and yet the same accidentes be called also passiōs The reste which be the faultes of sum action as ouer much inanition or retentiō be alonly called passions not affections because they be not thinges permanent but is only and remayne so long as they be in growing Here it is to be noted that a thyng may suffer .ii. manner of wayes firste whan it suffereth of it selfe as if the guttes suffer payne of anye sharpe or bytynge humors conteyned within them which may be called theyr owne passion Secondarily whan a thynge suffereth not of it selfe but of another as whā the head suffereth payne by reason of euyll vapowres cummynge from the stomacke which is called a passiō by consent of other ye shall finde this matter disputed more at large in Gallenes firste boke of places affected ¶ The .ii. chapter Of the causes of diseases THe cause of y e disease is an affectiō against nature going before the disease and stirring it vp which of it selfe firste hurteth no action but accidentally that is to say by other And secōdarily as by healp of the disease cummynge betwixt as shall be shewed more playnly hereafter There be .ii. manner of causes of diseases one is externall so called because it is outwardly receiued and was not before with in the body as colde and such other The tother is called internall which is within the body as humors putrified within the body growen out of temper Gallē speaketh of no mo causes of diseases then these .ii. Yet Auicen w t other of the same layer affirme that ther is an other cause which ioyneth euer with the disease and the takyng away of it is as they say the curynge of the sicknes as yf rotten or putrifyed humors kindell a feuer thē by theyr saying so soone as the putrified matter is takē away y e feuer must cease of necessitie howbeit it is for y e most part sene that y e feuer remayneth after the putrifactiō is clene gone wherfore it is euident that Auicen and all that be of hys opinion is foule deceyued therin howbeit I thinke this to be y e thing which deceyueth them They define sycknesse as it were the actiō hurt alredye and not that that hurteth the actiō first so that they call that the sicknesse which Gallen calleth but the accidente of the sicknesse I coulde take Auicennes parte in this matter sauinge that he agreeth with Gallen in the defining of sicknesse forgettyng hym selfe to be in contrary tales wherfore I wolde counsel all yonge studentes in phisicke to lerne the causes of sickenesse of Gallē or elles of such as folowe hym as Aetius Paulus Aegineta Howebeit there is none to be compared with Gallen because he hath wrytten of them in suche a good ordar as neuer any other hath wryt the lyke and this I dare affirme that euerye wel lerned man can do no lesse thē confesse the same ¶ The .iii. chapter Of diseases A Disease is an vnnaturall affectiō of the body by which the action is fyrste hurt therfore it differeth frō the cause in that y e the cause neuer hurteth anye action of hym selfe but by meanes of the disease Of diseases ther be .3 chefe principal kindes one is in those partes of the bodye that is called of y e latins similares such be y e bones senewes vaynes with all other simple sparmaticke partes another is in the instrumentes as in the heade eyes handes and feet the thirde consisteth in them both That disease y t happeneth in y e sparmatick partes is such a distemperature ether of heat coulde drynesse or moysture that it hurteth summe action for a man may be distempered in sum part and yet be hole and not sicke but whan the distemperature groweth so much that it hurteth any action of the body then it may be called a disease of the sparmatike partes Wherefore who so is of this sort distempered is sicke and he that is distempered and hath no action hurt may not be called sicke but intemperat For of them that be hole yf sum shoulde not be temperat and sum intemperat one of these .ii. muste nedes be true ether all men alwayes to be sicke or elles all men to haue one distemperature which bothe be very false The same distemperature which before I called a disease of y e sparmaticke symple partes is deuided in to .ii. Egall not egal it is called an egall distēperature whan all partes of the body are distempered alike as in the feuer hectica which is a cōsūptiō wherin al partes of y e body be like hote and the contrary vnto this is the distemperature which is not egal as in that kynde of dropsy that falleth in to the legges and feete and in all kynde of feuers excepte the before named hectica Of vnequall distemperature there is also ii kyndes The .i. is the only alteration of the qualitie as the burnynge of the fire or of the sunne The .ii. is besyde the qualitie the fluxe of sum humor as in y t kynde of swellynge y t is called phlegmon Besyde this of distemperatures one is simple and an other is compound it is called simple whan on qualitie as heat or colde excedeth alone and compound whan many excede together as hot and moyste colde and drye excedynge to gether in one member The tother kinde of disease which only is in the instrumentes may be called the euyll constitution or composiciō of them But there be .ii. kindes of instrumentall diseases for sum be simple and they be .iiii. in number one is to be sene in the vncumly comformation another in the number of partes the thirde in the quantitie of eche part and the .iiii. in the composition The disease of conformation happeneth of the vncumly figure as whan summe part is holowe from the natiuitie or elles after by casualtie which shoulde not and also sum other part rough that shoulde haue ben smothe of number whan there be ether to many or to fewe partes of quantitie whan they be ether to big or to litel of cōposicion whan they be put in wronge places or whā they that shoulde agre together doe not The thirde kynde of disease is common as well to the simple and sparmatick partes as to the instrumentall and it is the deuision of that that is hole and of one pece which diuision yf it be in the riynges or byndynges it is called anulsiō in the fleshe a byle in the bone a broken creuise in the senowes a conuulsion or crampe These diseases sumtyme be compounde whiche is whan they be ioyned to other Hitherto I haue brefly declared the .iii. first kindes of sicknessis of the which sum be verye quicke and sum be dull or slow Such as be very quick wil be at the worste in .iiii. dayes or soone after Of such as be quicke and sharpe there be .ii. sortes for sum wyll be at the worste in .14 dayes and sum not vnder .40 All
there were any matter wherof the naturall spirit might be made that muste nedes be the vitall spirit of whome the animall spirite also is made but seing that the vitall spirit is engēdred in the hart and by the pulses carryed through the body it had ben necessary that there shold haue ben great pulses from the hart to to the lyuer whiche might haue broughte so much vitall spirit as shoulde haue suffised to haue made naturall spirite Howbeit it is euident y t there cummeth no arteries to the lyuer but such as be with the smallest for such a pourpose and then ther is no such cauitie in the liuer as is in the brayne or hart where any generation of the naturall spirit may be Moreouer there is no vesselles prepared of nature for the cariage of it excepte a man shoulde say that it is caryed with the grosse bloude in y e vaynes whych is not lyke seinge the vaynes haue but one cote and that of no great thickenes nether yf that were true the vaynes shoulde beat as y e arteries doe Also there is no waye or enterance for ayer wherof it might be nowrished as the animall vitall be And agayne the bloud of the lyuer is so grosse and mixt with other humors that it is not mete to make any spirites of Therfore seinge that there is nether any ende wherfore it showlde be made nor matter wherof it could be made nor nourishment to preserue it nor a conuenient place to make it in nor finally any way or conduite wherby it might be brought in to euery part of the bodye I may iustly and not with out a cause doubt of it although it be a common opinion amongest y e phistions that there is a naturall spirite The ende of the firste boke The seconde boke ¶ The .i. chapter Of the number of thinges not naturall THinges not natural be .vi. in number 1 Ayer 2 Meat and drinke or any thing īwardlye taken 3 Exercise and reste both of the body and partes 4 Slepe and watche 5 Excretion and retention or fulnes and emptines 6 Affectes or perturbations of the mynde These be called thinges not naturall because they alter oure bodies and if they be not discretly taken vtterlye abolish health on the other parte yf they be wisely and soberly vsed they doe not only defende health but also strengthen nature in all her workes and actions Therfore they be in y t parte of phisicke which defēdeth health And to the ende that no man be ignorant in y e vse of them I pourposse brefely in as fewe wordes as I cā to declare shew the vses of eche of them alone by himselfe ¶ The .ii. chapter of Ayer QF thinges not natural Ayer is most necessarye to be considered because y e naturall heat can not be kept in temper without it and because we muste nedes receyue it into our bodies be the weather neuer so foule and finallye there can neyther health be defended nor disease cured or remedied without it Therfore it lyeth vs in hand to take especiall heed and diligent watche that we minister it in due tyme and season that it may be as it shoulde be a cause of health which no doubte it shall if first we marke wel the substaunce of it whether it be pure and clene or grosse and thicke or cloudie That is y e best and most holsume which is purest not infected with no standinge pooles nor no marrishe groundes nor with the carren of bestes nor with the putryfactiō of herbes fruite or grayne and such lyke Whan we haue well considered the substance of the ayer then we must marke well the qualitie For as to temperat bodies the moste temperat ayer is holsumest so to bodies distempered ayer distempered in a cōtrary qualitie is most holsum as to suche as be cowlde ayer that is hote and to suche as be hote cowlde and to them that be dry moyste and to suche as be moyste dry But yf it happen so y t the ayer be not contrary of qualitie then it must be prepared and made for oure pourpose by art as yf the disease or sicknes be hote dry then we must by sprinklynge of cowlde water on the pauement or floore by strawyng of herbes be settyng vp of suche boughes as be colde moyst prepare y e ayer make it coulde moyst On y e othersyde yf the disease be cowlde and moyst then the house must be perfumed with such thinges as be hote and dry vntyll the ayer also be made hote and dry In long diseases ther is none so good a remedy as to change the ayer and therof it came that so many going to saynte Cornelis were healed cured of the falling euyl by changyng of the ayer and not by myracle as we poore fooles thought kneling creping to saynt Cornelis horne but thankes be to the omnipotent and euer lyuing god and to oure noble kynge such most vyle abhominable ydolatry is nowe well lefte here in this realme ¶ Of meate and drinke The .iii. chapter I Woulde counsel euery man as well the hole as y e sicke to take good hede what they eat and drinke For bothe the goodnes mesure qualitie custome delectation order tyme houre and age must be considered Therfore he that purposeth not to be sicke nor to haue a sickly body let his firste care be to eat suche meates as make good iuice For there is nothyng so apt to breede sicknes as is the euyl habit of y e body which is gotten by feadyng of meates that make euyll and noughtye iuyce That is alwayes good meate which is light in digestyng and thynne of substaunce and the which also bredeth good iuyce and that is euill which is contrary vnto it His next care ought to be that he eate no more at one tyme then is sufficient to serue Nature so he shall bryng to passe that eyther he shall neuer or elles very seldome fall in to any perilous disease Howbeit y e Phisition shoulde geue great diligēce in dieting of the sicke For a litell to much sumtyme though the meat be neuer so good maketh a fault incorrigible a quicke or sharpe sicknesse a sicknes that is long slow may not be measured bothe a like For a sharpe a short disease must haue a thinne and a slendar diet and a longe disease a more fullar Therfore the Phisiciō in prescribing of diet must marke well the strength of hys pacient first according vnto hys strength then according to the nature of the sicknes prescribe y e measure of hys meates and drinkes After the measure the Phisition ought immediatly to marke well the qualitie of the meates For such as be hole to the ende that they may kepe theyr health muste be fed with meates of lyke not of contrary qualitie and suche as be sicke ought to be fed w t meates of contrary qualitie As they that be sycke for hete
industry getteth certen thynges as fysshynge and huntyng these truly do make nothyng but their study labor is to get somthyng And to be brefe Phisicke as Gallen sayeth is a kynde of those Artes whiche restoreth theyr woorkes nowe alreadye done and correcteth the same and not of them whiche make theyr workes newe For Phisicke of her selfe maketh not her examples as the arte of buyldyng knyttyng and weuing dothe But as that arte that mendeth olde houses and piceth olde garmentes so phisike doth amend the euyll constitution of mannes bodye ¶ The seconde Chapiter Of the sectes in phisyke YT is nowe alredye shewed that phisike is an arte which restoreth healthe beynge absent and defendeth the same beynge present but howe thys art maye be gotten yt is not agreed vpon amongest all men for some thynke experience sufficiente to the gettyng of this arte and do cal them selfes therof Empericos These be they that haue ther firste respect vnto the heape of accidentes and begynneth their cure of them wythout any knowledge ether of the disease or the cause and they call the forsayde heape of accidentes in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the whyche in Lattyn is called Congeries and concursus and in Englishe a heape and concurryng or runnynge to gether Secundarilye they obserue and marke in the cummynge to gether of Accidentes Medicines which they know to be mete for the disease onlye by vse and experience Thyrdely they lerne remedies of the historie of suche as they haue before proued Fowerthly they goe from lyke to lyke For what soeuer remedyes they haue proued by experience in manye men and often tymes but alwayes they proue them in the same and lyke measure orelles by chaunce and as a man woulde saye vnloked for they marke and obserue them to be lyke to haue one effect the same they vse boldly ▪ nothyng curiouse in the inquyryng what facultie or nature they be of that is to saye whether they be hote or colde drye or moyste they beleue and credit the olde auncientes whiche hath lefte in wrytyng suche thynges as they haue noted and obserued by experience that y t thē selues haue obserued marked they cal in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whiche in Englysh maye be called theyr owne inspection and looke what they haue obserued marked by chaunce as yf a mā by fallyng from hygh be woūded or hurte or els yf a man beyng sicke and folowyng his appetite drīke colde water the whiche hath eyther done good or euyll they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is to saye an obseruacion made by chaunce But whan they learne that that is marked by other they call it in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whiche may be called the obseruation of other They vse also to go from lyke to lyke whiles they intermedle with suche thīges as they haue not yet proued althoughe they be of one kynde and this is called of them in greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which in englysh is goyng from lyke to lyke and by this rule they transfer one medicine to dyuers euyls and from one place affected to another from one medicine whiche they knewe before to an other of the same kynde vnknowen Yf the naturall egestions be holden to long then the party hath a byndyng disease they saye but yf they runne to muche that they call an open disease And yf a man be bothe bounde and lewse together than they call that sycknes a combynation of bothe the fornamed euyls as yf the eye shoulde suffer a fluxe and an inflammation together of the whiche the inflammation is a sycknes that byndeth and the fluxe an open disease then theyr remedye in suche a case is to bynde that that runneth and to open that that is boūde as if there be any inflammation in the shoulder or arme what is their rule what but withoute deliberation or consideration of the place affected strayght to lewse the bellye yf it fortune bothe the forsayde euyls to chaūce at one tyme in one membre then what do they vtterly necglect that that is of the least daunger and these be they which reprehende Hyppocrates because he sayeth that physicke is a longe arte and that mannes lyfe is but shorte for they saye that it is not so but rather cleane contrary For as they saye yf al that is superfluous were cut out phisicke myghte be easily learned in .vi. monethes The begynner of this secte was Syrus Asclepiades scholer after whome came Thessalus Proclus and manye other Moreouer there be other which be called Dogmatici because they grounde all theyr doynges vppon reason These do learne diligently the nature and cōstitution of all suche bodyes as they take in hand to heale and doe marke verye dilygently euerye day the alterations of the same besyde this they say that yt is euerye honest Phisition hys part to know and consyder well both the nature of the ayer waters and wyndes and the place also wher the sycke abydethe and his accustomed diet as well in meates and drinkes as bathes exercises other thinges to the end that he may haue a sure knowledge bothe of the causes remedyes of all diseases They wyll also that he be suche an one that he be able to proue by reason what nature any kynde of medicyne hath and that he be able to apoynt though he neuer sawe yt before what yt is able to doe and they counsel euery Phisition to begynne his cure accordyng to the strength of the sick and not as y e disease paraduenture shall wyll hym And they doe not denye but that experience is necessarye howbeit they denye it to be sufficient to cure all malledies and to finde and serche out all thynges And also they say y t without reson experience can hardly be come by The first author and founder of this sect was Hyppocrates Lous withoute dowt the moste lerned and noble Phisition that euer was after hym came Diocles Praxagoras and Chrysyppus w t many mo no lesse lerned then famouse ¶ The .iii. chapter The partes of phisicke THere be .vi. especiall partes of phisicke the firste dothe considere the constitucion of mannes nature bodie The second defendeth the bodie from sycknes kepynge it in healthe The third inquireth the causes and accidentes of sicknes and diseases The forthe conteyneth the knowledge as well of thinges past as also present and to come The fifth showeth an order and a way how all diseases shoulde be healed and this part is deuyded into thre other partes The firste of the thre techeth the healing of sicknesses by diet only and therefore it is both the chefe and moste noble parte of phisicke and without the which the other partes which serue to the helyng of diseases can not be and hereof it is that Hippocrates wrot thre great bokes of the remediynge of all feruent diseases by diet onlye in the which boke he proueth euydently that of a lytell faut or error in the diet
of suche as be sycke foloweth death without remedy the whiche thing yf it be true as vndoutedlye it is what be such Phisitions worthye as doe vtterlye necglect the same and thinke that they haue done a great feat whan they haue wrytten a byl or two to the appoticarie takynge no care in the meane tyme what manner of dyet the sicke kepeth The seconde parte healeth by medicins inwarde outwardly taken But there be medicins of .ii. sortes that is to say simple and compounde and first to the parfit curyng of the disease most necessary is the knowledge of the simple and this care whiche is a greate charge is commytted to such as be vnlerned yea and in many places more is the pittie to folish ignorant wemen I wolde rather wishe the handlynge of suche Iuelles to be in the handes of y e best lerned and wysest Phisitions For as it is a thinge to be laughhed at if a Paynter know not his pensill or a coblar hys nall or a tannar his lether so think ye that a Phisition is not to be laught to scorne yf he know not the matter of that arte which he professeth But now adayes he is most set by and had in the gretest estimation which knoeth y e least which can make one medicine serue a thowsande diuerse diseases whiche is as lyke to be true as one shooe to be mete sit for so many feet And as for medicins they be not worth a vyle straw except they com out of Ethiop Arabi or India wheras for vs english men ther is non so good as our owne Englishe simples For it can not be proued y t nature euer brought forthe any wher liuing creatures where as she left nothing to fede them wyth all and lykewyse as she hath prouided meat so hath she medicyns also but the suttylties of men for their owne gayne and priuat Lucre hath browght to passe that al thing is oute of order bothe in the shoppes of the appoticaries and other places elles where The thyrd part is Surgery which is wrought by mannes hand which Gallen commendeth hyghly in many and sundry bokes ¶ The .iiii. chapter The distribution of Phisicke in to thre formes QVre forfathers haue distributed and deuided Phisicke into thre formes or orders and that for no other pourpose but that yonge studentes of Phisick might lerne diligently and a gret dele the better remember what so euer they had red in the monumentes of olde writers The first order is of those thinges of y e whiche mānes body is made of and it hath plesed the foresayde elders to call suche thinges as oure body is cōpact made of thinges natural because to the perfection of mannes body they be necessary The seconde order is of those thinges with the which oure bodye is nourished that yt may remayne in healthe these thinges be called not naturall not because they be vtterlye agaynst oure nature but because if they be geuen without discreciō they may make suche alteration in the bodye as may extinguishe and abolishe vtterlye the lyfe The thirde order is of such as hurt and harme the body and corrupt it therfore they be called thinges agaynste nature be cause they be clene contrary to nature ¶ The fyfth chapter Of the number of thinges naturall NOwe it is tyme to speke of the first part of Phisicke whiche entreateth of the naturall cōstitution of mannes bodie this part of Phisicke is not put firste without a cause For no mā can do any good with a medicyne whiche is ignorant in the constitutiō of mannes bodie therfore the thinges naturall wherof mannes bodye is conpact made be seuen in number 1 Elementes as the fiere ayer water and erthe 2 Temperamentes as hote cowlde moyst and drye 3 Humores as blowde fleume chollar bothe yelow black 4 Partes as flesh bone brayne harte liuer heed and handes 5 Faculties as Animall vitall naturall 6 Actions as Animall naturall 7 Spirites as animall vitall and naturall These thinges I entend god willing to expresse so well as the sterillite of my simple wyt will geue me leaue begynnyng first wyth the Elementes ¶ The sixte chapter Of the Elementes TVlly y e eloquent Romain counselleth very wel euery mā first of all and before he make any far procedynge to defyne the thing of the which he pourposeth to entreat to y e entent that euery mā may perceyue what it is y e is spokē of therfore according to his counsell I wyll fyrst define what an element is wherfore an element as Galen sayeth in the .viii. boke of the decrees of Plato and Hyppocrates is the lest part of that thynge of the which it is an element and of these amongest the hole nature of thynges there be but fower in number which is the fyer Ayer water and yearth and as of these all thynges naturall haue there begynnynge so at the length they shall be resolued into the same agayne For Hyppocrates sayeth in a boke which he entytelleth the nature of man that after the soule is once dissolued from the body euery thinge wherof the body was of first is returned in hys owne nature agayne as loke what in the begynnyng was drye that is tourned in to drye what was moyste becōmeth moyste agayne and lykewyse heat is turned into heat and colde becommeth colde agayne but after these elementes be once mixte in the body they can no more be called elementes that is to say pure and simple bodyes that y e is made of them is a bodye mixt and corruptible Therfore as Gallen counselleth in the firste boke of elementes go not about to serche out or to finde in any naturall body any thinge that is simple and not mixt or compounded leste thou lose thy peyne but be contented yf thou se a member that is could hard and drye and a nother that is moyste rare and fluxible to thinke the tone to come of the yearth and the other of the water And lykewyse whan thou considerest with thy selfe in thy mynde the nature of a spirit then remember the ayer For seing that the elementes be the lest partes of owre bodies it is not possible that they should be perceyued by any sense Yf these elementes wer not mixte all together nether man nor no other liuinge creature coulde be made of them for what part of the body they should towch they must of necessitie corrupt the same For ther is no part of the bodie that can abyde safe without hurt or dammage the towchynge of any thynge that is ether extreme hote or extreme colde moyest or drye And herof it is euident that these elementes be not mixt in mannes bodye as wheate or barley is mixt in a hepe for of the grayne ther is no alteratiō seing after the mixture it remaynethe hole but the elementes be so altered and chaunged that after the mixture ther remayneth nothyng but onely a signification of theire qualities
place for it which is y e blather vnder y e liuer for it was necessary for it to be parted from the bloud lest at the length y e hole body should becumne yelowe as it doth in the yelowe Iawndies Cholericke men be angry sharpe wytted nymble and quicke in all theyr affayers inconstant and leane and good digesters of theyr meat melancholy is the dregges and filthe of the bloud and therefore it is blacke as it appereth in the name it were great daunger for it to be left in the liuer therfore the splyne is prouided of nature to receyue it the which splyne yf it drawe lesse then it should do then the melancholy or blacke chollar is left with the blowde by reason whereof the body getteth a black colour or at the least a feuer quartayne Men that be melancholy be sottell couetouse greate frettars with them selues vnfaythful sad and carefull enuious ferfull and weak sprited The vse of these forsayde humors is such in especiall as foloweth The bloud serueth to the nowrishment of the hole body flewme helpeth the mouyng of the ioyntes yelow chollar clenseth the intestines of of their flewme and filthe melancholy healpeth y e action of the stomake as Gallene writeth in his v. boke of the vse of the partes of mannes body by reason y t it draweth the stomake together wherby the naturall heat is encreased the concoction of the meat made much the more parfit Soranus an Ephesian borne wryteth that these humours rule the body by course eche of them .vi. houres to gether as bloud begynneth at .ix. of the clocke in the night ruleth vntyll .iii. of the mornyng yelowe chollar beginneth at .3 in the mornyng and gouerneth vntyll .ix. of the mornyng melancholy beginneth at .ix. and continueth to .iii. in the after noone Flewme begynneth at .iii. of the after noone and lasteth tyll .ix. of the night These humors sumtyme lose theyre naturall qualities wherby they hurt the body and be called not naturall Blowde becummeth vnnaturall ether whan it putrifieth in the vaynes be cause the pores be shut or els whan it is mixt with suÌ„me other euyll humor as in the dropsy where it is mingled w t water or finally whan it is mixt ether w t ouer muche chollar flewme or melancholy whereof it taketh a newe name and is called eyther cholericke blowd flewmaticke or melancholy bloud For it is neuer naturall except in the mixture it haue the rule and dominion Of vnnaturall flewme there be .iiii. kyndes as Gallen wytnessyth in his second boke .vi. chapter of y e differences of feuers The first is watrysh of the cullar of molten glasse wherof it hathe to name citrine is very cowld The second kynde is that which after y e hawking out hath a swete taste is called swete flewme The third is sowre of taste is not so colde as the citrine cowlder then the swete The fowerth is salt eyther by y e mixture of suÌ„me salt humor or elles by putrifactioÌ„ is called salt flewme Of vnnaturall yealowe chollar there be .v. kyndes The firste is yelowe lyke vnto the yolkes of egges as Gallen sayeth is engendred in y e vaynes The second is colowred lyke leade or garlicke is bred in y e stomake or mawe The thirde is of a rusty cullour it also is bred in y e stomake The forth inclineth sumwhat towardes grene and is engendred in the place beforesayd The .v. is of the cullour of the sea and groweth in the stomacke also Of melaÌ„choly or black chollar ther is but one kynde vnnaturall it is sumwhat browne of cullour and so sharpe and sowre that it eateth fretteth the body where it goethe ¶ The .ix. chapter of the partes of mannes body THe firste diuision of partes of maÌ„nes body is of those that y e latten men call similares dissimilares whiche in englishe may be called lyke and vnlike â–ª For similares be such partes as be lyke vnto them selues in all thinges which when they be diuided or parted in sonder the leste of them kepeth the same name that the hole dothe whereof it is part and dissimilares be such as are vnlyke them selfes in all thinges which whan they be deuided or parted a sunder none of them can be called by the name y t the hole is as in example No part of the head can yf it be separat parted from the head be called an head â–ª no more can any part of the hand be named an hand nor of y e foote a foote nor of the eye an eye yet euery parte of water is called water and euery part of bloud is called bloude and euerye parte of bone bone and euery part of flesh is called fleshe Therfore these last rehersed be such as the laten men call similares and the other be the selfe same y t be called dissimilares or instrumentales Gallen sayeth y t the same partes which the latyns call similares be the first elementes and begynners of mannes bodye although the selfe same be common to brute beastes also for ther is nether oxe horse ne dogge but they haue pulses vaynes senewes tiinges gristilles skinnes and fleshe yet not in all poyntes lyke vnto man and beside these other that man hath not as hornes bylles spowres skales of these the other which be called dissimilares or instrumentales be made as hed handes feet such lyke An instrumentall parte differith from the instrument because that suÌ„me of the same partes before is called similares be instrumentes and yet may not be instrumentall partes For euery part as gallen sayeth that bringeth forth a parfit actioÌ„ is an instrument wherof it commeth that the pulses vaynes and senewes be instrumentes and no instrumentall partes Of y e instrumentall partes there be thre called chefe or principall y e brayne hart liuer There are summe whiche addeth vnto these y e priuy partes because they conserue and kepe y e kinde There be belonging to these iiii other as to y e brayne senewes to the hart pulses to the liuer vaynes and to the pryuye partes the sparmaticke vessayles besyde these there be certayne other partes of the body whiche nether rule other nor yet be ruled of other but hath a facultie of them selfes whereof they be gouerned as bone tiynge skynne and fleshe All y e partes of mannes body haue nede of pulses and vaynes to the keping of ther substance vaynes to the entent y t they may be nowrished and pulses for the kepynge of naturall heat in good temper Hytherto I haue spoken generally of the partes of mannes body whoso is wyllyng to haue a particular rehersall of all the partes let them seke Gallen or Vesalâ—us For they haue writteÌ„ hole bokes and greate volumes of them and as for me I haue written of the same in an other place so well as my wyt lernyng knowledge and the sterilitie and baraynes of the english tong wolde gyue me leue
Therfore if that I should wryte the same agayne I shoulde both be ouer tedious to such as showld heare me also I showld breake my promyse because I haue promised to write a brefe and a shorte treatyse vpon Phisicke The .x. chapter of powers or faculties A Facultie or a power is the cause frō whence the action procedethe There be .iii. faculties or powers diuers ech to other which gouerneth the bodye and be called Animall vitall and naturall The animall power or facultie cummeth from the brayne by the senewes geueth both mouyng and felynge to eche part of the body and is author of the senses and all voluntary actions The vital power cummeth from the harte and is caryed in the pulse throughout the bodye wherto it geueth life wherof it is euident that the hart is the wel of lifely heat the natural power cōmeth from the liuer and is caried to euerye parte of the body by the vaynes and serueth to the norishynge of the same This power or facultie is deuided in .iiii. other powers the first is attractiue the second is retentiue the third concoctiue or alteratiue the fowerth expulsiue The attractiue power is the same by y e which euery part of y e body draweth to it such iuyce as is mete and conuenient to norishe it and that iuyce which is sooneste made like is most conuenient for nowrishment therfore this power seing that it prepareth matter to the norishment of euery part serueth to the power alteratiue or concoctiue The retentyue power holdeth y e same which is al redy drawen vntyl it be altered chaunged this power also serueth vnto the alteratiue or concoctiue power The alteratiue power hath name of hys action for it altereth the iuyce and at the length maketh it lyke to the part that is norished The expulsiue power or facultie separateth the euyll from y e good lest with long tariynge together the one shoulde marre the other this as the other serueth to the alteratiue power These .4 powers be in euery part of euery naturall body as Gallen witnesseth in hys bokes of powers or faculties ¶ The .xi. chapter of Actions AN action is an actuall mouyng procedinge from a facultie and therefore the facultie is alwayes the cause of the action wherfore whan the power perisheth ther foloweth no action at all That which the action hath made finished is the worke as bloud fleshe bone and as ye may call euery action a certayne worke of Nature so ye can not call euery worke an actiō as flesh is a work of nature not an action There is in y e body .ii. manner of actions One is called Anymall or voluntarie which procedeth from the synowes and muscules this is suche an actiō y t whan it is it may be seased whan it is not it may be raysed as a man listeth as in example The head armes and legges may be moued or holden styll as it shall plese the dody that hath them This action is parted in to thre The first is of feelynge which is deuided in .v. as in to the action of seinge hearinge felinge smellynge and tastyng The secōd is the action of voluntarye mouyng The third is the action of the cogitation memory and reason which of all the rest is most noble and excellent As for respiration is a voluntary action because it is in oure wyll to holde oure breth or to let it go which is euident of the seruaunt that Gallē speketh of which held his breth vntyl he dyed Wherfore it is euident that sūme voluntarye actions be free sum serue the affectiōs of the body For to walke any whither or to speake with any body or to take any thinge be fre actions but to ease the belly or to make water serue the necessitie of the bodye Yt is possible for a mā to holde hys peace yf he haue so constitute with hym selfe an hole yeare to gether but to hold his excrement or hys water .ii. monethes or .ii. weckes it is not possible For they prouoke so oft and greue a man so muche that oftentymes they wyll not abyde tyll they maye be conuenientlye let forth and lyke vnto these is respiration or the actiō of brething For whosoeuer hathe his brethe stopped but a very littell tyme it is a greate doubte yf he dye not fourth with all But the naturall action which is not voluntarye cummeth of the vaynes and pulses For let a man doe what he shall and yet they wyll doe theire office without any let Amongest the naturall actions be reckened generation Auction nutrition Formation Alteration appeticion attraction concoction retention distribution excretion such other But as for generation it is not one simple naturall action for in it is bothe alteration and formation The amplyfycation and increacement in length bredeth and depenesse of all the vttar partes of the bodye is called auction Nutrition is the assimilation or makyng lyke of the nurishment to that that is nurished to the whiche apposition and agglutination or adhesiō be necessary For after that the iuyce which afterward shall nurish euery part of the body is once fallen from y e vaynes it must first be put to and then ioyned or glued last of all made like It is very mete and expedient for euery Phisition entending his pacientes health diligently to consider all the actions as well the animall as naturall because of them the constitution of the body is easy to be knowen For what body so euer is in health the same hath all the actions parfit and sownde and what body is sicke and diseased it hath cleane otherwise Moreouer the action for the most part declareth the place affected For there can be no action hurt but that part or instrument wherin it is must be affected also ¶ The .xii. chapter of spirites A Spirit is a subtyl thynne and bright substance made of the finest partes of the blowd that the power may be caried from the principall partes of y e body to y e rest wherby eche maye doe hys dutie and office There be in number only .iii. spirites the animall vitall and naturall The animall spirit hath his place in y e brayne and being dispersed in the senewes geueth the power of mouinge and feling to eche part of the body It is made of the vitall spirite The vitall spirit is in the hart and is caried in the arteries throughout the body being the very cause of all naturall and lyuely heat It is made of the exhalations or the dryest and finest partes of the bloud Yf there be any naturall spirit it is in the liuer and vaynes and in dede to say the truthe there is no greate nede for any spirite to carry any power of nowrishing through the body seing y t euery part draweth hys nurishment euen as the adamante stone draweth yron besyde this the liuer hath no such matter as any spirit can be made of For if
the pleuresie is knowen by the prickyng payne of the syde y e difficultie of brething by the fieuer whiche alwayes is annexed to it by y e coughe hardnesse of the pulse but y e greatnesse of it may be learned by the quantitie vehemency of the forsayde accidentes and the manner of it by the accidentes which folow it as yf they be many in number yf they be longe mightye and euyll or such as to these be cleane contrary the mouynge of it by the tyme of the partes of the fit To these .iiii. the consideration of the cūtry the tyme of the yere the nature cōstitutiō of the sickmanes body with other such as is in this same chapter before rehersed is necessary also Of these that Phisition which is an artificer shall easily iudge life or deth in his pacient he y t is not let hym speake no farther thē he knoweth so he shall sustaine no blame nor shame ¶ Of the vryne The .ii. chapter SEing that the vryne is the alonly marke of y e liuer vaynes in what error thinke you that the Phisitions are now a dayes which take vpon them to iudge all diseases by the vryne which is as absurde impossible as of the spettell to declare the gryefe of the bladder and raynes wherfore seinge that agaynste all knowlege and good lernynge they do so shamefully abuse the lookynge of the water deceyue the poore ignorant and simple people so craftily I thinke them worthy to be called as Aristophanes calleth them couetouse and vnlerned Phisitions sithens that they esteme more theyr filthy lucre then the truthe But nowe to my pourpose The vryne is the excrement and watry substance of the blood which after y e concoction doone in the vaynes is drawen thense by the kidneyes or raynes in to the bladder where it is reserued tyl it may cōueniently be let out in the beholding of the which ther is .4 thinges to be cōsidered which be these folowing y e substance cullar quantitie cōtentes of y e which no man can wel iudge which knoweth not parfitly y e holsummest of all other the best vrine wherto he may cōpare the rest The best water or vryne and the which is of a temperate man in substance is nether to thicke nor thinne but moderate in quantitie as much no more then he dronk in cullar sumwhat inclinynge towardes yealowe hauynge a white light and equall sediment such a water as this of a yonge Phisition shoulde often be loked vpon to the entent that whan he seethe any other differ neuer so litell from it he may forthwith cōiecture the same man whose water he hath sene so much to differ from parfit health how much hys water differeth from the other Now after I haue showed which is the best water ther remayneth behynde the declaration of such thinges as is in y e vryne especially to be cōsidered which I pourpose to declare orderly The substance of the vryne is ether thicke thynne or moderat and equall betwixt both That which is moderat is of all other the best and yf it be to thinne or thick it declareth vnparfit concoction Of the thyn vryne there is .ii. differences For the one is pissed thynne and clere and so remayneth styll and the other is pissed thinne and clere and after becummeth thycke and troubled but they be both crude rawe and doe lacke concoction thus they differ The tone signifieth extreme cruditie declarynge nature as yet not to haue begūne any concoction The tother showeth that nature hath begun concoctiō but very lately The troublesumnes signifieth great plenty of wyndie spirites to be mixt with the watry substance of the vryne Of thycke and troubled waters there is also .ii. differencis yf it be thick whan it is pissed then afterward it waxeth clere hauing a residence in the bothome which proficieth of sum inequall turbulent matter remayning behynde in the vaynes And on the other side sum other water whiche after it is made is thicke and remayneth so stil which signifieth great trouble and agitation as yet to remayne in the bloode Hitherto I haue declared the substance of the vryne wherfore now foloweth the cullar of the which ther be .vi. differencys in especiall which is white pale tawny yealow red blacke For all the rest be contayned vnder these Vndar white is contayned the cullar of cristall snowe water the which all signifie great cruditie Not so whyte as these is milke horne white the hearres of a chammell And as the vrynes of these cullars differ from very white so they declare better concoction After whyte they be next that be sum deale pale the which because they be a littell tincte they ar not extreme crude A pale cullar is made by the mixture of chollar and water together so that in the mixture there goeth but a litell chollar to a great dele of water of pale by meanes of concoction sūtime is made a light tawny which Actuarius taketh to be the cullar of gilt After a tawny followeth a light yelow which is a cullar like the floures of cartamus which is commonly called the gardyn saffaron after the which commeth yealowe whiche is the cullar of saffaron and a light red whiche is y e cullar of a certayne drug called bolum is next then red it selfe which is the cullar of a cherry after these is a darke red whiche is the cullar of a mulberry and yet there is a darcker which is made of whyte and red egally myxte together and of the latyns it is called Venetus grene is the cullar of beetes whiche the gardiners call the whyte beetes or elles the cullar of y e precious Emmoroyde Besyde these there is yet other cullars as the cullar of oyle the cullar of lead and all cole blacke cullars which is knowen almost of euery chylde Yf I haue here in the discripsions of cullars misse or wronge named any cullar I praye the paynters to accept my good wyll and pardon my ignorancye in the iudgyng of cullars y e Phisiciō shoulde be prouident because that oftentymes with euery light occation the cullar of the vrine dothe alter and change not only in them that besicke but also in thē y t be hole of this mutatiō or chaunge there is .3 special causes The first is meate not wel altered or disgested which is not apt to make bloude wherfore it changeth the cullar of the vryne to y e same cullar that it selfe is of which is wont to happen to them that is sicke and diseased yea and sumtyme to such also as is hole moreouer sum medicine will alter the cullar of the vrine The second cause of y e altering of y e cullar in y e water is the drinke for the vryne cōmonly kepeth the cullar of those thinges which is receyued in the drinke The .iii. cause is the collyquation of such thynges as consume and melt in the body
as the fat which whan it wasteth for the most part cullereth vryne Besyde these there be other causes also whiche do the same as exercise hungar slepe watche w t a great many other such like which in the beholdynge of the vryne eche one by hym selfe shoulde be diligently considered of the Phisition Now I entende to declare what may be coniectured in the vrine of the substance cullar A thinne vrine signifieth the lacke of natural heat not without the obstructions of y ◠liuer raynes splene by meanes of cruditie A thicke declareth excesse of matter humors fillinge the belly guttes and the holowe partes of the liuer which yf it be sene in a feuer thynne goinge before it signifieth the dissoluing of y e feuer But if after y t the feuer is alredie cū y e vryne appere thick nor in continuance of time waxeth no thinnar thē it signifieth plenty of humors Concernyng y e cullars what white pale yelowe read signifie partly is alredy declared more may be gathered of these y e folow The darke red which is the cullar of the mulberry showeth y t the bloode burneth in the vaynes The grene signifieth the worste kind of chollar to be encresed both in quātitie qualitie That vryne which hath y e cullar of oyle showeth y e colliquatiō of y e hole body or elles of y e raynes only The blacke water sumtyme declareth healthe as in the pourginge of melācholy but if grene went before thē it is a very argumēt of death it is more to be feared in men then wemen Now we be cū vnto the quantitie which in them that be hole should be so much as was dronken The water excedeth in quantitie for y e most part by meanes of these causes folowynge first whan a man eateth and drinketh to much the meat being to moyst or the drinke being watrishe wine The second whan he hath taken medicynes which prouoke vryne The thirde whan the raynes is distempered with ouer much heat The forth whan the belly is drier then it ought to be naturally The fyfte whā ther procedeth no euacuatiō of y e belly nor other wayes which Hyppocrates witnesseth sayinge Water much in quantity made in the night prophecieth of a small siege Litel water hapneth of cōtrary causes First of littell drinkynge drinesse of meates muche exercise and other lyke vnto these which be wont to dry the body Secondarily for meates medicyns whiche for their grosnesse make obstruction in the liuer and splene and other places Thirdly for the grosnesse and clammynesse of humors Forthly for the plentifull pourgynge of the belly Fyftly for the vehement heat and drinesse in a feuer Sixtly for the weaknesse of the excretiue power both in the raynes other partes seruynge to the avoydynge of the water or vryne The .iiii. thynge which in the vryne is to be considered be the contentes so called I thynke because they consist in euerye parte of the altitude of the body of the water And as the heyght of the body of the water is deuided in to .iii. as in to the bothome of the vryne the brinke or highest region in to the middell of these extremities so of the contentes sum swymmeth in the top and other hangeth in the middell and sum goeth to the bothom In y e contentes ther be .iii. thinges to be considered y e substance cullar and quantitie The substance because sūme be thicke and other sum thynne and sūme in a meane betwixt bothe The contentes of healthy waters be moderat of substance light egall They be called light which be continuall of of one pece not rough nor broken in any part suche as is to these contrary may be called rough Cōtentes y t be grosse signifie copie plenty of crude raw humors in the vaynes sumtime y e strength of the excretiue facultie in pourginge superfluous humors Contentes y t be thinne signifie weaknesse of nature in y e secōd cōcoctiō ▪ declareth also grosse humors to be subtyled made thynne Concernyng the cullar of contentes sū be very whyte summe pale sūme yealowe sūme red sūme bluddy sūme blacke sūme of diuers cullars Contentes very whyte be ether peces of slymye humors or els matter to much baked whiche commeth from sūme of the innar partes pale contentes be euill because they decline from the naturall cullar yealowe be euyl also in that y t they declare the ouer muche encreasinge of chollar red signifie lacke of concoction and the contynuynge of the disease Blodie declare y t the blood is not throughly labored of nature blacke signifieth ether y e mortifiyng of naturall heat or elles the pourgynge of melancholy Nowe since that I haue brefely declared the cullar and substance of the contentes ther remayneth behynde the quantitie which if it be much as it showeth the nurisshynge of the body so it dothe the fortifiynge of the excretiue facultie For while nature laboreth much in alteryng the nurrishemente she must nedes make many excrementes The scarcity lacke of cōtentes happeneth ether of fastyng or exercise or obstruction in y e vaynes or finally of ouer slowe concoction Sumtime there is an euill sauor in the vrin which signifieth ether rottennesse of sum part of the body or elles the mortifyinge of the hole body specially yf y e substance cōtentes be euill ¶ Of the excrementes of the belly The .iii. chapter THat siege or excrement is best moste naturall whiche is soft and lieth together hole and well compact made at the accustomed tyme in health and in quantitie correspondent to that y t is eaten of the contrarye part that is an euill and an vnnaturall siege or excrement which is hard thynne or rough not made in y e accustomed howre of healthe If the siege be very much cullared it is euyll and signifieth ouer muche chollar in the guttes and if it be not tincte at all but like vnto the meat whiche was eaten it signifieth cruditie no chollar at all to resorte to the guttes but if y e siege be yealowe in y e declination of the sicknesse thē it declareth the body to be pourged of chollar very well If the siege be grene it showeth that there is great plentie of rustie chollar and yf it be blacke it signifieth ether the abundance of melancholy or elles the adustion of blood in the stomacke Yf it be of the cullar of leade then it betokeneth the mortifiynge of the innar partes or at the leaste an extreme colde in the same If it be ether fatty or clammye no like meat hath be eaten immediatly before it signifieth the hole body to consume If it be verye muche stinkyng it is a sure token of putryfaction In these thinges the nature and qualitie of the meates be as well to be cōsidered as the imbecillitie an weakenesse of the guttes in suffering fluxes and reumes from the head whan the excrement in cummynge