowing from a check of insensible Transpiration and from an exuberant Mass of Blood extravasated whence is raised an unnatural Fermentation consisting of Heterogeneous Elements making great disputes with each other tending to a dissolution of the Mixtion and ending in the putrefaction of the stagnant Vital Liquor The antecedent cause of an Inflammation is considered in Actu signato The antecedent cause of an Inflammation is a quantity of Blood moving in the Vessels when the Plethora is in the next disposition to the production of an Inflammation by reason of too great a quantity of Blood moving in the Vessels which being transmitted out of the Capillary Arteries into the empty spaces of the Muscles is received into the Extreamities of the Veins with great difficulty whence an Inflammation may arise upon easie terms The continent cause of an Inflammation a quantity of Blood extravasated by turning the Antecedent into a conjunct Cause if the current of the Blood be intercepted in the habit of the Body produced either by its Grossness or Superaabundance The Procatarctick or remote Causes of an Inflammation are derived from the overmuch indulgence of our Appetite in generous Wine and in the luxurious eating of various succulent Meats easily turned into Blood or from an idle Life or too violent Motion causing strong Contractions of the Muscles which by compressing the Arteries do impel a great proportion of Blood into the substance of the Fleshy parts whereupon they grow unnaturally distended by too great a source of Purple Liquor obstructing its Retrograde Motion by reason the Minute Orifices of the Veins are not able to give a reception to its extravagant quantity The continent Cause of an Inflammation being a quantity of Blood A quantity of Blood settled in the habit of the Body doth denote Blood-letting to solicite the motion of the Blood to take on an Inflammation stagnant in the Interstices of the Vessels doth indicate the Circulation of the Blood to be made good which is most readily effected by opening a Vein and a fine emission of Blood quickly easiing the parts affected if the Purple Liquor is not grown too gross or putride by its long Stagnancy Blood-letting also may prove beneficial in point of an Inflammation by helping the parts affected by Revulsion in diverting the Current of Blood another way whence the greater increase of the Swelling is hindred as the Course is not only turned but also as the quantity of Blood is lessened and the great Influx of it is abated into the parts Tumefied And after Blood-letting and Purging Midicines have been Administred to repair the Motion of Blood and to empty the Vessels of ill Humours If the parts affected remain Tumefied Emollient and Discutient Medicines are to be advised to ease pain and by turning the Peccant Humours into Vapours to discharge them in a free Transpiration and by thinning the Blood by the heat of the Discutients and by opening the obstructed Extreamities of the Veins the Circulation of the Blood may be promoted and the swelled parts relieved Repelling Topicks are dangerous in an Inflammation Repelling Topicks consisting of Cold and Astringent Medicines are to be Administred with great caution in Inflammations as proving very dangerous in a great Plethora especially if it be accompanied with a Malignant Fever wherein the repelled Blood infected with a Venenate Disposition having a recourse to the Noble parts aggravates the Disease and cutteth off the Patient If the swelled parts are not relieved by Blood-letting Where Emollients and Discutients are not prevalent Suppurating Medicines are to be applied and by Emollient and Discutient Application by reason of the Blood having been long Extravasated in the habit of the Body groweth thick and unfit for Motion as dispoiled of its fine and Spirituous Particles thereby tending to Putrefaction whereupon Suppurating Medicines are to be applied to assist the Elaboration of purulent Matter which is produced by Coction flowing from natural heat raising the Fermentation of the Blood and by opening the Compage of it doth untie the bond of Mixtion and let loose the Heterogeneous Elements of the Blood Whereupon the Chrystalline parts associated with Chyle and Nervous Liquor are separated from the red Crassament which being accomplished produceth an Aposteme arising from Purulent Matter concocted by the natural heat much hightned by Suppurating Medicines which being endued with a gross Emplastick disposition as Turpentine beaten up and dissolved with the Yolk of an Egg and the like do by obstructing the Pores of the Skin hinder the Transpiration of warm and spirituous steams of the Blood and so by consequence do encrease the natural heat and promote the Elaboration of purulent Matter which being lodged in the habit of the Body consisting of sharp Caustick parts which having recourse to the Ambient parts do Corrode and Penetrate them thereby to discharge the troublesome Guests through the broken Skin whence ariseth an Ulcer proceeding from a flux of sharp purulent Matter which is best effected not by corroding putrid Humours making their own way which giveth a great Vexation and Torture to the Patient caused by intolerable pain before the purulent Matter breaketh the Skin Therefore it is better to consult the good and ease of the Patient by opening the Skin by a Launcet in a propendent part for the more ready discharge of the offensive Matter which naturally tendeth downward as a heavy body And moreover when Nature produceth an Ulcer by breaking the Skin Tumours brought to Suppuration are to be opened by Incision it maketh most commonly a small Hole which cannot freely evacuate the corrupt Humours and keepeth the Patient long under Cure Whereupon to consult the good of the Sick an artificial apertion of the Aposteme is more convenient to make a large Incision thereby quickly to discharge the purulent Matter which consisting of a double Recrement the one thick and the other serous do indicate cleansing and drying Medicines and because in all Ulcers there is Solutio unitatis partium affectarum a violation of Union which is natural to all parts of the Body Consolidating Medicines are to be Administred to assist Nature which is the best Chyrurgeon and Physician to repair the lost union of parts which receive Incarnation principally by the good and Balsamick disposition of the Blood An Officer of one of the King's Ships being a Patient of mine
substance of it An Oedema is a white soft Indolent Swelling An Oedema is caused by an indigested Chyme seated very often in the Limbs caused by reason of ill Sanguification proceeding from a Phlegmatick Matter an indigested Chyle associated with the Purple Liquor which giveth a trouble to Nature seeing it cannot be assimilated into Blood and so improper for Nutrition which being impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices of the Muscles where it is lodged by reason of its great thickness as not being able to be admitted into the Orifices of the Veins whereupon the habit of the Body is distended causing a great Tension and Stiffness in the parts affected which being near akin to an Anasarca hath the same Indications and Cure recited in the discourse of the Leucophlegmatia A Student in Philosophy being affected with an Ascitis and Timpanites was restored out of a Quartan Ague unto perfect Health and afterward being unmindful of his former Distemper applied himself to his Studies and led a Sedentary Life and thereupon fell into a great difficulty of Breathing derived from a gross Mass of Blood impelled out of the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs receiving frequent draughts of Air to inspire the Mass of Blood with fine Volatil Particles to promote its Circulation by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Chamber of the Heart and within a very short space this gross Mass of Blood was carried down by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Iliack Branch and so into the Muscles of the Thighs which were much swelled with this pituitous Mass of Blood not lodged only in the empty spaces of the Muscles but also in the Minute Glands of the Skin very much swelled in Oedematous Tumours and Anasarca's which very much resemble one another both in Pathology and in Pharmaceuticks A Scirrhus is a hard Indolent Tumour taking its rise from gross Blood A Scirrhus is caused by a gross indurated serous of pituitous Liquor or from a thick Lintous Humour mixed with the Vital Liquor transmitted into the habit of the Body where the more thin and watry Particles being Evaporated the gross parts of the Blood do communicate a hardness to the distended Fleshy parts which may also arise from gross Humours settled in the habit of the Body consisting of Saline Earthy Particles which are disposed for Concretion In order to the Cure of a Scirrhus two Indications do offer themselves the Indicative and Curative The first hath relation to the Antecedent Cause the gross Mass of Blood resident in Scorbutick habits of Body which are to be Cured by Purgatives Antiscorbuticks Diureticks and Chalybeats so that the more gross parts of the Peccant Matter being carried off by Catharticks the more thin may be discharged by Diureticks and the Fermentation of the Blood may be renewed by Chalybeats As to the Curative Indication of a Scirrhus derived from the continent Cause of gross Humours settled and indurated in the empty spaces of the Muscles it doth denote Emollient and Moistning Medicines which must be applied again and again to soften the Indurated parts and afterward gentle Discutients mixed with Emollients may be used else if hot Discutients be first applied before the parts be softned they acquire a greater Induration and the Scirrhus will be rendred more difficult to be Cured A Cancer is a hard round Tumour of a Blew or Blackish Colour A Cancer is a hard painful Tumour like Crabs Claws full of sharp pain beset with many Veins big with a Black Humour resembling Crabs Claws from whence it borroweth its Denomination and taketh its origen from Blood infected with a Malignant Disposition and Venenate Nature This Humour concreteth it self in the beginning not exceeding the bigness of a Pea and afterward groweth greater in Bulk especially if it be enraged with sharp Medicines whereupon it encreaseth in acute hot pains somewhat like the pricking of Needles derived from sharp Vitriolick Particles and the poysonous quality of the Blood grievously torturing the Nervous and Membranous parts the subject of pain in this Disease The antecedent cause of a Cancer according to the Ancients is a Melancholick Humour But in truth the Blood affected with a Venenate Nature while it circulates in the Vessels but when this Poysonous Humour is Extravasated and lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels as not received into the Veins it is the continent cause of a Cancer which is a Black venenate Blood making a Tumour in the habit of the Body tormenting the Nervous parts with severe pains Cancers are of two kinds the one not Ulcered the other Ulcered A Cancer not not Ulcered The first proceedeth from a more gentle and less malignant Mass of Blood easily confining it self within the empty Spaces of the Fleshy parts without intolerable pains as not offering any great Violation to the union of the Muscular and Cutaneous parts The Ulcered Cancer is derived from a most hot Mass of Blood full of fierce Saline and Malignant Particles which being settled in the empty Spaces of the Vessels A Cancer Ulcered parteth them from each other and raiseth a Tumour arising from these sharp Vitriolick Humours corroding the Fleshy parts and Skin whence gusheth out a thin sharp Gleet sometimes mixed with a depraved Blood very offensive to the adjacent parts As to the Curative parts of a Cancer it is so stubborn by reason of its great Malignity that it cannot be subdued by the most powerful Pharmacy In order to hinder the growth of it Blood-letting may be advised as also Decoctions of China Sarsa Parilla and Antiscorbuticks and other Medicines which do cool purge and sweeten the Blood by Diureticks of a mild nature a cooling and moistning Diet may prove very Beneficial and above all Milk and the most choice is that of Asses which being of a serous substance may be easily Concocted without any Coagulation in the Stomach and hath a cooling and moistning quality Topicks in this Disease prove often prejudicial Sharp and hot Topicks are very prejudicial in Cancers especially hot and sharp Applications that enrage the Fiery and Malignant disposition of a Cancer and outward Medicines of an Emplastick Oily nature are very poysonous By reason they hinder Transpiration and by deteining the hot and poysonous steams of the Blood do much Exasperate the fierce Saline Atomes of this Disease rendring it Ulcerous whose sharp Matter doth Corrode the Neighbouring parts with intolerable pains An Ancient Woman a Victualer by Profession being affected with a Scorbutick habit of Body was afflicted with a Cancerous Tumour in her Breast to which an unskilful Chyrurgeon applied sharp and Emplastick Medicines to bring the Tumour to Suppuration which could not be affected but at last ended in a most Malignant Ulcer whose thin Caustick Matter did eat away her Breast and penetrating the Intercostal Muscles into the Thorax did destroy the Noble parts whereupon this devouring Disease gave
and Spirit in Distillation but when the Saline associated with Spirituous Atomes are rendred Volatil they are somewhat freed from the strict combination of Sulphur and Earth As it is evident in the Distillation of Wine after it is made fine by parting with its gross and earthy Lees fallen to the bottom of the Cask whereupon out of Wine secerned from its Faeces the Spirituous and Volatil parts will easily ascend and a Spirit of Wine may be readily extracted The Liquors expatiating themselves in the body of Animals The Liquors in the Bodies of Animals hold some proportion with those of Vegetables and especially in a Humane Body may have some analogy in their Fermentation with those of Vegetables whereupon the Liquors of our Bodies are endued with a moderate Fixation when first the Chyle is duly elaborated in the Stomach by the help of good Air Meats of easie Concoction and proper Ferments of Serous and Nervous Liquor distilling out of the Arteries and Nerves inserted into the inward Tunicle of the Stomach into the Cavity of the Ventricle whereby the well digested Chyle being secerned by a kind of Precipitation from the gross Saline and Sulphureous and earthy Faeces is transmitted through the Intestines wherein it is farther Concocted by the Pancreatick Juice and Arterial and Nervous Liquor by which the Chyle being rendred more attenuated is carried through the Thorax by proper Lacteae into the Subclavian Veins where it espousing the Blood in a near union receiveth a farther Exaltation and is assimilated into Vital Liquor whose more mild parts associated with Nervous Juice Nutrition of the solid parts is made by Assimilation become a good Succus Nutricius which being conveyed by innumerable Pores into the solid parts is made one uniform substance with them by Accretion But if upon the reception of highly salted Meat dried in the Sun or Smoak and other Meat hard of Digestion by reason the Succulent parts are dried up by the Salt and Smoak a crude Milky Humour is extracted The crudity of Chyle is produced by the Compage of the Aliment not duly opened because the too solid Compage of the Aliment is not duly opened by a gross Air a faint heat and ill Ferments of the Stomach whereby the Chyle is not well separated from the gross Saline Sulphureous and earthy Elements of the Meat and Drink whereupon the Intestines by reason of an impure Pancreatick Liquor and other ill Ferments do not attenuate the Chyle which is imported through the Breast into the Vital Liquor wherein it is not exalted by a dispirited Blood affected with gross Sulphureous and fixed Saline Atomes which being transmitted into the Interstices of the Vessels do highly torture the Membranous and Nervous parts of the Muscles producing a Rheumatism This Disease doth not only proceed from the fixed Saline parts of the Blood but from a depraved Nervous Liquor A Rheumatism proceedeth from ill Blood and Nervous Liquor which may be backed by probable Reason because Persons liable to Rheumatisms are often afflicted with Nervous disaffections as gentle rigors dispersed through the Membranous and Muscular parts of the Body which are a kind of Convulsive Motions seated in the Nervous and Tendinous Fibres involuntarily contracted by some sharp Humours And again the unnatural Contractions of Nerves proceed from a disaffected Nervous Liquor of which this Conjecture may be made because these Convulsive Motions were attended with the excretion of Urine as salt as Vinegar an Argument that part of the Acid Particles affecting the Nerves were discharged by Urine which were first secerned in the Glands and afterward imparted by the Veins or Lymphaeducts to the Mass of Blood carried by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Artery into the Glands of the Kidney where it is severed from the Blood and transmitted by the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles terminating into the Pelvis the entrance into the Ureters by which it is conveyed into the Bladder and so out of the Body by the Urethra Furthermore it may be conjectured An ill Nervous Liquor the cause of a Rheumatism That this Disease may partly borrow its production from vitiated Nervous Liquor disaffecting the sensible parts Because in the beginning of Rheumatisms Patients are often troubled with Dulness and pains of their Heads attended with Sleepiness which may come from a depraved Animal Liquor disaffecting the Coats of the Brain whence upon good grounds we may be induced to believe that a Rheumatism is not wholly derived from a disordered Mass of Blood but also from a Nervous Juice impraegnated with Saline Particles brought to a Fluor thereby rendred Acid whereupon the fixed saline parts of the Vital entring into a confaederacy with the Animal Liquor do raise brisk Fermentations exasperating the Membranes Nervous and Tendinous Fibres of the Muscles whence ensueth a high discomposure and torture of the Sensible parts So that the igredients of a Rheumatism may be truly judged the Fermentative part of the Nervous and Vital Liquor As to the Prognosticks of this Disease it is rarely attended with fatal Symptoms and after the great storms of disquiet and pain are allayed A Rheumatism is not dangerous a Calm ensueth and therefore a Rheumatism is not in it self liable to great danger but is a kind of Preservative as by its mediation other Diseases are discharged and the most discomposed Patient afterward is restored to Health by reason the Matter of the Disease the saline and acid Recrements most offensive to the inward and noble parts are discharged into the outward and into the upper and lower Limbs to secure the principles of Life from the assaults of a troublesome and impetuous Enemy Sometimes in a Rheumatism A Rheumatism flowing from saline and earthy parts concreted into a Chalky substance these fixed Saline in combination with earthy Particles are concreted into a Chalky substance accompanied with Extravasated Blood sometime tending to Suppuration which being of a Caustick nature doth corrode the Fleshy parts and Skin through which the Chalky Matter is discharged A Person of Honesty keeping a Livery Stable in the Strand was highly afflicted with a Rheumatism productive of divers Swellings in the Muscular parts accompanied with violent pains These Tumours proceeded from Saline and Earthy parts Concreted which did vent themselves very freely with Ulcerous Matter in divers parts of the Body and upon Blood-letting and Purging and Diet Drinks of Sarsaparilla and China boiled in Water and streined and mixed with new Milk the Pains were taken away and the Ulcers Cured by gentle detersive and drying Topicks and the Patient perfectly recovered his Health which he hath enjoyed for some Years Sometimes a Rhematism long afflicting a weak Chachectick Body A Rheumatism associated with an Atrophy vitiateth the Ferments of the Stomach producing an ill Chyle and Mass of Blood causing an Atrophy of the whole Body A Knight a Person of great Worth and Integrity being of a weak Constitution
Gooms A Gnashing or Grating of the Teeth may be derived from the unnatural Motions of the Musculi Pterigoeidei Externi and Interni hurrying the lower Mandible and with it the Teeth whence also may be deduced many other great Convulsions The membranes of the Brain are drawn into consent with the membranes of the Teeth wherein the neighbouring Membranes of the Brain being first drawn into consent do immediately affect the Fibrous Contexture of the Brain and Spinal Marrow and afterward the Nerves of the whole Body propagated from them whence ariseth an universal stiffness imparted to the Trunk and Limbs so that they will hardly admit any Incurvation during the time of Convulsions which being ceased the Muscles grow relaxed and the Body readily complieth with the Hand as being easily bent forward Vomitings do accompany the breeding of Teeth in Children Vomitings in Dentition are derived from the Fibres of the Stomach which are drawn into consent with those of the Brain acted with Convulsive Motions proceeding from the irritated Fibres of the Stomach flowing from the discomposed Membranes and Fibrous Contexture of the Brain influencing the Fibres of the Par Vagum inserted into the Neck and Body of the Stomach Vomitings also may be the associates of Dentition wherein some Particles of depraved Liquors in an ill habit of Body being enraged by violent pains of the Gooms are discharged by the terminations of the Caeliack Capillary Arteries into the Cavity of the Stomach whence its Fibrous parts being highly importuned by Saline and Acid Particles do produce unnatural contractions of the Fleshy Fibres related to the Stomach to turn out of Doors those unquiet Guests that hinder the repose of the Ventricle Great pains in Dentition do make an Effervescence in the Blood and produce Diarrhaea's And not only Vomiting but Diarrhaea's or Lasks also do accompany Dentition by reason the ill Humours chiefly in a fat and foul Constitution of Infants are put into Fermentation by the fierce pains of the Gooms making an Effervescence in the Mass of Blood whereupon Nature being provoked by the severe contests of the Heterogeneous Particles doth impell them in order to her own ease out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Mesenterick Arteries inserted into the Intestines out of whose Cavities they are discharged for the better composure of the Body So that in short the full Bodies of Childrens breeding Teeth labouring with great quantity of depraved Humours acted with ill Ferments are highly aggrieved by the Inflammation of the Blood lodged in the Gooms in time of Dentition imparted by the Jugular Veins to the Heart and from thence into the Membranes causing Convulsive Motions and Fevers and some serous Particles of the ill Blood being transmitted by the Arteries into the Cavities of the Bowels do generate Lasks and Griping of the Guts which are Continent Causes of many Diseases incident to Children in breeding of Teeth which great Hypocrates hath well enumerated in his Aphorisms In order to their Cure Diseases taking their rise of Dentition Blood-letting is proper in the Inflammation of the Gooms flowing from Dentition in Plethorick Bodies this Method of Physick may be advised In great Inflammations of the Gooms some Blood may be taken away in Plethorick Constitutions by the application of Leeches behind the Ears or in a great case by a Lancet and some Hours before the Bleeding a gentle Clyster may be injected if the Child have not the benefit of Nature by Stool and inwardly Medicines are to be prescribed that suppress the unquiet Vapours and Flatulency of the Blood and Comfort and Corroborate the Fibrous parts of the Brain When Universals have been Celebrated Blistering Plaisters may be applied in pains caused by Dentition and the Gooms may be opened by a Lancet in order to the easier Eruption of the Teeth Topicks are proper in this Disease as Blistering Plaisters applied to the Neck behind and between the Shoulders and below the Ears and to the inside of the Arms And if Teeth be near their Eruption the Gooms may be safely opened by a Lancet or rubbed often by the Tooth of a Woolf or by Coral which is more used which giveth great ease to pained and inflamed Gooms This and the like Course of Physick proper for Fevers Convulsions and other Diseases in point of Dentition hath proved very successful in many of my young Patients A Child of a worthy Knight a Person of Loyalty and Honour related to the Excise Office having his Gooms very hot and inflamed and afterward was highly afflicted with a Fever and Convulsive Motions upon breeding of Teeth Whereupon I advised gentle Clysters Bleeding by Leeches applied under the Ears Cephalick Julaps and Vesicatories between the Shoulders and under the Ears which in a short space spake a period to the Symptomatick Fever and Convulsive Motions proceeding from the Teeth cutting the Gooms Purgatives may be ordred in foul Bodiâ—s upon pains of the Teeth and afterward Narcoticks may be taken If the pain of the Teeth be urgent in Persons of more mature Age it denoteth Anodines which prove not beneficial except the Cause the flux of ill Humors into the Membranes of the Teeth be first removed which is effected by Purging Blood-letting in the Veins of the Arms Neck and under the Tongue And when Universals have been premised Blistering Plaisters may be applied to the Neck and between the Shoulders and Arms and Astringent Plaisters to the Fore-Head and Temples and also proper Gargarisms are very useful in this Case And if the pain of the Teeth be not Alleviated upon these and such like Applications we must address our selves to Narcoticks as the last refuge CHAP. V. Of the Palate of Man and other Animals THe Mouth may be stiled a Portal or Antechamber of the goodly Fabrick of Humane Body immured outwardly with the Confines of the Cheeks and before with the upper and lower Lip as with Folding-Doors which open for the reception of Aliment and the utterance of Words and shut for the enclosure and Ornament of the Mouth and is encircled within with divers Circumferences of Gooms and Teeth as so many Carved Banisters fitted to the Cavities of the upper and lower Jaw as instruments of Mastication The Mouth is arched above with the Palate and floored with the Tongue The fine Room of the Mouth is seated above with an Arched Roof and floored below with the Tongue dressed with curious Prominencies of different shapes and sizes playing up and down and laterally in variety of Postures The situation and connexion of the Palate for the advantage of Eating and Speaking The Seeling of the elegant Apartiment of the Mouth commonly called the Palate taketh its rise near the fore Teeth of the upper Mandible and determineth about the Fauces and its inward Surface is conjoyned to the Os Sphaenoides and is made up of a Glandulous substance consisting of many Minute Glands which are invested with a thick
when they are impelled out of the terminations of the Arteries and are in some part accreted to the sides of the Vessels while they pass through the habit of the Body into the Extreamities of the Veins and in the interim the concreted and affixed parts of the red Crassament of the Blood to the Coats of the Vessels is commonly called the Parenchyma filling up some part of their empty Spaces which cannot be a proper Sensory of the Tongue as being void of all Sense Worthy Doctor Wharton was so much in love with the Glands that he consigned the Glands of the Tongue seated about the Root of it to an Office they are not capable of to be the Sensory of Tasting which is somewhat improbable as I conceive by reason these Glands do not invest the upper Area about the tip of the Tongue wherein our Taste is principally if not wholly seated But craving Pardon of this Learned Anatomist The Membrane of the Tongue beseâ— with Nervous Fibrils is the subject of Tasting I humbly conceive the Organ of Tasting to be founded in Gustatory Nerves sprouting of the fourth and seventh pair of Nerves perforating the inward and outward Coat of the Tongue into whose Blade all about the tip it transmitteth numerous Fibrils the immediate subject of Sensation of Tasting produced by the appulses of sapid Objects made upon the Extreamities of Nervous Fibrils implanted in the upper Coat not far from the tip of the Tongue Learned Malpighius The numerous Papillae are not the subject of Sensation by reason they do â—oâ— perforate the thick â—oat of the Tongue doth constitute numerous Papillae to be the Organ of Taste which do plainly appear in the red Expansion seated under the thick Coat of the Tongue of a Beast when some part of the upper Coat is parted by the Knife and the other torn off by violence and are inserted only into the inward surface of the Exterior Coat of the Tongue and do not perforate it by reason they appear short and very minute in their Extreamities which would be much longer if they did penetrate the outward Coat of the Tongue Whereupon I most humbly conceive those Papillary Protuberancies not to be the instruments of Taste as not receptive of sapid impressions which cannot well be imparted through the hard Exterior Membrane of the Tongue not perforated by the Papillary Prominencies Whereupon it may be farther replied by most ingenious Malpighius in his Favour that the numerous small pointed Prominencies springing out the red Expansion are elevated above it and do emit out of their Extreamities Nervous Fibrils which saith this Learned Author are insinuated into the Sinus appertaining to the Roots of the crooked Cartilaginous Processes which perforating the Exterior Coat of the Tongue are seated above it To which I make bold with the permission of this worthy and great Anatomist to return this Answer That if the Papillary Prominencies do creep into the Cavities of the Roots of the Horny Protuberancies yet they arrive not the utmost Extreamities of them above so that the Nervous Fibrils seated below are not in a readiness to entertain sapid impressions as being at a distance from the Masticated Aliment which therefore cannot affect the Nerves through the Cavities of the Horny Prominencies prepossessed with Salival Liquor flowing into the Mouth to impraegnate the chewed Nutriment in order to Concoction And furthermore The Roots of the Cartilaginous Processes in Coats of the Tongue are 〈…〉 〈◊〉 the Glanâ—â—ous Coat â—â—dged under 〈◊〉 of the Papillae I humbly conceive that this Hypothesis of most Learned Malpighius to be somewhat improbable who affirmeth the Extreamities of the Papillae to be inserted into the Roots of the Cartilaginous Processes which are implanted into the Glandulous Coat of the Tongue of Bruits lodged under the red Expansion the seat of the Papillae and according to the Supposition that their tops should enter the roots of the Horny Protuberancies their terminations of the Cartilaginous Processes should be planted toward the interior part of the upper Membrane of the Tongue Which seemeth to oppose Autopsy because I have often seen if my sight doth not deceive me the Papillae to be seated in the Red Coat where the Exterior Membrane is stripped of both in a Boiled and Raw Tongue wherein I have also viewed the Horny Prominencies pulled up by the Root out of the Glandulous Coat and have seen the Papillae seated between their Cavities the receptacles of the Horny Processes upon the Area of the red Expansion Whereupon begging the excuse of the truly Renowned and most Accomplished Malpighius I deem it more reasonable not to found the Organs of Tasting in the Papillae lodged under the Exterior Membrane which I conceive to be Minute Glands in the second Coat of the Tongue but in numerous Nervous Fibrils inserted into the surface of the upper Membrane which can readily perceive Appulses made by sapid objects upon the surface of the Exterior Coat of the Tongue That I may give you a clearer notion of the Tasting Faculty The faculties of the Soul are defined and determined to such parts of the Body disposed for their proper Operations and Determined by peculiar objects and its Objects they are most highly to be considered as Relatives And by Faculty I do not mean an empty Notion void of Reason as some will have it but thus far Significant as being the sole Definitively existent in such a part duly qualified to accomplish a peculiar Operation which is reduced into Act as being specified and determined by a proper Object which moveth upon the Organ of Sensation by gentle or brisk Appulses whence Tastes are rendred more or less Pleasant according to soft or strong Contacts upon the Sensory The Sapid Liquors or more solid Substances Objects of the Taste internally or externally considered as the various Objects of the Taste may be noticed either as they are Internally constituted of divers Elementary Principles or Externally framed of different Solematisms made up of several Figures and Magnitudes The various objects of Sapid Objects as they relate to Elementary Bodies are composed of different Saline and Sulphureous Particles Bitterness is made of bitter oily parts Internal Elementary principles are Saline and Sulphureous Particles the cause of bitter Tastes which is frequently demonstrated in the destillation of bitter Vegetables by a Serpentine whence it is easie to extract a very bitter Chymical Oyl which being drawn out the Magma of those Plants which before were highly bitter remaineth as it were insipid and void of all bitterness Which is a clear Argument to prove that Bitterness in Plants proceedeth from Oily Spirits which do not grow sweet by Digestion but thereby acquire greater and greater degrees of Bitterness by reason Oily Bodies have such a Consistence that it so confineth the Volatil Spirituous Particles that they cannot easily breath out Sweetness borroweth its birth from sweet Oily parts getting the dominion over
dry the immediate subject of Thirst And there are divers Dispositions The first disposition rendring the subject capable of Thirst is the acuteness of the Nervous Fibrils which render this Subject capable of Thirst The first is its acute Sense as being a large Membranous Compage made up of great variety of Nervous Fibrils freely drawn out by Nature and close struck and rarely interwoven and because they have various Ranks running above and below long-ways cross-ways and obliquely so that every way this rare Contexture is garnished with numerous Filaments the subjects of quick Sensation The second natural qualification of this Membrane the seat of Thirst The second quality of the Membrane the seat of Thirst is to be affected with moisture is to be endued with Moisture both in its Ambient parts and in its more inward Penetrals which is very conducive to the happy constitution and repose of the subject of Thirst which groweth peevish and disordered when destitute of its due Liquor which being defective from without is supplied within with natural Fontanels the numerous Salival Glands in the Mouth and neighbouring parts to water the Membranes encompassing the Tongue Palate Throat and Gulet The third condition qualifying the Membranes liable to Thirst The third condition of Thirst is the driness of the Membrane the subject of Thirst is the natural inclination they have to suffer Driness caused by the neighbourhood of the Heart and Aorta parts always in Motion and heat and the frequent ejection of hot fuliginous Vapours out of the Bronchia and Aspera Arteria with the expired Air and by its perpetual access into the subject of Thirst parching it with the hot steams and flame of Life and besides all this the Stomach being emptied of its Alimentary Liquor is rendred dry which is afterward communicated to the Gulet and Throat These several causes are productive of driness in the Tongue Palate and the rest leaving them sensible of a rough disposition which nature endeavoureth to alleviate by the reception of fluid and moist Particles The fourth requisite putting the faculty of Thirst into act is the tender and delicate constitution of its Subject whose frame is made up of many Nervous Filaments full of exquisite Sense which is easily discomposed upon the least disorder of Driness by reason it is the natural temper of the Membranes relating to Thirst to be superficially besprinkled and inwardly softned with Moisture which being altered by the withdrawing of Liquid Particles or their consumption by Heat the aggrieved faculty groweth impatient and resenteth its disposition of Driness and representeth its case by an appeal made to the superior court of the Understanding and Will who give their Commands to inferior Agents as so many Officers of lower Degree to supply the needs of the Tongue Palate Throat and Gulet which speedily giveth ease and pleasure Thirst hath more or less steps to greater or less Intenseness as it is hightned or lowred by the different degrees of Drought affecting the Membranes of the Faculty flowing either from the Evacuation of the natural fountains of Salival Liquor seated in and about the Mouth moistning the Coats belonging to the faculty of Thirst or from the vehement drying heat of the neighbouring parts The subject of Thirst The first discomposure of the Membrane the seat of Thirst is from â—â—s driness and roughess is obnoxious to divers Disorders First Because it is a fine Contexture framed of delicate Minute Nerves whereupon it is highly discomposed by Roughness and Driness which importeth an unnatural sensation and touch to the Membranes of the Mouth and neighbouring parts disordered by an uncouth hardness and Asperity Secondly The second diaffection of the subject of Thirst is Stiffness proceeding from violent heat The subject of this Faculty looseth its pliableness by reason of Drought whence the Membranes of the Mouth grow stiff and uneasie to the Tongue in giving a check to its repose and freedom of Motion Thirdly The subjects of Thirst the Coats of the Mouth are sometimes so parched with violent heat of Malignant Fevers that they grow rigid and uncapable of Extension cracking into Chinks and Furrows and are also besmeared with a clammy Matter spued out of the Salival Glands by their Excretory Vessels upon the surface of the Tongue and Mouth where the Viscid Matter growing more Indurated is afterward accreted to the Membranes appertaining to Thirst sometimes huing them with Pale and Yellow othertimes with Brown and Black as so many dismal Characters speaking the great prevarications of our Tongue and Palate giving us the opportunity of sad reflexions upon our Guilt in the glass of our Sufferings I will close this Discourse with the Causes productive of Thirst of which some are Primary and far fetched and others more near and Immediate The first cause of Thirst may be fetched from the heat of the Blood The first may be borrowed from violent heat of the Blood having constant recourse to the Membranes the seats of Thirst which taketh its birth from a great Ebullition in Putrid Fevers flowing from opposite Elements which being in high contest with each other are not easie to be reconciled under one Chain of Mixtion whereupon the Blood doth tend to Putrefaction always accompanied with Effervescence a cause generative of Drought which is also derived from the smoaky steams of the Vital Flame when highly acted with violent Motion passing through the Branches of the Bronchia into the common Channel of the Aspera Arteria and from thence into the Cavity of the Mouth which it affecteth with driness of which Thirst is an immediate Resentment represented by the continuation of Nerves as so many instruments of Sensation The second Cause of Thirst The second cause of Thirst may be derived from want of moisture is the defect of Liquor issuing out the Salival Glands as so many Minute Lakes seated in the Tongue Palate Lips Ears and internal parts of the Mandibles which are appointed by Nature to moisten and intenerate the Membranes relating to Thirst If the little Fountains be dried up either by some unkindly Heat or by the overmuch detainment of Blood from its natural Course or diverted to some other parts as in divers Cronick Diseases of Dropsies or any large evacuations of Sweat Urine or Stool wherein the Salival Fontanels are drained and the tender Membranous Compage belonging to Thirst groweth over solid hard and dry giving great offence to the Tongue and Mouth Gulet and Stomach whereupon they immediately covet draughts of Liquor as a Boon to gratifie the importunate desires of a querulous Sollicitrix Another cause of Thirst may be an ill disposed Salival Liquor The third cause of Thirst may be an ill qualified Salival Liquor which in its native purity is Thin Watry and Transparent and tinged with no disgustful Quality disaffecting the Tongue and Palate But when this Juice is impraegnated with Gross Saline and Acid Particles in confederacy
with the Blood which often have recourse by the External Carotides into the minute Conglomerated Glands appertaining to the Mouth and its adjacent parts they are then rendred rough and dry which often happens in Dropsies Scorbutick Distempers and the like wherein the Membranes of the Mouth are put out of Tune and dry and must be reduced to their proper Harmony by Liquors agreeing with the Palate and Membranes the seat of Thirst which are sometimes disaffected with bitter Recrements transmitted from the Stomach through the Gulet into the Cavity of the Mouth in intermittent Fevers and other Distempers and are also mixed with the Blood and impelled into the substance of the Salival Glands spuing out Bilious Humours mixed with Salival Juice into the Mouth CHAP. XXIII The pathologie of the Appetitive Faculty relating to the Stomach THe great Design of Nature in contriving the curious frame of the Stomach and all its Dispositions and Faculties is in order to be Efficients or instruments in the production of Chyle the end and perfection of all the Powers and Operations of the Stomach which are either principal as the Concoctive or instrumental as the Appetitive Retentive and Expulsive which are all Ministerial to the Concoctive Faculty The one to sollicite us to Eat and Drink and the other to retain the Aliment and the third to discharge the Excrements as troublesome Guests after the Concoction is Celebrated These Faculties are receptive of many Violations First As the Ministerial the Appetitive Retentive and Expulsive are not able to pay their duty to their Superior the Concoctive Power The first Minister in order is the Appetite which is its Monitrix and Remembrancer to court Nature to its advantage of Eating and Drinking And this Handmaid of the Concoctive Faculty is often defective in its Office either when the Appetite is wholly lost or when it is only remiss in paying its obligation to Nature and when it is over-active and diligent in giving a great trouble to the Concoctive Power The first is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latines The lost Appetite proceedeth from the ill temper of the Stomach Appetitus Dejectus when the Stomach is despoiled of its appetite of Hunger either when the natural temper of the Ventricle is highly disordered as sometimes by immoderate heat by violent Exercises Fevers or excessive Good Fellowship or when the Tone of the Stomach is spoiled by reason its Fibres have lost their acute Sense either when the Animal Spirits and Succus Nutricius are wholly defective the Brain being obstructed in Apoplexies or exhausted in Diarrhaea's Dysenteries and in Chronick Diseases when little or no Nourishment is received And other times The Appetite is lessened when the Fibres of the Stomach are weakned in cold and moist Distempers and sometimes from the heat of the Air and from viscid Aliment which dulleth the quickoess of the Fibres relating to the Coat of the Stomach the Appetite groweth faint in performance of its Obligation to the Concoctive Power when the Fibres of the Stomach are weak as loosing their vigour in cold and moist Distempers when the Blood transmitted into the substance of the Stomach is oppressed with too large a quantity of potulent watry Particles and the Appetite is rendred faint by a hot and moist indisposition of the Stomach derived from hot and Rainy Weather or else by overmuch indulging our selves in Fat and clammy Meats abounding with Oily and Emplastick Dispofitions wherein the Fibres of the Stomach grow dull in performing their duty of Sensation or when we Caress our selves in overmuch Sleep or Ease which make an overslow motion of the Animal Liquor and Spirits into the Fibres of the Stomach or when the Nervous Liquor withdraweth it self from the Fibrous parts of the Ventricle The Appetite groweth faint in too great intensions of the mind in too great intentions of the Mind employing the Animal Spirits in the Brain by reason of great and frequent meditations of the Mind and sometimes sollicitous Thoughts flowing from deep Study and Anxious Cares the Mystresses of disturbed and sometimes distracted Phancies The worst of Distempers that relate to the Stomach The depraved Appetite dependeth upon unnatural Objects as the most unnatural and troublesome are the Appetitus Depravatus Auctus The first is when we long for unkindly Objects incident to Women in the time of Breeding which can give no Aliment but rather a Hurt and disturbance to the Stomach as Chalk Coals Ashes and the like Sennertus in his Third Book and Fifth Chapter De Pica saith He received a Letter from a Renowned Physitian Doctor Nester relating a pleasant History of a great Case in Physick of one Claudius of the Province of Lorrain a Patient of his who pleased himself in unnatural treats of Faetide and nasty Objects of gross Excrements of Animals and Urine mixed with Wine and Ale Bones Hares Feet clothed with Skin and Flix and chewed with his Teeth Pewter Platters Leaden Bullets and other Metals and afterward swallowed them down his Gulet and Eat a whole Calf raw with the Skin and Hair in the space of few Days and two Tallow Candles burning and devoured Fish alive leaping up and down a little before the Eating of them and swallowed down whole two live Mice which frisked up and down his Stomach often biting it for a quarter of an Hour This History is not worthy to be received with Credence but Laughter seeming only to be a great Romance had not its Confirmation been authorized by worthy Doctor Nester and many other Credible Witnesses who were Spectators of his most unnatural entertainments of himself in strange and uncouth kinds of Meat which hold no proportion with most Mens Appetites It is difficult to find out the Cause of this greedy and unkindly Appetite in the Dissection of Dead Bodies Columbus seemeth to give an account of it That ravenous Men have no Gustatory Nerves inserted into their Tongues and Palate which if Granted could only render the cause of a lost Taste and no way give a satisfactory Reason why the Stomach cold admit and Concoct such prodigious sorts of Meat which we might reject as Incredible had not the History been hallowed by the authority of a Learned and honest Doctor The cause of a greedy Appetite may come from a peculiar temper of the Stomach putting its Fibres upon over frequent Contractions and many other authentick Witnesses And the cause of this Voracious Temper proceedeth from a peculiar Constitution of the Stomach giving it a power to Contract its Fibres in order to the assumption of most odd Aliment And sometimes this ravenous Appetite may take its rise from depraved Humours detained in the Body in the suppression of the Menstrua in Women and from ill Habits of Body in Men which having recourse by the Caeliack Artery into the inward Tunicle do wonderfully indispose the Stomach Or this prodigious Appetite may be derived from a
speaking of a Lientery 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Lientery doth throw off the Meat not putrified and moist not painful whereupon the Body decayeth and a few lines after this great Author doth seem farther to assert this Hypothesis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And therefore when it is produced meaning a Lientery the Meat is cooled and moistened and a quick dismission made of the not putrified Aliment whence this inference may seem to be made that if an ill or rather no Concoction of the Stomach which the Antients called improperly a Lientery or smoothness of the Guts the Meat is over-hastily expelled the confines of the Stomach unputrified whereupon it may be conceived Meat is Concocted in the Stomach-without Corruption and Putrefaction that if the Meat had been longer entertained in the Ventricle it would have acquired a putrefaction But I beg pardon for this apprehension because I conceive we are bound in Duty to receive the sense of the Antients with Candor and then the words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being not taken strictly which I humbly conceive was the true sense of our great Master Hyppocrates do signifie Meat unconcocted in which little or no separation of parts was made by natural Heat exciting the Ferments of the Stomach to a Concoction of the Aliment Learned Dr. Highmore seemeth to concur with Hypocrates Dr. Highmore's opinion that Concoction is a putrefaction and separation of parts in his sense relating to the manner of Digestion in his Third Chapter De Ventriculo Verumenimvero nondum nobis constat cur non calore tantum humido hoc est menstruo proprio animae tanquam instrumento opus hoc perficiatur cum coctio nihil aliud sit quam putrefactio partium separatio But notwithstanding it doth not appear to us saith the Learned Author why this Work is not accomplished by moist Heat only as a proper Menstruum the instrument of the Soul when Concoction is nothing else but a putrefaction and separation of parts And this his Assertion concerning the work of Nature he endeavoureth to Illustrate by the operations of Art Adhaec in administrationibus Chymicis hoc solummodo efficiente calore scilicet in corpore humido in particulas corporis insinuante producatur ut in maceratione digestione putrefactione fermentatione quibus operationibus a calore humido mistum aliquo modo dissolvitur vel compage naturali soluta ad artificialem aptius redditur quae operationes in omni separatione vel singulae vel altera earum permittuntur Furthermore This Learned Author affirmeth in Chymical Operations this may be produced by Heat working only in a moist Body insinuating it self into inward recesses of it as in Maceration Digestion Putrefaction and Fermentation by which operations the mixed Body is after a manner dissolv'd in a moist Heat as its natural Compage is loosened which is most fitly resembled to Art whose Administrations either all or one of them are premised in every operation Ingenious Vanhelmont as I humbly conceive being a person of greater Fancy than Judgment granteth the same putrefaction in order to Chylification though upon more improbable terms saying in his Book De Spiritu Vitae page 576. In nobis autem etsi cibus cum potu quadantenus putrescant nimirum ista putredo est modus atque medium transmutandae rei in rem attamen in digestionibus nostris per ejusmodi putrefactionem actionemque fermenti lienari non educitur ex oleribus leguminibus frumentalibus aut pomis spiritibus aquae vitae Siquidem naturae nostrae intentio non est sibi procreare aquam vitae verum longe aliud in nobis est Fermentum quo res resolvuntur in Chylum atque aliud quo res putrescant atque separantur in aquam vitae But though Meat and Drink do after a manner putrify in us to wit that putrefaction is a kind of transmutation of one thing into another yet in our Digestions the Spirit of the Water of Life is not extracted out of Pot-Herbs Pulse Corn Apples by the same putrefaction and action of a Ferment derived from the Spleen because the designe of our Nature is not to procreate for it self a Water of Life but a far different Ferment in us by which things are resolved into Chyle and another by which things do putrify and are separated for the Water of Life Here the witty Author doth plainly hold that Meat and Drink are resolved by putrefaction in reference to Concoction and that the Vital Spirit is not immediately produced out of divers sorts of Aliments in the Stomach by putrefaction and action of the Ferment relating to the Spleen by which the nourishment is resolved into Chyle and another Ferment by which the alimentary Liquor doth putrifie and is separated from the Liquor of Life and here he plainly affirmeth that Meat and Drink are turned into Chyle and Chyle into Blood which he stileth as I conceive the Water of Life by putrefaction telling a little after Tot nempe esse Fermenta Digestiva specifica tot putrefactionum varietate that there are many specifick digestive Ferments as there are distinctions of putrefactions In order to make a Reply to the improbability of this opinion it may be reasonable to give an account of the nature of putrefaction which Aristotle thus defineth lib. 4. meteorum cap. primo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That putrefaction is a corruption of the proper and natural Heat existing in a moist Body by extraneous Heat is Lodged in an ambient Body This definition doth comprehend in it Putrefaction is made in a moist Body by ambient Heat which corrupteth the natural all the terms of a perfect demonstration wherein it doth demonstrate the proper Affection to be in a proper Subject by a proper Cause The proper Subject is a moist Body for nothing is capable of putrefaction but under the notion of moisture and the Cause is ambient Heat which is not only seated in the Elements of Air and Water but in every Body encircling another within its warm embraces which may give a trouble to its inward native Heat by rendring it too intense and unkindly so that in fine putrefaction is a corruption of the natural Heat so far destructive of the material dispositions of the Body that it cannot entertain its more active and noble Principle as its ultimate perfection which is confounded by extraneous Heat Whereupon according to this definition of Aristotle if the natural Heat and inward Principles of the Aliment be corrupted by the ambient Heat of the Stomach and neighbouring parts the viscera and the different operations of the various Ferments corrupting the body of the Nourishment lodged in the Ventricle The putrefaction of the Aliment depraveth the mass of Blood it must necessarily induce such depraved Dispositions into the alimentary Liquor which are inconsistent with the support of the mass of Blood as it is compounded of pure Spirituous Sulphurous and Saline Particles great enemies
of the Brain in the eighth pair of Nerves and from thence into the Stomacick Nerves whereby they are robbed of their due Tenseness and Tone for want of animal Liquor and Spirits which rendreth the Stomack unable to contract its Fibres and enclose the Aliment whence it is thrown out of the confines of the Ventricle before it receiveth a due Concoction A Third Cause of distoning the Stomach The ill Tone of the Stomach may be derived from a cold and moist distemper proceedeth from a cold and moist distemper derived from a great quantity of watry Humours in Dropsies mixing with the mass of Blood passing by the Celiack Arterie into the Interstices of the Vessels belonging to the Stomach where it chilleth and moisteneth the Nervous Fibres rendring them flaccide and uncapable to retain Meat and Drink in reference to the extraction of Chyle A Fourth Cause of distoning the Stomach Another cause of an ill Tone of the Stomach may come from an ill Conformation may arise from an ill Conformation wherein the Interstices of the Filaments composing the Nerves are taken away or much lessened by a compression of the Fibres in Inflammations and Oedematous Tumours wherein Blood or pituitous Humours being extravasated and stagnant in the empty spaces interceding the nervous Fibrils of the Stomach do swell it beyond its natural Dimensions and thereby compress the Filaments of the Nerves by straightening their Interstices whence the influx of the Nervous Liquor is stopped or much checked at least and the Fibrils lose their plumpness and vigor as being made unapt for Contraction and Retention of Aliment in the bosome of the Stomach And not only the substance of the Ventricle is tumified with extravasated Humours The inward Coat of the Stomach is sometimes affected with Pustles but also the inward Coat is beset with numerous pustles flowing from Serous Liquor in a malignant Fever ousing out of the capillary Arteries and raising the inward Tunicle of the Stomach into many small protuberancies hindring its Contraction in order to Concoction which prove fatal to the Patient Of these Tumors Thomas Bartholine giveth an Instance in his Fourscore and twelfth History of his Third Century where he mentioneth a Polonian who was surprized with a great weakness caused by a pestilential Fever and his Body being opened after Death the inward Coat of his Stomach was found all bespecked with little transparent Swellings big with clear Liquor flowing out of the extreamities of the Vessels The Fifth Cause of the weak Tone of the Stomach An ill Tone of the Stomach proceeding from Emaciation of the Stomach may be deduced from too great a thinness or an emaciated substance of the Ventricle wherein the Filaments shrink up and are closely conjoyned for want of due Aliment as in great Atrophy's and Hectick Fevers wherin the Blood and Animal Liquor and Spirits are exhausted whereupon their Nerves being destitute of due nourishment grow over Dry and Tense and unfit for Motion in reference to a close Confinement of Meat and Drink in order to Chylification A Sixth Cause of a disabled Compage of Stomach Another cause of an ill Tone of the Stomach may arise out of the over-Tenseness of the Fibres may be taken from another kind of over-Tenseness of its Fibres in Hypocondriacal Diseases oppressed with vaporous animal Liquor and Spirits filling up the Interstices of the Filaments which rendereth the Fibres over-stiff and hindreth the Contraction of the Stomach founded in a pliable Frame to retain the Contents till their Virtue is extracted by a due Fermentation The seventh Cause of inducing an infirm Tone into the Stomach Another cause of a weak Tone may proceed from Inflation is produced by a great Inflation proceeding from an ill Concoction of Aliment or transmitted from other parts whereupon the Fibres being distended beyond their due limits lose their Tone Vigor and Motion so that they are rendred uncapable duly to Contract themselves to immure the solid and liquid Aliment within the soft inclosures of the Stomach to draw off the Milky Tincture And the Stomach is not only swelled by a Flatus The Stomach may be swelled by a quantity of serous Liquor lodged in the Cavity of it but with Serous Liquor lodged in it destilling out of the Capillary Arteries terminating into the inward Coat of the Stomach stretching the Fibres of the Stomach beyond the Dimensions assigned by Nature which very much weakneth the Fibres in an over-much Distention so that they cannot reduce themselves by Contraction in order to embrace the Aliment Of this Preternatural swelling Learned Doctor Sturton gave me an account in a Person of Honour related to the Honourable Family of Rutland whose Stomach was distended to so great a bigness that it seemed to be blown up like a Bladder with a prodigious quantity of Serous Liquor weighing Sixteen pound some of which being exposed to the Fire in a small Vessel did Coagulate and resemble the White of an Egg Whereupon I conceive this Transparent Liquor to be the Chrystalline part of the Blood having a power of Concretion when set upon the Fire And the Stomach is not only discomposed by a vitiated Conformation The union of the Stomach is violated in Exulcerations but also by a violated union of the Fibrous parts wherein they are Disjoyned as Corroded by sharp Humours in Exulcerations by reason the Blood being stagnant in the Interstices of the Vessels of the Stomach so that it cannot be returned by Circulation and afterward the Serous Liquor degenerates into a putrid Matter corrupting the Fibres destructive of their Tone in making them unable to Contract themselves in order to Concoction Zacutus Lusitanus Lib. 2. De Praxi Medi. Admirab Giveth an Instance of a Sick Person labouring with a great Pain and Weight of his Stomach and afterward was afflicted with a troublesome Vomiting wherein he threw up a lump of Purulent Matter mixed with Blood resembling the Figure of Cypress Nut arising out of a Tumour in the Stomach Suppurated and turned into an Ulcerous Matter wherein the Concoctive Faculty of the Stomach was made weak in reference to contract its Fibres and digest its Nourishment Having Discoursed Apepsy The weakned Tone may be drawn from the same causes in a lower degree which were recounted in the lost Tone of the Stomach the frustrated Concoctive Faculty of the Stomach proceeding from the Distoned Fibres of it I will speak somewhat of Bradupepsy of an infirm Concoction which may be deduced not from the Tone of the Ventricle enervated but only weakned which may take its rise from many of the same Causes recited in the Conformation of the Stomach but in more remiss degrees and from the ill Temper of it either when the heat is excessive as in Fevers caused by the Ebullition of Blood having recourse to the Stomach by the Caeliack Artery or when the Vital Liquor is over-acted with heat in violent Motion of the Body
whence the Digestion of the Stomach is very much weakned The weakned Tone may be derived from a faint heat of the Blood it may also proceed from a cold and moist temper of the Ventricle and the Chyle rendred Crude which also may be deduced from the faint heat of the Ventricle derived from a dispirited Mass of Blood in Hectick Fevers and other Chronick Distempers of the Body as also when the heat of the Stomach becometh languid by reason the Blood the Subject and Principal if not the sole cause of the heat of the whole Body hath greater access then ordinary to the Brain in profound Thoughts in great Study Cares and Grief The Aliment also is rendred Indigested in a Bradupepsy or infirm Digestion flowing from a cold and moist Distemper of the Stomach in Dropsies wherein the Blood accompanied with too large a proportion of watry Recrements loseth much of its natural heat and briskness and addressing it self by motion to the Stomach much weakneth its Concoctive Faculty The vital heat of the Blood doth actuate exalt and enliven the Stomach and reduce its Ferments consisting of contrary Principles into action commonly called Concoction celebrated by Intestine Motion wherein the Particles of the Mixtum relating to Aliment are Agitated Warmed and Rarefied and the different parts being separated one from another the Homogeneous and Alimentary Particles grow more Spirituous embodying themselves as being near akin do Assimilate and Perfect each other and the Heterogeneous and grosser parts are separated from the Alimentary as being destructive of them all which are performed by a regular heat exciting the Ferments and bringing them into act But when the heat of the Stomach is diâ—ordered the Fermentation is unkindly when the Ferments are not enlivened by a laudable heat of the Stomach whereupon the contrary Elements of the Aliment do not enter into a brisk Contest one with another wherein the Spirituous parts are not duly exalted and the grosser not well separated from the pure whereupon the Alimentary extract is rendred Crude and Indigested An imperfect Concoction A weak digestion may proceed from too great a quantity of Meat or no good order in receiving it is not only derived from a disaffected natural heat and from the weakned Tone of the Stomach but from an external Error by reason of too great a quantity of Meat and Drink over-powering the heat and Ferments of the Stomach or by too great a Solidity so that they cannot enter into the more close Compage of the hard Aliment whereupon a well digested Liquor cannot be Extracted Or when a good order of Eating is not observed according to Time when new Nourishment is entertained into the Stomach before the former is Concocted or when Meats of different kinds some of hard and others of easie Digestion are received into the Ventricle and confound each other by their various Dispositions or when we eat such Meats which are averse to our Nature all which speak a great trouble to the Stomach and afford a Crude and imperfect Alimentary Liquor And one of the chief causes of an imperfect Concoction And one main cause of a weak digestion is the ill Air. is the ill disposition of the Ferments of the Stomach when the purity of the Air is defloured with gross and putrid Vapours exhaling the Earth and Water or when the Salival Liquor is incrassated and mixed with Phlegm or disaffected with fixed Saline Particles or when the Succus Nutricius is depauperated or despoiled of good Animal Spirits and Volatil Salt or when the Serous Liquor flowing from an ill or dispirited Mass of Blood is Transmitted into the Stomach whereupon it being destitute of laudable Ferments cannot perfect the elaboration of Alimentary Liquor which being gross and indigested and embodied with the Blood is productive of many Diseases in several parts of the Body which have been recounted in a more full Discourse The third kind of ill Concoction The depraved operation of the Concoctive Faculty relating to the Stomach is its Depraved Operation called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wherein the Alimentary Liquor extracted out of Meat is corrupted by sweet fat and oily Aliments easily degenerating in some Stomachs into Cholerick Humours which being severed from the Blood in the Glands of the Liver are thence Transmitted by the Hepatick Duct into the Duodenum and afterward by an inverted Peristaltick Motion thrown into the Stomach whereupon the Bilious Recrements being embodied with the Aliment do spoil the goodness of the Chyle and impart a nauseous trouble to the Stomach and an ill Taste to the Mouth resembling now and then stinking Fish fried Oyl and other times rotten Eggs and the like Thus having given some account of the several kinds of ill Concoction I will now endeavour to speak somewhat of the Curative part of these various Indispositions As to the first If an Apepsy or an Abolished Concoction The lost Concoctive Faculty proceeding from an ill Tone of Stomach coming from Blood intercepting the course of the Animal Liquor denoteth Blood-letting be caused by an ill Tone of the Stomach by the course of the Animal Liquor intercepted in its Motion toward the Par Vagum inserted into the Stomach proceeding in an Apoplexy and the other Soporiferous Diseases proceeding from an Exuberance of Blood compressing the Nervous Fibrils of the Brain it indicates a free evacuation of Blood by opening of the Jugular Vein and by the application of Cupping Glasses to the Shoulders and Neck and sometimes Vomitings Cephalick Pills and Alteratives which I shall propound more largely hereafter in the Cures of Diseases belonging to the Brain When the Stomacick Fibres do loose their Tone arising from Sleepy Distempers by want of Animal Liquor and Spirits which should move into the Stomacick Nerves derived from the grossness of the Nervous Liquor propagated from a crude Chrystalline part of the Blood the Materia Substrata of Animal Juice this may be corrected by Chalybeat Medicines and Testaceous Pouders The grossness of the Nervous Liquor is helped by Chalybeat Medicines and Testaceous Powders drinking upon them free Draughts of Cephalick and Antiscorbutick Apozems to refine the Blood and impraegnate it with volatil saline Particles If the ill Concoction of the Ventricle be produced by a loose Tone of the Stomacick Fibres caused by watry Recrements The loose tone of the Stomach is helped by Corroborating Medicines inducing a cold and moist Temper it indicates Hydragogues and hot and drying Medicines mixed with bitter Ingredients which do Corroborate the relaxed Fibres of the Stomach and repair its weakned Retentive and Concoctive Faculty If the narrowness of the Interstices Blood compressing the Fibres of the Stomach indicates the opening of a Vein belonging to the Fibres of the Stomach do proceed from Blood lodged between the Vessels and compressing the Filaments whereupon the propagation of Nervous Liquor is hindred into the Stomacick Nerves whence ariseth a
Mesentery coming from sharp vitriolick Recrements gauling the substance of the Mesentery and corroding the tender Walls of the Lymphaeducts whereupon the Lympha is disburdened into the Cavity of the Belly productive of an Ascitis which may also proceed from the great streams of the Lympha breaking the Banks of the Lymphaeducts and overflowing into the empty spaces of the Abdomen This Disease may also come from abscesses of the Mesentery often following inflammations from a quantity of Blood The Lymphaeducts are corroded by an ulcerous matter whose serous parts degenerate into Pus which corrodeth the Membranes of the Mesentery and Lymphaeducts whence ariseth a flood of purulent Matter mixed with Lymphatick Juyce making a lake in the Abdomen the continent Cause of a Dropsie The Cure of this Disease may be attempted by the advice of gentle Hydragogues This disease may be cured by gentle Hydragogues and by Diet-drinks of drying ingredients and Diet-Drinks of Sarsa-parilla China Lignum sanctum and of vulnerary detersive and healing Decoctions which may discharge the Abdomen of Purulent and Lymphatick Liquor and cleanse and heal the abcesses and Ulcers of the Mesentery and repair the breach of the Lymphaeducts by gentle astringent and consolidating Medicines mixed with balsamick Syrups A tumour of the Mesenterick Glands from a quantity of extravasated Chyle lodged in their Parenchyma And not only the Substance and Vessels of the Mesentery but the Glands too are obnoxious to Diseases as various sorts of Tumours one from a great quantity of the Milky Humour lodged in the Parenchyma of the Glands sometimes very much enlarging its Dimensions A Man above Forty years old was highly troubled with pains of his Belly for many years and at last the pains being more and more afflictive took away all the enjoyment of his Life and emaciated his whole Body which proved fatal to him The passage of the Chyle is intercepted by a swelling of the Mesenterick Glands The parenchyma of the Mesenterick Glands is obstructed by coagulated Chyle His Body being opened and an inspection made into the Mesentery the Glands appeared of an incredible bigness which compressing the Milky Vessels rendred them uncapable to transmit the Chyle into the common receptacle whence followed an universal Atrophy of the Body The substance of Mesenterick Glands may be obstructed from Chyle coagulated into the similitude of Cheese so that the free passage of the Milky Humor being intercepted by its Concretion into a hard Curd by an Acid Humour of the Blood destilling out of the terminations of the Arteries into the substance of the Glands through which the Current being stopped into the common Receptacle the body of the Glands must be tumefied The Caeliack Passion derived from the obstruction of the Mesenterick Glands and the Caeliack Passion ensue which is a Fluxe of Chyle passing through the Guts to the Anus derived from the Obstruction of the Mesenterick Vessels in the Glands Learned Diemerbroeck giveth an instance of this Case in his first Observation found in the Eighth Chapter of the Mesentery Primum exemplum erat Militis Scoti qui in India occidentali atque imprimis in longo maritimo itinere huc redux diu pravis cibis usus fuerat atque hic tandem morbo laenguens Caeliaco fluxu cum ventris torminibus appetitu tamen ciborum mediocriter constante laborans Anno 1657. mense Augusto ad nosocomium nostrum delatus est ac in Caeliaco fluxu curando omnia frustra tentata essent tandem totus Emaciatus obiu Cadavere in studiosorum Medicinae gratiam aperto sese obtulit lien nimis magnus durus ater ut pancreas nimis tumidum durum Ciâ—erei coloris invenimus item Mesenterii innumeras glandulas quae in sanis vix videri possint mirum in modum turgidas duriusculas esse â—â—a ut multae quidem fabae magnitudinem sed plurimâ— ad magnitudinem avellanae pauciores ad mâ—is moschatae magnitudinem accederent In iis autem dissectis nihil aliud quam candida quaedam crema in caseosam substantiam indurata repertum fuit The third kind of Tumors hapning to the Mesentery An Inflammation of the Mesentery mâ—â— proceed from a quantity-of extravasated Blood degenerating into Abscesses and Ulcers may be called an inflammation proceeding from a quantity or grossness of Blood extravasated in the substance of the Glands by reason the roots of the Veins are so small or else so obstructed that they cannot give admission to the extravasated Blood whence are derived Abscesses and Ulcers as the consequents of inflammations when Nature turneth the Crystalline parts of the vital Liquor into an Abscess first and then into an Ulcer The Glands of the Mesentery The Mesenterick Glands are liable to variety of Tumors are also incident to variety of other Tumors as Steatomes melicerides Atheromes Scirrhous Scrophylous and Strumous Tumors Steatomes and Melicerides do proceed from a fatty or oily substance enclosed within proper Membranes coming out the extreamities of the Mesenterick Arteries into the Parenchyma of the Glands The cause of Steatomes in the Mesentery wherein they acquire a greater consistence Atheromes are derived from gross pituitous Matter like a Pultice The cause of Atheromes in it when it hath been a long time spued out of the terminations of the Arteries into the substance of the Glands wherein this gross Matter is immured within a membranous Enclosure Scirrhous Tumors are different only in degree as I conceive from Atheromes because they both proceed from unassimilated Chyme The cause of a Scirrhus in the Mesentery impelled out of the terminations of the Arteries into the body of the Mesenterick Glands in which the Atheromes have a matter of less consistence and the Scirrhus partake of gross and more indurated Chyme Scrophylous and Strumous swellings are of a different nature from Steatomes The cause of a Serophylous and Strumous Tumors in the Mesentery Melicerides Atheromes and Scirrhus by reason these arise out of the fatty oily or pituitons parts of the Blood but the Scrophylous and Strumous Tumors are derived as I apprehend from the Succus Nutricius or nervous Liquor destilling out of the Extreamities of the Mesenterick Nerves concreted in the substance of the Glands and encircled with a peculiar Cistis or Coat Paraeus giveth an account of a Woman called Isabella the Wife of one Bonus in whom he discovered all sorts of Tumors in the Mesentery Lib. Viges Tertio Cap. Triges Sexto Mesenterium totum atque in Mesenterio Pancreas tumore miro propeque incredibili turgens animadvertimus adeo ut libras decem dimidiam penderet Scirrhosum omnino extrinsecus solisque postica parte lumborum vertebris adhaerescens antica autem peritonaeo Scirrhoso pariter ac penitus Cartilaginoso suberant infiniti in eodem Mesenterio abscessus sua quique cisti inclusi alii quidem oleoso alii melleo alii sebaceo alii albugineo
with a kind of Pyramidal Figure its Base is placed in its Origen and afterward groweth less and endeth in a Cone and in the whole it may be described a Collective Body as in other Animals of an innumerable company of Minute Glands different in size and shape It is hued with a light Red and affixed to the surface of the Kidney by the interposition of thin Membranes This noble Bowel in a Turkey The Spleen of a Turkey is highly tinged with a dark Livid Colour and is lodged under the Liver being of a Pyramidal Figure whose Base leaneth upon the Echinus or near the Termination of the Gulet and its point upon a great Gut to which it is tied by a Ligament or narrow thin Membrane The Spleen in a Teal The Spleen of a Teal is beautified with a Triangular Figure seated in the Left Side and is tied to the lower region of the Liver under which it is lodged and is also affixed to the lower part of the Gizard it is much akin to the Liver in Colour and if any way different I conceive it is of a brighter Red. The Spleen of a Pidgeon The Spleen of a Pidgeon is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal Figure its base is joyned to the Guts and its point leaneth upon the upper surface of the Echinus near the end of the Gulet and its lower Region upon the Guts and its upper surface is conjoyned to a Lobe of the Liver it is seated about the middle of the lower Apartiment somewhat bending in its Cone â—oward the Left Side and is hued with a brighter Red then the Liver The Spleen of an Eagle is graced with a round Figure The Spleen of an Eagle and a most soft substance and is tied as in other Birds to the Guts and Gulet and lower Region of the Gizard The Spleen of a Hawk is very small and somewhat round The Spleen of a Hawk and the Spleen of a Daw is adorned with a round Figure and both their situations are alike to other Birds CHAP. VI. The Pathologie of the Spleen and its Cures THe Spleen being a Contexture of Membranes Arteries Veins Nerves Fibres Lymphaeducts Membranous Cells and Glands is obnoxious to variety of Diseases discomposing its fine Frame and Texture of various parts as Inflammations Apostemes Ulcers Oedematous Serous and Scirrhous Tumours wonderful for greatness of which in Order The Inflammation of the Spleen hath for its Diagnosticks a great Heat The Diagnosticks of the Inflammation of a Spleen and Swelling accompanied with a beating pain in the Left Side proceeding from a quantity of Blood lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels by which they are divided from each other and their Spaces enlarged So that the Arteries being compressed by the stagnated Blood interceding the Vessels have not a free play in their motion of Dilatation whence ariseth a troublesome Pulsation in the part disaffected from a quantity of Extravasated Blood or sometime from an Exuberant quantity of it distending the Vessels from within and hindring their free motion as it appeareth in great pains of the Head in a Plethora quoad Vasa The cause of the Inflammation of the Spleen The seat of the Inflammation of the Spleen is seated sometime in the Glands and othertimes as I conceive in the Membranous Cells As to the first It ariseth either from the grossness of the Blood confederated with a thick indigested and assimilated Chyme commonly called Pituitous Blood or from a faeculent black adust Purple Liquor found in Hot and Melancholick Constitutions of Body full of fixed Salt or gross Tartar or debased with Acid Pancreatick and sharp Bilious Humours commixed which is a frequent cause of Atrabilarian Humours which being associated with the Blood hindreth its Circulation in the Parenchyma of the Spleen by reason the small Extreamities of the Veins are not capable to give admission to the black Faeculent Blood whence ariseth a Bastard Inflammation An Inflammation of the Spleen degenerating into a Scirrhus often degenerating into a Scirrhus which is an indolent hard Tumour of the Glands coming from gross Concreted Humours as mixed with fixed Salt and Tartar and Acid Recrements of which I will speak more in a Subsequent Discourse of a Scirrhus An Instance of this case may be given in a Sick Person who had laboured a long time with divers kinds of Symptomatick Fevers the consequents of an Inflammation of the Spleen proceeding from gross Faeculent Blood which at last made a close of her uncomfortable Life Afterward the Abdomen being opened the Spleen was tied slightly by a Membrane to the Midriff and was loose in its lower Region and descended into the Cavity of the Belly two Fingers below the Bastard Ribs and was very hard and of a Leaden Colour and was very much Tumefied weighing above Forty Pound and being Putrid in its inward parts was filled with a large proportion of Matter much resembling the Lees of Red Wine Another Inflammation An Inflammation of the Spleen caused by a quantity of good Blood is more truly so called then that above and may be fetched from a quantity of better Blood impelled by the Caeliack Artery into the substance of the Glands relating to the Spleen in so large a proportion that the small Roots of the Veins are not able to give a reception to the Luxuriant Blood whence the habit of the Glands groweth Tumefied as having the empty spaces of the Vessels enlarged whereupon the Spleen acquireth greater Dimensions attended with a beating pain The Extravasated Blood lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels giveth them so high a discomposure that Nature to ease it self of this burden maketh a great Effervescence in the setled Liquor as composed of contrary and in this case of destructive Elements whereupon the Compage of the Blood is dissolved and the Serous and Nutricious Particles are turned into a Purulent Matter which being of a Corroding nature doth penetrate the Vessels or at least passeth through their Spaces to the Ambient parts of the Body through which it pierceth and maketh way to discharge a troublesome Guest which giveth great pain till it be thrust out of Doors Whence proceedeth an Ulcer which is a flux of Purulent Matter coming out of the putrid inward Recesses of some part of the Body whereby Nature endeavoureth to preserve it self by the evacuation of a corrupt offensive Humour An Inflammation may also be derived In an Inflammation of the Spleen the Membranous Cells have been discerned to be full of Blood as I apprehend from thin and hot Blood opening the Terminations of the Capillary Arteries inserted into the Membranous Cells of the Spleen So that their Cavities have been discovered to be full of Extravasated Blood distending first the Cavities of these Cells and consequently the body of the Spleen which cannot be discharged by the Minute Extreamities of the Capillary Veins whereupon Nature consulting its own good and ease doth
turn the Blood into Pus whence issueth an Abscess which being broken is productive of an Ulcer the happy termination of an Aposteme evacuating an exuberant ill affected Blood and thereby giveth Health and ease Another kind of Tumour of the Spleen being soft and oedematous or serous is derived from a quantity of Blood mixed with indigested Chyme or serous Humours spued out of the Extreamities of the Caeliack Capillary Arteries implanted into the Membranous Cells of the Spleen whereby the whole Compage of it is endued with greater Dimensions An ordinary Person long complained of a Swelling and pain in the Left Hypocondre which rendred his Life very troublesome and after a tedious Sickness gave up his Soul into the Hands of his most Gracious God and Merciful Redeemer Not long after his Death The preternatural greatness of the Spleen an Incision being made into his Belly and a recourse being had to the Left Side to see the cause of his Disease his Spleen was discovered to be of an extraordinary greatness as passing down beyond the Ribs into the lower Apartiment and was furnished with a large Splenick Artery which impelled a great quantity of Serous Blood into the Membranous Cavities interwoven with a great number of Fibres in whose Bosome was lodged a large proportion of Watry Liquor distending the whole body of the Spleen This noble part is first Tumefied by a great quantity of Serous Blood An Inflammation of the Spleen degenerating into an Abscess transmitted by the numerous Ramulets of the Caeliack Arteries inserted into the Glands of the Spleen and is afterward inflamed by stagnant Blood lodged in their substance which in a short time loseth its Nature and its serous parts are turned into a corrupt Matter corroding the Vessels and Coats of the Spleen through which it maketh its way into the Cavity of the Belly whereupon Watry Humours have a free access unto it and do generate a great distention of the Rim and Muscles of the Abdomen commonly called an Ascitis A Frier being of a cold and most Constitution was oppressed with a load of Serous Humours which passed out the Left Ventricle of the Heart through the Common and then through the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Caeliack Artery inserted into the Glands of the Spleen highly distending them which produced great pains in his Left Side and a high disaffection of the Spleen which at last concluded in the exit of Life And his Body being opened the Liver appeared to be sound An Instance of a putrefied Spleen and the Spleen half Putrefied and Ulcered whereupon the Putrid Matter and a source of Watry Humours had a recourse to the Cavity of the Belly enlarging it to a great degree A Dropsie also may arise from the broken Lymphaeducts of the Spleen A Dropsie arising from the broken Lymphaeducts of the Spleen which is produced after this manner by rivulets of Watry Recrements associated with the Mass of Blood and carried by the Terminations of the Capillary Splenick Arteries into the substance of the Glands wherein a great quantity of Lymphatick Liquor being secerned from the purer parts of the Vital and Nervous Juice is transmitted into the Lymphaeducts seated between the Coats of the Spleen which being encircled with fine and tender Tunicles are easily broken by the freer streams of the Lympha overflowing their thin Banks into the Lake of the Belly and raising it sometimes to monstrous Dimensions The Spleen also is liable to another Disease The Hydatides of the Spleen which hath some affinity with the former in reference to its Cause Lymphatick Liquor severed from the Blood in the Parenchyma of the Glands and received into the Extreamities of the Lymphaeducts and carried through them to the Ambient parts of the Spleen So that the thin Transparent Liquor having not a free passage doth extend the Coat of the Lymphaeducts whence arise many Vesicles in the surface of the Spleen commonly called Hydatides which are nothing else but the Tunicles of the Lymphaeducts swelled with too large a quantity of Lympha The Spleen is not only Obnoxious to Inflammations Oedematous A Scirrhus Tumour of the Spleen coming from concreted pituitous Matter and Serous Tumours of which we have already Discoursed but Scirrhous too which are indolent hard Tumours proceeding from an earthy gross Mass of Blood dispensed by the numerous Caeliack Capillary Arteries into the substance of the Glands where it stagnates by reason of faeculency rendring it unfit to be received into the Minute Roots of the Splenick Veins so that the Spleen acquireth a hard Tumour by the gross Blood lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels belonging to the Glands and having lost its Motion groweth more and more black and thick and is at last concreted by Acid Particles into a hard substance producing a Scirrhus The subject matter and the efficient cause rendring the Spleen Faeculent and Scirrhous doth only differ in degrees by reason I conceive the Active Principle that maketh the Blood gross and concreted is Acidity which is produced by Saline Particles brought to a Fluor which as it is more or less exalted is the efficient of greater or less alterations in the Blood stagnated in the body of the Glands appertaining to the Spleen whereupon it groweth sometimes more gross and other times more Coagulated as it is acted with higher Saline Particles brought to a greater Fluor The material cause as I apprehend productive of greater or less Induration Divers material causes of the induration of the Spleen and Coagulation of the Blood may proceed from its more or less earthy Clamminess as associated with crude indigested Chyme not assimilated into Purple Liquor whereby it loseth its due Fermentation and groweth gross and dispirited and apt to stagnate in the Membranous Cells and Glands of the Spleen as being unable to be percolated through their substance herein it being stagnated by reason the Lympha being too thick cannot be received into the Lymphaeducts and the Blood being too Faeculent cannot be admitted into the Minute Orifices of the Splenick Veins Whereupon the extravasated Purple Juice debased with Saline Particles put into a Fluor by the loss of its Motion doth gain a greater Acidity as it is more and more stagnant in the Parenchyma of the Glands So that sometimes when they are long acted with this disaffected Blood a Fever ariseth and maketh a great Ebullition A Scirthus proceeding from acid Recrements whence its more moist Particles are consumed and the Spleen becometh Indurated and Scirrhous proceeding chiefly from Blood concreted by its Acid Recrements This Hypothesis hath been made good by the injection of Acid Liquors into the Blood Vessels of Animals which are killed sooner or later as the injected Liquors participate of greater or less Acidity And the bodies of Bruits being opened presently after they were killed to see the cause of their Death the Blood was found concreted in the Ascendent and
by too great a quantity of the Lympha whose tender enclosures are fretted with Saline and Acid Particles or overcharged either by an Obstruction proceeding from an Exuberance of Lympha or by the compression of the adjacent parts intercepting its Current whereupon the Lymphaeducts growing over big with too large a source of Lymphatick Juice are put upon a stretch beyond their natural Dimensions violating their thin Coats which being Lacerated their extravasated streams do change their Current and pour themselves into the Cavity of the Belly one cause of an Ascitis of which I have given a more particular History heretofore The watry and saline Particles of the Blood are not separated for want of a due Ferment by a kind of Precipitation in the glands of the Kidneys which should open the Compage of the Puple Liquor and in some sort loose the tie of mixtion that the potulent part might be secerned from the Blood which being not accomplished the serous and saline Particles unduly associated with the Vital Juice are reconveyed by the Emulgent Veins into the Vena Cava and right Auricle and Cistern of the Heart and pass through the Pulmonary Vessels into the left Ventricle of it and from thence through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and afterwardby the Caeliack Artery arising out of the said Trunk and by the Branches of the Porta into the Glands of the Liver wherein the thin Transparent Liquor being secerned from the Blood and Nervous Juice is transmitted in too great a quantity into the Lymphaeducts seated first in the Glands and afterward creeping out of the Liver are affixed to the Branches of the Porta which are broken as surcharged with too large a proportion of Potulent Matter mixed with the Lympha which often happens in great Drinkers emptied sometimes into the Cavity of the Belly between the Caul and Rim of it and most commonly between it and the Guts by reason the Caul is often Putrefied A Young Maid Dissected in the Hospital of Utrecht An Instance of a Dropsie proceeding from to nâ— Lympâ—aeducts which had an Ascitis Sixteen Years and the Venters being opened no manifest Disease could be discerned in any of the Viscera only the Lymphaeducts appeared to be torn which was the cause of her Dropsie by reason she was severely treated by her Parents in her Minority by receiving great Blows upon her Body and Limbs so that the Lymphaeducts were broken and the Lympha exonerated in great quantity into the Abdomen Another cause of an Ascitis may be assigned to the watry Particles mixed in excessive manner with the Lympha whose course being stopped either by the straightness of the Lymphaeducts lodged in the Glands of the Liver or Mesentery by reason of some Obstruction or Compression whereupon these fine Vessels being broken the Lympha insinuates it self between the Membranes of the Liver or Mesentery and causeth many Protuberancies in the outward Coat of the Viscera The Hydatides of the Liver derived from an exuberant quantity of Lympha producing great Vesicles of Lymphatick Liquor commonly called Hydatides sometimes equalling a Pidgeons Egg and other times a Hen Egg in Magnitude and are for the most part of a less size which Dr. William Straten a Professor of Physick shewed publickly to many Spectators at the Dissection of an Executed Criminal Learned Diemerbroeck giveth this account in his latter end of his 12th Chapter De Vasis Lymphaticis That he often shewed to the Students in Physick in the Hospital at Utrecht Livers Tumefied with divers Vesicles full of clean Liquor and others broken which distilled in a large quantity into the Cavity of the Belly manifestly producing an Ascitis Whereupon I humbly conceive that divers Dropsies seated in the lower Venter do arise Ab aliqua partium inferiorum Abdominis solutione aut a ruptis Hydatitibus hepatis Mesenterii omenti from the Ulcers of some inward parts proceeding as I conceive very commonly from the broken Lymphaeducts lodged in the interior region of the lower Apartiment Wolkerus Coiter Observationibus Anatomicis scribit se in Hydropici cadavere invenisse substantiam viscerum inferioris ventris absumptam intus omni succo exhaustam nihilque aquae in ventris Capicitate at ubique Mesenterio Peritonaeo Intestinis Lieni Hepati omnibus denique visceribus vesiculas Magnitudine adhaerescentes easque omnes aqua limpida refertas I humbly conceive That the Vesicles of fine Crystalline Liquors affixed to the outsides of the Viscera The causes of Hydatides swelling their Coats with various Protuberancies are derived from broken Lymphaeducts discharging their Extravasated Liquor into the Ambient parts of the Bowels immured with Membranes which if broken the Limpide Humours would have showred down into the greater Cavity of the lowest Venter immediately productive of a Dropsie Sometimes in Persons given to Debauchery the Blood is so overcharged with watry Recrements that they have a general recourse to the Glands seated in the Viscera of the whole Body wherein the exuberant Lymphatick Liquor associated with Serous Particles is universally discharged into the Lymphaeducts of all the Bowels and generate Hydatides appendant to their Ambient parts Of which Mauritius Cordaeus hath exhibited a remarkable Instance Com. 5. ad Lib. 1. Hippocr de Morb. Mulier Anno Dom. 1567. Quum forte fortuna Mulier quaedam de Hydrope apud Medicum quendam quereretur ob Hypocartharsin quam ipse procuravit correcti stibii certo granorum numero unde quum fructum Mulier non tulisset ad alium nullis melioribus auspiciis pror fecta tandem è vivis discessit Hujus eviscerrato cadavere nulla capacitas hic nihil cavum in eo deprehensum fuit in quo vesica non penderet secundum Geometriam omnium Dimensionum loco coaequalis ac conformis ei qui suo ambitu contineret locos cavos dicimus non vesicam tantum renes uterum sed Ventriculum Intestinaque Cor pericardium id genus reliqua è quibus prout tam intus quam foris nativum cuique solum contigisset Cystes pendulae conspiciebantur aqua citrina oppletae sine omni faetore etiam post Vigessimum Diem Nullas partes supernas excipimus etiam ad Jugulum usque inferiores quoque nullas ne quidem proximum sedi locum quae hasce suo cavo non caperent Vesiculas Hepar quoque intelligi volumus tectumque laesa oppressumque foris adeoque lienem totum Si quasque vel minutulas in numerum quispiam retulisset octingentas numerus superasset facile CHAP. XII Of the Liver of Beasts HAving Treated of the Liver of Man and its several parts I will speak somewhat of this Bowel as it relateth to other Animals to see what Similitude they have with a Humane Liver The Liver of a Lion much resembleth that of a Cat The Liver of a Lion and is composed of Seven lobes of different shapes and sizes encompassing a great part of the Stomach
near the Extreamity of the Guts and are two Lobules endued with a Conick Figure †e e. The Kidneys of an Eel The Kidneys of an Ecl. have their beginning †T. 41. F. 2. f f f f. near the Gills and take their progress as in other Fish on each side of the Spine †iii. and are of great length according to the make of the Fish and have their lower Extreamity endued with a point near their Termination into the Intestinum Rectum as having no Bladder of Urine The Emulgent Blood Vessels †g g g g. descend all along the right side of the Spine and do impart many Branches to the Glands of the Kidneys This Fish as well as many others doth discharge Urine gross Excrements Eggs and Seminal Liquor through the Intestinum Rectum and Anus †k. as the Termination of it The Originations †T. 43. F. 1. a. of the Kidneys in a Carp are very small The Kidneys of a Carp and take their first rife as it were in obtuse Cones Their progress †b b. is larger and furnished with numerous Glands some Oval or Round others are Oblong and of a Conick Figure and after two or three Inches they go transversely to each side as having Processes in form of a Cross †c c. and have afterward smaller Processes †e e e e. derived from the Cruciform Process taking their progress on each side of the Spine †h h. The Origen †T. 44. h. of the Kidney in a Flounder is larger in Dimensions then the other parts and maketh its progress in a Semicircular manner and after Pyramidal Figure †iii. its Base being seated in its beginning and its Cone †k. in the Termination near the Bladder of Urine A Tench hath small-Origens Cruciform Processes The Kidneys of a Tench and Pyramidal Progresses below the Cross of the Kidneys ending in an acute Cone in all which this Fish perfectly resembleth that of a Carp A Thornback hath Kidneys much different from other Fish in the manner of the Globules which are placed edgwise and are Systems composed of many Glands of several Figures and Magnitudes The beginning †T. 44. F. 4. a a. of these Kidneys are much smaller then their Terminations †b. CHAP. XXVI The Pathologie of the Kidneys and its Cures THe Kidneys have as many Diseases as parts viz. an Iskury a total Suppression of Urine a sparing or too profuse Excretion of it Inflammations Apostemes Ulcers Gangraens Scirrhus Worms Stones as the most troublesome of all Disaffections attended with violent pains as so many Deaths An Iskury sometimes proceeds from the indisposition of Blood An Iskury derived from an ill mass of Blood for want of a due Fermentation in the Kidneys by reason the Heterogeneous Elements are so united that the Compage of the Blood is not capable to be opened by the Ferments of the Kidneys which sometimes are not well qualified or wholly deficient so that the watry saline Recrements cannot be secerned in the Glands from the more noble parts of the Vital Liquor in order to its refinement and conveyed into the Urinary Ducts Pelvis Ureters and Bladder upon which account no Urine can be ejected upon the application of the Catheter An Iskury may also be derived from an Inflammation of the Glands lodged in the Kidneys shutting up the Roots of the Excretory Vessels by compression which often proves fatal to the Patient An Iskury derived from an Inflammation of the Glands of the Kidneys A sparing excretion of Urine is sometimes borrowed either from the grossness of Urine mixed with purulent or fabulous Matter A sparing excretion of Urine and sometimes it is caused by the smalness of the Orifices belonging to the Urinary Ducts As to an Iskury flowing from an Indispotion of the Blood The Cure of an Iskury or from an Inflammation of the Kidneys it denoteth Blood-letting to lessen its Mass and to render its watry parts more fit for Secretion to which may be added gentle Diureticks mixed with Emollients as Apozemes and Emulsions made of the Cooling Seeds of Melons Pumpions White Poppy as also Leaves of Mallows Marsh-Mallows Pellitory of the Wall c. And in case the Iskury proceed not from an Inflammation of the Kidney but from a too close Compage of the Blood Diureticks mixed with Chio Turpentine and Hollands Powder may be given as also Millepedes Spirit of Turpentine Powder of Bees may be administred in proper Vehicles with great Care Strong Diureticks are dangerous in Iskuries after Universals have been premised lest these strong Diureticks should bring a source of gross Matter accompanying the Blood into the substance of the Glands stopping up the Roots of the Excretory Vessels whereby the Current of the Urine may be wholly intercepted and the Disease rendred more difficult to be Cured Fomentations and Baths are very proper in Diseases of the Kidneys and particularly in the late mentioned to open and relax the Compage of the Blood and enlarge the Origens of the Excretory Vessels that they may become more fit to give reception to the watry Particles severed from the Blood On the other side The too great excretion of Urine or Diabetes The Kidneys are disaffected with too large an Evacuation of Serous Matter much exceeding the quantity of Ingested Liquor This Disease is very rare and requireth care to give a good Judgment that we be not deceived in our Diagnosticks of it And therefore in large Excretions of Urine we must consider whether it doth not come from some External Cause from good Fellowship and the like which will afford a large ejectment of Urine Which if it be the work of Nature in Sickness the Patient receiveth a manifest benefit in the Alleviation or Solution of the Disease But if the profuse evacuation of Serous Liquor be Preternatural it riseth greater and greater more and more exceeding the proportion of received Liquor wherein the Urine is pale thin watry crude as wanting its due Consistence and Hypostasis This Disease is accompanied with a great Drought of the Mouth and Thirst proceeding from the unkindly heat of the Blood wanting a due allay of Potulent Matter thrown off in too great a quantity by the Kidneys Ureters and Bladder As to the Cause of this Disease The cause of a Diabetes it may be worthy our enquiry by reason it is great and rare which is assigned by some Physicians to the hot Distemper of the Kidneys highly attracting Serous Liquor out of the Veins which opposeth the Circulation of the Blood made good by the contraction of the Heart impelling Blood by Arteries into all parts of the Body And I humbly conceive that the cause of this unusual Distemper to be the Potulent parts of the Blood running only confused with it as not perfectly embodied which not having recourse to the ambient parts of
and ill Medicines endeth into a Scirrhus coming from a quantity of gross Pituitous Blood whose thinner parts being Evaporated the substance of the Kidney groweth Indurated and unable to percolate the Blood from its watry and saline parts whereupon an ill habit of Body ensueth a Lucophlegmatia a cold Tumour of the Muscular parts flowing from a quantity of Serous Recrements lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels CHAP. XXVI Of the Stones of the Kidneys HAving given an Account of the Structure of the Kidney and its Apparatus of various Utensils set in excellent order speaking the great Power and Wisdom of the Creator as the Colatories of the Blood It may not seem altogether disaggreeable to Method to shew how the oeeconomy of Nature is perverted and the percolation of the Vital Liquor is hindred and the Current of the Serous Recrements is intercepted by Stones generated in the substance of the Kidney Urinary Ducts Papillary Caruncles and Pelvis And here I make bold to offer you the Subject the Material the Instrumental and principal Efficient Causes and manner of Production of Stones in the Kidneys and all other parts of the Body This Disease being often as fatal as troublesome Stones are found in all parts of the Body may be seated in all Apartiments of the Body in the Head Tongue Heart Stomach Intestines Mesentery Liver Bladder of Gall Pancreas and Spleen And Stones are called Per Antonomasian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Those that are placed in the Kidneys and Bladder as the most common and best known The Kidneys as consisting of divers parts The causes of the Stone of the Kidney are so many Receptacles and seats of Stones sometimes they are lodged in the substance of the Glands which proceed as I conceive from Serous Recrements mixed with Blood passing from the Terminations of the Arteries to the Roots of the Veins whereby the Tartar of the Potulent Matter adhaereth to the sides of the Vessels in its passage through their Interstices and generateth at first small Stones or Gravel which grow greater by the accretion of Saline and Earthy Particles whereupon the Vessels are more and more parted from each other upon new supplies of Tartar offering a violation to the adjacent parts by disordering their situation whence ariseth a painful discomposure caused by the violent crowding the Nervous Filaments too close together and a stoppage of the course of Blood in the Arteries and Veins and of watry and saline superfluities in the Urinary Ducts produced by Stones lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels compressing their Coats and straightning their Cavities And when the Stones lodged in the Spaces of the Vessels The Stones do break the tender Capillary Vessels in the Kidney do acquire greater Dimensions they do not only compress but gaul and sometimes Lacerate the tender Capillaries and cause a Flux of Blood into the Parenchyma of the Glands producing Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers and wastings of the Fleshy parts of the Kidneys The Urinary Ducts Papillary Caruncles and Pelvis are seats of Stones as the gross saline parts of the Urine passing through the greater and less Excretory Vessels do cleave to the inside of their Coats in the manner of Tartar to the Casks of Wine and give a check to the streams of watry Faeculencies by filling up the Cavities of the obstructed Vessels and by narrowing those of the neighbouring Ducts caused by the compression of their Coats The Bladder of Urine also is the seat of the Stone and is an appendage of the Kidney to which it is fastned by the mediation of the Ureters as Aquâ—ducts conveying watry Excrements into the Cistern of the Bladder to whose sides the faeculent salt parts of Urine do adhaere as Tartar to the sides of the Urinal The Material Causes concurring to the production of Stones in Animals The material causes in the production of Stones may be reduced to two kinds either Remote or more Near and Immediate As to the first All gross Liquors whether Chyle Chyme Vital and Nervous Liquor do contribute at a distance to the Procreation of Stones in which crude indigested Chyle may claim a great share proceeding from gross Diet of a viscous nature as great Fish Skait Thornback Eels and divers sorts of Shell-Fish c. or consisting of Earthy and dry parts as Beef and Hogs-Flesh highly Salted and hung up in the Smoak as also gross heavy bodied and small sour Wines growing in Earth impraegnated with Mineral Salts as all sorts of small Rhenish Wines Bayray Manbeck Small Wines the remote causes of the Stones of the Kidney Diback and the like Crude Chyle a remote cause of Stones doth not only proceed from gross Aliment but also from ill Ferments of Serous and Nervous Liquor destilling out of the Glands into the Cavity of the Stomach and Stagnant Air as encompassed with Woods and stenched with Lakes Ponds and Ditches exhaling Vapours and Earth great with Minerals The Chyle is farther rendred crude by ill Ferments of the Guts by acid Pancreatick Liquor and gross Bilious Recrements vitiating the Alimentary Liquor in the Intestines which being carried through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins doth deprave the Blood the remote matter of the Stone as a caement of Concreted Particles consisting of a Glutinous substance coming from crude Chyme not capable to be perfectly assimilated into Blood Another remote cause concurring to the Production of the Stone Adust Blood a remote cause of the Stone may be the adust parts of the Blood often seen in Hypocondriacal Diseases wherein the Purple Liquor is torrefied with an intense unkindly heat productive of a Red sabulous Matter which hath been found upon Dissections to adhaere to the Vessels of the Liver and Kidneys through which as mixed with Urine it passeth by the Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder and is thence ejected through the common passage of Urine The more immediate Materia Substrata of the Stone in the Kidneys The next material cause of the Stone are saline and earthy Particles and other parts of the Body are Saline and Earthy Particles to which Sulphur may somewhat contribute in reference to its solid consistence which are of a fixed nature and are the greatest Ingredients in point of Solidity rendring the compage of Bodies firm and durable Salt giveth a check to the putrefaction of Humours and dissolution of Bodies as a great bond of mixtion whereby its various principles espouse a near union and preserve the integrity of Compounds And to speak more closely to our purpose it highly promotes the Coagulation of solid Particles and as having a fixed saline disposition and by reason it is confaederated with somewhat of Sulphur and most of Earth doth impart Concretion to the more hard and compact bodies of Minerals and Metals And that I may give a more perfect account of the Causes of the Stone I will conjoyn the remote and near Causes the glutinous Matter
of Chyle Blood and Nervous Liquor which serveth as a Caement to assist the more firm union of solid Particles arising out of the Saline and Earthy parts as the immediate matter of the Stone of the Kidney and other parts The Efficient Causes requisite for the generation of the Stone The efficient causes of the Stone are instrumental or principal are also Instrumental and Principal The first is Heat which may be stiled an Antecedent Cause as seated in the Blood which being first rendred gross by intense Heat as having some watry parts which make a recourse to the Kidney where they being faeculent do stay some time in the Capillaries whereupon the gross parts are apt to adhaere to the sides of the Vessels by reason they are long detained in the Glands of the Kidneys and thence borrow the first disposition and origen of Concretion Others assign the Instrumental Cause of it to Cold Some assign cold to be the cause of the Stone which doth gather together the loose Particles of Nitrous Salt which they conceive may be well performed in the Kidneys and Bladder as well as a Urinal This seemeth very improbable because the Body is enlivened by a principle of Heat derived from the Blood So that in reason it cannot be apprehended that such Coldness as long as the Body is acted with Life can be found to give a power of Concretion to the Saline and Earthy parts of Liquors And it may seem more probable in some manner to attribute a Coagulating principle to the Ferment of the Kidneys as the Vessels have Particles of Lixivial Salt sticking to them separated from the Blood in its passage through the empty spaces of the Vessels whereupon this Lixivial Ferment doth impraegnate as I conceive the serous parts of the Vital Liquor and give them not only a disposition of being secerned but also a fitness of having the Saline and Earthy parts of the Blood to be severed from it and prepared for Concretion where these gross parts do stay in the Interstices of the Vessels to which they are accreted by reason they cannot be readily received into the Minute Orifices of the Urinary Ducts The principal and most active Efficient Cause The principal efficient cause of the Stone is a petrifying principle of the generation of Stones in the Body of Man is derived from a petrifying Principle A succo aut spiritu lapidescente and not from Elementery qualities of Heat or Cold as some imagine of which one doth evaporate the watry particles of Liquors and give them greater consistence and the other doth congele liquid bodies and put a restraint upon their fluid nature by confining them to a proper place but the production of firm Concretion in more solid bodies as Stones must be fetched from a different principle of Lapidescent Juice or Spirit by turning the Tartar of gross Liquors into the hard compage of Stones And the cause of Petrifaction cannot be solely attributed to Salt The cause of petrifaction cannot be assigned solely to Salt but as mixed with Earth as having an inward principle of Concretion and though common Salt made up of Minute Particles may swell by many accretions into great Lumps and though the Coalitions of many small saline parts may constitute hard bodies as in Salt of Geman and Fossile and Marine Salt yet these saline Concretions are different from those of Stones as being less hard and solid and more friable So that the principle of Petrifaction doth suppose not only Saline but also Earthy parts which give Consistence and the other bind the Earthy more close together which is rendred more firm by a Chymous Clutinous Matter whence the compage of Stones becometh more compact and hard then that of Salt alone most conspicuous in artificial Coagulations made by coction of Salt Water and also in natural saline Concretion produced by an innate principle in the Bowels of the Earth so that a due proportion of Salt and Earth is requisite to form a strong Concretion by reason the Earthy parts do hinder the solution of Saline when they are moistned with Liquid bodies and the Saline do give the bond of mixtion lest the Earthy being destitute of Salt should constitute a loose Body in the form of Powder whereupon too great a quantity of Salt cannot turn an inconsiderable part of Earth into Stone Whence it may be inferred that upon a due proportion of Earth being observed by Nature the greater quantity of Salt doth make a more solid and firm Concretion So that Saline and Earthy parts being united in a due quantity Saline and earthy parts incorporated in a due proportion do produce the Stone and embodied with a petrifying Juice or Spirit do generate the Stone in Humane Bodies This Petrifying Liquor is found in every Soil impraegnated with Minerals and mixed with the Juice of the Earth giving a growing disposition to Grass which is the nourishment of most Animals we feed on whereupon this Lapidescent Juice is entertained into our Bodies with our Aliment which is not secerned in the Stomach caused by the weakness of its Concoctive Faculty not well extracting the Alimentary Liquor and separating the Heterogeneous parts from it whereby the Chyle vitiated with Mineral Juice is carried through the various Lacteal Vessels into the Blood and transmitted with it through the Heart and Lungs and afterward the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Arteries into the glands of the Kidneys wherein the Lapidescent Juice The manner of the production of the Stone mixed with saline and earthy particles of the Serous Liquor do turn them into Sandy Particles or little Stones which being caemented by a clammy indigested Chyme do increase their Dimensions as concreted into a larger Stone dilating the Interstices of the Vessels and the Cavities of the Urinary Ducts and Pelvis which give great pain discomposing our Ease and Repose And if these Sandy Particles be carried farther through the Ureters into the Bladder the Urine groweth turbid by reason the parts are not well embodied and equally mixed so that the loose saline and earthy Particles of Urine accompanied with a petrifying disposition falling to the bottom of the Bladder do Coagulate into a Stone which receiveth greater and greater Dimensions by the access of newly petrified saline and earthy Accretions And now I will endeavour to give some account how Stones are generated in all parts of the Body which proceedeth from the various Alimentary Vital and Nervous Juice as also Pancreatick Bilious and Serous Liquors The Stone generated in the Stomach of an Indian Animal The generation of the Bezoar Stone resembling a Goat is derived from saline and earthy Particles extracted out of wholesome Plants associated with a Petrifying Juice whence ariseth the origen of the Stone in the Ventricle which is very small at first and afterward enlargeth more and more as it receiveth new thin saline Accretions which encircle it like so many fine
so that they have no near correspondence with each other by the transfusion of Liquor out of the Arteries into the Veins if they were related to each other by mutual Inosculations And this may be rendred clear Experimentally by making a Ligature upon the Preparing Vessels near the Testicles and a quantity of Liquor being emitted into the Trunk of the Spermatick Artery above the Arterial Branches grow big below and at the same time none of the venal Branches are at all concerned in this Injection as keeping the same uniform Dimensions they had before and if the Ligature of the Spermatick Vessels be taken off and Liquor be freely injected by a Syringe into the Arterial Trunk above the Liquor will descend gradually into the Testicles and from thence be reconveyed into the Veins and afterward fill the Branches of the Pyramidal body and no way affect the Arteries associated with them And it doth not only contradict Experience too The Inosculations of Arteries with Veins would hinder the generation of Seminal Liquor in the Testicles that the Preparing Arteries should have Inosculations with the Veins but also being supposed this ill Consequence will follow that the Blood descending out of the Trunk of the Aorta into the Spermatick Arteries would from thence be immediately impelled through the Anastomosis into the Veins So that the course of the Vital Liquor would be so far intercepted as not at all to be poured into the substance of the Testicles whereupon they would not communicate the Serous and Chymous Particles to the Parenchyma of the Testicles wherein they are to be severed from the Red Crassament of the Blood as a subject matter of Genital Liquor The structure of the Testicles which discriminates a Man from the other Sex is the subject of our present Discourse as they are encircled with many Tunicles beautified with an elegant Figure composed of a uniform substance and various Vessels and enobled with an excellent use The Tunicles The Tunicles of the Testicles or Coats investing the Testicles differ in largeness structure and fineness Vesalius Diemerbroeck Westlingius and most Anatomists have enumerated only Four but Columbus and Lindanus have given out a fifth and have been more curious in their Phancy then Nature in her Production and have made two of one Coat And therefore I will insist in the steps of most Anatomists in assigning only four Tunicles enwrapping the Testicles which being framed together do represent a Purse consisting of outward thicker stuff furnished with many Linings the Cabbanet of two precious Stones These Tunicles may admit another division of common and proper The division of the Tunicles of the Testicles into common and proper of which the first is External vulgarly receiving the appellative of Bursa from the Figure of a Purse composed of Leather and from this thick Coat the whole compage of Tunicles borrow their denomination of Scrotum which was originally given to any Pouch made of a Skin or Hide The make of the Scrotum or Burfa and upon this account it is called so in Man And its outward Skin called Bursa is nothing else but a composition of Cutis and Cuticula of the outward and inward Skin which is much thinner then in other parts of the Body adorned with many small Arteries Veins and Nervous Filaments interspersed with fleshy Fibres curiously interwoven This outward Coat is destitute of all Fat Christopher Riedenger an Amsterdam Chirurgeon giveth an account of Mr. Martin Schatius who as the Chyrurgeons conceived laboured with a Hiernia Intestinalis which no Art or Industry could so far reduce but there always remained beside the Testicle a Tumour as big as an Egg. So that when this Person was Dead the Chyrurgeon of Amsterdam being desirous to see the Hiernia they could not reduce opened the Body and more especially the swelled Scrotum wherein upon a curious enquiry they discovered a quantity of Fat growing to the bottom of the Scrotum and some parts of the Ileon fastned to the vaginal Coat by the interposition of many Fibres And I conceive the cause why Nature is so kind to it self The reason why the Scrotum hath no Fat. as to deny all Fat to the inside of the Scrotum is to keep it from a troublesome Extension which would give a discomposure and hinder the quickness and ease of Progressive Motion and furthermore this uneasie Lining if stuffed with Fat would disorder the Relaxation and Corrugation of it Which as I apprehend hend proceedeth from the various disposition of Carnous Fibres This outward thick and rough Coat The Seam of the Scrotum is divided into two equal Apartiments by a Suture or Seam running the whole length of the Bursa by which the Scrotum is distinguished into a right and left Region The second common Coat or Vest of the Testicles The second Coat of the Testicles called Dartos is lodged immediately under the Bursa stiled Dartos and taketh its origen from the Membrana Carnosa a thin Muscular Membrane dressed with many Carnous Fibres and accommodated with many Ramulets and Veins shading this fine Coat which revive it with the course and recourse of Vital Liquor And by the help of this Covering assisted with fleshy Fibres The use of the fleshy Fibres of the Dartos the neighbouring Coat called the Bursa contracteth and purseth up it self whence it is endued with various Folds and Wrinkles especially when it is exposed to the cold Air which causeth the Carnous Fibres to contract themselves and narrow the dilated Dimensions of the first Coat of the Scrotum And I have read a History of a Man who had a power given him by Nature flowing from the Carnous Fibres to contract his Scrotum at pleasure as some Men have a freedom to contract their Foreheads when they please which proceedeth from the Muscular Fibres lodged under the Skin in the Forehead And it is further observed by Women skilful in Nursing of Children The cotraction of the Scrotum in Children is a sign of Health that the contraction of the Scrotum is an emblem of Health and Strength and they think it an ill Omen in Infants when they Suck to have a relaxed Scrotum proceeding from the Muscular Fibres which are not able to contract the Scrotum an argument of weakness in the Body The proper Membranes or Vests more nearly encircling the Testicles The proper Membranes clothing the Testicles are two The first is stiled Erythroeides from its red Colour as adorned with great variety of Blood Vessels and thereupon Paulus Aegineta calleth it Capreolaris as Enameled with divers Vessels The first Membrane is called Erythroeides resembling the Minute Branches of Vines And others call this third Coat Unginalis as enclosing the Testicles as in a Sheath The second proper coat is stiled Vaginalis The rise of the Cremaster Muscles derived from the Coat relating to the Rim of the Belly and to the outward
the Scrotum or lodged in the Body of the Testicles so that the said Powder being an excellent Diuretick may much alleviate if not wholly take away the Hydrocele by Purging the watry Faeces the cause of this Disease by the free excretion of Urine Bartholine and other Physicians and Chyrurgeons deem this Cure to be performed by cutting the Groin and extracting the Testicle or by the Incision of the Scrotum as Bartholine hath it Observ 28. Sectioni ait ille Sarcocelis in Milite interfui faeliciter dextre Administratae Aperta Cute Inguinis dextri Testiculus dexter qui ad Capitis Puerilis magnitudinem excreverat separato 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Scroto extractus resectis Vasis Spermaticis prorsus exemptus fuit magno Militis alias cordatissimi Ejulatu ligatis Vasis consutum Scrotum caetera ut Vulnus decet Curata Dissectus sui dextri Testiculi Tumor Glandulosam substantiam ostendit ex magnitudine auctam ut Oneri esset Militi satis valido infima vero parte Vesiculas intra Membranam continebat Sanguine plenas qua parte de maximo semper dolore ob distentionem tunicae sensilis conquestus fuerat Tormentorum oblitus ad Militares Functiones postea rediit Another kind of Hiernia may be called Varicosa Hernia Varicesa according to vulgar acception though improperly by reason no Hiernia can be truly so called except it proceed from the Rupture or Relaxation at least of the Process belonging to the Peritonaeum but the Hiernia varicosa supposeth neither of these but is derived from a quantity of Blood stagnant in the Spermatick Vessels whence ariseth Nodes or Varices in the Testicles And also another Hernia commonly The Tumor of the Scrotum called Hydrocele and unreasonably so called is stiled Hydrocele which taketh its rise from a quantity of watry Faeculencies discharging themselves in Hydropick Bodies by the preparing Arteries into the Glands of the Testicles wherein the watry Liquor is stagnant some time in the Interstices of the Vessels whereupon the Body of the Glands is tumefied and other times the watry Liquor is carried by the termination of the Spermatick Arteries inserted into the Membranes enclosing the Testicles so that sometimes it is lodged between their Coats and sometimes it destilleth into the Cavity interceding the other Membranes and the Scrotum whereupon its Confines are unnaturally enlarged Learned Dr. An instance of a Hernia varicosa and Hydrocele Horstius giveth an Instance of both these Hiernias in one Case Observat Anatom 6. upon a Wound in the left Buttock Nob. Ramsaeus ait ille accepit in sinistrae natis partem superiorem externam introrsum deorsum leviter tendens Vulnus ex quo statim concidit Huic accessit Vulneri inter alia Symptomata sinistri Testiculi cum Tumore summo dolore Inflammatio quae tamen post magnam partem sublata remanente solum levi duritie rubore dolore vocatus deprehendo Herniam non ventosam ob defectum flatuum nec simplicem aquosam quia Scrotum nec lucidum nec Aqua turgidum nec Carnosum simplicem ob dolorem sed Herniam ex aquosa carnosa varicosa conflatum Aquosam quidem inculcat Tumor instar Ovi oblongus cum Testiculi occultatione quoad tactum visum Accedit hoc quod sinistro lateri aquosae Herniae sunt valde familiares quod nempe Vena Spermatica sinistra oriatur ab emulgente Carnosae Vulnus ad sinistrae natis partem superiorem vergens ansam dare potuit causam Generatur enim haec Hernia ex sanguine Testes Scrotum obruente ibique in molem carneam mutato cui affluxui Vulnus potuit ut dixi ansam dare ut non solum in Principio statim Testiculi sinistri Inflammatio sed Dolor secutus fuerit suppetias fert Sanguis adustus melancholicus a vitio lienis oriundus Renisque sinistri debilitas varicosam monstrat dolor qui exacerbatur in distentione Vasorum Spermaticorum unde erectionem Penis cruciatus intensisimi comitantur Omnia incassum Remedia nam sequenti Mense moritur Aperto Corpore Renum loco portionem pinguem quasi Lienis vero loco Ovi Gallinacei quantitate nigrum frustum sanguinis coagulati facie inveniebamus Cavitas circa vesicam Abdomenis aqua erat repleta ut Scrotum circa sinistrum Testiculum potissimum dextro longe minorem Vasa Testiculorum varicum more consistebant dextri Testiculi substantia spongiosa putrida Tunicaeque adnata erat in dextra Scroti parte Caro adiposa As to the Cure of an Hydrocele The Cure of an Hydrocele may be performed by gentle Hydragogues and Diureticks afterwards Emollients and Discutients may be applied I conceive it proper to advise gentle Hydragogues and Diureticks propounded in the Cure of a Dropsie and afterwards Fomentations may be applied made of discutient and emollient Ingredients viz. Bean-flower Bay-berries Flowers of Chamomel Melilote Elder of the Seed of Faenugreek Flax wilde Carret Caroways the Leaves of Penniroial Calaminth Wormwood Centaury the less Rue c. of these Ingredients may be made Ointments Cataplasms c. And if the Tumor of the Scrotum cannot be discussed The Scrotum may be opened if a Hydrocele cannot be discussed the Scrotum may be opened in the lower part to let out the watry humours Gulielmus Fabricius telleth us Cent. 4. Obs 66. That John Grigton a Chyrurgion did every Year make an Incision in the Scrotum of a Man sixty Years old and Cured the Ulcer by cleansing drying and consolidating Medicines whereupon the Patient lived long and arrived to great Age by the Art and Care of this learned Chirurgeon Another Disease of the Scrotum is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hernia ventosa by the Latins Hernia Ventosa which is sometimes single and other times is complicated with a Hydrocele and is produced by a flatulent matter transmitted from the Abdomen and neighbouring parts by the Process of the Peritonaeum into the Cavity of the Scrotum or by the Spermatick Vessels into the substance of the Testicles whereupon their Body is puffed up and distended This Distemper is more familiar to Children than to those of Riper Years The Cure of the Hernia Ventosa This Disease may admit a Cure by gentle Purgatives and by topick Applications of Fomentations Ointments Cataplasms and Plaisters made of emollient and discutient Ingredients of which I have given an account in the Cure of the Hydrocele The Testicles are also liable to the Hydatides Hydatides which are little Bladders full of Lympha distending their tender thin Coats and are seated principally in the second Membrane called Dartus lodged under the Bursa or Cod. These Lymphaeducts if overcharged with thin Liquor are Lacerated whereupon the Cavity of the Scrotum is unnaturally swelled which is one kind of Hydrocele in which as well as the other kind the Apertion
Accidents CHAP. XVI Of the Ligaments of the Womb. NAture hath most wisely framed divers Ligaments as so many Appendages of the VVomb by whose Interposition it is contained in the Pelvis as a safe Allodgment every way immured within the strong Enclosures of various Bones These Ligaments go in pairs and the first may be stiled broad †T. 14. e e e. The broad Ligaments of the Womb. Membranous Expansions which in their upper Region according to Arataeus do resemble the Wings of Bats These broad soft Ligaments borrow their first rise from the duplicated Rim of the Belly as being Branches and Out-lets of it and are not only affixed to the sides of the Uterus and its Vagina but of the chief part of the Ligaments with the Vessels Ovaries and Oviducts are lodged in them as in secure Repositories guarding their soft and tender Compage from violence and laceration These expanded Ligaments derive their beginning from the Muscles of the Loins and do terminate about the bottom of the Uterus The Origen of these Ligaments They have a soft loose substance composed of many Membranous Filaments curiously interwoven and interspersed with fleshy Fibres to contract the Ligaments when they have been long extended in the time of the great distention of the womb caused by the encrease of the Foetus The use of these Ligaments is to keep the Uterus from falling down into the Vagina and out of the Body The use of these broad Ligaments by fastning the sides of the upper Region of the Womb called the Bottom by their interposition to the Muscles of the Loins and to the Os Sacrum and Ilion as some will have it The Prolapsus Uteri chiefly proceedeth from the Rupture and greater or less Relaxation of the broad Ligaments tying the upper Region of the Womb to the Back which is removed out of its proper place more or less downward as the broad Ligaments are more or less relaxed by a moist Distemper or strained in a difficult Child-birth by violent Throwes whereupon the Womb sometimes falleth by its own weight into the Vagina and sometimes out of the Body which is often produced by the Imprudence of an ignorant and over-hasty Midwife pulling down the Foetus and after-burden firmly fastened to the Womb. The Prolapsus Uteri is also often produced by a great and heavy Foetus The cause of the Prolapsus Vieri depressing the Womb in the time of the Birth or by lifting up some over-heavy Weight or by over-reaching or stretching the Arms and Body upward or by a Contusion or Fall a violent Cough Tenesmus c. If the Womb be dislocated as enclining too much to either side The Cure of a Dislocatea Womb. it is reduced by applying a Cupping-Glass to the well side and if the Womb come out of the Body the Patient is to be laid in a supine Posture that the Uterus may be the better reduced into its proper place lest it should be offended by the cold Air or be swelled by the Compression of the neighbouring parts and I conceive it most proper first to advise a Clyster â—o empty the Intestinum Rectum and to besprinkle the Uterus with some astringent Powders and then gently to put it up with a light touch of the Fingers lest the tender Frame of this soft part being highly sensible should be discomposed with a rough hand Fomentations after the Womb is reduced may be applied to the Entrance of the Vagina made of the Roots of Bistorte Tormentil Cumphrey the Leaves of Oak Bambles Shepheards Pouch Plantain Ribwort Millfoile Myrtle Cypress Sumach the Cups of Achorns c. In a great case Cupping-Classes may be applyed under the Breasts without Scarification and the Countesses Ointment as also the Plaister against the Rupture and that of Caesar's may be applyed to the Belly and Back and also Fumes of Foetides may be received into the Vagina Uteri which keep up the Womb as also Pessaries made of Cork Sponge and Bees-wax may be gently put up the Vagina and are often very advantageous in this Case if they do not give a great pain and trouble to the Patient The Round Ligaments of the Womb †T. 14. V. V. The round Ligaments of the Womb. do arise out of the sides belonging to the upper region or bottom of the Womb as the Antients call it near the place where the Oviducts are Conjoyned to the Uterus and creep up between the Duplicature of the Peritonaeum which I saw in a Woman lately Dissected in the Colledg Theatre toward each side of the Groin and these Ligaments come out of the Abdomen in Women as the Spermatick Vessels do in Men whereupon Women are liable to Ruptures as well as Men by reason the Rim of the Belly being over-much enlarged in the place where the round Ligaments creep out of the lower apartiment so that the Intestines being carried downward by their own weight do insinuate themselves through the over-much dilated passage of the Peritonaeum into the Groin whereupon it groweth tumefied and this Disease is called Hiernia Intestinalis in Inguine which is proper to Women The Round Ligaments after they have quitted the lowest Venter they make an oblique progress over the Share-bone toward the Fat Covering it into which they terminate near the Clitoris with many small Fibres If we nearly inspect the substance of these Ligaments The round Ligaments are adorned with various Vessels we may discover them to be composed of a double Membrane of which the inward is adorned with various kinds of Vessels Arteries Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts They are more expanded near the Uterus The Connexion of the round Ligaments and are not only fastened to the sides of the VVomb near its bottom but to its Neck too and as they approach the Confines of the lower Apartiment and Groin their Termination have less and less dimensions in the Fat facing the Share-bone and at last disappear near the Clitoris The use of these Round Ligaments is to secure the womb in its proper place The first use of the round Ligaments which is more eminent in Women with Child to keep the Uterus from falling to each side when it is more and more distended by the increase of Dimensions relating to the Foetus as it arriveth greater and greater Maturity so that these Round Ligaments detain the Foetus in the Middle lest overmuch inclining to either side it should give a trouble to the Uterus and Mother and hinder the regular motion of the Foetus in order to Birth Learned Diemerbroeck hath found out another Use which is more noble The second use of the round Ligaments as this worthy Author styleth it as being Vasa deferentia to convey Seminal Liquor from the Ovaries and Oviducts into the Clitoris Lib. 1. Anatom p. 223 224. Cap. 23. De Partibus Muliebribus Ait ille necesse erat ut Mulieri aliqua pars inesset quae
ad libidinem eam fortiter stimularet atque sicuti in viris stimulus iste Glande Penis frictione suscitatur seminis transitu ad summum augetur ita in Mulieribus quoque stimulus iste in tentigine seu Clitoridis Glande frictione suscitari seminis transeuntis titillatione ad summum deduci necesse fuit Hinc codem modo ut viris per Veneream Cogitationem ac Clitoridis frictionem copiosi Spiritus Animales una cum Sanguine Arterioso ad obscaenas partes defluunt illas multo gratoque Calore perfundunt ac earum poros valde rarefaciunt sicque Semen eodem Calore attenuatum aliqua sui parte è testibus tubis per Vasa deferentia illa scilicet quae antehac male Ligamenta uteri rotunda fuerunt appellata Eliciunt seu ad Clitoridem Defluxu faciunt per cujus tentiginem summa cum voluptate Extillat The meaning of this Learned Author is that Women as well as Men are gratified with a Venereal appetite seated in the Glans of the Clitoris into which the Semen is conveyed from the Ovaries and Oviducts è Testiculis Tubis Fallopianis as he calleth them through the Round Ligaments as deferent Vessels into the Clitoris to which I make bold to give my answer That I humbly conceive the Round Ligaments not to be Concave and thereupon not fit Organs to convey Seminal Liquor into the Clitoris but if this be granted it will be difficult to apprehend how the Semen should be transmitted out of the Tubae Fallopianae into the Round Ligaments which are affixed to the sides of the bottom of the Womb so that the Semen sliding out of the Extremities of the Tubae Fallopianae into the beginning of the Cavity of the Womb should there stop and not farther fall down into it which is more ready and easie to receive the Seminal Liquor naturally tending downward into a larger Sinus passing in a strait Course than for the Ligaments to admit the semen into small holes if any seated in the sides of the VVomb and above all the Round Ligaments hold no communion or entercouse with the Clitoris as having their Extremities inserted into the Fat covering the Share-bone and no where into the Clitoris so that they cannot convey Liquor into it of which I shall give a more full Discourse when I shall Treat hereafter of the Semen in VVomen Here a Question may arise The motion of the Womb forc'd upwords is improbable How the VVomb can move upward and make its approach near the Liver and Stomach which seemeth to oppose Reason because the broad and round Ligaments do detain it within the Pelvis so that the Uterus cannot move upward in Hysteric Fits as the Antients have conceived and it is not a good Argument by reason the VVomb can move downward as the Ligaments become relaxed and so fall down as oppressed by its own weight that therefore the Vterus should move upward contrary to the nature of solid Bodies except they be forced by some external Cause as the VVomb is driven upward by the bulk of the Foetus distending it by degrees Again The ascent of the VVomb being empty in Hysteric Fits The swelling about the Navil in Hysteric Fits may be judged the distention of the Guts by a Flatus contradicteth Ocular Demonstration by reason VVomen dying of violent Convulsive motions upon Hysteric Fits having been Dissected their VVombs have been found to be confined within the narrow bounds of the Pelvis And the hard Bunch or Globe that is found about the Navil or near the Stomach in Hysteric Fits is not the body of the VVomb but the Guts distended as I humbly conceive by some great Flatus puffing up the Guts in the form of an Egg which is quickly discussed by Spirit of Castor Harts-horn Sal-Armoniac either Simple or Succinated which is the more milde c. CHAP. XVII Of the Menstruous Flux OUr most Gracious Maker and Judge out of his infinite loving kindness to VVoman hath appointed a Monthly Sickness attended with Pain as a frequent Monitrix of her primitive Aberration in the state of Innocence to cause her to make often reflections upon her great Guilt in the glass of Punishment To make repeated Confessions of her fault in Paradise and crave Pardon of her Maker in the Name of the Holy Jesus our Glorious Mediator who once offered himself upon the Cross as an All-sufficient Sacrifice for the Sins of the whole world The Menstruous Flux so much discoursed by Physicians as the cause of divers Diseases in VVoman is very obscure how it is produced in the womb The cause of the Menstruous Flux very obscure and by what ways it is transmitted into the Cavity and whether the Matter of this Flux doth offend in quantity or quality and how the Fluor Albus differeth from a Gonorrhaea which cause many Disputes among Professors of our Faculty Some are of an opinion that the Flux is performed by the Arteries terminating into the Vagina The manner how the Menstruous Flux is performed and others that it is managed by the Arteries ending into the body of the Uterus And I humbly conceive that both Opinions are true by reason the Flux is made both in the Vagina and Body of the womb and principally in the last by reason it hath more numerous and greater Branches of preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries than the Vagina and farthermore if these fruitful Branches did not import Blood into the Glands of the Uterus wherein the gross parts are severed from the more refined and transmitted by the Pores of the inward Coat into the bosom of the womb how could this Flux cause an Abortion which frequently happens in the three or four first Months when the tender Foetus floating in the Uterus as not fastned to it by the interposition of the Placenta is carried with the Flux through the relaxed orifice of the womb into the bearing place and thence out of the confines of the Body The inward Coat of the Uterus is rendred unequal in divers places and especially in the bottom of it which is caused by the terminations of the Excretory Ducts coming from the Glands wherein streams of Purple Liquor flow into the Cavity of the Uterus in the time of the Menstrua and Lochia And as to the time of the Flux of the Menstrua The time of the Menstruous Flux the Professors of our Art have various Sentiments the great Master of Philosophy in his Second and Fourth Book de Generat Animalium consigneth the cause of this Menstruous Flux to the motion of the Moon others attribute it to the great quantity of Blood lodged for the space of a Month in the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Vessels till they are so much solicited by their distention that they discharge the great trouble of the Blood into the Cavity of the Uterus As to the Menstruous Flux it doth not depend upon the Change of the Moon as the
vulgar conceive but happens sooner or later according to various Constitutions of Bodies as they are acted with more hot or milde or a more large or sparing mass of Blood And as to the other Cause of the Menstruous Flux it doth not proceed only from the heat and quantity of Blood distending the Vessels by reason it is not probable that such a proportion of it should be lodged a whole Month in the vessels of the Uterus as is evacuated in one Menstruous Purgation and when persons have died near the time of their Monthly Evacuation upon Dissection their vessels have not been found Turgide with Blood The Monthly Course doth not proceed either from the motion of the Moon or the plenty of Blood alone The Menstruous Flux proceedeth chiefly from the Fermentation of the Blood but more probably from the effervescence of the Blood as consisting of fermentative Particles derived from Heterogeneous Elements causing Disputes with each other whence ariseth a Fermentation so that the Blood being upon a fret as acted with different and disagreeing principles is carried down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries into the substance of the Uterus Integrated of many Minute Glands wherein the more troublesome and fermentative Particles of the Vital Liquor are secerned from the more fine and spirituous which are transmitted into the Origens of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Veins while the more gross and excrementitious are carried through the Excretory Ducts into the Cavity and Vagina of the Uterus And now I perceive it may deserve our Disquisition to know the Nature of this Ferment making the effervescence of the Blood The disposition of the Ferment producing the Menstruous Flux and whence it ariseth and from whence it taketh its Origen which I apprehend may be probably derived from the fermentative Matter acting the Blood in the Stomach Guts Pancreas Spleen Liver and Glands which being transmitted by proper Arteries into Glands of the Uterus may receive a new access of fermentative Particles which I conceive may be a mucous or serous Matter always found in the substance of the Womb when dissected which being kept in the Glands the space of a Month may obtain a fermentative nature and infect the Blood when it is more freely impelled into the Glands in its Monthly Flux so that the Blood having its Compage opened by the fermentative parts lodged in the Glands is disposed for a Secretion so that the more gross Parts may be more readily received into the Excretory Ducts and conveyed into the bosom of the womb It may be objected That this Conjecture of Secretion of the good from the impure part of the Blood in the Menstruous Flux is gratis dicta as being a fancy of my own without any foundation in Nature to which I take the boldness to give this Reply That Glandulous Substances are Colatories of the Blood in all parts of the Body of Pancreatick Liquor in the Glands of the Pancreas of Bilious humours in the Liver and of watry Recrements in the Kidneys of Lympha in all the Conglobated Glands belonging to the whole Body and of the Secretion of the more Foeculent blood from the more pure acted in the Glands of the Uterus and conveyed by proper Channels into the capacity of the womb And it may be farther urged against this Hypothesis That there is no Secretion made of the bad from the good Blood in the Glands of the Uterus but it is immediately transmitted by the terminations of Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries not terminating into the Glands but into the inward Coat of the womb to which I humbly beg the favour to give this Answer That if this be granted the good and the bad Blood will be promiscuously thrown off to its great prejudice through the terminations of the Arteries as having no Secretories adapted to the percolation of Blood But it may be farther urged in opposition to this Hypothesis That the Uterus as well as the terminations of the Arteries is destitute of Organs fit for Secretion of Glands and Excretory vessels which seemeth to contradict Ocular Demonstration in the Glandulous inward substance and the holes of the inward Coat of the Womb and its Neck and Vagina which are all beset with them and without doubt do convey the recrements of the Blood in the Fluor Albus and the Serous parts of it in the time of Coition into the Cavity of the Body and Vagina Uteri which superfluities of the Blood were first Secerned in the Glandulous Compage of the Womb before they were transmitted into the bosom of it Another probable Argument may be brought to confirm this Conjecture of Secretion of the Foeculent Blood from the more fine The Foeculeneies of the Blood are Secerned from it in the Menstruous Flux made in the Glands of the Uterus in the Monthly Purgation is That the Blood thrown off doth not only offend in quantity but in quality too by reason it highly tortureth the Nerves of the Womb with high pains and the Glans of the Penis is often excoriated if Coition be celebrated in the time of the Menstrua which plainly proceedeth from the ill Corrosive indisposition of them fretting the tender Coat of the Glans The Menstruous blood killeth the young Sprouts of Vines and other Plants and being drunk by Dogs rendreth them mad and being received into the Stomach of Man which is very unnatural doth produce the Falling-sickness shedding of the Hair and other Symptoms of an Elephantiasis which clearly evidenceth this constitution of Menstruous Liquor to be very ill as putrifying by Stagnation or mixed with other depraved Recrements of the Blood and is much different from the disposition of the purer part of the Blood and is severed from its Foeces in the Womb which cannot be accomplished in any other part of it but in the Glandulous Substance and conveyed from thence into the Cavity of the Womb and if any learned Person shall think meanly of these Sentiments I humbly beg of him to assign some other Organs of Percolation of the Blood in the Menstruous Purgation and I shall account my self highly obliged to him for my better Information in the interim I humbly beg his Pardon if my Sense prove disagreeing to his Another Question may arise whether the Fluor Albus flowing from the Serous Recrements of the Blood Secerned from it in the Glands of the Uterus may be distinguished from a Gonorrhaea which may be thus resolved That the Fluor Albus as I conceive is derived from the same Substance and discharged by the same Ducts serviceable in the Menstruous Purgations but the Humour flowing in a Gonorrhaea is fetched from other Fontanels from the Glands besetting the Meatus Urinarius by reason the Vagina and body of the Uterus are unconcerned in this Fowl Distemper in which the Postrates adjoyning to the Urethra are chiefly if not wholly disaffected whereupon the Parties labouring with a Gonorrhaea do
complain of Pains about the Urinary Duct and Share-bone and of Acrimony of Urine proceeding from a sharp Ulcerous Matter coming out of the Prostates seated near the passage of Urine The Gonorrhaea differeth also from the Fluor Albus The Ulcerous Matter is less in quantity in a Gonorrhaa then the Matter of the Fluor Albus because the Ulcerous Matter of the former is less in quantity then the Serous Recrements of the other bedewing the parts of the Pudendum adjacent to the entrance of the Urethra with a mucous Clammy Matter but the Fluor Albus doth only besmear the neighbouring parts of the Origen of the Vagina CHAP. XVIII The Pathology of the Menstruous Purgation THe Pathology belonging to the Menstruous Purgation in Women is either abolished diminished too exuberant or depraved The first is founded in a total Suppression caused by a want of superfluous Blood proceeding from external causes as defect of Aliment c. or from internal Causes the small proportion of Chile not assimilated into Blood flowing from the ill temper of it producing Chronick or acute Fevers or from great evacuations of Blood by the Nostrils Haemmorhoids c. But the great cause of the suppression of the Monthly Flux in Women is the undue Fermentation of Blood The cause of the Suppressed Purgation as not consisting of good Fermentative Elements in ill habits of Body whereupon the ill principle Vital Liquor doth not observe its Monthly times of Recourse by the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries into the Glands of the Womb or if the Vital Liquor be impelled by the said Arteries in due times and Periods yet it being not well disposed as not having its Compage opened by due Fermentative Principles a Secretion cannot be made in the body of the Glands of the more fine from the grosser Particles of the Blood so that it is returned Confused without any separation of the one from the other by the Preparing and Hypogastrick Veins toward the Heart whereupon no part of the Menstruous Blood being disposed by due Fermentatives Principles of Acides and Alcalies of Volatil Saline and Sulphurous Particles hath no power to open the extremities of the Excretory Ducts to pass through the Perforations of the inward Coat into the Cavity of the Womb and the narrowness of its Cavity and Vessels is more rare and the dyscrasie of the Blood is more common caused by the want of a laudable Effervescence whence the Blood becometh gross and thick when the good Fermentation of the Blood is defective A Countrey Maid being of a Plethorick constitution expressed in a Floride Countenance and a Fleshy Body was above twenty years old and never had her Courses whereupon she grew Sickly and fell into a very acute Fever of which she died the Fourth or Fifth day And afterward the Abdomen being opened the Viscera appeared very sound and the Vterus being Dissected the Blood was found putrid and the Cavity of the Womb wholly shut up by Nature whereupon the Blood being Stagnant lost its due tone and became Putrid proceeding from a want of due Fermentation whereupon the impure parts of the Blood being not severed in the substance of the Uterine Glands from the more pure were not discharged by the Excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the VVomb so that the sides of it did close and take away its Concave-Surface This cause of the suppression of the Monthly course of the Blood relating to the womb Another caus◠of the uppression of the Menstrua and proceeding from the defect of a due Fermentation of the Blood denoteth Antiscorbutick and Chalibeate Medicines which impart good dispositions to it and repair its lost tone by exalting its gross fixed Saline and Sulphureous Particles and rendring them Volatil and Spirituous whereby the Vital and Nervous Liquor acquire a laudable Fermentation consisting in due Acides and Alkalys the true Principles of Effervescence opening the Body of the Blood carried into the Uterine Glands and disposing it for Secretion so that the faeculent parts of the Blood are transmitted through the Pores of the inward Coat into the Bosom of the womb whence it is expelled by the Vagina to the utmost Confines of the Body The suppression of the Menstruous Flux is caused by straitness of the Vessels and ways of the Womb by Constipation Compression Coalescence Ulcers Scirrhous and Gangraenes of the Uterus As to the first The obstruction of the Hypogastrick and Preparing Arteries the preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries are obstructed by gross and viscide humours by Blood rendred thick as accompanied with crude Chyme not assimilated into Blood and stagnant in the Vessels or in the Glands of the Vterus causing a stoppage of the Flux into the Cavity of the Womb Learned Veslingius giveth an account of a Woman labouringwith a Suppression of her Menses The Cause of the Suppressed Menstrua in whom he found the Spermatick Vessels full of Pituitous Matter Sometimes the Neck and Vagina of the Uterus is shut up with the Hymen imperforated giving a Check to the Flux of the Menstrua Dodonaeus giveth an Instance of this case in a Cloistered Virgin Monialis Virg. 55 Annorum multo tempore circa Inguina Pubem doluit nullis interim ex Utero prodeuntibus Excrementis supervenit tandem Ventris Tumor quo inde majore facto Mors tandem supervenit c. Hymen autem obstitit qui Naturâ Virginibus concrescit nam hoc integro nihil ex Utero descendere aut deferri vel hinc apparere potuit A Suppression also of the Menstrua may proceed from a white Concreted Matter A Suppression of the Menstrua from a Concreted Matter obstructing the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries somewhat resembling the Polypus of the Heart and is produced in like manner from Chyme coagulated in the Vessels of the Womb and hindering the recourse of Blood into the Uterine Glands and Cavity of the Uterus A stoppage of the Menstruous Course may proceed from the Constipation dum Corpus Uteri densius redditur or from the hardness and induration of the Neck of the womb of which Cabrolius maketh mention concerning a Lying-in-Woman whose Neck of her womb grew hard and grisly and ever after lost her Menstrua Mulier post Puerperium Menstrua amplius non habuit Mortuae Cervix Uteri spississima est reperta ac velut Cartilginosa quae transversi Digiti spissitudine coaluerat A Suppression of the Menstrua may be deduced from Compression by the Tumors of the womb A Suppression of the Menstrua from the Tumors of the Womb. in Inflammations Scirrhus c. whereby the Cavities of the Vessels are so contracted and the extremities of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries so shut up that the Blood cannot pass into the Glands of the womb and after Secretion be conveyed through the Pores of the inward Membrane into its Cavity These small holes may be also shut up by external Causes by the cold Air or
being opened to inspect the cause of her death the Brain was found to be free from any disaffection and the Vena Cava to be filled with concreted Blood which rendred the right Ventricle empty of it which proved satal to this young Virgin Another cause of a Lipothymy or Syncope often attended with a fatal stroke may arise out of so great a torrent of Blood A second cause of a Lypothymy carried into the Ventricles that the Heart is not able to discharge it out of the right into the Pulmonary Artery nor out of the left into the Aorta whereupon a suddain Suffocation the Heart immediately ensueth and the motion of the Blood wholly taken away Sir Robert Fen a worthy Gentleman An instance of this cause and Servant of King Charles the First of most blessed Memory being subject to great Passion was so highly surprized with Fear upon the occasion of a conceived imminent loss that he fell down dead in a moment which was as I humbly conceive caused by a great sourch of Blood suddainly impelled into the right Ventricle and Suffocated the Heart A third cause of a Lipothymy or Syncope A third cause of a Lipothymy may be deduced from a grosness or concretion of Blood proceeding from an over-fibrous disposition that is from numerous Films and Vesicles containing gross Atoms of Blood full of fixed Saline Particles Coagulating the Blood in the Ventricles often producing a Polypus inducing these ill accidents of the Heart These symptoms may also be caused by some fleshy Excrescence filling up either of the Ventricles So that they are not receptive of Vital Liquor These symptoms may proceed from an Excrescence filling up either Ventricle of the Heart whereupon the Heart loseth its use and motion as being designed by Nature to transmit Blood into all parts of the Body A Woman of great Honour and Birth was frequently tortured with a pain of the Heart and great Fainting Fits which could not be taken away by the power of Art and at last the pain and Lipothymies growing more and more afflictive Death became the best remedy And afterward her Body being opened and her Heart inspected a black Flesh substance somewhat resembling a Medlie in figure was discovered in the left Sinus of the Heart Another cause of these ill symptoms of the Heart A Syncope and Lipothymy may come from Purulent Matter or Ulcer of the Heart may be taken from a Purulent Matter flowing from an Ulcer of the Heart tainting and distoning the mass of Blood passing through the Ventricles whereupon the Fibres of the Heart grow faint and at last lose their Contractions proceeding from a vitiated dispirited corrupted Blood received into their inward Compage whence follow Lipothymies Syncopes and Death it self A Citizen long afflicted with a high Hypocondriacal passion and an acute Fever accompanied with Lipothymies and Syncopes determining in a happy departure as the period of pain and misery his Body being Dissected the Cavity of the Thorax was found full of a thin red faetide humor which was also lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart flown from an Ulcer These severe accidents of the Heart do often arise out of the Ulcers of the neighbouring parts as the Lungs Pleura Mediastine Midriff Liver These symptoms may arise out of Ulcers of the adjacent parts Spleen Pancreas which being oppressed by Ulcerous Matter do transmit it by smaller branches of Veins peculiar to the said Viscera into the ascendent Trunk of the Cava and from thence into the right Ventricle of the Heart whereby its Fibres are highly discomposed by Pus imbibed into them with the Blood These most troublesom accidents of the Heart perverting the Oeconomy of its Motion A Syncope and Lipothymy coming from Malignant steams of the Blood in Pestilential Fevers are often produced in Malignant Fevers by Venenate Steams corrupting the native disposition and distoning and destroying the Spirituous parts of the Blood whereupon it groweth Concreted in the great Vessels and Ventricles of the Heart So that the poysonous steams being received with the Blood into the substance of the fleshy Fibres do weaken if not take away their Contractions whence ensue Lipothymies and Syncopes the forerunners of Death Another cause of these dreadful Symptoms may be derived from the indisposition of the Brain The symptoms may come from the indisposition of the Brain either not generating a sufficient quantity of Nervous Liquor to invigorate the Nerves of the Heart or else if it be generated cannot be transmitted to the Cardiack Nerves caused by some obstruction of them whereupon the Fibres are not able to play their parts in the scene of repeated Motions as not impregnated with Animal Spirits which may be one cause of Lipothymies and Syncopes speaking a conclusion to Life And the motion of the Heart is not only lessened in Lipothymies The Palpitation of the Heart and abolished in Syncopes but depraved also in Palpitations which are sometimes so great that the Cone striketh the left side near the Pap with so great a violence that it may be plainly seen felt and heard too at some distance The Mechanick cause of an erection of the Heart whereby it striketh the Breast The cause of the Heart striking the lest side proceedeth very much from the oblique situation of the Heart and disposition of the Fibres which are obliquely and spirally wreathed and brought round from the right toward the left side of the Heart and this posture of the Fibres is very much assisted by the conformation of the Heart as the left Wall is more short and less Carnous and crooked in the left Ventricle of the Heart than in the right which is encompassed with two Walls as Learned Borellus hath observed Unde ait ille in Systole erigi debet Cordis mucro versus sinistram partem pectoris eamque percutere potest pro gradu violentiae qua erigitur Hoc salvari quoque potest vel adjuvari ab erectione Cordis oblique jacentis vel à situatione dispositione Fibrarum quae oblique spiraliter circumducuntur à parte dextra basis Cordis versus sinistram partem Verticis unde in inflatione Fibrarum anterius versus sinistram partem sic percussio fieri potest The erection of the Heart perverting the Oeconomy of Nature wherein the Mucro of the Heart maketh violent strokes upon the left side is called Palpitation The Palpitation proceeding from too great a quantity of Blood which may be derived from many Causes one may arise from too great a quantity of Blood which the Heart being unable wholly to discharge in every Systole is so oppressed as to make strong and frequent Contractions of its Fibres wherein the Cone of the Heart being elevated maketh strong Appulses upon the left side to discharge the exuberant Blood by most brisk Vibrations A second cause of the Palpitation of the Heart The second cause of the Palpitation may
be taken from an undue fermentation of the Blood may be fetched from an undue fermentation of the Blood as consisting of unactive and too much depressed Elements hindring the Intestine motion of the Vital Juyce which is often found in Cachectick bodies in the Scorbutick Distempers of Men and Women wherein the dispirited mass of Blood is apt to Coagulate in the Ventricles of the Heart So that the Heart is forced to make many brisk and often repeated Systoles and erections of the Cone against the left side A third cause of this Disaffection may take its rise from the great effervescence of the Blood proceeding from a high Fermentation of it A Palpitation of the Heart arising out of an effervescence of the Blood as composed of too much exalted saline and sulphureous Particles often found in Hypocondriacal and Hysterical Distempers Wherein the Fibres of the Heart being highly aggrieved with the fiery heat of overmuch fermenting Blood do produce vigorous Constrictions of the Ventricles and strong Vibrations of the Cardiack Cone against the Thorax The fourth cause of this disorderly Convulsive motion of the Heart The Palpitation of the Heart proceeding from the indisposition of the Brain may be derived from the indisposition of the Cortex of the Brain in which an ill Animal Liquor is generated as partly consisting of exalted Saline and Oyly Particles produced from ill Blood whose Albuminous part is the Materia Substrata of Nervous Juyce which is transmitted through the Fibrous parts of the several processes of the Brain into the Origens of the eighth pair of Nerves and from thence into the Cardiack branches whereupon numerous Nervous Fibrils inserted into the Carnous Fibres being highly irritated by an ill Succus Nervosus do draw the Fibres into violent irregular Convulsive motion So that the elevated Cone of the Heart maketh many impetuous strokes against the Thorax As to the Cure of the Palpitation of the Heart arising from too great a quantity of Blood clogging the Heart Blood-letting is good in a Palpitation of the Heart flowing from an exuberance of Blood and putting the Fibres upon irregular Contractions it denoteth a free mission of Blood which will speak an Alleviation to great Vibrations of the Heart An instance may be given of this disaffection in a Knight a Pensioner of his Majesties who being endued with a Plethorick constitution was often afflicted with a great Palpitation proceeding from an exuberant quantity of Blood evidenced in a high Pulse oppressing the Heart and was immediately freed from this troublesome Distemper in opening a Vein by which a large proportion of Blood was immediately discharged and the Patient relieved The irregular motions of the Heart derived from the want of Fermentation of Blood Bitter Medicines are proper in a Palpitation of the Heart produced by improper Ferments do indicate bitter Medicines which Corroborate the Stomach and Anti-Scorbutick Medicines mixed with Chalybeates which rectifie the fixed saline and sulphureous parts of the Blood and endue it with proper Fermentative Principles A Mercers Wife in Covent-Garden endued with a thin Body a weak Pulse and an ill Concoction of Stomach was often highly afflicted with Palpitations of the Heart proceeding from the defect of a good Intestine motion of the Blood whereupon it grew depauperated and the Patient liable to fainting Fits and a great difficulty of Breathing which were much alleviated by bitter Decoctions Pearl Julaps Spirit of Hartshorn and Chalybeates given in Apozemes made of opening Roots Sarsa Parilla Pine and Fir and at last by the drinking Tunbridge Waters The Palpitation of the Heart arising out of the Blood over acted with too high an Intestine motion of the Blood Testaceous Powders are good in an undue fermentation of the Blood produced by exalted saline and sulphureous parts doth denote Testaceous Powders as Pearl Crabs Claws Crabs Eyes Coral and the like which do dulcifie the mass of Blood given with temperate Diuretick Apozemes and discharge the fixed saline Particles by Urine and attemper the hot Atoms of Blood In this case also Chalybeates mixed with temperate Anti-Scorbuticks may be given with good success Dr. An instance of the Cure of the Palpitation of the Heart derived from an ill fermenting Blood Huit a Person of great Vertue Learning and most eminent Loyalty for which he was Murdered in the time of Usurpation was affected with a hot Scorbutick habit of Body and highly discomposed with great Palpitations of the Heart taking its rise as I humbly conceive from too great a Fermentation of the Blood as consisting of active Heterogeneous Elements whereupon I advised him to take Testaceous Powders taken with cooling Julaps and temperate Cordials mingled with Pearl as also Chalybeate Syrups taken with Diureticks and temperate Anti-Scorbutick Apozemes by which the Patient God be praised was perfectly recovered The fourth kind of irregular motion of the Heart being Convulsive Cephalick Medicines are proper in the Convulsive motions of the Heart as produced by an ill Succus Nervosus transmitted into and irritating the Cardiack Nerves doth denote proper Medicines to refine the Albuminous part of the Blood the Materia Substrata of Animal Liquor and also Cephalick Medicines to Corroborate the Brain and Nerves of the Heart Palpitations of the Heart are accompanied also with Convulsive motions of the Nerves seated in divers parts of the Body A second cause of the Convulsive motions of the Heart and chiefly about the Base of the Heart which is backed by the Sentiments of Learned Dr. Willis encircling the Trunks of the Aorta and Vena Cava to hinder the immediate flux and reflux of the Blood and its great effervescence and Stagnations produced by vehement passions of Anger Fear Sorrow and Joy which highly disorder the various Nerves inserted into the Coats and make irregular motions in the Arteries and especially in the Aorta near the Heart whereby its Nerves are drawn into Consent and are productive of Convulsive Motions Another cause of the unkindly motion of the Heart may proceed from the frequent Pulsation of the Arteries caused by the Carnous Fibres A third cause of Cardiack Convulsions irritated by the Convulsive motion of the great company of Nervous Fibrils implanted into the fleshy Fibres of the Trunks relating to the Arteries which renders their repeated Contractions very violent whereupon the Blood is impetuously moved first through the Arteries and then through the smaller and greater branches of the Vein into the right Ventricle of the Heart So that the Carnous Fibres are highly sollicited to make many irregular Motions which are in truth Convulsive in order to discharge the great torrent of Blood into the Pulmonary Artery which being highly aggrieved by impetuous streams of Purple Liquor doth make irregular Contractions to discharge the exuberant source of Blood into the Pulmonary Vein which draweth the Heart into a Sympathy as the Orifice of the Pulmonary Artery is implanted into the right Ventricle of
Particles of the Blood being highly enraged do produce a great ebullition of Blood emulating the Fit of a Malignant Fever which was at last discharged by the eruption of numerous Pimples filled with the Serum of the Blood highly precipitated besetting the Cuticula of the whole Body Sometimes the Spirituous parts of the Blood are highly evaporated by poysonous Miasmes wherein the particles of Salt and Sulphur are so highly exalted that the Blood becometh icterical The Blood is coagulated putrefied and the bond of Mixtion highly disordered in malignant Fevers by too great an assation So that it is sometimes hued with Yellow and other times with Black And there are other Poysons of another nature which are more dangerous as destructive to the Compage of the Blood in producing first a Coagulation and afterward Putrefaction So that the Spirits of the Blood being evaporated the equal Mixtion is dissolved and the grosser parts being associated do quit the Serous Particles and the poysonous Miasmes infecting the Blood do cause it to Coagulate somewhat after the manner of Milk mixed with Runnet whereupon the red Crassament is rendred Grumous as well as the Chymous parts whence ariseth the Polypus of the Heart as also Syncopes and Lipothymies c. The way of communicating poysonous steams to the Vital and Animal Liquor in reference to the production of Malignant Epidemical Fevers The way of Infection in Malignant Fevers is from the Air by inspiration wherein many saline and sulphureous Mercurial Arsenical and other Exhalations of the same figure and nature coming from poysonous Minerals of the Earth being confederated and received into the Lungs do mix with the mass of Blood These Effluvia being of a most subtle disposition do insinuate into the Blood sometimes precipitating it by the separation of the Serous Particles from the more thick Purple Liquor and other times making it stagnant in the Vessels and Ventricles of the Heart do generate a coagulation of the Blood producing dreadful symptoms The Malignant Vapours residing in a poysonous Air make impressions more readily in ill masses of Blood full of sulphureous Particles easily breaking out into a feverish flame especially in timorous persons wherein the steams of infected Air are speedily conveyed inward with the Blood into the Chambers of the Heart CHAP. XXIV Of Intermittent Fevers HAving given in some sort a Narrative of Diseases in reference to Petuitous and Bilious Recrements I shall now take the freedom to speak somewhat of the Distempers of a Melancholick Constitution of Blood sprinkling from gross Aliment A melancholy constitution of Blood abounding with earthy parts and fixed Salt which being above measure exalted are productive of an Acid indisposition which being elevated to a great height maketh it degenerate into a Fluor wherein the Saline before espoused to the oily and earthy Particles do suffer a divorce from them So that the bond of Mixtion is in a great part dissolved in the mass of Blood and the Saline parts being not under the controul of the Elements have a kind of absolute power as commanding the Compage of the mass of Blood whereupon the spirituous and sulphureous Particles being much evaporated A Quartan Ague the Saline do exercise a dominion over the rest by inducing an Acor to the whole Mixtum relative to the Blood from whence sometimes proceedeth a Quartan Ague differing in types and periods from the Tertian as having its accession every third day and its continent cause is assigned by the Antients to a Melancholick humor putrefying in the lower apartiment of the Body But I humbly conceive it more reasonable that the origen of a Quartan Ague is in the Vital Liquor The cause of a Quartan Ague whose sweet Balsamick quality is debased into an acide and austere indisposition in which the spirituous and oily parts being much withdrawn the Tartareous consisting of earthy and Salt parts are too much heightned to a Fluor productive of Acid Particles which are carried by the greater Channels of Arteries to the smaller and cause Concussions in the Membrana Carnosa in the beginning of the Paroxysm which when violent are called Rigors when more remiss are termed Horrors and these Convulsive Motions accompany the first rise of the accession and when the heat followeth the Increment of the Fit beginneth and when the unnatural heat arriveth to a height the Fit cometh to a state and when the ebullition of the Blood is abated the declination of the Paroxysm appeareth which terminateth into a plentiful Sweat The reason why the Periods of a Quartan have longer Intervals than those of a Tertian The reason why Quartan Agues have longer intermissions than other Intermittent Fevers is because the distemper of the Blood tending to Acid is more remiss in heat disaffecting the Chyme in a less degree permitting somewhat of Assimilation into Blood and the perverting the other Particles of it do not make so great a disorder as is found in a Tertian So that the Materia Substrata of the Blood being less depraved in a Quartan doth more slowly fill the Vital Liquor with indigested Particles and the Saline Atoms being more moderate in heat require longer time before the peccant Matter is exalted producing an Ebullition in the Heart the continent cause of a Quartan which hath often a most difficult Cure and is long afflictive because it is derived from an Acid Dyscrasie of the Blood which is not easily redressed by Medicines whereas the bilious indisposition consisting in an effervescence of Vital Juyce proceeding from an association of oily Particles is more speedily discharged by a free transpiration but a Melancholick Constitution springing from a depauperated mass of Blood hath its more spirituous Particles retired from it and the saline and earthy parts are too much exalted The Cure of Quartan Agues And therefore Purgatives alone are not available in a Quartan Ague in which the fixed Saline parts of the Blood must be rendred Volatil and the lost sweet Balsamick repaired by Medicines Dulcifying the Acid and by impregnating them with oily spirituous Particles which is of as great moment as difficulty to effect And also in an acid disaffection of the Blood when its laudable portion is over-powered with a too highly exalted Salt it is rendred dispirited productive of a Fluor whence arise the great variety of Scorbutick diseases abounding in numerous symptoms Emulating divers Distempers proceeding also from concreted saline Particles transmitted from the mass of Blood and vitiating the Nervous Liquor whence is propagated a prodigious off-spring of Chronick diseases as the Strumae Rheumatisms Gouts Scabs Scurf Cancers Leprosies and the like CHAP. XXV The Cures of Intermittent Fevers THe diseases of the Blood afflicting the Heart being Intermittent Continued and Malignant Fevers I will now having heretofore discoursed their Causes propound some short means of their Cures derived from several Indications As to the most urgent and chief Indication That the great
effervescence of the Blood may be taken off Vomiting Bleeding and Purging are very important Vomiting Medicines do clear the Stomach of gross pituitous bilious and acid humors and put the Ventricle into a good capacity to concoct Aliment by extracting a laudable alimentary Tincture which is the Materia Substrata of Blood whose constant decay of Spirits is repaired by good Chyle The first Indication denoteth Vomitories are proper in Intermittent Fevers whereupon Intermittent Fevers flowing from undue Chyme are often Cured or much alleviated in more gentle Paroxysms by Vomitories also the Bilious Recrements are thrown out of the Liver by the common Duct into the Intestines whereupon the Blood is rendred more pure as severed from its adust Particles of Sulphur and Salt The opening a Veing in a Plethorick constitution of Body Opening a Vein is good in a Plethorick Constitution in case of these Fevers Gentle Purgatives and cooling Julaps may be safely administred doth by lessening the quantity of Blood give a more nimble Circulation and also an allay to the great Ebullition of Blood the continent cause of Fevers Gentle Purgatives consisting of opening cooling Medicines do take away the obstructions of the Liver and freely discharge the bilious humors out of it and the Blood and so rendereth it cool and depurated from its Oily Recrements The second Indication in Intermittent Fevers The second Indication denoteth good Diet is very beneficial in this case is taken from the inhibition of a depraved Chyme which is performed by exact rules of Diet that it might be thin and of easie Concoction and not over sweet oily and too spirituous So that generous Wines being taken must be mixed with serous or watry Liquors which subdue the sulphureous and spirituous parts of the Blood in reducing it to a good temper by checking its great Ebullition The third Indication is taking of the Paroxysm of Intermittent Fevers by proper Specificks The third Indication is satisfied by Specificks as by several kinds of Decocta Amara mixed with some cooling Julaps and the Cortex of Peru a most powerful and safe Medicine may be given after the Body is well prepared by Vomitories Purgatives and Venaesection cooling and cordial Julaps made of Pearl do highly temper the Blood and Testaceous Powders are proper in Fevers too as promoting Sweats and insensible transpiration breathing out the fiery steams of the Blood Salt of Carduus or Wormwood given with Conserves of Wood Sorrel as also in a Specifick Menstruum mixed with a few drops of Oyl of Vitriol or Sulphur which do give a check and often take away the Fits of Intermittent Fevers by appeasing the immoderate heat and fermentation of the Blood CHAP. XXVI Of the Cure of Continued Fevers AS to the Cure of Continued Fevers The one proceedeth from the accession of the Volatil and spirituous parts of the Blood called Febris Ephemera The second is produced by the more sulphureous Atoms inflamed styled Continua as being without any perfect 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The third kind is named Malignant as derived from poysonous Steams either precipitating the Blood into serous Particles or coagulating its red Crassament or the Chymous part the Matter of Blood which is found in Polypo Cordis à Chymo in Ventriculis Concreto Febris Ephemera consisting in the subtle parts of the Blood inflamed The first Indication of a Febris Ephemera hath three Indications The first is the Remotion of the Procatartick cause as the immoderate heat of the Sun or assumption of generous Wines playing in hot Baths violent exercise and the like The second Indication in this Fever supposeth the thin oily parts of the Blood to be allayed by cooling Juleps or discussed by plentiful Sweats The second Indication of this Fever or a free insensible transpiration The third denoteth a deflagration of the Blood The third Indication of this Disease in reducing it to its proper temper and mixtion by the perfect assimilation of the Chyme into Blood and the secretion of its Recrements in various Colatories which is accomplished by Blood-letting making good its Motion as also by a thin Diet and temperate Aperient Diuretick and Sudorifick Medicines discharging the Blood from its inflamed Volatil and more gross feculent Particles As to the Therapeutick of a Continued Fever of many days The Indications of a Continued Fever it is made up chiefly of three Intentions in the first it is requisite to quench the fiery sulphureous parts of the Blood or at least to mitigate them which is the second and the third is to throw off the adust Recrements when the deflagration of the Blood is very much alayed About the beginning of this Fever gentle Clysters may be administred Clysters Bleeding and cooling Juleps are very proper and Bleeding too is very proper in a Plethorick Body to lessen the mass of Blood enraged with inflammatory minute sulphureous Particles and a spare Diet is to be used made of thin Broths prepared with cooling Herbs as also strained Barley-Gruel Water-Gruel Barley-Cream and the like And in the increase of this Disease if the Pulse be high Bleeding is very good in a Plethorick body and in the beginning of the Disease and the Vessels much distended with Blood attended with a want of Sleep and great pain of the Head a Vein may be opened the second time and blistering Plaisters applied between the Shoulders and to the inside of the Arms Thighs Legs and Cataplasms to the Feet In the state of a Continued Fever Bleeding is not so proper except in a most exuberant mass of Blood attended with a Phrenitis Angina Perineumonia Pleuritis or some other great inflammation of the Viscera and a most slender Diet is to be observed in the height of this Fever lest Nature being overpowered with Aliment hard of Concoction should be diverted from its proper work of conquering the Disease by making a Secretion of the adust from the more refined parts of the Blood Diaphoreticks are proper in Continued Fevers and by discharging them by gentle Sweats through the Cutaneous Glands and their Excretory Ducts terminating into the outward Skin In the declination of the Disease Eating of Flesh is very dangerous in Continued Fevers A gentle Purge may be given in the declination of a Continued Fever si vires ferant care must be taken lest Flesh be eaten before the Fever is some time gone which consisting of Heterogeneous parts will put the Blood upon a new Fermentation and increase the Inflammation of the Blood which hath often proved fatal to the Patient If the strength of the Patient be not brought very low a gentle Purge may be advised to carry off the reliques of the disease and cleanse the Stomach and Guts of gross Excrements and to render them fit for concoction and dristribution of Aliment And when the Fever is discharged it is requisite in order to preserve the Patient in health to advise him to
whereas in truth it supposeth more And in like manner the Blood is carried out of the left Ventricle of the Heart into the common Trunk of the Aorta wherein it meeteth with a continued stream of Blood which by degrees is moved by divers Channels into all parts of the Body which cannot be effected any other way than by undulating Motion by pressing one part of the Blood forward after another from the beginning to the Terminations of the Arteries So that these Sanguiducts being propagated in many Flexures by reason of their numerous Divarications must necessarily give such a check to the over-hasty current of the Blood that it cannot be impelled from the Heart at one moment through all the Arteries which are seated at a great distance from the Center Whereupon I conceive that the motion of the Blood out of the left Chamber of the Heart making the Diastole vulgarly thought first in the common Trunk and afterward in the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and divers crooked branches of the lesser Arteries is not the cause of the pulsation of the Artery which is performed in a moment in one brisk continued motion and not successively by way of Undulation which supposeth many Instants in which one part of the Artery is elevated after another as it groweth distended by a great stream of Blood The manner of the Pulsation of Arteries So that I imagine the pulsation of the Arteries doth proceed from the vigorous contraction of the right and left Ventricle of the Heart to which the Trunks of the Pulmonary and great Artery are affixed whereupon their Trunks being briskly strook by the pulsation of the Heart their continued Coats being ever distended with Vital Liquor have the Vibration immediately imparted to them in all parts after the manner of an Impulse made upon one part of an extended Musical string the same stroke is immediately transmitted to every part of it as the whole string is made up of one continued substance of a twisted Gut So that I conceive the Diastole of the Artery taken in a strict notion is not made by the successive motion of the Blood first produced in the Heart and then carried out of it into the common Trunk and afterward into the Arteries furnishing all parts of the Body but by the Systole of the Heart first making a Vibration in it which I have seen in a Dog dissected alive in the Colledg Theater imparted in the same moment to all parts of the Arteries which is the Pulse commonly felt in the Wrist and is at the same instant in all parts of the Body The Systole of the Arteries is their proper motion The Systole of the Arteries made by circular fleshy Fibres as made solely in them by their peculiar power without the assistance of the Heart causing the Diastole flowing from the vigorous motion tension and contraction of the numerous strong fleshy Fibres of the Heart but the Systole of the Arteries is a motion distinct from their Diastole formed by the transverse or rather annular fleshy Fibres of the Arteries whereby their cavity is narrowed and the Blood pressed through their Channels with a greater quickness The contraction of these circular Fibres causing the Systole of the Arteries doth very much contribute to the motion of the Blood flowing primarily from the Impulse made in the Ventricles of the Heart by strong contracted fleshy Fibres lessening their Cavities whereupon the Blood is squirted as by a Syringe out of the Right Chamber of the Heart into the Trunk of the Pulmonary Artery and out of the Left into the Aorta The current of the Blood is hastned upward especially in the Capillary Arteries of the Brain and then into all other parts of the Body which is very much promoted by the motion of Carnous Fibres encircling Artery else the Blood would have but a slow current upward through the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries and especially in the small Capillary Arteries of the Brain in which the Blood would become stagnant if its motion were not quickned by the Systole of the Arteries produced by the Contraction of the fleshy circular Fibres CHAP. XXXIII The Pathology of the Arteries THe Arteries The obstruction of Arteries coming from a grosness of Blood being so many Cylinders as oblong round concave Bodies consisting of many Coats are liable to many Diseases some of which relate to their Cavities and others to their Tunicles As to the Cavities of Arteries their disaffections proceed chiefly either from Obstruction or Compression the first may be derived from the grossness of the Blood stagnant in small Branches or capillary Arterys intercepting the current of the vital Liquor in these obstructed Channels The obstruction of greater Arteries may be produced by some carnous substance The obstruction of the Arteries proceeding from a carnous Increscence adhering to some parts of their inward Coats and so clogging their Cavities that they are rendred dis-serviceable in order to the transmission of Blood from part to part Sometimes the course of Blood is wholly hindred by gross concreted Chyme The obstruction of the Arteries derived from concreted Chyme mixed with Blood lodged in the pulmonary Artery which I have often seen in Dissections of the heart and Lungs labouring with a Polypus proceeding from a White gross coagulated Matter stuffing up the Ventricles of the Heart and pulmonary Vessels Dr. Timothy Clark a Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians in London and one of His Majesties Physicians in Ordinary was afflicted with a high continued Fever attended with a great Thirst and difficulty of Breathing and a small quick Pulse the forerunner of a fatal stroke After which his Body being opened the Viscera of the lower Venter were ill affected with great Obstructions and the Ventricles of the Heart being opened were found filled with a thick White concreted Substance which also stuffed up the pulmonary Artery the immediate cause of his death The Cure of these Diseases Bleeding is good in obstruction of the Arteries propagated from obstruction of Arteries caused by gross concreted Blood and Chyme may be effected by Blood-letting and by aperient Diuretick Medicines mixed with well prepared Chalybeats which do correct the gross clammyness of the depauperated Blood and Chyme by rendring it Flud Volatil and Spirituous which hindreth its coagulation by making it thin and apt for Motion as readily complying with the impulse of the Heart made by the fleshy Fibres contracting its Chambers Another Disease to which the Arteries are incident in reference to their Cavities The lessening the Cavity of the Arteries by Compression may be deduced from Compression whereby the bores of the Arteries are so much lessened that they cannot freely or not at all make good the circulation of the Blood through the disaffected vessels so that the neighbouring Arteries sprouting out of the same Branch do supply their defect as having their Cavities free and
the object of Smelling is nothing else but numerous Steams as so many Emanations coming out of various bodies and are several Atomes endued with a Configuration suitable to the minute Pores of the Fibrils making up the inward Membrane of the Nostrils as Epicurus will have it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Odorem non facturum ullam sui impressionem nisi ab odora re usque deferentur moleculae seu corpuscala quaedam ea ratione commensurata ipsi Olfactus sensorio ut moveant seu afficiant illud Whence it may be reasonably inferred that the minute Bodies of Smell and the contexture of the olfactory Organ have an especial commensuration and the Effluxes of Bodies making Appulses upon the Skin of various parts of the Face and Body and the Membrane of the Tongue make no impression upon them because the Steams of Smell hold no proportion in Figure and Magnitude with the small Pores of the said parts But the Atomes of Smell streaming out of various things do incorporate with the Air and being received into the Nostrils produce the Sensation of Smelling as the small odorous Bodies do agree in shape and size with the minute Meatus of the olfactory nervous Fibrils besetting the Membrane lining the inside of the Nostrils The variety of Smells consisting of different effluxes of Bodies The causes of various Smell are produced by the Figures of the olfactory Object of which some are round and smooth making gentle Appulses upon the pores of the nervous Fibrils whence sweet and pleasant Smells arise and others are more or less unpleasant as consisting of various kinds of Angles which do more or less grate upon the Meatus of olfactory Filaments furnishing the inward Filme of the Nostrils Hence an account may be given why the same Smells are pleasant to some persons and unpleasant to others as they have different temperaments and olfactory Organs affected with Pores of several configurations CHAP. IV. Of the Diseases of the Nostrils THE Nostrils being a curious frame The diseases of the Nostrils composed of variety of parts are obnoxious to many disaffections to the impaired or lost function of Smelling as also to a Haemorrhage Ulcers Cancers Polypus c. The Sensation of Smelling is lessened by a Catarrh The diminished Function of Smelling flowing out of the Mammillary Processes through the Os Cribriforme into the Caverns of the Nostrils whereupon their inward Membrane becometh lined with a Rheume stopping up the Pores of the nervous Fibrils rendring them uncapable to give reception to the odorous Steams The Function of Smelling is lost sometimes by defect of the Smelling Nerves not distributed into the Membrane of the Nostrils The lost operation of Smelling by defect of the olfactory Nerves The defect of the Mammillary Processes of which Learned Schneider giveth an account in his Book De Osse Cribriforme This Disaffection also is derived from the defect of the Mammillary Processes of which Rolfinkius maketh mention Anatom lib. 2. Cap. 20. Falcoburgius testatus est in quodam Tobacco-bibulo fumosissimo post mortem dissecto papillares cerebri processus cum quadam nervorum odoratoriorum parte defuisse A loss of Smelling may also take its rise from the obstruction of the Origen of the First pair of Nerves seated in the Cortex of the Brain The lost Smelling derived from the stoppage of the Origens of the Nerves caused either by Humors inwardly stopping up the extremities of the olfactory Nerves or by an outward compression of them whereupon the current of nervous Liquor and Spirits is intercepted in reference to the Smelling Nerves inserted into the inward coat of the Nostrils Another Disaffection to which the Nostrils are subject is an Haemorrhage The Haemorrhage of the Nostrils in which a Fluxe of Blood is transmitted from the carotide Arteries propagated from the Dura Mater and terminating into the inward Tunicle of the Nostrils An Haemorrhage may be either derived from a great quantity of Blood proceeding from Aliment The cause of the Haemorrhage or by suppressed Haemorrhoids and Menstrua in Women or from its Acrimony or thinness whereupon the Purple Liquor being disordered by great motion or the heat of the Sun and the like Nature dischargeth its troublesome Particles by the great carotide Arteries of the Dura Mater into the smaller Branches of the Membrane of the Nostrils Sometimes an evacuation of Blood by the Nostrils may be called critical The critical Haemorrhage of the Nostrils speaking a great advantage to the Patient when a Concoction being accomplished the more impure parts of the Blood being secerned from the more pure are discharged by the terminations of the carotide Arteries into the Caverns of the Nostrils accompanied with the alleviation of the Disease An extraordinary Haemorrhage in the Nostrils The Convulsion of the carnous Fibres of the carotide Arteries produceth an Haemorrhage of the Nostrils may also be produced by the carnous Fibres of the carotide Arteries convulsed by an ill affected Succus Nervosus whereupon the Rivulets of Blood are much hastened by the frequent unkindly Systoles of the soporal Arteries violently squeezing the Blood out of the Dura Mater into the inward Coat and thence into the Caverns of the Nostrils Dr. Willis giveth an instance of this Case in a Gentleman often afflicted with a great Flux of Blood through the Nostrils An Instance or the said Hemorrhage Attamen ait ille quod res fuit saepius in die persentiscebat in corpore suo aliquid modo sursum modo deorsum sub flatus specie confestim obrepere plerumque motus istius tendentiam sanguinis e naribus aut Haemorrhoidibus sequebatur hinc ut facile concludere esset vasorum sanguiferorum Fibras quibus contrahuntur illa motrices spasmo effectus sanguinis fluvium ut dimissum tenuem huc illuc inordinate corripuisse subinde in eruptiones Compulisse quod item facilius evenit in quantum vasorum ora laxa dehiscentia cruorem ad ea compulsum absque remora debita effluere sinebant Aetiologiam hanc rudendi methodus instituta quatenus tali supposito innitens foeliciter successit plane comprobet mam S. M. Medicaminum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 usu deinceps omisso praescripsi usum pulveris sequentis cujus dosim sexta quaque bora cum Julapio sumebat idoneo ℞ Pulv. Rad. Paeon Coral R. Margarit pp. Caʒi oculor Canc. lapid Haemat anʒss F. pulvit Dosisʒ i. ℞ aqu Cevasor nigr ℥ viii meliss Cinnamon Hordeat an ℥ ii Theriacal ℥ i. Syru e Coral ℥ iss Caeterum praecepi ut ligaturae quibusdam locis ea ritu constanti subinde aliis pro data occasione tum ad sistendum tum ad intercipiendos vasorum Spasmos adhiberentur atque hujusmodi remediis sine ulla morbi recidiva brevi convaluit As to the Cure of an immoderate Torrent of Blood out of the Nostrils The Cure of the said Hemorrhage its denoteth
more Plane by the relaxation of the ciliary Processes Whereupon the Rays investing the visible Images become more or less refracted as the Figure of the Cristalline Humor is made more or less prominent and as the Retina is brought farther from or nearer to the said Humor and to the Pupil of the Eye that the Retina may receive the common Base of the Image Whence it cometh that the Eye is discomposed with pain when the Object is placed too near the Eye which is produced by its labour when the visive power endeavours to compose and frame the Tunicles and Humors which cannot be accomplished without compression giving a pain and disturbance to the tender and fine Compage of the Eye To give a more clear understanding of the notion of Sight Convex-Glasses do supply the defect of the Cristalline Humor I shall endeavour to make Art to run parallel with Nature how Convex-Glasses do assist and rectify the ill formation or Constitution of the Cristalline Humor and how one Convex-Glass being added to another doth render the common Base of the visible Image more near to the Glasses So in like manner the Cristalline Humor hath lost much of its parabolical Figure as brought toward a Plane being shrunk up in old Men whereby the common Base of a visible Object is carried too much inward beyond the Tunicle of the Retina so that to help the ill shape of the Cristalline Humor old Men are constrained to use Spectacles endued with a prominent Surface that by a double Convexity relating to the Glass and Cristalline Humor the Base of the Picture belonging to the Object might be contracted and duely imprinted on the Retina And as a Concave-Glass to a Convex doth cause the Rays carrying the Image of the thing to pass farther to the bottom of the Eye which giveth an advantage to persons labouring with an over-much parabolical Figure of the Cristalline Humor determining the common Base of the semblance of a thing upon the vitreous Humor productive of a confused Sight as the visual Rays do not reach the Retina which is much helped by Spectacles endued with a Concave-Surface transmitting the species of the Object beyond the vitreous Humor unto the coat of the Retina the formal Organ of Sight Having given in some sort a History of Opticks A short model of Sight I shall endeavour to speak a period to this Discouse in shewing a short model of Seeing as Light acteth a great part in this visible Scene and may be styled a Body made up of innumerable lucid Particles originally streaming from every point and carried into the minute pores of the Aether and Air with most nimble Motion as the most numerous Rays press each other forward with an inexpressible swiftness till they meet with some opace Body which being compact as consisting of small Pores is not receptive of lucid Rays whereupon they being embodied with Images as so many Effluxes of opace Bodies make first a kind of Arch and afterward are reflected in right lines through a fluid Medium beset with numerous steams of a different Consistence The Light being displayed through various Bodies retaineth the posture and Situation of their parts and produceth several Schemes according to the different Figure and Texture of those parts of which they are compounded so that the lucid Beams falling upon opace Bodies do by quickness of Motion Energy and several Reflections Variety of Apparencies proceed from different dispositions of diaphanous Mediums Different Colours may be fetched from several Lights and Shades caused by divers Prominencies and Cavities of Bodies cause variety of Apparencies according to the different degrees of Rarity and Density of several Mediums affected with strong and fainter Rays or according to several Asperities of dark Bodies made up of greater or less Cavities do produce divers Lights and Shades the ground of various Colours and Semblances of visible Objects which being clothed with Rays of Light are reverberated from opace Bodies in a direct progress through the Air to every point of the Cornea where they are refracted by making an Angle toward the perpendicular as passing from a rare to a more dense Medium and having intersected each other as the Right Rays are carried to the Left and the Left to the Right else they could not move in direct lines The Rays after Intersection are contracted into a Cone in the Pupil of the Eye and after Intersection the Rays are contracted into a Cone and received into the Pupil of the Eye and there make their progress in an everted Pyramid as beginning in a Cone and make another Angle by being refracted in the watry Humor from the perpendicular as proceeding of a more Dense into a more rare Medium And after the visual Rays being trajected through the watry Humor they are transmitted to the Cristalline The Rays are rendred strong as united in the parabolical Figure of the Cristalline Humor and narrowed into a point of Refraction and make Angles toward the perpendicular and are rendred more strong as they are united which is effected by the globular Figure of the Cristalline Humor as being rendred more parabolical by the motion of the ciliary Processes compressing the said Humor and making it more protuberant whereby the Rays of Sight do grow more Refracted and being transmitted from the Cristalline Humor to the Vitreous make a different Angle and are inflected from the perpendicular as being brought from the more dense Medium of the Cristalline Humor to the more rare substance of the Vitreous Humor from whence the lucid Rays investing the Images of things are transmitted to the Retina as a more dense Medium in which the Rays are refracted toward the perpendicular and thereby The Image of the Object is brought to a due Situation when imprinted upon the Retina their situation is amended and reduced to a due posture and their common Base regularly imprinted on the Retina wherein the Figure and Colour of the visible Object are clearly and lively painted and most plainly discerned by the outward Organ and from thence recommended by the continuation of the optick Nerves to the inward sensory judging and determining the nature of outward visible Objects CHAP. VIII The Diseases of the Eye-lids and their Cures THe Eyes are two lucid Globes composed of many Sphaeres of divers membranous circular expansions curiously lodged within each other and enclosing variety of Humors all which are rendred transparent except one persorated Membrane as receptive of several Images of things apparalled with Light to treat us with divers pleasant prospects The Eyes being systems of various substances finely enwrapping each other as Glands Muscles Membranes and Humors outwardly encircled with Lids as with Curtains have as many Diseases as Parts of which I will discourse in the order Nature hath instituted The Lids first presenting themselves as enclosing the Eyes The Redness and Thickness of the Eye-lids are obnoxious to
the little Circle is expanded or contracted according to the various position of the Uvea If the Pupil of the Eye be too much enlarged The two great Perforations of the Vvea is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and receiveth this denomination à Visione debili obscura by reason the visible semblances of things grow faint and weak as being overpowred with the more radiant beams of Light and therefore Nature hath made the inner Chambers of the Eye somewhat dark that the species of visible Objects arayed with moderate light might be the better discerned and therefore hath given power to the Uvea to contract the Pupil of the Eye which is performed by the Fibrils of the Ciliary Processes to shut out the over-bright Rays of Light which else would confound the more weak representations of visible Objects which happens in the too great and unnatural dilatation of the Foramen of the Uvea which hath many causes and is sometimes produced by an ill conformation from the birth but most commonly adventitious and is caused as divers Physicians will have it from a tension of the Uvea coming from a dry distemper derived from long Watchings Fevers and the like other times this Disease followeth from a source of Humors mixed with the Blood and imported by the Carotide Arterie into the substance of the Uvea and enlarging the Pupil of the Eye And other times the hole of the Uvea is amplified by a quantity of the aqueous Humor extending it and rendring the Pupil more large The external causes enlarging the Performation of the Uvea may be some stroke or fall or retention of the Breath which is common to Women in Travail to promote the birth of the Child If this Disease proceed from a dry distemper of the Tunicle it doth denote Restorative Medicines in a Hectick Fever as also Emollient Medicines to be applied to the Eye as a Decoction made of Mallows Marshmallows Eye-bright c. If the Pupil of the Eye be too much enlarged by Blood and Recrements extending the Uvea Purging and Bleeding are very proper and afterward Astringent Medicines may be administred to corroborate the Eye and lessen the Foramen of the Uvea made of Red Roses dried and Prepared Tutty Bole-Armenick Dragons Blood put in a Nodule and infused in Red Rose water of which being squeesed some drops may be instilled into the affected Eye If the enlargement of the Pupil proceed from a stroke fall or any other way of Contusion Bleeding and Clysters may be advised and in case of an Inflammation such Medicines may be used which have been propounded heretofore in the Opthalmy as also a Pultice may be applied to the Eye made of Bean-Flower Leaves of Plantain Red Roses dried with a sufficient quantity of Rose-water and afterward some drops of Pidgeons Blood may be instilled into the Eye which is very good in all wounds and contusions of the Eyes If the Pupil of the Eye be over-much contracted The over-much contraction of the Pupil it cannot give a due reception to visible Objects which are best seen in this case in a well enlightned Medium When the Perforation of the Eye is over-much lessened the Sight is rendred dim and only capable of seeing Objects directly opposite to the Eye and those that are placed laterally cannot be discerned If the Eye be long versed in a place full of bright Rays of Light it is for ced to contract its Pupil to shut out the radiant beams which else would wholly confound the Sight The unnatural contraction of the hole of the Uvea sometimes is derived from the birth and other time from too much moisture imparted in the substance of the Uvea and from the defect of the watry Humor of the Eye whereupon the Uvea sinketh and its Perforation is lessened CHAP. XIV Of the Diseases of the Watry Humors of the Eye and their Cures THE watry humor of the Eye when it recedes from its natural disposition is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latines Suffusio The increase of the aqueous humor of the Eye is called Suffusio when the aqueous Liquor is encreased in dimensions whereby the dilatation of the Pupil of the Eye is enlarged or when it offends in quality as it is rendred more gross it is most properly called Oculi suffusio proceeding from some Recrements of the Blood destilling out of the Terminations of the Carotide Arteries and spoiling the native purity of the watry humor Galen is of an opinion that this Disease may be derived from the condensation of it but this is very rare and is most commonly produced from the afflux of other gross Humors the Suffusion of the Eye is vulgarly called Cataracta A Cataracta of the Eye which is very improper as the word denoteth a violent and steep descent of Water which cannot happen in the Eye This Disease may truly be accounted The causes of the said Disease as relating to the watry humors of the Eye as it is disaffected by gross Humors rather than Vapours seated between the Cornea and Cristalline humor Some Physicians assigne another cause of a Suffusion which is only spurious and floweth as they conceive from Vapours of the Stomach and other parts of the Body disaffecting the Eyes which seem to represent the Phantasms of Fleas Flies and Spiders Webs flying up and down in the Air but the most common and true cause of the Suffusion of the Eye doth not come from Vapours but excrementitious parts of the Blood ousing out of the Extremities of the Carotide Arteries inserted into the Uvea into the watry liquor of the Eye which groweth more and more discomposed in its function as the aqueous Humor is more and more incrassated by the recrements of the Blood Sometimes this Disease may take its rise in some part from a gross Liquor destilling out of the Termination of the Nerves implanted into the Uvea into the watry liquor of the Eye and is more rare than the other cause arising out of the recrements of the Blood This Disease admitteth many discriminations from the greater or less grosness of the offensive Matter or from the quantity of it or from the part affected In reference to the various degrees of thickness of the Recrements the Sight is more or less offended In the beginning of the Suffusion the Humor is thin and transparent and giveth less disturbance to the Eye And in the increase and state of the Disease the Recrements of the Blood grow more condensed and opace so that the visible Object cannot be duly or not at all received into the aqueous and Cristalline Humor of the Eye And as the quantity of excrementitious Liquor of the Eye is more or less shaded the Sight is lessened or abolished In relation to the part aggrieved the Humor either affecteth one part of the Pupil and then the whole Object cannot be discerned and if
many fine and strong Articulations peculiar to the Skull which is obnoxious to many wounds of which every one admitteth variety of kinds The most General Wounds are Five in number called by the Latines The five wounds of the Skull Fissura Contusio Ossis depressio Sedes and Contrafissura The First is described by Hipocrates de Capitis Vulneribus after this manner 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Os sub vulnere finditur ossique rimam habenti siquid fissum fuerit Collisionem accedere necesse est A Fissure of the Skull is produced by some heavy blunt Weapon The cause of a Fissure or by a fall against some hard Body or by a Stone a piece of Timber or the like by which the natural unity of the Skull is violated as parted by a fracture into two or more Bones which keep their natural situation in reference to depression This Fracture hath many kinds some broad or narrow The various kinds of Fractures others long or short some crooked or straight others superficial or deep some Fractures penetrate only one Table and others the Meditullium and both Laminae of the Skull In order to discover whether both Tables are broken The manner how to discover a Fracture the Patient may stop his Nostrils and shut his Mouth and make a strong expiration whereupon the detained Breath will have recourse to the Brain and swell up its substance and Membranes whereupon will ensue an Exudation of a frothy Moisture and sometimes of Blood or sanious Matter so that the manner of the Fracture may be discerned when the Skull is laid bare which is necessary in wounds of the Skull After the Scalpe is removed from the Skull by the incision of the Muscular Skin and Pericranium which must be divided from the Skull The Skull is to be laid bare in wounds else proper Medicines cannot be applied and presently after this Chirurgical Operation hath been celebrated Medicines must be administred to stop the immoderate flux which often happens in this case and requireth the assistance of a Skilful Chyrurgeon and if the Skull be broken into small pieces they must be taken away with proper Instruments as not apt to be healed If the Skull be broken so that it is necessary either to be Trepaned The Trepan is to be applied in wounds of the Skull or lifted up being depressed or to be scraped in some case the Pericranium must be removed from the Skull which as being fixed by numerous Membranes is hardly effected and accompanied with great pain as being a Nervous part endued with most acute sensation whereupon to prevent an Inflammation and other severe accidents Anodynes are to be applied and a digestive immitted into the wound made of the Yolke of an Egg and Oyl of Roses with this Caution That no moist Medicine do affect the sound part of the Bone but rather drying Medicines which do Conserve it in absuming all superfluous and extraneous moisture which rendereth the Skull obnoxious to be corrupted and carious And the Trepan being applied in a Fracture of both Tables A care must be had in the application of the Trepan lest the neighbouring prrts be wounded a great care must be had that the Dura Mater be not wounded And it is also worth our consideration how to demean our selves when a great flux of Blood ariseth from a broken Vessel adhering to the inward Lamina which must not be immediately stopped but be permitted to flow some time as far it is consistent with the strength of the Patient to prevent a Fever Inflammation pains and other ill symptoms The application of the Trepan being very troublesome it may be demanded upon what account it is celebrated to which I take the freedom to make this reply First That the depressed Bones in great Fractures of the Skull may be reduced to their former situation Secondly To discharge the extravasated Blood falling upon the Dura Mater in great wounds of the Skull when the inward or both Tables are broken and the Blood-vessels lacerated and that the Sanious Matter may be evacuated which often happens in Contusion of the Coats of the Brain Thirdly the Trepan is used to lay open the wounded inward parts the Dura and Pia Menynx to see how they are affected and that they may have Medicines immediately administred to them When the flux of Blood hath been sufficiently permitted upon the application of a Trepan The Blood is not immediately to be stopped upon the application of the Trepan to hinder an Apoplex Fever and other accidents Medicines may be advised to stop the flux of Blood made of the Powder of Aloes Frankincense Mastick beaten up with the Whites of Eggs and the Hairs of a Hare cut into most minute Particles After the flux of Blood is stopped the Searcloth of Vigo may be used as good in Fractures of the Skull by reason it is attractive and made up of resolving and drying Ingredients which being of a fragrant smell do refresh the Brain and also are endued with other qualities which do corroborate it and its Membranes Powders of a drying nature Drying Powders are proper in the Fracture of the Skull The second wound of the Skull called Contusio is described by Hypocrates or a corrosive nature may be used to the Skull as Aloes Frankincense Dragons Blood Mastick Myrrhe c. The second wound of the Skull is called by the Latines Contusio by Hipocrates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is described by him after this manner in his Tractat. de Capitis Vulneribus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Contundi autem Os potest Osse naturaliter se habente ut rima nulla ad ossis contusionem accedat atque hic alter modus est At Contusionis plures sunt formae Nam plus aut minus altius per totum Os contusio pervadit aut minus alte neque per totum Os ampliorem aut minorem tum longitudinem tum latitudinem occupat Sed nulla earum qualinam specie aut quanta magnitudine existat Oculis dijudicari potest Namque enim ubi quid Contusum est malum accessit statim sub ipso vulnere Contusio oculis est Conspicua ut neque rimae quaedam quae procul a Fisso Osse longius excurrunt A Contusion of the Skull is made by a Collision of one hard Body violently encountring another wherein the outward Surface remaineth entire according to Sense and the inward position of Parts The cause of a Coutusion of the Skull receiveth an alteration whence the Bone is forced more inward and its parts are lodged more close and contracted The kinds of a Contusion so that there seemeth to be Two kinds of Contusion in the Skull The one is when the more outward parts have a recourse inward not admitting a change in the Figure of their Surface The other is when the outward Table is depressed and loseth its former Situation and Form by
large Arterial Duct is framed carrying Blood from one region to the other Ut autem variarum inter se inosculationum ratio magis elucescat eo nomine latex purpureus e sinistro Cordis thalamo per elatiorem aortae truncum rivulos carotidum interiores in diversas cerebri oras impellitur priusquam plagas a natura institutas obtinuerit ut sanguinis particulae ad earum miscelam magis exquisite comminuerentur ne ingens laticis purpurei Torrens in varios partium rivulos longo itinere peragendo per flexuosas cerebri ambages elanguesceret inde calore sanguinis nimium defervescente Spiritus Animales paupertini quasi emortui collabascerent nisi a ramulis ab utroque latere obviam euntibus per varias arteriarum Anastomoses reviviscerent Alia autem forsan validior est Anastomoseωυ ratio subnectenda quam sanguineus latex per minutos cerebri ductus huc illuc expaciet vario incidens tramite eandem assequitur metam ita ut uno sanguinis canali sive per compressionem a partium incumbentium tumore aut aditu per obstructionem a crassis humorum faecibus pericluso novus statim suboritur ita ut arteriae in una cerebri ora a nimia sanguinis copia interceptae a liberioribus alterius ductibus resarciantur alterius lateris carotides utriusque pensum absolvant eodem ritu vertebralibus arteriis graviori humorum sarcina laborantibus obstetricat natura carotidum ductibus in utroque latere perclusis vertebrales earum supplent vices e contra quicquid in obstructis vertebralibus deficiat a patentioribus Carotidum rivulis compensetur Ac tam venarum quam arteriaum par habenda est ratio sanguiductus congeneres cum vasis affinibus faedus ineuntes ita ut venae cum venis inosculationes celebrentur eo nomine institutae ut venae jugulares unius lateris a lenta viscida humorum illuvie occlusae ab apertioribus venis tanquam lateris alterius vicariis suppleantur ne forbius quae regerendi sanguinis provinciae designantur omni ex parte perclusis motu ejus versus praecordia humorum interventu intercepto cerebrum sanguinis inundatione premeretur unde delirium stupor obmutescentia tanquam gravioris Apoplexiae Prodromi exoriantur Now having Treated of the Anastomoses of the vessels of the same Tribe and Family Arteries with Arteries and Veins with Veins I intend now to discourse the inosculations of the Vessels of several Tribes how they and their offspring espouse each other how Arteries make a near union and converse with Veins and inosculate with each other in the Dura and Pia Menynx And of this Opinion are diverse Learned Anatomists as Dr. Willis Dr. Highmore and others of great note but upon a diligent and curious search it will clearly appear to a disinteressed person not prepossessed with prejudices That although it may be easily granted the Carodite Arteries are often in conjunction with the Jugular Veins The Arteries do not inosculate with the Jugular Veins both in the Membranes and substance of the Brain yet this union of the Arteries and Veins will not amount to an Inosculatiâ—n but only to an Association and the reason why diverse Antient and Modern Anatomists have been drawn into this Belief that the Vessels in their several Divarications sometimes passing over one another sometimes accosting each other are so firmly united and espoused that the Arteries and Veins will not suffer a Divorce unless a great violence be offered to them and then hardly quit each other without a laceration of their Coats But to put a period to this controversy and begging the pardon of those Learned Men I humbly conceive this strict association of the Arteries with Veins in the Crassa and Pia Mater to be no true Inosculation because there cannot be found by the use of any Instrument as Probe or Brissel or the like any perforation interceding the Arteries and Veins whereby they can hold any intimate correspondence whereby the Purple streams may be communicated to each other which is necessary according to worthy Dr. Highmore's Opinion who asserteth in many places of his Anatomy of the Brain That the circulation of the Blood is performed both in the Membranes and the Brain it self by many Anastomoses of Arteries with Veins But this Opinion needeth no farther dispute when it plainly contradicteth Autopsy for in Sense as yet it cannot be found that there are any common passages which intercede the Arteries and Veins to convey the constant current of Blood from one to the other without being transmitted from the extremities of the Capillary Arteries through the Membranes to the Capillary Veins But it may be easily proved experimentally That there are many Inosculations with Vessels of the same kind either Arteries with Arteries or Veins with Veins each of them hold an intimate commerce with other by one common Chanel by which the united Arteries and Branches have frequent Perforations running one into another and accordingly transmitteth vital Liquor so that if by any extraordinary accident the constant entercourse of Blood should be intercepted in One Two or more great Branches of Arteries it may readily be supplied by the Inosculation of subsequent Arteries which may be experimentally proved with no less wonder then delight by the repeated injections of White Wax mixed with Cinnabar and other Liquors into any one of the Trunks of the Carotis Interna in either side of the Brain and forthwith the Branches of the Carotides in both sides as well as the prime vertebral Arteries shall participate of the Wax and Liquors A Person of Eminence and Worth being dead and his Body Dissected his Mesentery was discovered to be highly Ulcerous and his Skull being taken off and his Brain inspected one side seemed as it were to be putrefied and Cavities of the Vessels almost wholly shut up and the course of Blood in that fide totally intercepted so that it seemed very strange he did not labour under a Delirium or Privation of his Intellectual or sensitive Functions being not afflicted with any Soporous Indisposition But on the contrary when he was sick he was very clear in the exercise of his Reason and Sense to the time of his Dissolution which was occasioned by corrupt Blood wholly stopped in one side and the stream more strongly carried on into the Vertebral and Carotide Arteries of the other fide which were doubly enlarged by the great Rivulets of Blood impetuously flowing into them CHAP. XXXIII Of the Pathology of the Membranes of the Brain AS to the Pathology of the Brain as affected with Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers an Epilepsie and Pains The inflammation of the Membranes of the Brain is caused by stagnation of Blood The causes of an Inflammation of the Coats of the Brain impelled by a violent pulsation of the internal Carrotide Arteries into the substance of the Coats in so large a proportion that the minute Extremities
more noble Utensil of the Medulla Spinalis as a part of eminent use in reference to Sense and Motion produced by numerous Nerves the out-lets of the pith Another Use of the Spine may be to strengthen the stately pile of Man's Body speaking the Great Wisdom of the Omnipotent Architect in keeping its frame in an erect posture The Second Use which giveth it State and Beauty by lifting up our Head as an elegant Orbe the palace of Virtue and Science graced with a fine Frontispiece of the Face seated upon the top of the joynted Column of the Chine framed of many Vertebers wrought in rich carved Works of various Processes A Third Use of the Chine as it is composed of many Joynts is to give the Trunk of the Body the advantage of moving inward The Third Use in bowing or stooping performed by the Musculus Psoas which being much assisted by the weight of the Body and Head the Trunk is brought forward by the Musculi mastoeidei which by their joynt Contraction do bring the straight posture of the Vertebers of the Neck to a kind of Arch by which we speak our consent and reverence The Fourth Use A Fourth Use of the fine System of Vertebers as adorned with many Sinus and Processes is to give entertainment to the Muscles of the Loins Back and Neck in various allodgments and from these numerous Spondyles the said Muscles for the most part have their Originations from and insertions into them And these Vertebers being strong and solid Bodies are the Center of Muscular Motion performed in the Trunk of the Body and Neck and are also the Hypomoclia of the erect posture of the Body which is celebrated by the Tensors of the Loins Back and Neck overpow'ring the weight of the Body till they bring it to an equal ballance The chief part of Pathology concerning the Vertebers of the Spine The Pathology of the Chine is Luxation and principally as most fatal beyond the rest is that of the first Verteber of the Neck wherein the Two Apophyses springing out of the inferior Region of the Occiput start out of their proper Sinus engraven on each side of the Medulla Spinalis The Luxation of the First Verteber caused by some great stroke or fall or some other severe accident whence the upmost Verteber being forced forward out of its proper place compresseth the Spinalis Medulla Larynx and the Musculi Cephalopharyngaei and Sphenopharyngaei and stoppeth the passage of the Aspera Arteria and hinders the Apertion and Dilatation of the Gulet attended with the loss of Sense and Motion afflicting almost all parts of the Body according to Hipocrates in his Book De Articulis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Quod si superiori Spinae parte magis in anteriorem partem inclinatio fiat The cause of the Impotence and Stupor of the whole Body totius corporis impotentia stupor contingit I humbly conceive this to be the ground on which the meaning of this great Oracle of Art was founded Because the Brain is the fountain of nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits residing in it whence their streams do flow out of them into the Origen first and afterward into all parts of the Medulla Spinalis whereupon a Luxation being made in the upper Vertebers of the Neck immediately followeth a compression of the beginning of the Spinalis Medulla and the Head of the current of nervous Liquor being dammed up and the influx of Animal Spirits intercepted all the numerous pair of Nerves springing out of the Medulla Spinalis and afterward branched into the Muscles of the Trunk and Limbs of the whole Body grow stupid in Sense and faint in Motion upon a universal relaxation of the Spinal Nerves And the Luxation also of every Verteber of the Neck being near akin to the first The Luxation of the Vertebers of the Neck as running the same fate is accompanied with horrid symptomes of lost Respiration and Deglutition produced by the dislocated Vertebers of the Neck compressing the Aspera Arteria and Aesophagus wherein the Breath Speech and Motion of the Aliment through the Gula are intercepted by a violent crushing the Aspera Artera and by hindring the Contraction of the Musculi Aesophagi But the most common and less dangerous Luxation is that of the Back The Luxation of the Vercebers of the Back which laboureth under diverse kinds wherein the several dislocations of the Spondyles of the Back do hinder the various motions of the Vertebers and happen when they are wrinched out of their proper seats either outwardly inwardly or laterally toward the Right and Left Side caused by violent strokes falls and overmuch inflections of the Back and in Infants by the imprudence of Nurses in over-straight and unequal Swathings and in Women by overmuch Lacing their Bodies In the Dearticulation of the Back called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A kind of Luxation of the Back called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Vertebers are turned out of the proper stations toward the ambient part of the Back which carrying the Origen of the Ribs with the annexed intercostal Muscles outward do hinder their free playing producing a difficulty of Respiration But if the dislocation be made inward named by the Antients 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is more dangerous Another kind of Luxation of the Back styled a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because by compressing the Spinalis Medulla Pleura Lungs the Aorta Vena Cava with the Heart it self it doth intercept the motion of nervous and vital Liquor and according to the various parts compressed produceth a Stupor and Paralysis in some and faintness and want of vitality in others The Luxation of the Verteber of the Loins made inwards But if a Dislocation of the Vertebers of the Loins be made inward there happens a frequent suppression of Urine and other Excrements a coldness of the Feet and Legs which do at last extinguish the purer flame of Life warranted by Hipocrates in his Book De Articulis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 At quibus e casu aut illabente aliquo pondere vertebrae interiorem in partem obliquantur Great Luxations of the Vertebers of the Loins are attended with death and if they be less they are accompanied with suppression of Urine iis quidem plerumque vertebra non adeo multum ab aliis recedit sive vero aut una aut plures multum excesserint hominem velut ante dictum est interimunt cum in anguli non in circuli flexum haec dimotio fiat iis igitur Urina stercus magis quam quibus exteriorem in partem gibbus fit supprimitur pedesque at crura tota magis perfrigeantur potiusque ista quam quae dixi mortem afferunt The Sense of this great Author is as I conceive that upon some slight accident the Verteber is not much displaced but upon a more violent assault one or more Vertebers are much
the determinate shapes and sizes of it And the substance founded in diverse parts of which the Brain of Fish is composed as also the disproportion and analogy it holdeth with that of a Humane Brain and the variety of Brains of Fish wherein every Brain differeth from it self as well as the Brains of others in reference to its Processes adorned with diverse Figures and Magnitudes which to clear up it will not be impertinent to give a description of the Brains of various Fish with some remarks upon them As to the First production of the Brain of Fish and other Animals The first Formation of the Brain of Fish I conceive it is derived from saline Particles accompanied with a fluid viscid Matter easily concreted so that the seminal juyce out of which the Brain of Fish is generated is primarily a fluid transparent Liquor which afterward growing more solid loseth its transparency when it is coagulated by saline parts in which the plastick virtue is chiefly founded by whose mediation the loose Texture of the first rudiment of the Brain is consolidated into a firm Cortical and Medullary substance every where interspersed with variety of Tubes and Fibres which in the Brain of Fish do not constitute one entire uniform Body The Processes of the Brain of Fish is sometimes regular other times irregular The cause of the different Figure of the Processes but many some time irregular and other times regular minute Prominencies set off in great variety of Geometrical Figures and Magnitudes which take their first conception and birth from the greater and less proportion of seminal Liquor impregnated with several Salts which are the cause of the manifold figuration of the distinct Processes because different Animal Salts as well as Mineral do shoot their diverse parts of Semiminal Liquor into great variety of curious shapes and sizes And I humbly conceive that the end of the Figures of various protuberancies of the Brain of Fish The end of the different Figures of the Brain of Fish may be deduced from hence That they being chiefly orbicular or oval are most capacious as receptive of the greater number of Globules resembling Glands as being Systems of several kinds of Vessels and if the Processes be endued with many Angles they are instituted by Nature to fill up the spaces interceding the neighbouring Prominencies which is contrived with great Artifice to contain much in little The substance of Fish The substance of the Brain of Animals is framed of many Globules Fowls and other Animals is framed of a number of Globules as so many minute Bodies of various Figures and Magnitudes so curiously conjoyned one within another by the interposition of thin Membranes that they seem to constitute one entire Fabrick These Globules as I guess are collective Bodies The nature of these Globules consisting principally of nervous Fibrils and some Arteries and Veins and perhaps Lymphaeducts which will be worthy a curious search because it may not be altogether unreasonable to imagine where so many nervous Filaments are seated they may be accompanied with Lymphaeducts in the Brain as well as in other parts of the Body These various Globules being as I conceive a great company of greater and less Tubes and Fibres framed in a kind of greater or less Arches one seated under another in a beautiful order the greater being placed near their ambient parts and grow less as they approach the inward Recesses of the Processes and in their Colour and Figure much resemble Glands The Globules of the Brains of Fish are much alike to Glands and may truly deserve this appellative as being consigned to the same use with them to percolate the Liquors of the Brain and render it fit for the generation of Animal Juyce which may be produced after this manner The Succus nutricius being in association with the vital Liquor when it is transmitted into the body of these cortical Globules the purer part being secerned and impregnated with volatil Salt is afterward received into the Origens of the nervous Fibrils and so by degrees conveyed through all the Processes of the Brain The Brains of Fish may claim our consideration The Analogy of the Brain of Fish with that of Man as they declare the great Power and Wisdom of the Almighty Architect in reference to the difference they have from and the Analogy with Humane Brain in which they correspond in the Coats of the Dura and Pia Menynx investing the Processes of the Brain and in the Cineritious and White Medullary substance of it and in the partitions between the Processes The partitions interceding the Processes supply the defect of Anfractus which are substituted instead of Anfractus as so many allodgments of Vessels and some Fish as a Skait Thornback and Flaire have a sort of Anfractus seated on the sides of the posterior Processes And the Humane Medulla oblongata and Spinalis have some semblance with those of Fish in point of Figure The division of the Medulla oblongata and Spinalis and have a division all along the middle of them so that they appear to be Two Medullae oblongatae and Two Spinales clapped together and some do seem to be one entire Body without any seam in the midst but others to be composed of many minute Processes out of whose sides do spring a great number of Nerves The Nerves of Fish do sprout out of the numerous Processes of the Medulla oblongata made up of diverse Filaments closely united by thin Fibres investing a pulpy substance the same with that of the Brain the Nerves being so many elongations of it as consisting of diverse Coats encircling a Medullary Body The Brain of a Dog-Fish called Canis Cacharius in Latine is very remarkable as being a clammy glutinous Matter very transparent The Brain of a Dog-Fish is made of a viscid transparent Liquor in which I discerned the optick and motory Nerves relating to the Eyes as also the olfactory and other pairs of Nerves belonging to Muscles endued with a soft White substance swimming in a viscid Liquor The Nerves do seem to swim in this Liquor which was all the Brain I could discover in this voracious Fish and among the Fish I have Dissected which have been very numerous I never met with a Brain wholly liquid as not at all coagulated into any Processes The Brain of a Carp and Bream being composed of many Protuberancies beautified with diverse shapes is encircled with a transparent Matter resembling the Lytharge of Gold The transparent Matter encircling the Brain of a Carp and Bream c. The colour of this Liquor but the Brain of this kind of Dog-Fish which I apprehend to be a Sharke is wholly of a viscid nature of which the more ambient parts are hued with an Ash-colour and the more inward Recesses are adorned with bright transparent colour from which as from the Medulla oblongata in other Fish the Trunks
and Sinus in the Medulla of the Brain and by tearing in pieces the tender Fibrils do interrupt the due progress of the Nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits closing in a doleful Catastrophe of an Apoplectick Fit Renowned Webster giveth an instance of this case An instance of an Apoplexy happening in an old Woman of Seventy years which being quickly taken away by an acute Apoplexy and her Skull being taken off he discovered a large Cavity in the stance of the Brain reaching forward toward the Forehead and upward to the Processus Falciformis and much backward toward the Occiput and downward beyond the middle of the Brain The longitude of this unnatural Sinus was Four Inches in breadth Two and half in depth and Eight in length containing near a pound of extravasated Blood that had issued out of the lacerated carotide Arteries which did not proceed from any outward accident as this profound Author saith there having been no contusion or fracture discoverable in the Skull but I conceive from the greater source of Blood protruded out of the larger Carotides into the smaller Capillaries branched into the Medulla which had been more and more dilated by the Rivulets of Blood till the coats of the Arteries were over-much distended and thence growing thinner and thinner at last cracked in pieces and the streams of confined vital Liquor were forced through the breaches of the Arterial Coats into the substance of the Brain and made great Furroughs and Channels in it and by tearing up the Medullary Filaments did divert the natural course of the Animal Liquor and Spirits from the Nerves A Daughter of Mr. Lewis one of the Navy-Office Another case of an Apoplexus a Person of a Plethorick Constitution was highly afflicted with a great Head-ach which afterward degenerated into a Sopor and was much alleviated upon Blood-letting and then she fell into a Rheumatisme placed in the Muscular part of the Limbs And in order to ease her I designed to open a Vein a second time but was prevented by the importunate dislike of her Friends giving an advantage to her distemper to re-assault her Brain with a fresh pain of her Head accompanied afterward with a great Sopor whereupon I made a Prognostick That the distemper would determine as I apprehended in an Apoplectic Fit unless she was relieved by an immediate opening a Vein which I conceived the proper means to preserve her but her Friends highly interposed and hindred my intention of Bleeding her whereupon in a few days the Sopor grew more violent attended with a Stertor and then the Patient falling into a violent Apoplectick Fit died in Twelve hours And after a competent time her Head being opened the Coats of the Brain were swelled and a large quantity of serous Matter was found in the substance of the Brain As to the cause and progress of the Disease The cause and progress of this Disease I conceive it to be after this manner Free Rivulets of Blood overcharged with serous Particles being impelled out of the Carotides into the Membranes and substance of the Brain produced the Head-ach and Sopor which were much mitigated upon Bleeding whereupon the Blood freely retired from the Brain by the Jugulars into the Cava and Chambers of the Heart and thence was carried upward again by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and subclavian and axillary Branches into the Limbs causing great pains in the Shoulders and Arms and at the same time another portion of Blood was conveyed downward by the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Iliack Arteries into the Thighs and Legs which being reconveyed by the Iliack Veins and ascendent Trunk of the Cava into the Ventricles of the Heart and from above by the axillary Veins and descendent Trunk of the Cava into the Sinus of the Heart and from thence again a quantity of Serous Blood was impelled by the Aorta and Carotides into the Coats and substance of the Brain highly compressing the Filaments and thereupon wholly suppressing the descent of the Animal Liquor into the roots and bodies of the Nerves Another cause may be assigned of an Apoplexy The immoderate use of Opiates may produce an Apoplexy seated in the Cortex of the Brain the immoderate use of Opiates as Learned Webster would have it by too great a dilatation of the pores of the Brain exposing it to a violent incursion of ill humors brought along with the Blood and giving a disturbance to the regular motion of the Animal Liquor But I humbly conceive with the leave of this Learned Author that Opiates do rather obstruct and shut up the Pores of the Brain then immoderately open them and make ill impressions upon the Animal Liquor and by incrassation and fixation of the Spirits in taking away their volatil airy elastick Particles do unbrace the natural Tenseness of the fibrous parts of the Cortex and by consequence do take away the vigor of the Nerves of the whole Body whence the motion of the Heart groweth weak from its distorted Fibres attended with a great difficulty of Breathing flowing from the flabby Fibres of the intercostal Muscles proceeding from the nervous Liquor dispirited by Narcoticks Mrs. Jane Reynolds a young Gentlewoman being passionately in love and not succeeding well in her Amours as she conceived took Twelve pills of Opium in so many Cherries An instance of an Apoplexy produced by Opium every Pill as I apprehend contained about Ten grains of Opium an hour after she had taken the Pills she began to be dozed and giddy and although an hour after she swallowed the Pills she took great quantities of Oil and Medicines to provoke Vomiting yet without success she being hard to vomit in time of her health and upon this sad occasion the Fibres of her Stomach were so stupified and relaxed by the Opium that they could not contract themselves to expel the Vomit Two hours and less after she had taken the Opium a great Stupor seized her Brain Opium stupified and relaxed the Nerves and rendred the Muscles of the Gula so Laxe that she wholly lost the use of it being not able to swallow and immediately after was afflicted with a great difficulty of breathing which grew higher and higher so that the Muscles of the Scapula were drawn in to the assistance of the intercostals and Diaphragme which being not able of themselves to perform their duty in respiration were attended with a high Stertor which was more and more aggravated from Twelve at Night till Five in the Morning about which time Nature being too much over-born quitted all farther contests Two hours after the Head being opened and the Brain being divested of its coverings the carotide Arteries did much exceed their natural Dimensions and their spaces of the Vessels swelled with undue proportions of Blood though a good quanty of it was discharged by the venous Ducts into the Third Sinus full of Blood which the Head lying low was
are easily thrown into irregular Motions upon an immoderate affluxe of nervous Liquor The Second Reason may be because Children have an ill mass of Blood as wanting Respiration in the Uterus whereupon the Blood having but a slow motion for want of Air is not well depurated from Recrements in the Colatories of the Liver Kidneys c. so that it groweth gross and faeculent as often oppressed with saline and sulphureous Particles which vitiate the Animal Liquor and Spirits and highly discompose the tender systeme of Nerves seated in the Brain Viscera Muscular and Membranous parts of the whole Body The impurity of the Blood vitiating the Succus Nervosus which is contracted in the Uterus plainly appears because in the Month many Red spots commonly called the Red Gum do beset the Cutis and are the Efflorence or foul parts of the Blood secerned from the more refined in the outaneous Glands transmitted through the excretory Ducts into the Cuticula And if the coming out of these Recrements somewhat resembling the Measles be stopped these foul Humors have recourse to the Glands of the Palate and Tongue wherein they produce the Apthae which are small Ulcers of the Oral Glands discharging the foulness of the Blood which being cured by astringent Medicines repel the serous and saline parts of the Blood whereupon they having a recourse to the Brain do spoil the Nervous Liquor and make the Animal Spirits very unquiet productive of Convulsive motions beginning in the upper Apartiment which are afterward imparted to the other parts of the Body The Blood of Embryos being vitiated in the Womb is sometimes thin and serous and other times more gross and viscide The Blood of Embryos is depraved in the Vterus which do both participate of divers kinds of preternatural Salts and Sulphurs which being of a Fermentative nature as consisting of Heterogeneous Elements endeavouring to subdue each other are very much exalted in Children presently after the Birth by the nitrous Particles of Air whereupon Nature being highly aggrieved by the disputes of contrary Principles of the Blood endeavoureth when they cannot be mutually reconciled by a happy harmony to throw them from the Center to the Circumference by greater and smaller Arteries terminating into the cutaneous Glands wherein the offensive Recrements being severed from the more benigne and vital parts of the Blood are discharged by excretory Ducts into the Cutis and Cuticula which giveth a great ease and repose to Nature and often prevents Convulsive motions The Blood is debased as a secretion is not duly made in the various Glands both of the Cutis and Viscera and the Blood is often oppressed with so great a quantity or so ill a quality of ill Humors that Nature is not able to make a secretion of faeculent from its more profitable parts in the cutaneous Glands or those of the Kidney Liver and other Colatories of the Blood whereupon the Blood is transmitted from the Heart by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and internal Carotide Arteries into the Cortical Glands of the Brain wherein it tainteth the nervous Liquor which is first carried into the Extremities of the nervous Fibrils lodged in the Cortex and afterward into the fibrous Compage of the Corpus Callosum Fornix Corpora Striata Medulla oblongata Spinalis and thence by many pairs and plexes of Nerves into all the Viscera and Muscular parts of the Body wherein the Succus Nervosus and Animal Spirits being acted with flatulent heterogeneous elastick Particles do unnaturally puff up the Filaments of Nerves and render them unquiet till they have quitted their load by many violent concussive motions which I humbly conceive are performed after this manner The manner of Convulsive motions by various expansions and contractions of Nerves wherein the restless Animal Spirits residing in the Nervous Liquor infested with turbulent elastick parts do insinuate into the narrow Interstices of the Filaments constituting the Nerves and enlarge their spaces and puff up the body of the Nerves whereupon their Filaments being sensible of their burden do highly contract their enlarged Interstices to expel the unquiet Animal Liquor and Spirits and to reduce themselves to their former posture and repose as most agreeable to nature The causes productive of Convulsive motions The First head of Convulsive motions may be chiefly reduced to Two Heads the First may be whatsoever doth raise the immoderate Fermentation of the Blood which may proceed in sucking Children from the Heterogeneous parts of the Nurses Milk endued with nitro-saline or sulphureous Elements or from too large a quantity of Milk received from the Breast into the Ventricle of the Child endued with acide saline Particles vitiating the concoction of the Aliment which being conveyed through several kinds of Milky vessels into the mass of Blood which is rendred highly fermentative by contrary principles proceeding from the ill concocted Chyle which being associated with the vital Liquor is transmitted by the carotide Arteries into the Glands of the Cortex wherein it infecteth the Succus Nervosus and its more refined parts the Animal Spirits with elastick flatulent Particles highly discomposing the fibrous Compage of the Brain and other parts of the Body with violent agitations As to the Second Head The effervescence of the Blood is very much increased by ill Air. or cause of Convulsive Motions the effervescence of the Blood is also much intended by the heat and ill qualities of the Air and by the changes of the new and full of the Moon which do promote the undue Fermentation of the Blood chiefly founded in Heterogeneous Particles and different Elements producing great Contests and undue intestine Motions in the Blood which being transmitted to the Brain confound the Animal Liquor and Spirits and give a high disturbance to its fine contexture of numerous Fibrils putting the First into various irregular motions which are afterward transmitted into the systeme of Nerves sometime seated in one place and othertimes in another Convulsive motions may also proceed from Worms and sharp Humors Convulsive motions proceeding from Worms vellicating the tender Fibrils of the Intestines which draw into consent the Plexes of Nerves lodged in the Mesentery and other parts of the Body But the Concusions of the Muscular parts of the Face Limbs Convulsive motions are originally derived from the Brain and Trunk of the Body have their Origen chiefly from the great agitations of the fibrous contexture of the Brain and seldom from the disaffections obstructions and ill coctions of the viscera by reason when the lowest and middle Apartiments of many young Children have been opened and a great inspection made into the Viscera they have found them very sound and afterward the Skull having been taken off and the Processes of the Brain viewed they have been discovered to be immersed in serous Liquor full of saline and acide Particles taking away the bounty of the Succus Nervosus and Animal Spirits and rendring
the tone of the fibrous Compage to be very laxe and unable to resist the ill affections of the nervous Liquor whence ensue diverse unnatural motions of the Fibrils of the Brain and nervous Plexes of the Viscera and muscular parts of the Body And farthermore another reason may be offered The reason why Convulsive motions do flow from the Brain that the Blood and serous Liquor infecting the Brain are a great cause of Convulsive motions by reason Fontanels in the neck and blistering plaisters applied to it and Leeches set under the Ears do take away much of the serous Humors oppressing the Brain and divert the motion of Blood which are experimentally found very conducive to the alleviation and Cure of Convulsive motions in Children Thus pro modulo meo I have given a History of Convulsive motions that torture Children chiefly in the Two or Three first Months arising out of an ill mass of Blood contracted in the Womb consisting in Heterogeneous and contrary Elements raising a high fermentation in the vital Liquor which afterward infecteth the Succus Nervosus and Animal Spirits with nitro-sulphureous flatulent and elastick Particles causing expansive and contractive motions in the nervous Filaments of the fibrous Compage of the Brain and other Plexes of Nerves seated in the Viscera Muscular and Membranous parts of the Body which often prove fatal And though nature be so strong as to conquer these terrible motions in the first Months yet she is obnoxious afterward to great danger in reference to violent Convulsive motions associates of a Fever and proceeding from the breeding of Teeth Convulsive motions proceeding from Fevers produced by pains in the breeding of Teeth All Children having Fevers in breeding of Teeth are not always afflicted with concussions of muscular parts as having oftentimes good Constitutions and a laudable mass of Blood and a well-disposed Animal Liquor and Spirits and a firm tone of the Systeme of Nerves whereupon they are not obnoxious to Convulsive motions But the great pains of Dentition in an ill habit of Body and laxe Compage of Nerves I humbly conceive are the immediate cause of a Fever and Convulsive motions proceeding from an Inflammation of the Gums produced by Blood stagnated in the Interstices of the Vessels tumefying the said parts and compressing the branches of the Fifth pair of Nerves seated about the roots of the Teeth offended also with saline and acide parts of serous Humors vellicating the nervous Fibrils endued with a most acute Sense And the Teeth themselves enlarging their dimensions in Dentition The reason why Children are very much disturbed in Dentition do squeeze the Nerves and highly discompose their tender frame by their hard substance which growing more and more in hight do compress and cut the Membrane encircling the Gums which is a contexture of nervous Fibrils and is derived as some will have it from the Dura Menynx of the Brain so that this fine integument of the Gums is a composition of nervous Fibrils which being squeezed and cut by the rise of the Teeth growing upward must necessarily produce great pain and often Convulsive motions drawing the fibrous Compage of the Brain and muscular parts of the Eyes Face Lips Limbs and Viscera into consent attended with violent Vomitings Diarrhaeas Lypothymys Syncopes c. which are very terrible to behold in young Children not able to express themselves The Fever attending the breeding of Teeth is produced by great pain the associate of an Inflammation proceeding from Blood setled in the Gums which maketh a great effervescence in it of which some part endued with heterogeneous fermentative Elements being returned by the Veins to the Heart causeth a Fever partly taking its rise from the over-hasty motion of the Blood made by the Convulsive motions of the Muscles violently compressing the Arteries And Children are not only subject to Convulsive motions in the Two or Three first Months after their Birth and in the time of breeding of Teeth but also in other years of their Minority which is chiefly derived from an ill disposition of Blood consisting in heterogeneous fermentative Elements which having recourse to the Cortex of the Brain doth fill the Succus Nervosus and the Animal Spirits with flatulent elastick Particles producing various agitations of the Nerves caused by the repeated dilatations and contractions of their Filaments acted with many grand efforts to discharge offensive Matter giving a high disturbance to nature The Blood The Blood is the cause of Convulsive motions as spoiled by ill Diet. The Blood is corrupted by the ulcered Glands of the Viscera producing Convulsive motions the chief antecedent cause of Convulsive motions is debased by ill Diet by Aliment hard of digestion or by Milk degenerating into a Curd by the acide Ferment of the Stomach whereupon it rendreth the Milk Acide and sometime the Chyle is corrupted by bilious Recrements and an ulcerous Matter derived from the Ventricles or putrefied Glands of the Mesentery The Blood also is corrupted in its passage through the ulcered Glands of the Spleen Liver Pancreas Kidneys or the putrefied substance of the Bladder Uterus Diaphragme Pleura Mediastine Lungs c. whereby the vital Liquor being vitiated by a purulent Matter is carried up through the Carotide Arteries into the Cortical Glands wherein the nervous Liquor and the Animal Spirits become infected and produce great disorderly motions in the fibrous Compage of the Brain and the plexes of Nerves belonging to the Viscera Muscles and Membranes The ill mass of Blood is rendred more fermentative by ill Air in Fenny ground by the heat of the Sun and by changes of the Moon and by the malignant influences of the Planets which do debase the Succus Nervosus and its Spirits and render them turbulent and unquiet so that they discompose the tender Filaments of Nerves and put them upon violent and unnatural agitations highly afflicting the whole Body Having given an account of the unpleasant â—cenes of this Disease consisting in various storms of concussive motions of several parts of the Body my Taske at this time is to propound a means how these Tempests may be allayed that a pleasant calm may ensue The Cure of this Disease requireth a good method of Physick and the care of a Learned Physician prescribing proper Medicines and by reason Blood hath a great share in the cause of Convulsive motions Applications of Leeches to the Jugulars are very proper Cephalick Powders may be given in Cephalick Waters Three or Four Ounces may be taken away by the application of Leeches to the Jugular Veins and afterward Cephalick Powder may be advised made of Paeony roots Misletowe of the Oak Coral Pearl and the like given in a spoonful of a Cephalick Julape prepared with Black-Cherry Water or Water of Lime-Flowers Lily of the Valley Paeony Rue-water to which may be added a small quantity of Compound Paeony or the Antiepileptick water of Langius near akin to the
former and let it be sweetened with the Flowers of Lime Paeony or Lily of the Valley If the Child Suck Cephalick Medicines may be given to the Nurse Cephalicks may be advised for the Nurse if the Child Suck made of the Roots of Paeony and the Seeds of Goats Rue and Caraway boiled in Posset-drink As also an Electuary made of Conserve of Lime-Flowers Lily of the Valley Sage Paeony to which may be added the Powder of Missetowe of the Oak Paeony roots Castor made into a due Consistence with the Syrupe of Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley drinking after it an Apozeme prepared with the Roots of Angelica Paeony Flowers of Betony Rorismary Lime Lily of the Valley and after its strained it may be sweetned with the Syrupe of Paeony or Cowslips Powders may be advised for the Nurse composed of the roots of Valerian Powder for the Nurse White Amber Misletowe of the Oak of the hoof of a Bufalo Castor c. mingled with White Sugar and given in a spoonful of the Apozeme prescribed drinking after it a good draught of the same And to an Infant may be given Black Cherry or Rue Water A Cephalick Julape for a Child mingled with Compound Paeony or Compound Briony-water or with some drops of Spirit of Lavender or Spirit of Hartshorn and the like sweetned with some Cephalick Syrupe Amulets of the roots of Paeony Castor Amulets of the shavings of the hoof of a Bufalo mixed with Oil of Nutmegs by expression may be hung about the Neck of the Child troubled with Convulsions Blistering Plaisters are very proper in Convulsive motions If the Infant be actually in a Fit a blistering Plaister may be applied to the Nucha or to both sides of the Neck The Cephalick Plaister without Euphorbium or of Galbanum may be applied to the Feet The Powder of Gutteta according to Rivier The Powder of Gutteta or one compounded of a Humane Skull of Pearl of the hoof of a Bufalo c. may be given in a few grains in the following Julape made of Black Cherry simple Paeony or Goats Rue-water mingled with a small quantity of Antiepileptick Water of Langius and sweetened with the Syrupe of Lime-Flowers The roots of Valerian Paeony Lime-Flowers c. Infusions of Cephlicks may be infused in Canary and being strained off may be given in a very small quantity with White Sugar-candy or a Distillation may be made in a Glass retort with the heat of Sand of the roots of Valerian Paeony Lime-Flowers vitriol of Hungary the Skull of a Man in Compound Paeony water and the distilled water may be given in a small quantity sweetened with Syrupe of Betony or Lime-Flowers or if it seem to be too strong it may be allayed with the simple water of Paeony or of Lime-Flowers or of Lily of the Valley Some of the Gall of a Sucking Puppy taken in a small quantity of simple Paeony-water or of Lily of the Valley may be very proper in Convulsive Fits Oil of Castor Bathing the Chine with Spirits or Oil is of great use Leeches applied behind the Ears are good in Dentition As also blistering Plaisters Anodynes and Narcoticks are good in violent pains of the Teeth Medicines good for to destroy Worms Amber mixed with the compound Spirit of Lavender may be very proper to anoint the Chine of a Child afflicted with Convulsive motions In Convulsive motions proceeding from breeding of Teeth Blood may be taken away by Leeches set behind the Ears and Blistering Plaisters may be applied to the Nucha or sides of the Neck and Anodynes and Narcoticks may be used in violent pains of the Teeth whereupon the Gums may be rubbed or cut with some sharp instrument to make way for the eruption of Teeth In reference to Convulsions coming from Worms Rubarb infused in Wine Beer or Ale may be proper or some grains of Calamelanus given in extract of Aloes or with Rubarb mixed with some very few grains of Jailape In a Child of a strong Constitution and of some years Wormseed or Salt of Prunel Tartar or any bitter or salt Medicine will destroy Worms A Plaister made of Colocynth A Plaister may be applied to the Navel in this case Aloes macerated in juyce of Wormwood the Gall of an Ox all mixed and embodied with Bees-wax may be applyed to the Navil of the Child CHAP. LXXIII Of the Palsey THE noble Compage of the Brain being a systeme of numerous fine Fibrils branched through the Cortex Corpus callosum Fornix Corpora striata Nates Testes Medulla oblongata Cerebellum and its Processes and through the Medulla Spinalis as an elongation of the Brain These innumerable minute Fibrils of the Brain Cerebellum The Fibrils of the Brain and Cerebellum are composed of many Filaments In the exercises of Sense and Motion the Fibres are rendred tense and Medulla Spinalis being the constituent parts are framed of many small Filaments whose Interstices are receptive of the Animal Liquor and Spirits by whose spirituous and elastick Particles the Fibrils are rendred plump tense and fit to exert the acts of Sense and Motion which are also imparted to the Nerves of the whole Body as so many outlets of the Brain and the continuation of its fibrous Compage the first Origen and rudiment of all nervous Divarications overspreading and invigorating all the Apartiments of the Body with their select Liquor and their more refined Particles giving Sensation motion and nourishment The Faculties relating to the said Operations are lessened depraved The lessened or abolished or depraved Functions come from errors of the Brain or abolished by the errors of the Brain as being a systeme of innumerable Fibrils containing the nervous Liquor and its Spirits giving vigor and tenseness to the fibrous frame of the Brain and its appendices which are chiefly hurt in reference to Sense and Motion in Two disaffections either as they are depraved by Convulsive motions or when pain ariseth in point of Sense The Function of Sense or Motion are lessened or abolished in the Palsey The descriptiâ—on of a Palsey or when the Functions of Sense and Motion are very much lessened or abolished in a Palsey causing an impotency in the Limbs when the fibrous parts of the Brain and Limbs lose their vigor and tenseness A Palsey may admit this description That it is a resolution or relaxation of the fibrous Compage of the Body proceeding from defect of a due tenseness of the nervous Filaments whereupon the Faculties of Sense and Motion cannot exert their due operations in some or all parts of the Body A resolution happens to the nervous parts when the Succus Nervosus The cause of the resolution of the Nerves and its spirituous Particles are denied an access to the fibrous parts of the Brain Cerebellum and Medulla Spinalis or when the Animal Spirits losing their due volatil or elastick parts do not influence the Nerves with
due Spirits and Tenseness especially when they are affected with high Narcotick steams which despoil them of their laudable temper and tone The motive Faculty is impeded or abolished The motive Faculty is hindred when the Origen of the Nerves is obstructed by reason the Origens of the Nerves are obstructed in the Cortex or their progress in other Processes of the Brain Cerebellum or Medulla Spinalis or in the Trunks of the Nerves and their diverse Plexes and divarications The origination of the Nerves The Origen of the Nerves may be stopped by a gross nervous Liquor may be obstructed by the grossness of the Succus Nervosus as not being capable to be received into the beginning of the Interstices relating to the nervous Filaments constituting the body of the Nerves The grossness of the nervous Liquor may arise from a thick faeculent albuminous part of the Blood the Materia substrata of the Succus Nervosus The cause of a gross nervous Liquor or when the cortical Glands being not well disposed as having too large extravagant Vessels or Pores are not able duely to percolate the more thin mild Particles of the Blood from its more gross parts whereupon the thick Animal Liquor is not capable to insinuate it self into the Origens of the fibrous parts of the Brain The Origens of the Nerves are straightned by the Tumors of the adjacent parts which are also rendred too close and straight by the swelling of the neighbouring parts coming from the cortical Glands by a quantity of extravasated Blood in Inflammations or of serous Recrements in a Hydrocephalus in a Hydropick constitution of the Brain compressing the Origens of the nervous Fibrils in the ambient parts of the Brain And not only the Origens of the minute nervous Fibrils in the Cortex The progress of the Fibrils may have their Filaments over-close but the progress of more large Fibrils in the Medulla oblongata and Medulla Spinalis may have the spaces of their Filaments so closely conjoyned to each other by a quantity of Blood or Pus or by the tumors of the adjacent parts that the current of the Animal Spirits is intercepted whereupon the adjoyning Nerves grow flaccid and unfit for Sense and Motion A Palsey also may arise from a Solution of the unity of parts The solution of the unity of parts may be a cause of a Palsey when the fibrous Compage of the Brain is wounded or affected with a great blow or by Concussion when the order of the fibrous parts of the Brain is perverted as it hath the Fibres too much separated or too closely united dashing one against another A greater or less obstruction or compression of the fibrous parts of the Brain often produceth an Apoplexy Carus Lethargy Hemiplegia and when the Paroxysmes of these Cephalick Diseases are gone A Palsey often succedeth an Apoplexy The cause of the Palsey how it is more or less universal a Palsey often succeedeth sometimes affecting one other times both sides of the Body so that sometimes one or more Limbs and other times the Limbs of the whole Body are disabled in point of Motion As the matter of the Disease is more or less imparted to the Nerves of the Brain Cerebellum and Medulla Spinalis so the parts affected are not only rendred destitute of Motion but of Sense too in some cases And if some curious persons be so inquisitive The cause why Sense remaineth when motion is taken away as to be informed of the reason why the Sense remaineth where motion is taken away this may be offered in point of their satisfactions that Physicians have assigned some Nerves to celebrate the act of Sensation and others to motion but if this Opinion be not satisfactory as being improbable because all Nerves are endued as well with Sense as Motion I will presume to give the courteous Reader another Reason which may seem more probable that the act of motion is more difficult and laborious as supposing an action whereas Sensation intimates only a Passion which is more easy then the other and may be performed by a sensible impression continued from the common Sensory by the continuation of the coats of nervous Filaments propagated from the Brain to the Medulla Spinalis and other parts of the Body But Motion is accomplished by a higher nixus of the Nerves requiring a greater quantity and more refined Animal Spirits expaâ—ding the nervous Filaments and rendring them plump and stiff in order to motion The Compression of the Corpora Striata The Compression of the Corpora Striata hinder the progress of the Animal Liquor may arise from some extravasated Blood or serous Recrements outwardly crouding the Interstices of the Filaments relating to the Corpora Striata whereupon the progress of the nervous Liquor and Spirits being checked the Nerves grow relaxed and their motion abolished The Medulla oblongata The seat of the Palsey and the elongation of it the Medulla Spinalis may be the seat of the Palsey when the Fibrils of the said parts are obstructed inwardly by some gross Matter or outwardly by the compression of some stagnated Blood or faeculent Humors or by the Tumors of some adjoyning parts sometimes this disaffection is placed in the Nerves Sometimes this Disease is seated in the Nerves without the Brain without the limits of the Brain Cerebellum and Medulla Spinalis either in the Trunks or smaller Branches of Nerves stopped by obstruction compression or by solution of their unity Whereupon the progress of the Animal Liquor and Spirits is interrupted and the Filaments of Nerves become loose and flabby as having lost their tenseness a requisite condition of the action of the Nerves Immoderate Cold being a great enemy to the nervous Cold as incrassating the nervous Liquor may be the cause of a Palsey as well as vital Liquor doth incrassate the Animal Spirits so that they loose their volatil and elastick Particles and are rendred unfit to invigorate the Nerves in reference to Motion The immoderate use of Opiates which being taken too frequently The immoderate use of Opiates may cause a Palsey and in too great a quantity doth vitiate the I one of the Animal Spirits an dits energetick disposition which is also produced by the venenate Fumes of Minerals So that Miners working in Mineral Earth are affected with the steams of Antimony Mercury and Auripigmentum or Arsnick which cause Tumors in the Limbs as also sometimes a relaxation of the Nerves whereupon ensueth a paralytick distemper taking away the use of the Muscular parts the proper Engines of Motion For the most part the Brain is not only affected but the Medulla Spinalis and sometimes the Cerebellum is concerned by serous Recrements diffused between the Skull and the Coats of the Brain which afterward fall down and compresse the Fistula Sacra or Silver Cord The Palsey may arise from the Compression of the Medulla Spinalis A quantity of
Valley Peagles Betony Fumitery mixed with Species Diambrae Powder of Red Coral Crabs Eies prepared Pearl Crabs Claws made into an Electuary with the Syrupe of Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley drinking after it a draught of Milk-water made with the Leaves of Betony Water-cresses Brook-lime Ground Pine Cowslips Mountain Sage of the Flowers of Lime Lily of the Valley Sage Rorismary distilled with Milk in a Rose Still And in this case Apozemes an Apozeme may be given made of China Sarza-parilla shavings of Ivory and Harts-horn infused and boiled in Water in the Colature may be infused the Flowers of Betony Cowslips Lime and Paeony to which being strained Syrupe of Lime-Flowers may be added A Palsey taketh its rise from a Scorbutick indisposition of Body spoiling the Albuminous part of the Blood the ground of the Succus Nervosus and its more refined Particles This indisposition is regulated by proper Antiscorbuticks Antiscorbutick Juyces made of the juyces of Garden Scorby-grass Brook-lime Water-cresses Auranges which being depurated per residentiam may be given in a proper Milk-water made of Antiscorbuticks and Cephalicks distilled in a small proportion of White Wine mixed with a large quantity of Milk in a Rose Still Electuaries Antiscorbutick Electuarics made of the Conserve of Garden-Cresses Chervil Water-Cresses Garden Scorby-grass prepared with the Powder of Egg-shels Red Coral Pearl Ivory Crabs Eies made into the Consistence of an Electuary with the Syrupe of the opening Roots drinking after it a good draught of a Diet-drink A Diet-drink prepared with China Sarza-parilla Ivory and Hartshorn shavings Raisins of the Sun stoned and in the Liquor being boiled and strained may be infused the tops of Pine and Firre and the Colature being strained may be sweetned with the Syrupe of Cowslips or Lime-Flowers Pills made of testaceous Powders Millepedes formed into Pills Pills made of Millepedes and of testaceous Powders c. A Diet-drink with Venice Turpentine may be proper in a Scorbutick Palsey drinking after it a draught of Diet-drink made of China Sarza-parilla c. as above Or a Decoction made of Ground Ivy and Antiscorbuticks and Cephalicks of Mountain Sage Water-cresses Brookelime Flowers of Betony Paeony Sage Rorismary c. Diaphoreticks may be of great use in this Disease Diaphoreticks are very useful in a Palsey as Sweats do depurate the Blood and Succus Nervosus produced by Diet-drinks of Sarza-parilla China c. or by testaceous Powders Spirits and Extracts of Guaicum Flowers and Spirit of Salt Armoniack succinated Salt and Wine of Vipers Diaphoretick Antimony Bezoartick Mineral c. drinking after them a good draught of a proper Diet-drink Mercurial Medicines productive of Salivation Some propound Mercurial Medicines in a stubborn Palsey are propounded by some in desperate and habitual Palseys which method of Physick may prove fatal in weak Bodies as Mercurial Medicines highly infect the Brain Spinal Marrow and Nerves And last of all when universal evacuations have been administred Topicks may be applied when universal evacuations have been made Topicks may be applied made of Spirit of Wine in which the Flowers of Sage Rorismary Lavender may be infused As also Balsomes mixed with Oil of Fox Worms Castor the Queen of Hungarys Water with which the whole Spine is to be annointed and afterward covered with Flannel The Paralitick parts are to be warmly clothed with Furrs or the like And at other times when Ointments are not applied the Spine and Resolved parts may be invested with several sorts of Furrs which much cherish the relaxed and weakened Limbs CHAP. LXXVII Of the Scurvey HAving Treated of many Diseases relating more particularly to the Head I will conclude its Pathology with a Disease which may claim the Appellative of Universal The Scurvey is a kind of universal Disease as it not only affecteth the nervous Liquor and its more refined Particles the Animal Spirits but their subject too the fibrous Compage of the Brain lodged in the highest Apartiment and all the Viscera the choice housholdstuff of the middle and lowest story of the Body That the nature of the Scurvey may be rendred more clear I shall endeavour to give a History of its Subject Causes and Symptomes in order to a Cure As to its Subject I humbly conceive it is originally seated in the Stomach The First seat of the Scurvey as it taketh its rise from an ill Concoction producing a crude Chyle which being not well prepared in the Ventricle maketh an ill mass of Blood indisposing the Viscera as not receiving a due percolation in them whereupon the Blood is debased and depauperated as affected with gross sulphureous and saline Particles unduely exalted so that the vital and nervous Liquor being vitiated and dispirited do produce a Complication of Diseases seated in many parts of the Body commonly called the Scurvey an Imperial Malady attended with a great train of Symptomes In the highest a partiment it produceth great and periodical pains The Symptomes of the Scurvey in the Head as now and then affecting the coats of the Brain with a hot and ill mass of Blood and sometimes Drowsiness and othertimes Watchfulness Lightness of the Head Convulsions a Palsey in several parts of the Body caused by an ill Succus Nervosus the companions of this Disease are also Ulcers of the Tongue and Palate coming from sharp Recrements of the Blood depurated in the oral Glands spued out by the excretory Ducts into the skin of the Tongue and Palate which are often bedewed with a quantity of salival Liquor causing frequent Spittings attended with Ulcers of the Gums looseness of Teeth and an ill savour of the Mouth stenched with corrupt serous parts of the Blood corroding the Gums and their ligaments loosening the Teeth from their repositories whereupon they grow laxe and sometimes drop out of the Mandibles The parts of the middle Apartiment in the Scurvey The Symptomes of the Scurvey in the Thorax are afflicted with great Stiches and shooting pains of the Sides and Sternon arising from sharp Particles of Blood torturing the Pleura and Mediastine The Lungs also often labour of a great difficulty of breathing briskly endeavouring by often repeated acts of Respiration to pump the gross mass of Blood from one Cistern of the Heart through the pulmonary Artery and Veins into the other whereupon the Heart being often oppressed with too great a source of thick dispirited Blood is highly discomposed with disorderly pulsations Palpitations The Symptomes of the Scurvey in the lowest Venter Lypothymies Synocops c. The Viscera also of the lowest Apartiment are highly anoyed in this Disease The Stomach laboureth of nauseousness belchings vomiting pains proceeding from sharp and pituitous flatulent Recrements floating up and down in the Stomach the sad consequents of an ill concoctive Faculty proceeding from ill Ferments The Hypocondres are often afflicted with inflations and croakings which arise from Wind passing down the Guts often productive
Chronick Diseases take their first rise whereupon in such cases it is proper to mix Antiscorbuticks with other Specifick Medicines that relate to particular Diseases As to the Cure of this Malady The Antients Opinion concerning the seat and cause of the Scurvey The Spleen is ofâ—â—n sound in the Scurvey An instance of a sound Spleen in a person dying of the Scurvey the Antients conceiving it to proceed from a melancholy Humor seated in the Spleen have directed all their Medicines to the relief of that part but upon Dissection it hath been found that Patients labouring of many symptomes of the Scurvey as cutaneous Spots Scurfs Tumors Ulcers wandring pains of the Limbs spontaneous Weariness looseness of the Teeth and bleeding Gums have had sound Spleens Learned Horstius giveth an account of this Tom. 2. lib. 9. Obs 4. Ait alle Nobilis Bavarus annorum 36. Corpulentus lassitudine spontanea maculis lividis nigrescentibus in ulcera degenerantibus in cruribus brachiis affectus quae omnia longe ante gingivarum sanguinolentia exulceratio praecesserat ita ut non dubitandum quin scorbuto confirmato laboraret in quo post mortem lien sat inculpatae Coâ—â—stitutionis viscus sanguinem referens inventus fuit Sometimes in this Disease the Stomach Some Symptâ—mes of the Scurvey and their Aetiology Guts are oppressed with vomiting of Blood and Black Stools mixed with it which proceed from a hot faeculent mass of Blood of which some part is thrown by the Caeliack Artery into the Cavity of the Stomach and discharged again by Vomiting and Black Blood is also transmitted by the mesentery Arteries into the Intestines which disburden themselves by bloody Stools and other times the Spleen is swelled and the Liver scirrhous and the mesentery enlarged by tumefied Glands A person of mature age endued with a melancholy Constitution An instancâ— of the said case as having a Black swarthy visage often bound in his Body making a deep coloured Urine highly tinged with choler somewhat resembling that of Fevers was often disturbed with nauseousness belching and a pain of his Stomach and with a bloody Spittle and Bleeding ulcered Gums and sometimes with bloody Stools and a Tumor of the Groin and Belly these symptomes were much alleviated by Antiscorbutick Medicines for some time and then returned again and were attended with more dreadful accidents of discharging extravasated Black Blood out of the Stomach and Intestines by Vomiting and Looseness which gave a period to his Life His Belly being opened The Caule is often iâ—flâ—med and corrupted and the Pancreas scirrhous in the Scurvey the Stomach and Guts appeared to be very much distended with Wind and being opened they were found to be lined with Black Blood spued out of the terminations of Caeliack and mesenterick Arteries implanted into the inward coats of the Ventricle and Guts The Liver being Dissected appeared to be hard and schirrous and its substance of a deep Red colour resembling a fleshy substance his Spleen was very much tumefied with gross extravasated Blood and the Mesentery was beset with many tumefied Glands and the mesaraick Vessels were rendred so obscure by many Glandulous Tumors that they could be scarce discerned The Caule is often rendred First inflamed and afterward ulcered and putrid proceeding from a quantity of extravasated corrupted Blood setled in the interstices of Vessels and the Pancreas is sometimes disaffected with many scirrhous Glands proceeding from a viscide Blood full of concreted saline Particles A Person of Honour some years before his death was anoyed with a faetide Tast in his Mouth coming from excoriated Gums and other Ulcers of his Mouth and looseness of his Teeth which were the attendants of ill Viscera the causes of great sickness determining in death His Body being opened the Caule was found stinking and putrid An instance of a corrupted Caule and scirrhous Pancreas The seat and cause of the Scurvey and his Pancreas full of indurated Glands and the Mesentery deformed with many Black varices of Blood-vessels I conceive the first seat of this Disease is the Stomach flowing from an ill concoctive Faculty of Aliment proceeding from ill Ferments of the Stomach as endued with acide saline Recrements which infect the Alimentary extract rendring it sometimes crude and other times full of earthy saline parts which being carried with the Chyle into the Mesentery do render the Glands of the Mesentery swelled and the gross Chyle being associated with the Blood and not well assimilated into it is carried by the Caeliack Artery into the Stomach and maketh Nauseousness Belchings Vomitings c. and being transmitted into the Guts produceth Diarrhaeas Dysenterys accompanied with great gripes The original of the Scurvey being an ill Chyle The original of the Scurvey is an ill Chyle proceedeth à Laesa Concoctione whereupon Vomiting and Purging are very proper to disburden the Stomach of the crude reliques of Concoction and of bilious and saline Recrements the ill Ferment of the Stomach which hinder the concoctive Faculty and vitiate Aliment And after the Stomach is discharged of its troublesome guests of saline and Sulphureous Recrements bitter corroborating Medicines may be advised which repair the Tone of the Stomach The Cure of the Scurvey as it is a complication of many Diseases seemeth to claim a method of healing satisfying various Indications but for order and brevity sake they may be reduced to Three which are common to those of other diseases The preservatory relating to the cause of the Disease the Curatory which hath regard to the Disease and its Symptomes and the Vital which preserves the strength of the Patient In the First entrance into the Cure our great intention must be to take away the cause of the Disease which being rectified the Effect the Disease will fall The cause of the Scurvey The great cause of the Scurvey is a Discrasy of the Blood consisting in the ill constitution of Blood is chiefly founded in the gross sulphureous and fixed saline Particles depressing the volatil and spirituous whereupon the vital Liquor groweth depauperated as not having good Elements producing a bad Fermentation which that it may be regulated requires the utmost endeavours of Art consisting in a good Diet Chyrurgery and Pharmacy In reference to Diet A good Air much contributeth to the Cure of the Scurvey a good Air must be advised near a dry ground free from gross cold vapours vitiating the pure nitrous and elastick Particles of Air which spoil the Blood in the Lungs and take off much of its fine Scarlet Dy. And the aethereal Particles enobled by the benigne influxes of the Planets do mixe with the masticated Aliment in the Mouth and help the concoction of the Stomach by advancing its Ferments and by opening the Compage of the Aliment in order to the extraction of a nutricious Tincture which much dependeth upon good Food Good Aliment is one expedient to cure the Scurvey The Colatories
how the whole Systeme of Vertebers are turned into Bone 1060 How the Vertebers of the Chine grow bony and how the various Processes of the Vertebers are adorned with variety of shapes and sizes and how their articulations grow more firm after the Birth 1061 The Chine is straight after Birth in order to progressive motion and the Figure of the parts of a Verteber is various and how the Processes are seated in the outside of the Vertebers after the manner of Carved work and of the oblique ascendent and descendent Processes and of the Dentiforme Process and of the Fistula Sacra a Cavity of the Chine in which the Medulla Spinalis is lodged 1062 The Epiphyses of every Verteber and their perforations and how the external parts of the Vertebers are solid and the inward more spungy and the Ligaments of the Vertebers are strong and semi-circular 1063 A description of the Verteber of the Chine called Atlas and of the Sinus of the first Verteber and of the Dentiforme Process 1064 and of the Verteber of the Chine called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of its Verteber named Axis and of the motion of the Musculi superiores inferiores turning the Face in several postures The Vertebers of the Chine belonging to the Back and of their Processes and how the body of every Verteber hath a large Sinus 1066 The Vertebers relating to the Loins and how they are eminent for thickness greatness and many perforations Ibid. Part of the Chine called Os Sacrum and its perforations and of another part of the Chine called Os Coccygis and of its substance in Infants 1067 The various uses of the Chine 1068 The Pathology of the Chine and the luxation of the first verteber of the Chine and of the cause and impotence of the whole Body Ibid. The luxation of the vertebers of the Neck and the luxation of the vertebers of the Back and a kind of luxation called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and another luxation named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and how great luxations of the vertebers of the Loins are attended with death and if they be less they are accompanied with suppression of Vrine 1069 Choler and its differences 459 Choler is endued with greater or less degrees of Acrimony as embodied with acide Liquor coming from the Spleen 460 Choler acquireth grossness by its long stay in the Bladder of Gall 460 Choler being most thick is associated with the Blood and carried by the Branches of the Porta into the Glands of the Liver Ibid. Choler and its composition 46. And other times proceed from Humors 340 Chorion and its Figure and it is various in several Animals 635 The rudiment of Conception is from the embodying of both the Seeds 612 A Woman is destitute of Coytâ—dones 632 The Choroeidal Plexe is a Systeme of many parts and of its Origen Membranes and Vessels 1012 The many ranks of Arteries are accompanied with jugular Veins in this Plexe and of its use 1013 Chewing of Aliment 245 to 248. The uses of Chewing 246 Chyle how it is produced and exalted by different Ferments in various parts of the Body 26 Chylification 296 to 298 The Matter of Chylification 309 to 311 The manner of Chylification 312 to 318 The Pathology of the concoctive Faculty 319 to 328 The cure of the ill concoctive Faculty of the Stomach 325 to 328 Chyle in the manner of its production holds some Analogy with the operation of Chymestry 317 The Chyle associates with a Liquor distilling out of the Nerves in the Guts 347 The Chyle how it is concocted in the Mouth Stomach and Guts and its distribution through various lacteal vessels c. 411. And how it is assisted by the Lympha 682 Crude Chyle is not easily assimilated into Blood 135 Crude Chyle is mixed with Blood in the Heart 135 The Connivent Valves of the Guts 350 The concoctive faculty of the Guts is made by the bilious and pancreatick Liquors as Ferments 363 The manner how th◠〈◊〉 is cocted in the Guts 365 The depraved concoctive Faculty of the Guts 370 The Caeliack passion cured 371 The deproved concoctive faculty of the Guts is cured by testaceous Powders 371 The Colick passion 379 Colick passion is distinguished from the pain of the Kidney 380 Colick passion proceeding from an inflammation of the Guts 381 Colick pains arising out of the acrimony of Micous Matter of the Guts 347 Colick pains derived from sharp Humors lodged between the Coats 381 Colick pains coming from the inflation of the Guts 383 Colours of the Face Colours discerned by touch 864. And the causes of White and Red in the Face 865. Different colours are produced by Light allayed with various shades 864 Colours of the Face proceeding from several Liquors 865 Colours seem to be derived from Light sporting upon the Protuberancies and Cavities of Bodies 895 Concretion proceeding from Acide Liquors 426 427 Of Convulsions and Convulsive motions and of their difference and remarkable instances of great Convulsions 1171 How Convulsive motions are nearly related to Convulsions and of their difference taken from their causes and how they are derived from the Brain 1172 The nature of Epileptick Convulsive motions and their subject Origen and how the middle and terminations of the Nerves are concerned in Convulsions 1173 The Procatarctiok and continent cause of Convulsive Motions 1174 Of Convulsive motions in Children and how they affect various parts and the reasons why they are subject to this Disease and of the Blood of Embryos depraved in the Womb 1185. and how it is debased by a due secretion not made in the Glands of the Cutis and Viscera and of the manner of Convulsive motions and of their causes 1186. and how they proceed from the Brain and of their Reason and how they proceed from Fevers 1185 The reason why Children are subject to Convulsive motions and how the ill mass of Blood concurreth to them 1188 The application of Leeches may be made to the Jugulars and of cephalick Waters Powders Apozemes Amulets Blistering Plaisters Powder of Gutteta and Cephalick infusions 1189 The Bathing of the Chine with Spirits and Oil c. are very proper in this Disease 1190 Corpus callosum and how it may be divided from the Cortex and how the two Hemisphaeres are united in the Corpus callosum and of the Rise Connexion Figure and of the use and substance 1008 The Corpora striata are Origens of the Medulla oblongata and of their Connexion and Figure Streaks and Vse and of their structure and how they are the Origens of the Medulla Spinalis 1015 Corrosive Salt of Steel do precipitate the acide juyces of the Body 311 A Cough and its causes Prognosticks and Indications 838 839 840. And its Cures 849 Of a Chincough and Convulsiv motions 849. And their causes Indications 850 851 852 853 Creeping of Animals which is performed by moving their Bodies on the ground and making many Arches 127 The first
kind of creeping may be Vndulation 128 The second kind is Fluctuation Ibid The third kind of creeping may be made by extension and contraction 128 Creeping made by Spines as in Serpents 129 Creeping made by one great Arch 131 Creeping made by Traction 132 The Cuticula and its production and how it is repaired 47 Cuticle and Bark of Trees 51 Cuticle and Bark of Plants 52 53 D. THe deferent Vessels being an elongation of the seminal Ducts and their origination and insertion 528 Deferent Vessels are in part receptacles of Semen 531 The deferent Vessels or Oviducts of Women 593 to 603 Deglutition and its Diseases and Cures 260 to 264 Of the Delirium and its seat and how it is a Symptome rather then a Disease 1139. and of its Causes and Cure 1140 Delirous dispositions may be illustrated by Chymical Liquor extracted by Distillation 1147 Dense parts in Bodies 13 14 Diarrhaeas and Dissenteries are suppressed by Astringents in the Small Pox 62 Difficulty of Breathing proceeding from Chyme lodged in the substance of the Lungs 320 Dissimilar parts 26 Diseases determine through the Skin by a free Perspiration 48 Drink being made of subtle saline parts is scon cocted 309 Dropsy 166. And how it cometh from an exuberant Liquor contained in the Pericardium In Dropsies Chalybeats are proper as refining the Blood 170 In a Dropsy a Paracentesis relieveth when the Viscera are sound 171 Dura Menynx and its part and how it is not only compounded of Blood-vessels 979 but of nervous Fibrils as proper Ingredients and the Brain of Fish is covered with a company of minute Filaments and how the Dura Mater is strengthened by numerous Filaments running in various positions 980 The Dura Mater is beset with many carnous Fibres Ibid. And of their Rise Progress and how they run counter to the Blood-vessels and how many minute Glands are in the Dura Mater among the capillary Vessels near the third Sinus and how the carnous Fibres are a cause of the motion of the Dura Menynx in Sneezing and of the description of the nervous Fibres and of its Parenchyma 981 The serous Vessels of the Dura Mater and of the orbicular Glands in its outward surface and of the Glands seated between the Coats and how the Dura Menynx covereth the Cerebellum and of its Blood-vessels The serous Vesicles of it in a Doe 980 The situation and connexion of the Dura Menynx and of its Perforation and Origen of this Membrane according to Hypocrates 982 The motion of the Dura Menynx is conceived by some to be akin to the motion of the Heart and of the Convulsive motions of this Membrane 985 Dysenteries or Vlcers of the Guts 374 E. OF the Ear and its parts and Cartilage and seat 929 The inward Ear and auditory passage the Membrane of the Tympanum and its description and external Muscle of the Ear 931 The internal Muscle of the Ear and its Tympanum and Bones 930. The Origen of the Bones and the higher and lower hole of the Tympanum and the Labarinthus of the Ear 933 A Cavity of the Ear called Coclea consisting of many Flexures and their end and the use of the Cavities of the Ear 934 The diseases of the Ear and its Cures The causes of a lessened Hearing of the obstructions of the Auditory passage and its Cure 939 The disaffection of the Ear produced by a relaxed Tympanum and of its thickness and of the Hearing vitiated by noise and of their Causes and Cures and of the inflammation of the Ear 940. and of its Cures and of Vlcers of the Ear and their Cures 941 Earth divested of saline and sulphureous Particles is again rendred fertile as inspired with Airy and Aethereal Particles 38 The Effluvia of the Blood are discharged by the extremities of the Arteries 33 The Effluvia will infect the Air at a great distance Ibid. The Effluxes of Animals Vegetables and Minerals 36 Effluxes move in a circle 37 Eggs of Beasts 643 Glands of the Membrane encircling the Eggs of Fish 656 Eggs of Birds and their different Liquors 648 Eggs of Fish 656 Eggs of Silkworms 661 The impregnated Eggs of Women are carried through the Oviducts into the body of the Womb 601 Eggs or Seeds of Plants 671 to 675 Empyema or purulent Matter lodged in the Cavity of the Breast flowing from an inflammation of the Pleura Lungs Muscles of the Larynx c. 704. The continent cause and Diagnosticks of an Empyema 705. Its Prognosticks 706 In a desperate Empyema an Apertion of the Thorax may be made between the Ribs 707 Epiglottis and its Compage and glandulous substance 815 Enterocele and its Cure 553 Epididymides 526 Epiplocele 552 Expulsive Faculty of the Stomach 329 Pathology and Cures of the Expulsive Faculty of the Stomach 334 to 344 Expulsive Faculty of the Stomach is performed by a more strong contraction of the Fibres then the Retentive 329 The first requisite of the Expulsive Faculty is the slipperiness of the inward Coat of the Stomach 329 A Second requisite of the Expulsie Faculty of the Stomach 331 The Expulsive Faculty of the Stomach is disaffected by the ill tone of its Fibres 334 The Expulsive is disordered by a compression of the Fibres of the Brain by a quantity of extravasated Blood 335 The depraved Expulsive Faculty of the Stomach made by over-contracted Fibres in Vomiting and Purging 336 Of the Eyes and their description Eyelids Muscles 876. Supercilia excretory Vessels arising out of the Cilia and diverse kinds of excretory Vessels of the Glands of the Eyes 877. And a Duct passing out of the Glandula lacrymalis into the Nostrils and of the use of the Glands of the Eyes and their Figure 878 The Muscles of the Eyes 979 The Membranes of the Eyes the Adnata Cornea and of its Figure Surface and Origen 880. Of the Uvea called Iris from its various colours and of its seat and of the Pupil of the Eye 883. And of the various Dimensions Motion the Processus Ciliares 884. And their Origen and Vses and of the Tunicle of the Eye called Retina 885 The watry humor of the Eye and its configuration and use 886 The Cristalline Humor of the Eye and of its Membrane Figure Seat and Transparency 887. The formation of the Cristalline and of the vitreous Humor 889 The diseases of the Eye-lids and of their Redness and Thickness Tumors Scabs and Causes of these Disaffections 909 The diseases of the Glands of the Eyes and their Cures of an Inflammation Abscess Vlcer and Absumption c. 910 The Excrescence of the Glands and its Cures and Epiphaera proceeding from an Afflux of Humors into the great Angle of the Eye 911 The diseases of the Muscles of the Eyes of their Resolution Convulsion Palsey and trembling motion And of Solutae unitatis 912 The diseases of the Adnata and of its Inflammation called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and another called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the Cure of an Inflammation
c. 913. And of an Unguis Oculi and its Cause and Cure 915 The diseases of the Cornea and their Cures the disaffection of the Transparency and its Causes and the Cure of an Albugo 917 The Vlcers and Rupture of the Cornea and their Cures 919 The Cancer and Cause and Applications in its beginning 919 The diseases of the Uvea and their Cures and of the too great Perforations of it called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 921. And the overmuch contraction of the Pupil 922 The diseases of the watry Humors of the Eye and their Cures and of a Cataract 923 The Prognosticks of a Suffusion and its Cures in which a Vein may be opened 924. The manner of Couching a Cataract 925 The diseases of the Aranea and the cristalline and vitrious Humor and their Cures and of the grossness of the Aranea and Rupture and of a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or ill colour of the cristalline Humor the cause of a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 926. The grossness of the Vitreous Humor 927 The diseases of the optick Nerves and the Retina and their Cures The Gutta Serena and its Causes 927 The Cure of it 928. The wrinkles of the Retina and its cause and the Density of this Coat 926 F. OF the Face Eyes Nose Lips 862. and the description of the Face and of its Lineaments finishing Lines Symmetry and Elegancy 863 Faculty and the meaning of it 290 Falciforme Process and of its Figure and Vse 983 Of the Falling Sickness and of its Names Diagnosticks description Fits and their degrees 1175 Of the subject of this Disease and how in it the Coats of the Brain cannot be every where vellicated the Nerves and the fibrous parts of the Brain are primarily concerned in Convulsive motions and of the Animal Spirits the subject of this Disease according to Dr. Willis 1176. And of its true subject and of its various Symptomes and their causes 1177. An Epilepsy coming from an Abscess Polypus and wound of the Brain and from the fracture of both Tables of the Skull 1179 A Falling sickness proceeding from an ulcered Pancreas Spleen Worms and from the diseases of the Stomach and Guts 1180 Of the Indications and of specifick Medicines in this Disease and how they operate by secret qualities 1181. And how the Cure of this disease is performed by sweetening the Blood and by corroborating Cephalicks Vomitories Apozemes Bleeding and Topicks 1182 And by Suffumigations Sternutatories Powders Conserves Electuaries Pills Apozemes Amulets Emplaisters and how Mercurial Medicines weaken the Nerves and how a Salivation may be raised in a strong constitution of Body 1183 Fat is originally oily and Fluide and afterward concreted 181 The Fat of the Caul hath many Cells and minute Glands Ibid. Fat is not produced by Heat but rather by Cold 75 Fat is not produced by nervous Liquor but by the oily part of the Blood 76 Feathers of Birds and their Analogy with Hair and description of a Quil and of a its filamentous parts and structure of a Filme its Blood-vessels and Pith and Figure of the Stemm 945. Its Surfaces and Margents and oblong and broad Filaments and Fringes of the Stemm and of the colours of Feathers and their production 946. And uses of Feathers Ferments of the Stomach some work by Secretion others by Precipitation 301 Ferments are active Bodies affected with spirituous saline and sulphureous parts exalted by heat 301 Of the nervous Liquor a Ferment of the Stomach 301 Ferments work upon some Bodies of agreeable temper though in the main of an opposite Ibid. Ferments are most in Bulk and great in Virtue 302 Ferments work in Bodies opened by airy and aethereal Particles Ibid. Ferments compounded of small Parts are easily brought into action by reason they cannot oppose the contest of contrary Agents 302 Ferments endued with Angles do more easily insinuate themselves into laxe Bodies Ibid. Ferments agreeing in Figure have a disposition to motion Ibid. The serous Ferment of the Stomach is severed from the Blood 305 Serous Liquor is ministerial to the concoction of Aliment in the Stomach Ibid. The serous Ferment of the Stomach is not acted with acide but saline Particles which is evident in the Stomach of Fish 308 The various Ferments of the Stomach do embody with the homogeneous part of Aliment and precipitate the Heterogeneous 309 Fermentation is double in concoction the first perfective in the extraction of Aliment The Second corruptive in point of excrements the reliques of Concoction 317 Fermentation doth not only consist in Acids but in mutual opposition of contrary Agents proceeding from Heterogeneous Elements 402 Ferments of the Kidneys 479 The Fluor Albus or Whites and their difference from the Menstrua 584 The cause of the Fluor Albus which containeth many kinds of Recrements 584. And how it is conveyed into the Cavity of the Womb Ibid. Natural and artificial Fermentation of Liquors how they hold Analogy with those of Man's Body 17 Artificial Fermentation in point of Aliment as that of Doe Beer-Wort c 18 19 The Fermentation in point of Aliment and the Cures of it 20 21 Fermentation in Animals hath great affinity with Vegetables 21 Various Ferments productive of intestine motion in reference to alimentary and vital Liquor 22 The different operation of Ferments some by ebullition others by precipitation Ibid. Ferments which are most potent consist of different Elements working briskly in contrary Agents Ibid. Fermentation is made by an expansive and also by a precipitating power 25 The first Ferment of Chyle is Salival Liquor in the Mouth The second are the serous and nervous Liquors in the Stomach The third is the pancreatick juyce The fourth is nervous Liquor in the Glands of the Mesentery 27 The Fermentative Power of aethereal and airy Particles advancing the Chyle and Blood of Humane Bodies 28 The descript on of a Fever and the cause of it and Borellus his Opinion 753 And the causes of a Fever 755 Fevers proceeding form a Succus Pancreaticus 759. And Fevers that are continued have no perfect intermission but remission only 759 The kinds of continued Fevers and their several steps and crisis 760 761 The nature and symptomes of malignant Fevers and how the Blood is putrefied and the bond of mixtion dissolved in them 762 And the way how infection is made 763 Of a Quartan intermittent Fever 764 And of its Cure 765 The Cures of intermittent Fevers 766. And the Cures of continued 767 A great instance of Poison imitating the types and periods of malignant Fevers Ibid. The Fibres of the Brain are implanted into the Cortex and propagate the Processes of the Brain into the Medulla Spinalis 1071. The Fibrils of the Brain and Cerebellum are composed of many Filaments 1191 The Fibrils are rendred Tense in the exercise of Sense and Motion 798 The numerous Fibrils of the Brain coagulated into Trunks about the Medulla oblongata 1085 The progress of the Fibres of the Brain 1090
And the Origen of the Nerves are straightned by the Tumors of the adjacent parts and in this Disease the progress of the Fibrils may have their Filaments overclose and the solution of the unity of parts may be a cause of the Palsey And a Palsey often succeedeth an Apoplexy and the cause of a Palsey is more or less universal and the cause why sense remaineth when motion is taken away and how the Compression of the Corpora Striata hindereth the progress of the animal Liquor and of the seate of the Palsey 1192. Of the various Causes of a Palsey 1193. A Palsey is sometimes a consequent of other Diseases 1194 As to the Cure of a Palsey a Consequent of an Apoplexy Bleeding Vomitings Purgatives Cephalick Medicines as also Vesicatories are profitable sometimes a Palsey succeeds Convulsive Motions Epileptick Fits and sometimes pains of the Stomach and Guts 1194 An Arthritis sometimes degenerates into a Palsey and how Scorbutick habits of Bodies are obnoxious to it and sometimes it proceeds à Soluta unitate Cranij 1195 A Palsey coming from a bruised Medulla Spinalis and an ill Mass of Blood is the antecedent cause of it and the locomotive faculty is lessened and abolished by the defect of animal Spirits and of the cause of tremulous Motions and of the many kinds of a Palsey 1196 In one kind the sensitive faculty is lost and the motive preserved and how the motion is taken away by the paucity or indisposition of animal Spirits 1197 The Prognosticks of a Palsey 1197 An habitual Palsey claims a peculiar Cure and a respect must be had to the Sex res Naturales In the Cure of this Disease Medicines prepared with Cephalicks Antiscorbuticks Chalybeates as also Vomitaries Purgatives Alteratives as Cephalick Electuaries Apocemes destilled Water c. are proper 1199. As also Spirits of Salt Armoniack succinated Harts-Horn Sut Blood and Tinctures of Turpentine Antimony Amber or Elixir Proprietatis Bezoar Minerale Trochises and Pills natural Baths Antiscorbutick Juices Electuaries and Diet Drinks are proper 1200 As also Pills made of Milleipedes and testaceous Powders and Diaphoreticks are also very useful and Mercurial Medicines may be advised in a stubborn Palsey And Topicks may be applied when universal evacuations have been made 1201 The Cure of Diseases relating to the Pancreas Ibid. Passio Caeliaca being the weakned concoctive Faculty of the Guts 370 The manner how purging Medicines do operate 337 The requisites of a Peristaltick motion 367 The diverse kinds of the Peristaltick motion Ibid. The Peristaltick motion of the Guts proceeding from a stupide Nervous Coate doth indicate Cephalicks 371 Perspiration being too free causeth a great faintness 57 Phrenitis how it is a high Degree of a delirium and its Description 1140. Of the essence of this Disease and in what it consists and whence it proceeds 1141 Phrenitis coming from an Vlcer of the Dura Mater and from an inflammation of the substance of the Brain and from the Plexus Choroeides 1142. And from recrements vitiating the Nervous Liquor and of the evident Causes and Diagnosticks of Phrensy 1143 The Pia Mater may be inflamed without the Tumour of the Brain 1141 Pia Mater and its Blood Vessels and serous Vesicles and the use of it 986 The Figure of this Membrane and Progress of its Blood Vessels and how it may be severed from the Brain in its putrefaction 997 And how the Arterys of one side of the Brain do inosculate with those of the other 987 The Arterys do not inosculate with the Jugular Veins 988 Pipes of the Air and sap are so many preparing Vessels seated in the Cups leaves of Flowers and Stamina 668 Placenta Uterina its Origen Situation Colour and figure 630 The Surfaces and Glands and Vessels of the Placenta 631 632 The Placenta is furnished with many Fibres and of the uses of the Placenta 634 Pleura its situation figure Connexion and Membranes 694 and its Fibres Perforations Origen duplicature making the Mediastine and uses 695 Pleurisy its description differences 700 and causes Prognosticks indications and Cures 702 703 The various kinds of Plastick Vertues in the semen 619 620 Porus Bilarius 457 458 459 Porus Bilarius and its Description and how the Branches of the Vena Porta are encircled with one common Capsula 457 The Vessels of the Porus Bilarius and Porta have no inosculation 458 The Porus Bilarius hath no Valves but only an oblique insertion into the Duodenum 458 Potâ—lent matter requireth less Concoction then esculent 309 The Small-Pox attended with a great pain of the Head and a great Cough 55 The beginning of the Measles and Small-Pox 56 and the state 57 Small-Pox and its Cure 62 to 68 Pretious Stones how they are fluide in their Origen and of their Geometrical figures and Transparences 881 882 Progressive motion relating to Man 107 115 Progressive motion of four-footed Animals 115 to 118 Progressive Motion and how it is managed by several motions of the Limbs making various angles with the Area and Trunk of the Body 106 In Progressive Motion the Foot is moved from the Heel to the Toes upon the Floor somewhat after the manner of a sphaerical Body moving upon a plain And the Heel receiving the weight of the Body in a new step and afterward the Foot being clapped to the Floor maketh a kind of acute angle with it and an obtuse with the bended Trunk and a right one with the Leg 107 Progressive Motion is celebrated by the various flexions and tensions of the Thighs Leggs and Feet 107 In Progressive Motion the center of gravity is transferred from Limb to Limb alternately 108 In Progressive Motion the weight of the Body resteth perpendicularly upon the hinder Limb and the Body being bent forward and the weight being carried beyond the perpendicular must necessarily tumble unless the center of gravity be received by the fore Limb 108 Progressive Motion being made upon diverse semicircles cannot be styled a true right motion but rather mixed Ibid. Progressive Motion and its several centers Origens Insertions and actions of Muscles 109 In Progressive Motion the upper Bones making various articulations are the centers of it 109 In Progressive Motion the Thigh is elevated by the Musculus Psoas and Iliacus Internus 110 In this Motion the Os Ilium Sacrum and Coccyx are centers of it 111 In it the flexors of the Leg put it back and in it the share Bone Coxendix are centers of motion 111 In Progressive Motion the first deportment of the fore Limb is made by the flexure of the Thigh and Leg 113 Progressive Motion in Four-footed Animals hath more centers of motion then in Bipedes 115 Progressive Motion in Brutes is formed by the decussation of the fore Limb with the hinder 115 In it in Six footed Creatures three Feet remain the Centers of motion while the other are moved Prostats their structure dimensions Vessels c. 532 533 Psora and it Causes and Cure 61 Pthisis or
structure and various Coates 224 And of its Fibrils consigned to Tasting 225 The Tongue is endued with Cartilaginous Processes inserted into the Glandulous Coat 232 The Tongue is furnished with diverse Muscles and many ranks of Fibres 226 227 Diseases of the Tongue Apthae Inflammations and Vlcers 249 Transparent Bodies 13 14 15 16 Of Transparency 308 Tumors are to be opened when they cannot be discussed 146 Tumors of an Erysipelas Oedema Scirrhus Cancer c. 147 148 149 into Tumors when hollow cleansing and drying Medicines are to be injected 147 Tympanitis 171 A Bastard Tympanitis proceeding from a Flatus lodged in the Stomach and Guts 171 Tympanitis arising from watry vapours is of a gentle emollient Nature without great pain 175 A true Tympanitis caused by a meer Flatus lodged in the Belly is veryrare 177 An instance of a Tympanitis commonly derived from wind and watry Humors 178 A strang History of a Tympanitis taken out of Smetius 177 U. VAcuum improbable 7 8 Vapours of a Malignant Nature are dispelled by saline Steems 34 Vapours the Materia Substrata of a Flatus 336 Vapours differ according to several subjects 137 Vegetables are a fine composition of Bark Wood and Pith 31 Vegetables have a thin Coate made up of many minute filaments interspersed with numerous Perforations 31 Vegetable Juices are inspired with Air 32 The Veins relating to the Heart the Veins implanted into the Cava the Annular fleshy Fibres of the Cava 787 The first production of the Veins their substance Coats and frame 788 The fleshy Fibres of the Cava the Valves and their use their Figure and Number and how the motion of the Blood is first performed in the Veins 787 The Pathology of the Veins and its Cures The Obstruction of the Veins 790. Their Compression various Tumors 791 The right Ventricle of the Heart and tricuspidal Valves 721 The left Ventricle and its Figure 722. Its furrows and mitral and semilunary Valves 723. The Fibres of the Semilunary Valves 724 Ventricles of the Brain which seem to be four but in truth are two and their seat and how they are equal to each other and how they are severed by the Speculum Lucidum 1009 The Third and Fourth Ventricle and of a sinus called Calamus Scriptorius and the round process to which the Cerebellum is affixed 1010 Salt Water found in the right Ventricle 1011 Of a Vertigo or Meagrum often a fore-runner of Sleepy Diseases and how it proceeds and of its Paroxysme and evident Causes 1135. Of the inward Causes making an irritation of the Nervous Fibrils 1136. And of the essence and of its seat and continent Cause of a Vertigo and of its manner how it is produced and as it is inveterate 1137 The Indications and Cure of this Disease 1133 The Viscera and Muscles are Systemes of Vessels 201 Voice is Organized by the Wind-pipe Larynx Arch of the Palate Gooms Teeth Uvula and Nose 236 Vomiting and Purging are performed by the various Motion of Fibres in the Stomach and Guts 329 In Vomiting the Fibres of the Stomach begin their Motion about the right Orifice and then move toward the left 330 Vomiting a kind of Convulsive motion of the Stomach 331 Vomitings are derived from Inflammations Abscesses Vlcers proceeding from ill Humors troubling the Nervous and Carnous Fibres of the Stomach 338 Vomiting coming from Poysonous Medicines 339 Vomiting coming from Colick pains and from Gravel and Stone 339 Vomiting proceeding from the Abscesses of the Intestines Mesentery Liver Caul c. 339 Vomiting and Purging Medicines Cure belchings coming from a foul stomach 344 Vreters 494 to 495 Vreters of other Animals 496 Vreters and their Pathology 497 498 The Vreters their Description Number Origen and Progress Connexion Figure Membranes and use 494 495 The Vreters and their Diseases Obstructions Ischury c. 495 The unnatural expansion of the Vreters 498 The Vrethra and its seat spungy and Membranous substance and Fibres 535 Vrine its Origen and parts 505 Vrine 505 to 509 The watry parts the Consistence Quantity and Quality of Vrine 506 The Colour and cause of Crude and gross Vrine 507 The Hypostasis and Contents of Vrine 508 The Vterus and its Vagina according to its seat magnitude substance inward surface and Carnous expansions Contracting the Orifice of the Vagina 563 564 with the Vessels and Action of the Vagina 565 566 The inward parts of the Vterus and its situation Connexion Figure 566 567 The Vterus of Women is void of Hornes and hath a simple Cavity without Cells 567 The Neck Orifice and inward Cavity of the Vterus 568 The substance of the Vterus groweth more thick in the time of the Foetus 568 The Coates and Glands of the Vterus 569 The Fibrous and Carnous Compage of the Vterus 570 The Vessels vid. Arterys Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts of the Vterus 570 Diseases of the Vterus or Womb and their Causes 608 Inflammations Carnous Tumors Abscesses Vlcers of the Womb 608 609 Gangreens Cancers Dropsies of the Vterus or Womb 610 611 Vterus of Beasts and its Vagina Orifice Cavity Connexion Glands Coats Cornua and Body 640 641 642 Vterus of Birds and of its situation Coats Glands c. 644 645 The Coats of the Vterus of Fish the Chorion and Amnios 658 The Figure of the Vterus or Womb in little Worms 660 The Vmbilical Vessels of Plants 672 The Vvula is Composed of a Glandulous substance of its use according to D. Holder 222 W. THe Weight of the Body is equally received on both Limbs in an erected posture by the Muscles put into a Tonick motion 113 Whispering 237 Wind and its Causes 177 Winds have their Origen from various Exhalations 34 Wind receiveth its different sort from variety of Vapours 173 Wind how it is produced 174 Wind proceeding from exalted Vapours caused by an intrinsick heat 174 The Wind-pipe 810 811 812 Of the Larynx or Head of the Wind-pipe and of its Figure Composition the Buckler Cartilage and its four processes 813 and the Muscles of the Larynx and the several Cartilages 814 The Wind-pipe of other Animals 816 The Wind-pipe of Birds 817 818 The Wind-pipe of Fish 819 The Wind-pipe of less perfect Animals 820 Wine contributes to the Concoction of Aliment 310 Wine turneth acide in the Stomach when its parts are brought to a Fluor Ibid. Wine is kept sweet by its united saline and sulphureous parts 310 Wine resembleth the Heterogeneous parts of Blood when extraneous Ingredients are cast into it 1204 Wine and Blood are debased when their active and spirituous principles are overpowred by gross ferments 1204 Wine and Blood are dispirited by too great an Effervescense caused by exalted Oily Particles and Wine and Blood turn Acid when the saline parts overact the sulphureous Ibid. Wine and Blood grow Mucilagenous as over fermented 1205 The Wing of Birds is extended and expanded by Muscles called Tensors and the various Motions of the Wings 948 Woman and the end of her making and manner of Production 510 The first Woman full of Beauty and perfection Ib. A Woman Created to propagate Mankind 559 Woman is Created after Gods Image and full of Beauty and Vertue Ibid. Wombs seated about the Seeds of Plants 668 Wombs of Plants are furnished with variety of Vessels 671 Cells of the Womb in Plants are filled with Congulated Liquor 671 The Motion of the Womb upward is improbable 575 The Diseases of the Womb are Inflammations Abscesses Vlcers Gangreens Cancers Dropsies c. and their Cures The Womb is not carried upwards in Hysterick Fits 612 Diseases of the Womb or Hystorick Fits attributed by Sylvius to the Pancreas 613 Wood is a Compage made of many small Tubes 31 Words 236 Y. YArd or Penis its Situation Figure Structure Nervous Bodies and their Fibres Progress and dimensions 534 The Yards spungy substance 535 The Arterys of the Yard lacerated by strong Compression 535 The Glans of the Yard and its spungy substance 536 The Prepuce of the Yard and its Fraenum and Connexion 537 The Muscles of the Yard called Erectores and Acceleratores Urinae 537 Erection of the Yard and its cause and manner how it is performed 538 Diseases of the Yard Distortion Priapisme Inflammation Vlcer Gangreen and Mortification and their Cures 557 558 The End of the Second Volume
the Saline and are kept in a state of Mediocrity or Maturity The cause of sweet Tastes proceedeth from sweet oily parts evident in ripe Fruits which is conspicuous in well ripened Fruits which being of a Vinous nature have divers Periods and Intermedial Steps before they arrive their Maturity Fruits in their greatest degrees of Crudity and Fixation Insipid tastes arise out of fixed oily indigested parts have their Sulphureous parts so gross and depressed that they have a kind of sticky and insipid taste in their first Production but afterward though by degrees the Oily parts are somewhat exalted yet they are depressed by Saline causing an Acidity which afterward is much alaied by the Vinous Oily Particles growing more exalted and in conclusion acquire a sweetness and delicacy of Taste as appeareth in Fruits perfectly ripened But a more rich unctuous and nourishing Sweetness The unctuous sweetness is derived from sweet oily well tempered Particles is derived from sweet and oily well tempered Particles having the power over the Saline this sweetness is eminent in delicious Aliment highly Nutritive as in sweet Flesh Fat Marrow Butter and the like which being well fraught with sweet oily and well Digested parts predominant over the other Elementary Bodies do render them very grateful to the Taste Soureness relating to Taste springeth from Saline parts Soure Tastes flow from Saline parts overpowring the Oily overacting the Sulphureous which evaporating in Vinous Liquors the Saline grow more and more exalted till at last they come to a Fluor and Wine Sider and the like loosing their Oily Volatil Particles do grow more and more Green and Acid and at last degenerate into Vineger And as Sweetness hath its rise from the predominancy of Oily Particles The pleasant Taste of sweet and soure may be deduced from oily and saline parts equally mixed and Soureness from Saline so there is a mixed pleasant Taste compounded of Sweet and Soure brought to a Mediocrity proceeding from Oily and Saline parts equally mixed so that one of them is not at all exalted above another and this taste in Wine is called by Italians Dulce Pickante and Multo Delicato and Gustevole which courteth our Taste with Pleasure and Delight And as there is a sweet Taste made of sweet Oily parts and soure of Saline having the superiority and also a mixed Taste made of Oily and Saline parts Rancid tastes are derived from innate rank Oâ—ly Particles well and equally embodied so there is a Rancid Taste either springing from a Primogeneal Rancid Oil extracted out of Galbanum Sagapenum and the like or from secondary degenerate Oyl where the sweet and thinner parts are exhaled and the gross and faetide remain as in Oyl excted out of Olives or Almonds Or when the purer Volatil Oyl is first drawn out by a soft heat and afterward the more gross and rancid commonly called the Empyreuma because it is forced up by most intense and violent heat of the Fire Another kind of insipid Taste Insipid tastes come from few saline and oily Parts as in simple destilled Waters c. is either produced by the defect or paucity of Elementary Principles productive of Taste as in fair and some destilled simple Waters impraegnated with very few Saline and Sulphureous Particles and in Phlegm and the Caput Mortuum which are wholly destitute of Active Principles Or also an insipid Taste may come from its Elements immersed in too great a proportion of Crude Faeces so that they cannot exert themselves as when the Salt and Oily parts are bound up in the Caput Mortuum of some Minerals and Stones so that though they be beaten to Powder yet they cannot at all affect the Tongue with any gust whatsoever Thirdly Insipid tastes flowing from crude Sulphur and fixed Salt An insipid Taste may be derived from a gross crude Sulphur and fixed Salt whereupon the Spirituous parts are so highly depressed that they can impart little or no Taste as in the first productions of Fruits as Apples Plumbs Grapes c. but afterward the Saline parts being rendred a little more Volatil the Fruits first acquire a Soureness and afterward their Oily parts are more and more exalted till they overpower the Saline and by a due Maturity do partake of a grateful Sweetness in their accomplished Perfection Having after my manner The manner of Tasting wherein sapid objects make first appulses upon the Nervous Fibrils seated in the Coat of the Tongue and are thence imported by the continuation of Nerves to the common Sense preceptive of the variety of sapid objects rudely Discoursed the several objects of Tasting and their various Productions as inwardly constituted of Elementary Principles it may be Methodical in some kind now to express how they are imparted to their proper Sensory seated in the Tongue which I humbly conceive is thus performed The sapid substance being broken into small Particles and mollified and impraegnated with Salival Liquor derived from the Glands of the Mouth communicateth its Oily and Saline Particles through the pores of the outward Membrane of the Tongue making Appulses upon the Nervous Fibrils implanted into it and from thence are carried by the continuation of Nerves into the common Sense judging and determining the outward sensible Objects which do not only make impressions upon the outward Sensory as they are inwardly constituted of Elementary Principles but also give various stroaks upon the Organs of Sensation Divers objects of Tasting are differenced by Schematisms according to their different Schematisms consisting in divers Shapes and Sizes so that the Salts the various causes of Tastes being extracted out of the simple family of Vegetables Minerals and Animals marvellously declare the Wisdom of the Omnipotent Creator in speaking the great variety of Nature clearly represented in the different and beautiful Aspects of Salts wherein we may see and admire different elegant Figures of Cubes Pyramides Cylinders Trigons Prismes and an innumerable variety of Trapezia Rhombi c. as the admirable Sportings of Nature and the Heralds of divers Tempers and Vertues relating to different Inanimate and Animate Beings Whereupon I conceive with some probability that the several distinctions of Tastes may be deduced from the various shapes and magnitudes of Salts drawn out of Vegetables Minerals and Animals Sweetness may be derived from the round Figure and well proportioned magnitude of Saline Particles And a Stiptick Soureness such as in green Fruits from a large Figure and acidity from an acute Conick crooked Figure and a sharp hot Taste as in Spices is borrowed from a slender Angular and Saltness from an Angular distorted Figure consisting of equal sides And Bitterness may be deduced from a small distorted and round shape Bitterness may be derived from a little distorted round Figure But perhaps to derive the several objects of Tasting from various determinate Figures and Magnitudes may seem more Curious then Rational And it carrieth with it
Womb. which is very improper seeing the Atrabilian Humor is not first generated in the Womb which is only occasional in point of an ill mass of Blood produced by the suppressed purgation of the Menses whereupon the vital Liquor groweth degenerate as being depressed with gross saline and sulphureous Particles which being associated with the Blood imparted by the carotide Artery into the substance of the cortical Glands doth make an ill nervous Liquor the vehicle and ground of the Animal Spirits And as to the Spleen it is vulgarly apprehended to be the subject of the Atrabilarian Humors The Spleen by divers is apprehended to be the subject of Atrabilarian Humors commonly called Hypocondriacal Melancholy by reason of the Blood being filled with many Faeces is not depurated in the Glands of the Spleen whereupon the Ferments of the Blood are spoiled and being carried with it into the substance of the Brain doth produce an impure Animal Liquor vitiating its more volatil Particles commonly styled Spirits causing a melancholick distemper Sometimes this sad Disease is conceived to be propagated from all the apartiments of the Body as in a Scorbutick habit wherein the mass of Blood hath lost its tone and bounty as being tainted with gross saline and sulphureous parts which are not severed from the vital Liquor in the various colatories of Blood the Spleen Liver Kidneys consisting of numerous Glands the systems of innumerable and various vessels the secretories of the vital Liquor from several kinds of Recrements especially as being saline and sulphureous which being not separated from the mass of Blood have a recourse to the Brain and defeat the production of good nervous Liquor and Spirits the ground of this Atrabilarian Malady This Disease sometimes proceeds from a sanious Matter in the Left Ventricle of the Heart An observation according to the said Case This Disease sometimes ariseth from a sanious and mucous Matter in the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from the Gangreen of the Liver and Spleen and from the jugular Veins full of adust black Blood A Servant of a Merchant labouring under a melancholick affection was so afflicted with a deep sadness that she perpetually wished for death always treating her self with Sighs and Tears After death the Head being opened and the Coats taken off the veins of the Brain appeared full of black Blood and the Right Ventricle of the Brain was discovered to be stuffed with Blood made up of many concreted Filaments and in the Left Ventricle was lodged a quantity of sanious mucous Matter And afterward the Thorax being opened and the Heart Dissected a quantity of black Blood gushed out and the Lobes of the Lungs were livide and being opened a sanious corrupt Matter distilled out of their substance And the lower Apartiment being laid open the convex part of the Liver was discoloured with a livide hue and the middle of the Spleen was defaced with a blewish colour about the surface and its more Interior Recesses being inspected were found to be of a laudable colour and substance This dreadful Malady sometimes proceedeth from black corrupt Humors Melancholy sometimes cometh from corrupt Humors in the Stomach lodged in the bosom of the Stomach attended with a Scirrhus of the Pylorus and a Scirrhus of the Mesentery of which some part is concreted into a hard strong substance A person of Honour being endued with a cholerick Constitution An Instance of this Case and of a thin habit of Body found a great weight in the bottom of his Stomach attended with faetide Belchings and much Flatus making a noise in its passage found the Intestines and distensions of the Hypocondres accompanied with great Fear and Sadness and deep Thoughts and a weakness of the Animal Faculty and after a proper course of Physick had been administred to satisfy all Indications according to Art nothing proved successful in this desperate Disease And after he had yielded to Fate his Body being Dissected and the distended Stomach being opened in the bottom of it was seen a black corrupt Matter resembling Ink and the Pylorus was found to be Scirrhous shutting up the passage out of the Ventricle into the Guts And the Mesentery was discerned to be also Scirrhus and some part of it was concreted by a lapidescente Juyce into a hard Matter somewhat like Stone And a melancholick distemper of the Brain may take its rise from menstruous Blood debased by gross saline and sulphureous Particles when the natural Channels are stopped in the Uterus Melancholy flowing from the obstruction of the Vterus so that it cannot be discharged monthly by the Cavity of the Body and Vagina of the Womb so that the terminations of the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries carrying Blood into the substance of the Uterus and the secret Meatus leading into the bosom of the Womb being obstructed the vital Liquor is received into the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Veins and transmitted through the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the Right Ventricle of the Heart and from thence through the Blood-vessels of the Lungs into the Left Chamber of the Heart and conveyed afterward through the common and ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the substance of the Cortical Glands wherin the Blood tainted with a fermentative and Atrabilarian Disposition and not discharged by the Uterus doth take off the purity of the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits and deprave the upper and lower Animal Functions often attended with deep sad and despairing imaginations highly torturing the unquiet minds of Patients as fancying themselves Eternally unhappy An Instance may be given of this case in a Gentlewoman committed to my care of a Sanguine Constitution who walking in the Fields presently after a free evacuation by Sweat was surprized with cold blasts of Wind shutting up the cutaneous Pores and stopping her Menstrua which were then in motion whereupon the ill-affected Blood had a recourse to the Heart producing great Fears and despairing Thoughts and quick pulsations and afterward the Atrabilarian Blood being impelled by the Carotide Arteries into the substance of the Brain did infect the Liquor and Spirits with saline and sulphureous Atomes and pervert the operations of her imagination Memory and Reason accompanied with dreadful passions rendring her most unquiet in the sad apprehensions of infernal fire and pains which all cease upon repeated Bleeding in the Foot and by application of Leeches to the Haemorrhoidal Veins and a course of cordial and cephalick Medicines perfectly restoring her by Gods assistance and blessing to the former use of all the Faculties of her reason and inward and outward Senses to the great joy and satisfaction of her Friends and Relations and the Glory of the All-Wise and Sovereign Physician of Body and Soul As to the cure of Melancholy in a general notion The cure of Melancholy is in a great part effected by the defaecation of the Blood in reference to its
antecedâ—nt cause it indicates the depuration of the Blood by making it good clear and volatil by taking away its gross sulphureous and saline Particles whis is effected by opening the obstructions of the Liver Spleen Kidneys and Uterus whose various substance are different Systemes of numerous Glands the several Colatories of the Blood And as to the discomposure of the Mind having great influence upon the Vital and Animal Liquor and Spirits we are to divert the passions of Sorrow and Fear attended with Cares and deep Thoughts with pleasant company and ingenious and merry Discourses and Thoughts by rendring them free and easy and by telling the Patient the causes of his dreadful apprehensions are removed wherupon the Melancholy immediately disappears Trallianus giveth an account of a Physician who fancied his Head to be cut off whereupon a Leaden Cap being ordered to be put upon his Head he felt the weight of the Lead which gave him the Sense of his Head and cured his vain fancy Another Patient imagined he had Frogs croking in his Belly which was the noise of Wind passing up and down his Bowels and was cured by Purgatives making great evacuations of Excrements into a Close stool wherein the Physician advised Frogs to be cast and desired the Patient to view the Frogs swimming in the Excrements which took away his melancholy apprehension of Frogs in his Belly I could add many more such instances of this Disease and their Cures but I will omit the trouble And the cause of this Disease being an ill mass of Blood clogged with gross A good Diet is proper for the cure of this Disease adust and saline Recrements a good Diet may be advised to render it laudable as Meats of good nourishment of a moist temper of a thin substance and easy digestion and not flatulent as the flesh of Chickens Pullets Capons Partridges Lamb Mutton Veal c. Of Fish Whitings Perch Flounders Gudgeons and of new laid Eggs boiled or roasted rear Of Herbs Borage Bugloss Lettuce Endive Spinach Of Fruits Figs Almonds Pineae Pistachia Corants As also in this Disease Suppings are beneficial as endued with a cooling and moist temper which do contemperate and moisten and dissolve sulphureous and saline Recrements such as Water-gruel Barley-gruel Barley-cream thin Broths made with Oatmeal Barley and cooling and moistning Herbs And on the other side All salt and smoked Meats is bad in melancholy distempers all gross Salt and smoaked Flesh must be forborn as Beef Pork Goat Hare And of Fowls chiefly Geese Ducks Of Fish Salmon Skaite Thornback Sturgeon and all other gross Fish hard of digestion And of Herbs Cabbage Coleworts Colly-Flowers and the like And above all a thin and temperate Air is to be chosen which attenuates cooleth and moisteneth the Blood and taketh off its dry saline and hot and gross sulphureous Particles and restoreth it to its bounty and purity The cure of Melancholy is of as great difficulty as importance The cure of Melancholy is very difficult in reference to its many evident procatartick and continent causes attended with many and dreadful symptomes whereupon the remedies and method of Physick do admit great variation The evident causes consisting in the passions of the Mind The way to cure the passions of the Mind are to be allayed by all means imaginable as sorrow by a pleasant converse and indignation and anger by excellent precepts of meekness and humility which sometimes do appease the immoderate passions of the Mind And a good Counsel of a Spiritual guide and intimate Friends do often take off vain scruples in Spiritual Matters and calm the great storms of afflicted wounded and despairing Souls that the bones which God hath broken may rejoyce The Therapeutick method in this Disease doth offer us Three Indications the Curatory relates to the Disease and its continent cause the Preservatory consisting in the Procatarctick and evident causes and the Vital which is founded Viribus conservandis As to the Disease which is chiefly caused by an ill Succus nervosus The acide disposition of the nervous Liquor is much corrected by Antescorbuticks and clouded Animal Spirits proceeding from acide and fixed saline Particles of the Blood spoiling the purity of the Spirits of the Brain it doth indicate proper Antiscorbutick Medicines prepared with Garden and Sea Scorby-grass Brooklime Water-cresces Pine Firr mixed with Millepedes in the distillation of Milk Mum c. or prepared by way of the said Juyces of Plants mired with that of Oranges which refineth and giveth them a pleasant Taste As also Antescorbutick Syrupes or Conserves Chaly beate are proper in this Disease made up with Powder of Steel prepared with Sulphure are beneficial in this Disease as they depurate the serous parts of the Blood the Materia substrata of Animal Liquor and Spirits And in reference to the preservatory Indication A Vein may be freely opened in a melancholly disposition labouring of much Blood Leeches may be also applied to the Anus A proper course of Physick must be used in the obstruction of the Vterus by taking away the antecedent cause founded in the quantity of ill Blood a Clyster may be premised and a Vein freely opened as also Leeches may be applyed to the Haemorrhoids to divert the Blood and to produce a natural evacuation by those vessels from the Head and the Saphaena is proper to be opened in Women labouring with the suppression of the Menstrua As also a proper method of Physick may be given before propounded in the diseases of the Uterus in order to purge the Blood of its grossness and to open the obstructed Blood-vessels of the Womb. Vomitories also prove very advantageous in melancholy affecting the Brain as emptying a foul Stomach of gross Phlegme which is viscous indigested Chyle adhering to the inward coat of the Ventricle and other acide Recrements which spoil or weaken at least the concoctive faculty of the Stomach making an ill Chyle Vomitories also very much refine the Blood by opening the Cystick and Choledock Ducts and that of the Pancreas whereupon various kinds of Recrements are discharged into the Guts In strong Bodies Oxymel of Squills Wine of Squills mixed with some few grains of White Hellebore Vomitories are good to refine the Blood Purgatives are proper in this Disease may be given in Carduus Posset-drink and frequent draughts of it during the time of Vomiting As also an infusion of Crocus metallorum or Emetick Tartar of Mynsichte or Salt of Vitriol or Sulphure of Antimony Purgatives are celebrated with good success in this Disease as discharging gross acide and saline Recrements of the Blood except they be strong which give great annoyance to the Body as increasing the fermentation of ill Humors and weakening the Tone of the Blood and vitiating the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits often accompanied with Convulsive motions Whereupon I most humbly conceive it most agreeable to Reason in this