because_o beget_v of_o no_o other_o man_n as_o the_o rest_n be_v but_o immediate_o create_v of_o god_n so_o also_o the_o heaven_n be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o motion_n not_o absolute_o but_o in_o the_o genus_fw-la of_o natural_a cause_n as_o be_v collect_v from_o the_o one_a book_n of_o the_o meteor_n cap._n 1._o in_o the_o same_o manner_n may_v the_o soul_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o vital_a operation_n and_o likewise_o every_o principal_a cause_n in_o regard_n of_o its_o instrument_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 30._o seven_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o universal_a and_o particular_a ax._n 31._o universal_a be_v that_o which_o concur_v with_o other_o cause_n with_o the_o same_o efficiency_n to_o the_o produce_v of_o many_o effect_n ax._n 32._o a_o particular_a only_a which_o by_o its_o efficiency_n produce_v but_o one_o effect_n 1._o §_o universal_a cause_n be_v god_n and_o the_o heaven_n god_n concur_v with_o particular_a cause_n to_o all_o effect_n the_o heaven_n only_o to_o they_o which_o be_v natural_a and_o material_a in_o this_o sense_n book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 2._o the_o sun_n and_o man_n i_o add_v god_n be_v say_v to_o beget_v man_n the_o sun_n as_o a_o universal_a for_o with_o the_o same_o efficiency_n it_o concur_v to_o the_o produce_v of_o all_o thing_n man_n as_o a_o particular_a so_o also_o may_v a_o driver_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o universal_a when_o drive_v a_o team_n of_o horse_n because_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n and_o with_o the_o same_o virtue_n he_o drive_v all_o his_o horse_n as_o well_o the_o sound_n as_o the_o lame_a ax._n 33._o last_o and_o eighthly_a cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o next_o and_o remote_a ax._n 34._o the_o next_o be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n immediate_o ax._n 35._o the_o remote_a which_o produce_v the_o effect_n by_o mean_n of_o some_o more_o neighbour_a cause_n 1._o §_o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n next_o to_o wit_n either_o general_o or_o special_o in_o general_n that_o cause_o be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o which_o either_o by_o its_o existence_n they_o common_o say_v suppositum_fw-la or_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n for_o such_o virtue_n be_v a_o instrument_n of_o the_o principal_a cause_n it_o be_v deem_v with_o the_o principal_a to_o be_v one_o only_a and_o therefore_o when_o the_o principal_a cause_n by_o its_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n it_o be_v its_o self_n esteem_v to_o be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n neither_o be_v it_o any_o matter_n whether_o that_o virtue_n be_v a_o instrument_n conjoin_v or_o separate_v for_o example_n the_o fire_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o ustion_n parent_n of_o their_o child_n notwithstanding_o the_o fire_n act_n by_o mediation_n of_o heat_n and_o the_o parent_n of_o seed_n for_o although_o heat_n and_o seed_n be_v instrument_n yet_o do_v they_o not_o effect_v by_o their_o intervening_a but_o that_o the_o principal_a cause_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o to_o the_o effect_n a_o cause_n therefore_o be_v say_v to_o be_v remote_a in_o this_o sense_n viz._n which_o neither_o by_o its_o existence_n nor_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n as_o when_o the_o grandfather_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o son_n son_n or_o grandson_n etc._n etc._n 2._o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o in_o species_n which_o be_v so_o join_v by_o its_o existence_n to_o its_o effect_n as_o that_o it_o be_v join_v to_o it_o without_o any_o mediate_a virtue_n and_o a_o next_o cause_n have_v no_o place_n in_o substance_n but_o only_a accident_n especial_o proper_a for_o a_o substance_n do_v not_o effect_v a_o substance_n without_o some_o mediate_a or_o instrumental_a virtue_n and_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o next_o and_o that_o be_v either_o internal_a or_o external_n internal_a be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a of_o the_o accident_n of_o which_o it_o be_v the_o cause_n so_o the_o soul_n and_o every_o substantial_a form_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o propriety_n hitherto_o appertain_v the_o emanative_a cause_n likewise_o the_o continent_n or_o synectical_a of_o the_o physician_n external_n be_v that_o which_o be_v not_o in_o the_o subject_a of_o that_o accident_n who_o cause_n it_o be_v and_o so_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o a_o eclipse_n but_o the_o use_v of_o this_o cause_n in_o the_o definition_n and_o demonstration_n of_o proper_a accident_n be_v much_o the_o more_o great_a chap._n xviii_o of_o end_n ax._n 1_o end_n be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v 1._o §_o be_v that_o which_o move_v the_o efficient_a to_o action_n by_o superinduce_v its_o love_n upon_o it_o and_o beget_v a_o appetite_n on_o and_o desire_v of_o itself_o ax._n 2._o end_n be_v three_o way_n divide_v and_o first_o into_o that_o of_o which_o and_o for_o which_o ax._n 3_o the_o end_n of_o which_o be_v that_o which_o the_o efficient_a desire_n ax._n 4._o for_o which_o for_o who_o sake_n or_o for_o which_o the_o efficient_a desire_n such_o a_o end_n 1._o §_o as_o for_o instance_n the_o of_o which_o of_o medicine_n be_v health_n for_o which_o the_o sick_n ax._n 5._o second_o end_n be_v divide_v into_o principal_n and_o secondary_a ax._n 6._o the_o principal_a end_n be_v that_o which_o the_o agent_n first_o or_o also_o principal_o intend_v ax._n 7._o the_o secondary_a which_o the_o agent_n so_o intend_v as_o that_o it_o may_v enjoy_v it_o with_o the_o principal_a or_o else_o attain_v it_o if_o the_o first_o and_o principal_a end_n shall_v fail_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o principal_a end_n of_o clothes_n be_v that_o our_o body_n shall_v be_v defend_v against_o the_o inclemency_n of_o the_o heaven_n the_o secondary_a conjoin_v with_o that_o principal_a be_v that_o they_o shall_v adorn_v it_o so_o the_o principal_a end_n for_o which_o god_n be_v please_v to_o manifest_v himself_o in_o the_o creation_n of_o the_o world_n be_v that_o man_n shall_v be_v endue_v with_o the_o knowledge_n of_o god_n and_o piety_n the_o secondary_a and_o succedaneous_a that_o he_o may_v render_v they_o inexcusable_a who_o hold_v the_o truth_n in_o unrighteousness_n go_v on_o still_o in_o iniquity_n ax._n 8._o three_o and_o last_o end_n be_v divide_v into_o subordinate_a and_o last_o ax._n 9_o a_o subordinate_a end_n be_v that_o which_o be_v refer_v to_o some_o far_a end_n ax._n 10._o the_o last_o to_o which_o all_o other_o end_n be_v refer_v that_o itself_o to_o no_o far_o 1._o §_o there_o be_v often_o a_o long_a series_n of_o subordinate_a end_n in_o which_o the_o subordinate_a be_v a_o mean_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o sequent_a end_n for_o example_n one_o dig_v in_o the_o earth_n to_o fetch_v out_o iron_n iron_n be_v draw_v out_o that_o of_o it_o may_v be_v make_v some_o instrument_n which_o may_v be_v serviceable_a for_o our_o use_n as_o suppose_v a_o penknife_n or_o a_o lancet_n the_o lancet_n inserve_n the_o physician_n for_o the_o cut_v of_o the_o vein_n the_o cut_v of_o the_o vein_n to_o transmit_v the_o superfluous_a blood_n or_o take_v away_o the_o vicious_a the_o loss_n of_o blood_n conduce_v to_o the_o conservation_n or_o recuperation_n of_o health_n our_o health_n indeed_o of_o itself_o be_v to_o be_v desire_v but_o refer_v notwithstanding_o to_o this_o end_n that_o our_o action_n may_v be_v free_a and_o expedite_a action_n again_o be_v refer_v either_o to_o pleasure_n or_o glory_n or_o honesty_n or_o something_o else_o in_o which_o subordination_n of_o end_n there_o be_v no_o go_v to_o infinity_o as_o we_o have_v teach_v before_o for_o otherwise_o vain_a and_o fruitless_a will_v be_v that_o appetition_n which_o nature_n have_v plant_v in_o all_o thing_n as_o the_o philosopher_n argue_v book_n 1._o of_o the_o ethic_n cap._n 1._o there_o be_v therefore_o some_o chief_a end_n in_o which_o the_o appetite_n must_v terminate_v and_o acquiesce_v 2._o §_o a_o end_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n last_o either_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la or_o absolute_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v so_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la which_o be_v the_o last_o among_o those_o end_n which_o be_v intend_v by_o the_o same_o agent_n so_o in_o that_o series_n which_o i_o have_v bring_v there_o be_v many_o end_n which_o be_v last_o in_o their_o own_o genus_fw-la for_o to_o fetch_v forth_o iron_n be_v the_o last_o end_n of_o such_o who_o dig_v in_o the_o mine_n the_o penknife_n of_o the_o smith_n health_n of_o the_o physician_n but_o there_o be_v but_o one_o absolute_o last_v and_o that_o be_v felicity_n 3._o §_o that_o end_n which_o be_v subordinate_v in_o
the_o effect_n the_o less_o principal_a as_o far_o as_o it_o cause_v be_v always_o worse_o then_o or_o inferior_a to_o the_o effect_n 1._o §_o when_o we_o compare_v the_o effect_n with_o the_o cause_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v the_o cause_n as_o it_o be_v such_o that_o be_v according_a to_o that_o virtue_n by_o which_o it_o cause_v when_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o cause_n be_v such_o as_o that_o it_o contain_v in_o it_o whatever_o be_v in_o the_o effect_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o principal_a cause_n the_o effect_n be_v say_v to_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o cause_n either_o formal_o or_o eminent_o when_o formal_o or_o the_o effect_n be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o the_o cause_n the_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v univocal_a and_o be_v equal_a to_o its_o effect_n as_o when_o heat_n beget_v heat_n or_o a_o mouse_n a_o mouse_n when_o eminent_o or_o the_o cause_n by_o a_o noble_a sort_n of_o virtue_n produce_v the_o effect_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v aequivocal_a and_o be_v better_a than_o its_o effect_n as_o when_o light_n produce_v heat_n or_o the_o architect_n a_o house_n when_o neither_o formal_o nor_o eminent_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v less_o principal_a and_o that_o not_o so_o much_o effect_n as_o subserve_v the_o principal_a in_o produce_v the_o effect_n ax._n 22._o the_o less_o principal_a be_v subdivide_v into_o procatarctical_a proëgumenal_a and_o instrumental_a ax._n 23._o procatarctical_a be_v that_o which_o extrinsical_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n ax._n 24._o the_o proëgumenal_a which_o inward_o dispose_v or_o also_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n 1._o the_o cause_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o procatarctical_a in_o latin_a may_v be_v call_v incipiens_fw-la or_o inchoans_fw-la that_o be_v beginning_n or_o inchoat_v and_o be_v either_o object_n occasion_n author_n or_o merit_n so_o far_o it_o may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o object_n as_o it_o move_v or_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n occasion_n be_v the_o conveniency_n of_o time_n and_o place_n to_o act_v in_o which_o itself_o also_o have_v some_o force_n of_o move_v to_o action_n in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o remove_v impediment_n to_o action_n author_n here_o be_v say_v to_o be_v he_o who_o propose_v reason_n persuade_v the_o principal_a cause_n either_o to_o or_o from_o action_n he_o be_v also_o call_v the_o moral_a cause_n merit_n or_o meritorious_a cause_n be_v that_o which_o move_v the_o agent_n to_o a_o requital_n and_o that_o either_o in_o good_a or_o evil_a thing_n and_o even_o all_o these_o be_v without_o the_o principal_a cause_n in_o which_o they_o be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o proegumenal_a which_o consist_v in_o the_o principal_a cause_n itself_o for_o example_n if_o any_o one_o walk_v about_o in_o the_o night_n shall_v see_v many_o precious_a thing_n in_o the_o open_a house_n of_o his_o enemy_n from_o who_o just_o before_o he_o have_v receive_v a_o injury_n to_o be_v negligent_o keep_v and_o at_o the_o instigation_n of_o another_o shall_v take_v they_o away_o the_o objective_a cause_n of_o of_o this_o will_v be_v the_o precious_a thing_n themselves_o exciting_a the_o covetousness_n of_o the_o thief_n the_o occasion_n the_o darkness_n of_o the_o night_n and_o open_a house_n which_o in_o no_o little_a measure_n further_o he_o in_o his_o purpose_n the_o author_n or_o moral_a cause_n he_o who_o instigate_v he_o the_o meritorious_a the_o injury_n receive_v for_o which_o the_o thief_n come_v to_o be_v more_o prone_a to_o steal_v the_o proëgumenal_a cause_n be_v the_o proper_a avarice_n of_o the_o thief_n farthermore_o author_n or_o cause_n moral_a have_v place_n only_o in_o voluntary_a cause_n object_n occasion_n meritorious_a and_o proëgumental_a also_o in_o other_o occasion_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o cause_n meritorious_a as_o when_o a_o injury_n commit_v or_o do_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o fight_n or_o war_n or_o slaughter_n and_o in_o this_o sense_n if_o feign_v be_v call_v by_o the_o greek_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o the_o latin_n pretext_n the_o proëgumenal_a either_o dispose_v only_o the_o principal_a cause_n as_o when_o the_o temperament_n of_o the_o body_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o manner_n or_o also_o move_v it_o and_o spur_n it_o on_o as_o when_o anger_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o revenge_n or_o avarice_n of_o theft_n 2._o §_o the_o procatarctical_a and_o proëgumenal_a cause_n be_v of_o great_a use_n in_o physic_n for_o physician_n reduce_v almost_o all_o disease_n to_o three_o cause_n procatarctical_a proegumenal_a and_o synectical_a or_o contain_v the_o procatarctical_a with_o they_o be_v the_o external_n and_o evident_a cause_n the_o other_o two_o the_o internal_a and_o hide_a cause_n the_o proëgumenal_a the_o antecedent_n the_o contain_v the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o that_o which_o be_v connate_a with_o and_o also_o exist_v together_o with_o the_o disease_n and_o coheres_fw-la immediate_o with_o it_o and_o this_o with_o we_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n for_o example_n the_o procatarctical_a cause_n of_o the_o fever_n be_v either_o cold_a or_o the_o astringent_a bath_n the_o proëgumenal_a the_o skin_n bind_v up_o and_o evaporation_n hinder_v the_o contain_v the_o humour_n putrescent_fw-la and_o accend_v ax._n 25._o the_o instrumental_a cause_n be_v that_o which_o subserve_v the_o principal_a cause_n in_o its_o effect_v 1._o §_o all_o instrument_n subserve_v not_o the_o principal_a in_o the_o like_a manner_n for_o there_o be_v some_o instrument_n join_v to_o the_o principal_a cause_n in_o act_v and_o there_o be_v some_o in_o act_v separate_a from_o they_o those_o be_v instrument_n conjoin_v of_o which_o the_o principal_a cause_n make_v use_v in_o the_o effection_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o these_o be_v either_o active_a as_o the_o heat_n in_o the_o fire_n or_o passive_a as_o a_o knife_n a_o sword_n etc._n etc._n separate_a instrument_n be_v those_o which_o act_n in_o the_o place_n and_o stead_n of_o the_o principal_a cause_n so_o the_o ambassador_n be_v the_o instrument_n of_o the_o prince_n and_o the_o seed_n seem_v to_o many_o the_o instrument_n of_o generation_n but_o mistaken_o for_o separate_v instrument_n have_v no_o place_n in_o natural_n but_o moral_n and_o this_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o maxim_n viz._n ax._n 26._o the_o essence_n of_o instrument_n consist_v in_o their_o fitness_n for_o use_v 1._o §_o instrument_n say_v aristotle_n book_n 2._o of_o an._n cap._n 4._o in_o office_n and_o uses_n be_v distinguish_v or_o convene_v among_o themselves_o for_o every_o instrument_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v because_o and_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v fit_a for_o some_o certain_a use_n so_o a_o axe_n be_v so_o far_o a_o axe_n as_o that_o in_o the_o quality_n of_o its_o matter_n and_o form_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o cut_v and_o the_o eye_n so_o far_o a_o eye_n as_o it_o be_v fit_a to_o see_v with_o for_o the_o eye_n the_o hand_n and_o other_o organical_a part_n of_o man_n or_o beast_n when_o dead_a be_v not_o eye_n or_o hand_n unless_o homonymous_o or_o ambiguous_o that_o be_v doubtful_o as_o aristotle_n say_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o meteor_n cap._n 17._o ax._n 27._o six_o cause_v efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o first_o and_o second_o ax._n 28._o the_o first_o be_v that_o which_o depend_v upon_o none_o ax._n 29._o the_o second_o which_o depend_v upon_o the_o first_o 1._o §_o a_o cause_n be_v two_o way_n say_v to_o be_v first_o to_o wit_n absolute_o or_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o on_o which_o all_o thing_n depend_v both_o when_o they_o be_v make_v exist_v and_o operate_v or_o as_o they_o say_v in_o fieri_fw-la esse_fw-la and_o operation_n the_o cause_n absolute_o first_o be_v only_o one_o to_o wit_n god_n for_o all_o thing_n depend_v on_o god_n both_o as_o to_o their_o make_v be_v and_o operate_n according_a to_o that_o of_o the_o apostle_n st._n paul_n act_v 17._o in_o he_o we_o live_v and_o move_v and_o have_v our_o be_v furthermore_o all_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o god_n as_o they_o be_v make_v or_o in_o fieri_fw-la as_o they_o say_v by_o reason_n of_o creation_n and_o that_o either_o proximate_o or_o remote_o as_o they_o be_v or_o in_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o conservation_n as_o they_o operate_v of_o his_o providence_n either_o ordinary_o or_o extraordinary_o etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o that_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la on_o which_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la depend_v such_o a_o first_o cause_n be_v not_o only_o give_v in_o every_o genus_fw-la of_o cause_n but_o also_o in_o every_o subordination_n so_o adam_n be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o man_n in_o his_o species_n
that_o it_o be_v conjoin_v with_o the_o patient_n and_o two_o unlike_a unto_o it_o 1._o §_o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v precept_v book_n 7._o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o the_o other_o book_n 1._o of_o gener._n and_o corrup_n cap._n 7._o a_o efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n join_v to_o the_o patient_n to_o wit_n either_o by_o existence_n vulgar_o call_v suppositum_fw-la or_o virtue_n for_o example_n when_o fire_n burn_v wood_n it_o be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o wood_n by_o its_o existence_n when_o heat_n the_o sitter_n by_o it_o be_v not_o join_v to_o they_o by_o its_o existence_n but_o power_n or_o virtue_n 2._o §_o a_o agent_n likewise_o be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n unlike_o the_o patient_n either_o as_o to_o species_n or_o degree_n in_o the_o first_o manner_n hot_a to_o cold_a in_o the_o last_o that_o which_o be_v more_o hot_a to_o that_o which_o be_v less_o hot_a or_o that_o which_o be_v more_o cold_a to_o that_o which_o be_v less_o cold_a those_o which_o neither_o the_o one_o can_v act_v upon_o the_o other_o or_o suffer_v from_o it_o any_o manner_n of_o way_n ax._n 9_o three_o the_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o free_a and_o necessary_a ax._n 10._o a_o free_a be_v that_o which_o cause_n consult_o or_o with_o design_n ax._n 11._o a_o necessary_a not_o but_o by_o necessity_n of_o nature_n 1._o §_o liberty_n in_o general_n be_v a_o faculty_n of_o do_v what_o one_o please_v and_o therefore_o he_o who_o be_v absolute_o free_a be_v free_a from_o all_o servitude_n law_n impose_v upon_o he_o by_o other_o coaction_n and_o necessity_n of_o nature_n but_o when_o the_o will_n be_v say_v to_o be_v free_a and_o a_o free_a cause_n oppose_v to_o a_o necessary_a nothing_o far_o be_v understand_v by_o the_o name_n of_o liberty_n but_o a_o immunity_n from_o coaction_n necessity_n and_o natural_a determination_n for_o he_o who_o be_v a_o servant_n or_o subject_a to_o another_o law_n enjoy_v the_o liberty_n of_o his_o own_o will_n when_o he_o judge_n that_o he_o be_v to_o live_v according_a to_o the_o law_n or_o beck_n of_o he_o with_o who_o he_o live_v but_o natural_a necessity_n and_o coaction_n evert_v liberty_n why_o therefore_o be_v not_o co-act_a cause_n contain_v in_o this_o division_n because_o he_o who_o be_v compel_v be_v so_o compel_v by_o another_o as_o that_o he_o conduce_v nothing_o to_o the_o effect_n himself_o and_o therefore_o can_v be_v number_v among_o the_o efficient_n 2._o §_o by_o natural_a necessity_n we_o understand_v not_o only_o that_o by_o which_o inanimate_a thing_n act_v as_o plant_n but_o that_o also_o by_o which_o brute_n and_o infant_n before_o the_o use_v of_o reason_n for_o the_o action_n of_o brute_n and_o infant_n proceed_v almost_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n from_o natural_a instinct_n and_o sense_n as_o do_v the_o action_n of_o plant_n from_o nature_n itself_o in_o this_o sense_n be_v the_o part_n of_o the_o division_n immediate_o oppose_v and_o in_o this_o be_v contain_v all_o the_o species_n of_o cause_n which_o follow_v ax._n 12._o a_o free_a cause_n can_v act_v and_o not_o act_n what_o how_o and_o when_o it_o please_v ax._n 13._o a_o necessary_a be_v determine_v to_o one_o certain_a thing_n and_o act_n both_o when_o and_o as_o much_o as_o it_o can_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n for_o this_o cause_n be_v one_o say_v free_o to_o dispute_v or_o write_v because_o voluntary_o and_o of_o one_o own_o accord_n one_o dispute_n or_o write_v and_o also_o because_o one_o can_v dispute_v or_o not_o dispute_v and_o the_o disputation_n begin_v can_v at_o will_v interrupt_v or_o do_v any_o of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o our_o own_o power_n for_o to_o these_o only_o do_v the_o liberty_n of_o the_o will_v extend_v cause_n necessary_a be_v determine_v to_o one_o thing_n that_o be_v they_o can_v but_o can_v but_o act_v and_o that_o only_a which_o they_o do_v and_o nothing_o else_o and_o as_o much_o as_o they_o can_v so_o fire_n can_v but_o heat_v fit_a matter_n and_o heat_v every_o thing_n so_o much_o as_o that_o it_o can_v heat_v it_o any_o more_o ax._n 14._o four_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o cause_n by_o it_o self_n and_o cause_n by_o accident_n ax._n 15._o cause_o by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o as_o it_o be_v such_o produces_z a_o effect_n of_o its_o own_o council_n and_o agreeable_a to_o its_o natural_a disposition_n ax._n 16._o by_o accident_n which_o not_o as_o such_o or_o else_o beside_o its_o own_o council_n or_o natural_a propension_n 1._o §_o that_o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v a_o cause_n of_o itself_o two_o condition_n thus_o be_v require_v first_o that_o the_o effect_v answer_v to_o its_o council_n or_o natural_a propension_n to_o its_o council_n if_o a_o free_a propension_n if_o a_o necessary_a the_o other_o that_o it_o produce_v it_o as_o such_o if_o either_o of_o these_o be_v want_v the_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o accident_n if_o the_o first_o because_o some_o event_n or_o effect_v by_o accident_n coheres_fw-la with_o the_o effect_n which_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o cause_n efficient_a by_o itself_o as_o when_o one_o dig_v up_o the_o earth_n find_v a_o treasure_n for_o to_o dig_v the_o earth_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o dig_a by_o itself_o with_o which_o effect_n the_o find_n of_o the_o treasure_n by_o accident_n that_o be_v beside_o the_o council_n of_o the_o dig_a and_o nature_n of_o the_o digging_z be_v join_v so_o when_o a_o animal_n beget_v a_o monster_n it_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o monster_n by_o accident_n because_o the_o generation_n of_o the_o monster_n be_v join_v with_o that_o of_o nature_n by_o accident_n and_o beside_o its_o scope_n and_o intention_n if_o the_o latter_a that_o be_v if_o the_o latter_a qualification_n be_v want_v the_o cause_n be_v say_v by_o accident_n because_o the_o effect_n be_v not_o ascribe_v to_o the_o cause_n but_o that_o which_o happen_v to_o it_o as_o when_o polyclete_n or_o a_o musician_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o statue_n for_o neither_o do_v polyclete_n make_v the_o statue_n as_o he_o be_v polyclete_n or_o musician_n as_o he_o be_v musician_n but_o a_o statuary_n for_o it_o be_v accidental_a to_o the_o statuary_n that_o he_o be_v either_o polyclete_n or_o a_o musician_n see_v book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 2._o ax._n 17._o to_o cause_v by_o accident_n be_v reduce_v fortune_n and_o chance_n 1._o §_o videlicet_fw-la to_o the_o first_o species_n of_o it_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o its_o effect_n fortune_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v define_v by_o aristotle_n book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 5._o thus_o it_o be_v therefore_o manifest_a that_o fortune_n be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v do_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o something_o and_o consult_o undertake_v by_o themistius_n in_o his_o periphrase_n upon_o this_o place_n more_o full_o to_o be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o neither_o necessary_o nor_o often_o but_o rare_o happen_v and_o in_o those_o alone_o which_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o something_o be_v consult_o undertake_v 2._o §_o now_o chance_n in_o creek_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o rare_o happen_v and_o that_o in_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v undertake_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o another_o and_o not_o only_o consult_o for_o chance_n extend_v far_a than_o fortune_n for_o whereas_o both_o be_v cause_n by_o accident_n which_o act_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o some_o end_n and_o be_v conversant_a in_o thing_n rare_o happen_v fortune_n only_o be_v place_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o act_v consult_o chance_v also_o in_o those_o which_o act_n by_o necessity_n of_o nature_n as_o in_o infant_n brute_n plant_n and_o also_o inanimate_a thing_n in_o which_o there_o be_v no_o place_n for_o fortune_n as_o for_o instance_n when_o any_o one_o dig_v find_v a_o treasure_n we_o may_v say_v that_o it_o be_v by_o chance_n or_o fortune_n do_v but_o when_o a_o tile_n fall_v from_o a_o house_n shall_v wound_v a_o passer_n by_o that_o be_v we_o say_v by_o chance_n not_o fortune_n do_v all_o fortune_n therefore_o be_v chance_n but_o not_o on_o the_o contrary_a as_o be_v say_v book_n the_o same_o cap._n 6._o although_o '_o these_o word_n be_v often_o confound_v ax._n 18._o five_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o principal_a and_o less_o principal_a ax._n 19_o a_o principal_n be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n by_o its_o own_o virtue_n ax._n 20._o a_o less_o which_o inserve_n the_o principal_a towards_o its_o produce_v the_o effect_n ax._n 21._o the_o principal_a cause_n be_v either_o equal_a to_o or_o noble_a never_o worse_o than_o
of_o that_o mutual_a habitude_n or_o relation_n which_o thing_n may_v have_v each_o to_o the_o other_o whether_o simple_a or_o analogical_a and_o these_o be_v large_a in_o their_o extent_n as_o trope_n ax._n 9_o reason_n of_o unequal_a attribution_n viz._n that_o those_o signify_v that_o common_a nature_n which_o be_v unequal_o communicate_v to_o its_o subject_v species_n ax._n 10._o by_o reason_n of_o we_o the_o homonymy_n be_v when_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o the_o memory_n of_o any_o person_n near_o and_o dear_a to_o we_o or_o some_o illustrious_a person_n in_o hope_n of_o similitude_n or_o the_o like_a we_o impose_v such_o and_o such_o name_n upon_o our_o child_n and_o friend_n ax._n 11._o of_o these_o the_o far_a distant_a from_o synonym_n that_o be_v such_o as_o we_o have_v in_o the_o beginning_n of_o this_o chapter_n define_v be_v homonym_n by_o chance_n and_o those_o who_o reason_n or_o homonymy_n be_v in_o we_o more_o near_o the_o tropic_n and_o first_o the_o analogous_a near_o of_o all_o those_o that_o be_v ambiguous_a by_o reason_n of_o unequal_a attribution_n etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o the_o general_a cause_n of_o homonymy_n or_o ambiguity_n be_v the_o infinite_a multitude_n of_o thing_n and_o paucity_n of_o word_n for_o by_o reason_n of_o that_o much_o great_a paucity_n of_o word_n than_o thing_n of_o necessity_n one_o word_n must_v be_v apply_v to_o signify_v many_o thing_n but_o the_o cause_n why_o this_o word_n or_o that_o word_n be_v homonymous_n be_v either_o none_o as_o in_o homonymy_a by_o chance_n or_o if_o there_o be_v any_o which_o may_v move_v a_o wise_a man_n to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o same_o word_n to_o signify_v many_o thing_n it_o be_v either_o the_o change_n of_o the_o word_n from_o its_o proper_a signification_n as_o in_o the_o tropic_n or_o unequal_a attribution_n as_o in_o they_o which_o convene_v not_o equal_o to_o inferior_n or_o conservation_n of_o some_o one_o memory_n or_o the_o hope_n of_o similitude_n or_o example_n for_o instance_n the_o word_n jus_n in_o latin_a signify_v both_o broth_n and_o that_o which_o be_v oppose_v to_o injustice_n the_o homony_n my_o be_v by_o chance_n for_o there_o be_v no_o reason_n why_o this_o name_n shall_v be_v impose_v upon_o thing_n have_v no_o affinity_n at_o all_o among_o themselves_o 2_o §_o what_o and_o how_o many_o sell_a trope_n be_v be_v to_o be_v know_v from_o the_o rhetorician_n but_o trope_n cause_v homonomy_n because_o a_o sentence_n pronounce_v in_o tropical_a word_n may_v be_v ambiguous_a and_o sallacious_a as_o when_o the_o word_n fox_n be_v put_v for_o a_o guilâ—ful_a person_n pastor_n for_o a_o minister_n of_o the_o church_n soul_n for_o man_n author_n for_o the_o work_n etc._n etc._n for_o it_o be_v uncertain_a whether_o a_o man_n may_v use_v these_o in_o their_o proper_a or_o their_o translate_a signification_n homonym_n by_o unequal_a attribution_n be_v for_o example_n such_o as_o these_o viz._n enâ—_n or_o be_v in_o respect_n of_o subfrance_n and_o accident_n syllogism_n in_o respect_n of_o syllogism_n strict_o so_o call_v and_o other_o syllogism_n which_o 〈◊〉_d be_v wont_a to_o be_v call_v syllogism_n and_o so_o the_o term_n sanum_fw-la in_o latin_a be_v give_v to_o animal_n medicine_n and_o urine_n etc._n etc._n 3_o §_o and_o even_o all_o these_o have_v their_o cause_n of_o ambiguity_n in_o thing_n other_o also_o there_o be_v which_o we_o have_v say_v have_v their_o cause_n of_o ambiguity_n in_o we_o and_o our_o will_n as_o when_o we_o give_v the_o name_n of_o the_o parent_n to_o the_o child_n for_o the_o conservation_n of_o his_o memory_n or_o some_o pious_a and_o learned_a person_n hope_v that_o we_o may_v be_v excite_v by_o his_o example_n to_o become_v like_a unto_o he_o these_o ammonius_n in_o his_o commentary_n on_o the_o book_n of_o the_o categ_n call_v memoriae_fw-la and_o the_o other_o spei_fw-la gratia_fw-la 4._o §_o but_o that_o the_o homonomy_n of_o word_n may_v be_v so_o much_o the_o better_o understand_v which_o be_v in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o be_v regard_v in_o disputation_n we_o may_v take_v notice_n of_o some_o canon_n or_o criterion_n which_o aristotle_n deliver_v book_n 1._o top._n cap._n 15._o of_o which_o we_o shall_v here_o repeat_v the_o chief_a all_o those_o word_n in_o the_o first_o place_n fall_v under_o the_o title_n of_o homonymous_n to_o which_o many_o be_v contrary_n as_o that_o of_o the_o latin_a word_n grave_a to_o which_o leave_v and_o acutum_fw-la second_o those_o which_o have_v sometime_o a_o contrary_a sometime_o not_o as_o the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d to_o love_v unto_o which_o sometime_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o hate_v and_o sometime_o nothing_o as_o when_o signify_v to_o wont_a three_o those_o which_o have_v sometime_o a_o medium_fw-la sometime_o not_o so_o the_o word_n candid_a and_o fâ—â—â—â—d_a that_o be_v in_o english_a white_a and_o dark_a brown_n for_o when_o discourse_n be_v of_o colour_n the_o pale_a and_o other_o middle_n be_v interject_v between_o they_o but_o when_o of_o voice_n say_v to_o be_v candid_a or_o fuscid_a that_o be_v clear_a or_o hoarse_a than_o nothing_o four_o those_o be_v say_v to_o be_v homonymous_n to_o which_o something_o be_v oppose_v that_o be_v ambiguous_a so_o acute_a be_v a_o homonym_n because_o obtuse_a for_o both_o a_o axe_n be_v say_v to_o be_v obtuse_a and_o the_o voice_n and_o the_o wit._n so_o also_o the_o word_n flock_n and_o therefore_o likewise_o pasior_n and_o so_o in_o other_o genus_n of_o opposition_n except_v disparate_v five_o those_o who_o conjugate_v jugate_v be_v homonym_n and_o so_o because_o the_o latin_a word_n sanus_fw-la be_v a_o homonym_n so_o also_o must_v the_o word_n sanitas_fw-la be_v six_o those_o which_o signify_v thing_n of_o divers_a kind_n and_o so_o good_a because_o to_o be_v find_v in_o all_o category_n so_o also_o the_o greek_a word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d because_o it_o signify_v as_o well_o a_o ass_n as_o a_o millstone_n seven_o those_o which_o be_v attribute_v to_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v not_o such_o as_o that_o they_o may_v be_v compare_v and_o the_o one_o be_v say_v to_o be_v more_o such_o or_o as_o much_o such_o as_o the_o other_o and_o therefore_o candid_a because_o attribute_v both_o to_o the_o voice_n and_o a_o garment_n when_o a_o voice_n can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v neither_o more_o nor_o less_o so_o than_o a_o garment_n eight_o those_o word_n which_o signify_v the_o difference_n of_o genus_n that_o be_v not_o subaltern_a as_o acute_a that_o be_v the_o difference_n both_o of_o voice_n and_o magnitude_n nine_o those_o which_o have_v diverse_a difference_n as_o the_o word_n jus_n in_o latin_a for_o other_o be_v the_o difference_n of_o that_o from_o which_o the_o lawyer_n be_v call_v jurisconsulti_fw-la and_o other_o that_o which_o may_v be_v drink_v ten_o and_o last_o those_o which_o signify_v sometime_o a_o species_n and_o sometime_o a_o difference_n as_o the_o word_n candour_n which_o signify_v a_o species_n of_o colour_n and_o a_o difference_n of_o voice_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 12._o the_o diverse_a acception_n of_o word_n which_o the_o schoolman_n call_v supposition_n effect_v no_o homonymy_n ax._n 13._o word_n be_v either_o take_v material_o or_o formal_o ax._n 14._o they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v take_v material_o when_o for_o themselves_o ax._n 15._o formal_o when_o for_o the_o thing_n by_o they_o signify_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o i_o say_v animal_n be_v a_o word_n of_o three_o syllable_n of_o the_o neuter_n gender_n and_o the_o three_o declension_n the_o word_n homo_fw-la be_v a_o word_n of_o two_o syllable_n of_o the_o common_a gender_n the_o word_n homo_fw-la and_z animal_n be_v material_o take_v that_o be_v by_z and_o for_o themselves_o not_o otherwise_o than_o as_o if_o they_o signify_v nothing_o at_o all_o but_o when_o i_o say_v man_n be_v a_o animal_n the_o word_n man_n and_o animal_n be_v formal_o take_v that_o be_v for_o those_o thing_n which_o they_o signify_v according_a to_o institution_n ax._n 16._o formal_a acception_n when_o of_o singular_a word_n be_v but_o of_o one_o mode_n but_o when_o of_o universal_a it_o be_v either_o simple_a or_o concrete_a and_o ax._n 17._o simple_n then_o when_o a_o universal_a be_v take_v for_o the_o common_a nature_n abstract_o from_o inferior_n ax._n 18._o concrete_a when_o in_o inferior_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o i_o say_v animal_n be_v the_o genus_fw-la of_o man_n the_o word_n animal_n be_v take_v simple_o for_o the_o nature_n of_o animal_n abstract_o consider_v as_o in_o the_o notion_n of_o the_o mind_n or_o understanding_n it_o be_v prescind_v from_o inferior_n but_o when_o i_o say_v man_n be_v a_o animal_n the_o word_n animal_n be_v take_v in_o the_o concrete_a viz._n as_o it_o exist_v in_o humane_a species_n this_o concrete_a acception_n be_v by_o the_o
if_o science_n it_o be_v call_v demonstrative_a or_o apodictical_a as_o cap._n 2._o soph._n elench_v and_o if_o opinion_n or_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n it_o be_v call_v dialectical_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o so_o that_o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n be_v nothing_o more_o than_o a_o syllogism_n generate_a opinion_n or_o any_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n or_o as_o aristotle_n explain_v himself_o book_n 1._o of_o his_o top._n cap._n 1._o argue_v out_o of_o probable_n and_o he_o be_v think_v the_o best_a dialectic_a who_o can_v best_o defend_v his_o own_o and_o dilute_a or_o wash_v away_o the_o opinion_n of_o his_o adversary_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o and_o in_o treat_v of_o this_o sort_n of_o syllogism_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v of_o question_n proposition_n and_o invention_n of_o argument_n ax._n 5._o and_o a_o question_n here_o may_v be_v any_o thing_n provide_v it_o contradict_v not_o piety_n good_a manner_n or_o common_a sense_n 1._o §_o for_o he_o that_o shall_v call_v in_o question_n whether_o god_n be_v to_o be_v worship_v or_o parent_n honour_v or_o the_o magistrate_n to_o be_v obey_v aught_o rather_o to_o be_v punish_v than_o follow_v with_o dialectical_a argument_n so_o he_o that_o shaâ—â—_n doubt_v whether_o the_o snow_n be_v white_a be_v not_o otherwise_o to_o be_v convince_v than_o by_o the_o testimony_n of_o his_o outward_a sense_n which_o he_o who_o disbelieve_v what_o be_v iâ—_n that_o he_o will_v believe_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o so_o that_o concern_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o dialectical_a problem_n we_o need_v not_o much_o to_o be_v solicitous_a anâ—_n their_o attribute_n be_v either_o of_o the_o first_o or_o second_o notion_n of_o which_o those_o constitute_v real_a these_o notional_a problem_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 7._o a_o real_a be_v when_o the_o attribute_n of_o thâ—_n question_n be_v real_a as_o be_v a_o place_n a_o superficies_n or_o so_o a_o notional_a when_o a_o notional_a as_o be_v superficies_n the_o gonus_fw-la of_o place_n or_o so_o because_o genus_fw-la be_v not_o a_o true_a thing_n but_o a_o second_o notion_n or_o logical_a and_o only_o feign_v in_o the_o mind_n whereas_o a_o superficies_n be_v a_o true_a thinâ—_n and_o not_o feign_v in_o the_o mind_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 8._o real_a again_o be_v either_o absolute_a or_o compare_v ax._n 9_o absolute_a that_o in_o which_o seek_v whether_o tâ—â—_n attribute_n agree_v to_o the_o subject_a or_o no._n ax._n 10._o compare_v when_o two_o or_o more_o subject_a be_v propose_v it_o be_v ask_v which_o the_o attribute_n degree_n or_o disagree_v most_o to_o or_o two_o or_o more_o attribute_n whether_o of_o they_o agree_v more_o or_o most_o to_o 〈◊〉_d subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o saught_v whether_o glery_n to_o be_v number_v among_o our_o good_a thing_n it_o be_v a_o absolute_a problem_n when_o whether_o virtue_n or_o glory_n a_o most_o to_o be_v desire_v or_o alexander_n more_o valiant_a or_o tâ—â—â—rate_a a_o compare_v ax._n 11._o problem_n dialectical_a of_o what_o kind_n soever_o may_v be_v take_v out_o of_o all_o discipline_n whatsoever_o ax._n 12._o proposition_n dialectical_a be_v to_o be_v true_a 〈◊〉_d least_o probable_a not_o paradoxal_a that_o be_v against_o the_o common_a or_o receive_a opinion_n for_o how_o shall_v the_o respondent_fw-la grant_v that_o which_o be_v against_o the_o common_a or_o receive_v opinion_n and_o which_o it_o may_v be_v he_o judge_v to_o be_v false_a but_o let_v we_o take_v some_o note_n from_o the_o learned_a hereboord_n and_o so_o end_v this_o chapter_n note_n and_o observation_n from_o the_o learned_a hereboord_n have_v relation_n to_o this_o chapter_n 1._o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n may_v also_o thus_o be_v define_v a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o beget_v opinion_n human_a faith_n or_o doubt_v or_o any_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n or_o error_n which_o distinguish_v it_o likewise_o from_o the_o sophistical_a syllogism_n 2._o a_o syllogism_n dialectical_a be_v also_o by_o another_o name_n call_v topical_a from_o the_o greek_a word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d place_n in_o latin_a probabilis_fw-la that_o be_v probable_a or_o contingent_a because_o though_o it_o produce_v a_o true_a yet_o be_v it_o a_o uncertain_a and_o infirm_a assent_n because_o its_o proposition_n though_o true_a be_v yet_o contingent_a as_o may_v appear_v by_o what_o be_v say_v above_o 3._o when_o a_o paradox_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o problem_n true_a against_o the_o common_a opinion_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v only_o of_o that_o of_o the_o unlearned_a or_o vulgar_a but_o also_o of_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o letter_a who_o have_v take_v up_o with_o principle_n ancient_a and_o not_o so_o well_o examine_v such_o as_o that_o viz._n the_o earth_n move_v which_o though_o it_o be_v true_a yet_o may_v it_o be_v so_o against_o the_o common_a opinion_n and_o therefore_o a_o paradox_n 4._o a_o term_n of_o art_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o this_o viz._n a_o term_n proper_a to_o every_o art_n so_o metonymy_a and_o synecdoche_n be_v term_n of_o art_n viz._n rhetorical_a meridian_n horizon_n zodiac_n astronomical_a genus_fw-la and_o species_n logical_a etc._n etc._n and_o this_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o consideration_n viz._n that_o chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o dialectical_a argument_n or_o topical_a place_n and_o rule_n ax._n 1_o now_o to_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o probable_a or_o dialectical_a argument_n belong_v place_n and_o rule_n a._n 2._o a_o place_n be_v a_o seat_n or_o certain_a common_a note_n by_o who_o admonition_n a_o argument_n be_v find_v ax._n 3_o a_o rule_n a_o canon_n or_o proposition_n contain_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o consequence_n of_o dialectical_a syllogism_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o the_o distribution_n of_o the_o argument_n here_o to_o be_v use_v viz._n in_o dialectical_a disputation_n be_v usual_o into_o artificial_a and_o inartificial_a that_o be_v into_o those_o of_o art_n to_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o question_n and_o testimony_n which_o be_v to_o be_v find_v without_o now_o the_o first_o ax._n 5._o be_v to_o be_v use_v for_o the_o confirm_v or_o refel_v of_o all_o sort_n of_o problem_n alike_o that_o be_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v no_o other_o than_o testimony_n but_o the_o artificial_a not_o but_o may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n viz._n those_o for_o the_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o notional_a and_o those_o for_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o such_o as_o we_o have_v call_v real_a problem_n because_o concern_v about_o real_a thing_n ax._n 6._o now_o those_o of_o the_o first_o kind_n viz._n for_o the_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o notional_a problem_n be_v always_o take_v from_o the_o nature_n or_o propriety_n of_o that_o affection_n or_o 2d_o notion_n concern_v which_o it_o be_v query_v in_o the_o problem_n 1._o §_o which_o or_o else_o some_o canon_n belong_v to_o it_o be_v place_v in_o the_o major_n a_o assumption_n be_v make_v the_o controvert_v affection_n be_v prove_v to_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a as_o because_o air_n be_v the_o subject_a matter_n of_o wind_n we_o prove_v it_o not_o to_o be_v its_o genus_fw-la and_o because_o immortality_n be_v the_o affection_n of_o life_n eternal_a we_o prove_v it_o not_o to_o be_v its_o genus_fw-la both_o which_o argument_n lean_a upon_o this_o rule_n viz._n that_o that_o which_o be_v the_o subject_a or_o propriety_n of_o a_o thing_n can_v be_v its_o genus_fw-la etc._n etc._n give_v we_o cap._n 11._o of_o the_o first_o book_n and_o so_o divine_v make_v it_o appear_v that_o good_a work_n be_v not_o to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o our_o justification_n because_o every_o cause_n be_v before_o its_o effect_n but_o good_a work_n be_v after_o our_o justification_n and_o therefore_o not_o its_o cause_n and_o this_o argumentation_n lean_v upon_o this_o foundation_n theorem_a 3._o cap._n 15._o of_o the_o first_o book_n viz_o that_o every_o cause_n be_v before_o it_o be_v cause_v in_o nature_n and_o knowledge_n etc._n etc._n such_o syllogism_n as_o these_o aristotle_n call_v book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 8._o syllogism_n logical_a that_o be_v notional_a and_o the_o use_v of_o they_o be_v very_o great_a in_o all_o discipline_n ax._n 9_o argument_n of_o the_o other_o sort_n viz._n for_o prove_v or_o refel_v of_o real_a problem_n be_v always_o take_v from_o the_o affection_n belong_v to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v as_o from_o their_o place_n ax._n 10._o of_o which_o those_o be_v the_o best_a which_o be_v take_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o predicate_a because_o not_o seek_v whether_o the_o subject_a be_v but_o predicate_v or_o whether_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o subject_a or_o not_o etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o for_o example_n of_o they_o both_o suppose_v any_o one_o
their_o hunger_n ax._n 14._o second_o that_o to_o which_o convene_v one_o equal_a to_o that_o also_o convene_v the_o other_o and_o that_o to_o which_o one_o not_o to_o that_o neither_o convene_v the_o other_o 1._o §_o as_o christ_n have_v the_o power_n of_o miraculous_o heal_v the_o paralytic_a and_o therefore_o to_o forgive_v sin_n a_o magnanimous_a man_n do_v not_o become_v a_o hasty_a gate_n and_o therefore_o not_o a_o speech_n ax._n 15._o the_o three_o rule_n be_v that_o which_o agree_v to_o one_o of_o the_o equal_n that_o also_o to_o the_o other_o and_o that_o which_o not_o to_o one_o that_o also_o not_o to_o the_o other_o etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o orpheus_n pollux_n theseus_n and_o hercules_n may_v go_v to_o the_o infernal_a world_n and_o therefore_o that_o benefit_n seem_v not_o to_o be_v deny_v to_o aeneas_n who_o be_v not_o inferior_a to_o they_o in_o nobility_n of_o stock_n about_o which_o aeneas_n dispute_v in_o virgil_n in_o this_o manner_n si_fw-mi potuit_fw-la manes_fw-la etc._n etc._n english_v by_o mr._n ogilby_n in_o this_o manner_n can_v orpheus_n make_v his_o bride_n from_o shade_n retire_v with_o pleasant_a note_n from_o his_o enchant_a lyre_n if_o pollux_n can_v by_o a_o alternate_a death_n his_o brother_n ease_n and_o tread_v so_o oft_o one_o path_n why_o shall_v i_o theseus_n or_o alcides_n name_n and_o my_o progenitor_n from_o great_a jove_n come_v etc._n etc._n thus_o also_o we_o may_v argue_v tyrus_n do_v not_o sustain_v the_o force_n of_o alexander_n and_o therefore_o jerusalem_n have_v not_o do_v it_o if_o alexander_n have_v besiege_a that_o etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o all_o the_o canon_n from_o the_o compare_v place_n have_v great_a probability_n and_o be_v almost_o certain_a if_o the_o argument_n be_v well_o compare_v with_o the_o part_n of_o the_o question_n that_o be_v compare_v with_o the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v of_o the_o question_n and_o not_o any_o thing_n else_o which_o be_v add_v in_o determine_v the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v for_o if_o this_o shall_v be_v do_v the_o illation_n will_v be_v foolish_a as_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v argue_v luscus_n can_v see_v a_o ox_n a_o great_a way_n off_o and_o therefore_o a_o little_a bird_n and_o that_o from_o this_o canon_n that_o to_o which_o the_o great_a agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o less_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o error_n consist_v in_o the_o evil_a comparison_n for_o although_o the_o ox_n be_v great_a thou_o the_o bird_n yet_o do_v it_o require_v a_o great_a perspicacity_n to_o see_v a_o little_a bird_n a_o great_a way_n off_o than_o a_o ox._n ax._n 16._o place_n from_o like_a and_o unlike_a be_v of_o no_o great_a use_n to_o prove_v or_o refel_v but_o however_o we_o will_v recite_v their_o canon_n and_o so_o proceed_v 1._o §_o to_o that_o of_o testimony_n and_o the_o first_o be_v that_o to_o the_o like_o the_o like_o agree_v and_o the_o second_o that_o the_o like_a to_o the_o unlike_a do_v not_o as_o if_o one_o shall_v attempt_v to_o prove_v that_o all_o thing_n shall_v be_v common_a among_o man_n because_o so_o among_o beast_n one_o may_v answer_v the_o ratio_fw-la of_o man_n and_o beast_n be_v not_o the_o same_o and_o therefore_o that_o the_o same_o thing_n shall_v agree_v to_o one_o as_o agree_v to_o the_o other_o be_v not_o necessary_a because_o that_o the_o like_a shall_v agree_v to_o the_o unlike_a be_v not_o necessary_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 17._o now_o that_o from_o testimony_n have_v ten_o canon_n and_o first_o that_o of_o the_o divine_a be_v most_o firm_a and_o also_o of_o its_o self_n most_o worthy_a of_o belief_n 1._o §_o under_o which_o notion_n be_v contain_v not_o only_o such_o as_o proceed_v from_o god_n himself_o as_o that_o of_o this_o be_v my_o belove_a son_n etc._n etc._n but_o also_o such_o as_o be_v write_v or_o say_v by_o man_n who_o it_o appear_v be_v divine_o inspire_v such_o as_o be_v the_o prophet_n and_o holy_a apostle_n etc._n etc._n but_o at_o this_o day_n none_o be_v to_o be_v receive_v for_o divine_a but_o only_o such_o as_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o canonical_a book_n of_o the_o holy_a scripture_n ax._n 18._o second_o the_o next_o in_o degree_n to_o that_o of_o the_o divine_a be_v the_o testimony_n of_o our_o sense_n as_o well_o the_o external_n as_o the_o internal_a to_o which_o appertain_v the_o testimony_n of_o conscience_n 1._o §_o the_o force_n of_o conscience_n be_v great_a say_v cicero_n for_o milo_n and_o that_o not_o only_o in_o the_o judgement_n as_o that_o those_o shall_v not_o fear_v who_o have_v commit_v none_o ill_a those_o again_o have_v continual_o punishment_n before_o their_o eye_n that_o have_v sin_v but_o in_o the_o whole_a course_n of_o our_o life_n and_o in_o all_o thing_n for_o god_n have_v implant_v in_o our_o nature_n a_o certain_a force_n of_o assent_v to_o some_o most_o universal_a and_o know_v proposition_n of_o truth_n on_o which_o lean_a art_n and_o science_n as_o well_o theoretical_a as_o practical_a to_o wit_n such_o as_o these_o viz._n that_o the_o whole_a be_v great_a than_o its_o part._n to_o god_n be_v due_a religion_n to_o parent_n honour_n to_o the_o magistrate_n obedience_n etc._n etc._n which_o he_o that_o believe_v not_o seem_v to_o have_v shake_v hand_n with_o his_o conscience_n and_o bid_v adieu_n to_o the_o proper_a force_n of_o his_o own_o nature_n second_o not_o less_o be_v the_o force_n of_o the_o external_n sense_n who_o judgement_n whosoever_o deny_v to_o be_v true_a at_o the_o same_o time_n take_v away_o the_o science_n and_o all_o assent_n of_o the_o mind_n have_v bring_v a_o infelicity_n upon_o himself_o like_o that_o of_o the_o sceptic_n and_o academic_n ax._n 19_o no_o humane_a testimony_n in_o the_o three_o place_n as_o humane_a that_o be_v as_o brought_z forth_o by_o man_n or_o proceed_v mere_o from_o man_n as_o man_n be_v of_o so_o much_o authority_n but_o that_o it_o may_v be_v question_v both_o because_o it_o be_v beyond_o the_o humane_a condition_n not_o to_o err_v and_o because_o man_n be_v so_o easy_o carry_v away_o by_o their_o affection_n through_o the_o force_n of_o which_o they_o embrace_v that_o as_o a_o truth_n which_o in_o their_o sedate_n mood_n they_o know_v even_o to_o be_v false_a ax._n 20._o four_o that_o which_o lean_v upon_o the_o tacit_a consent_v of_o all_o man_n be_v before_z other_o the_o most_o likely_a 1._o §_o as_o that_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v immortal_a and_o such_o like_a which_o lean_a upon_o no_o less_o than_o the_o dictate_v of_o every_o man_n be_v natural_a reason_n and_o conscience_n in_o this_o number_n yet_o be_v not_o to_o be_v reckon_v those_o old_a wife_n saying_n among_o the_o vulgar_a viz._n such_o as_o these_o that_o swan_n sing_v most_o sweet_o when_o they_o come_v to_o die_v bear_n bring_v forth_o misshapen_v cub_n etc._n etc._n for_o these_o no_o wise_a man_n will_v give_v any_o heed_n to_o ax._n 21._o five_o in_o a_o case_n where_o man_n disagree_v in_o their_o testimony_n that_o which_o the_o most_o and_o the_o wise_a assert_v be_v the_o most_o likely_a to_o be_v true_a ax._n 22._o six_o a_o skilful_a artificer_n if_o a_o honest_a man_n be_v to_o be_v give_v way_n to_o in_o his_o own_o art_n ax._n 23._o seven_o if_o word_n be_v in_o dispute_n the_o most_o use_v be_v always_o the_o best_a ax._n 24._o eight_o in_o question_n of_o right_a and_o wrong_n of_o much_o moment_n be_v law_n edict_n act_n of_o parliament_n opinion_n of_o wise_a man_n custom_n sentence_n in_o the_o like_a case_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 25._o nine_o in_o those_o of_o fact_n 〈◊〉_d be_v of_o use_v witness_n hand-writing_n confession_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 26._o ten_o a_o negative_a testimony_n in_o most_o case_n be_v not_o of_o any_o avail_v at_o all_o 1._o §_o for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v because_o aristotle_n or_o plato_n have_v not_o say_v it_o that_o therefore_o the_o thing_n be_v not_o so_o but_o if_o any_o proof_n in_o testimony_n this_o follow_v viz._n that_o aristotle_n plato_n and_o other_o professor_n of_o wisdom_n have_v say_v it_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v so_o or_o deny_v it_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v not_o so_o etc._n etc._n for_o although_o a_o testimony_n may_v not_o be_v negative_a yet_o nothing_o hinder_v but_o that_o a_o negative_a conclusion_n may_v be_v prove_v by_o a_o testimony_n etc._n etc._n the_o testimony_n of_o sacred_a writ_n also_o negative_a prove_v in_o thing_n necessary_a to_o salvation_n whether_o to_o be_v do_v or_o to_o be_v believe_v although_o in_o the_o rest_n they_o do_v not_o to_o wit_n because_o all_o thing_n necessary_a to_o salvation_n be_v in_o they_o contain_v and_o thus_o much_o of_o canon_n absolute_a now_o come_v we_o to_o those_o which_o be_v compare_v or_o concern_v comparison_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xix_o of_o canon_n compare_v
repair_v and_o this_o be_v from_o the_o final_a etc._n etc._n 4._o §_o demonstration_n why_o be_v not_o only_o affirm_v but_o also_o deny_v for_o as_o we_o may_v demonstrate_v that_o a_o man_n be_v capable_a of_o science_n because_o endue_v with_o reason_n so_o also_o that_o a_o beast_n be_v not_o because_o not_o etc._n etc._n for_o as_o a_o affirmation_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o affirmation_n so_o must_v a_o negation_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o negation_n etc._n etc._n see_v book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 13._o and_o so_o we_o proceed_v to_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o principle_n of_o demonstration_n in_o which_o we_o be_v teach_v what_o they_o ought_v to_o to_o be_v chap._n xxiii_o of_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o principle_n of_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o principle_n or_o proposition_n of_o demonstration_n why_o be_v either_o absolute_a or_o relate_v ax._n 2._o absolute_a be_v those_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o proposition_n in_o themselves_o consider_v and_o relate_v as_o compare_v with_o the_o conclusion_n ax._n 3_o the_o absolute_a be_v these_o and_o first_o that_o the_o proposition_n be_v necessary_o true_a and_o reciprocal_a second_o immediate_a and_o first_o commentary_n true_a because_o a_o false_a can_v be_v know_v and_o also_o necessary_o because_o from_o proposition_n not_o necessary_a a_o necessary_a conclusion_n can_v be_v draw_v unless_o by_o chance_n or_o accident_n 2._o §_o immediate_a because_o if_o not_o there_o will_v be_v a_o progress_n to_o infinite_a which_o be_v inconsistent_a with_o the_o nature_n of_o rnowledge_n ax._n 4._o these_o two_o in_o the_o major_n be_v require_v necessary_o but_o that_o the_o minor_a suppose_n it_o be_v true_a shall_v be_v also_o necessary_a and_o immediate_a be_v not_o absolute_o necessary_a 1._o §_o for_o the_o major_n be_v to_o consist_v of_o the_o affection_n and_o its_o next_o cause_n which_o be_v not_o only_o reciprocate_v among_o themselves_o but_o also_o necessary_o and_o immediate_o cohere_v but_o the_o minor_a of_o the_o affection_n cause_n and_o subject_n which_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a shall_v so_o close_o cohere_v as_o that_o they_o shall_v constitute_v a_o necessary_a immediate_a and_o reciprocal_a proposition_n since_o of_o the_o affection_n not_o subject_a the_o knowledge_n be_v require_v etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o now_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o necessary_a much_o less_o reciprocal_a and_o universal_o first_o when_o the_o medium_fw-la of_o the_o demonstration_n be_v the_o cause_n efficient_a external_n of_o the_o predicate_a for_o example_n that_o which_o with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v that_o suffer_v a_o defect_n of_o light_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n the_o moon_n with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v and_o therefore_o etc._n etc._n in_o this_o demonstration_n the_o minor_a have_v no_o degree_n of_o necessity_n because_o it_o be_v not_o perpetual_a in_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a or_o final_a indeed_o the_o minor_a be_v always_o necessary_a but_o not_o reciprocal_a because_o often_o the_o next_o and_o reciprocal_a subject_n want_v a_o name_n for_o example_n every_o plant_n who_o humour_n be_v apt_a to_o congeal_v at_o the_o foot_n or_o stalk_v of_o its_o leaf_n be_v apt_a to_o shed_v its_o leave_n but_o the_o humour_n of_o the_o vine_n be_v apt_a to_o congeal_v at_o the_o foot_n or_o stalk_v of_o its_o leaf_n and_o therefore_o the_o vine_n be_v apt_a to_o shed_v its_o leave_n etc._n etc._n in_o which_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o reciprocal_a because_o it_o happen_v not_o only_o to_o the_o vine_n to_o have_v its_o humour_n congeal_v but_o to_o all_o other_o plant_n to_o who_o it_o happen_v to_o shed_v their_o leave_n but_o this_o happen_v because_o there_o be_v not_o a_o proper_a name_n by_o which_o shall_v be_v signify_v all_o and_o only_o those_o plant_n to_o which_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o humour_n and_o fall_v of_o the_o leaf_n evene_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n be_v it_o also_o that_o the_o conclusion_n be_v not_o reciprocal_a see_v book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 5._o and_o book_n 2._o cap._n 66._o 3._o §_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o immediate_a also_o when_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v have_v any_o former_a cause_n by_o which_o it_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v for_o in_o all_o cause_n which_o enter_v demonstration_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a series_n and_o subordination_n so_o that_o every_o posterior_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o precedent_n as_o often_o therefore_o as_o any_o effect_n be_v demonstrate_v by_o such_o a_o cause_n as_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o a_o former_a cause_n that_o minor_n must_v necessary_o be_v mediate_v and_o than_o that_o minor_n be_v to_o be_v resolve_v into_o that_o former_a cause_n and_o so_o on_o till_o you_o come_v to_o the_o first_o of_o that_o series_n which_o constitute_v a_o demonstration_n of_o both_o proposition_n immediate_a and_o this_o demonstration_n be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o series_n and_o therefore_o in_o search_v of_o science_n we_o be_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o first_o demonstration_n to_o the_o follow_v in_o synthetic_a order_n and_o then_o the_o minor_a mediate_v be_v esteem_v as_o it_o be_v immediate_a because_o now_o before_o demonstrate_v for_o a_o demonstrate_v proposition_n be_v no_o less_o apt_a to_o beget_v knowledge_n than_o a_o proposition_n immediate_n and_o indemonstrable_a but_o yet_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v happen_v upon_o a_o demonstration_n who_o minor_a be_v mediate_v he_o must_v proceed_v in_o analytic_a order_n towards_o the_o first_o and_o fundamental_a demonstration_n nor_o will_v he_o first_o have_v attain_v science_n before_o he_o shall_v have_v arrive_v at_o the_o first_o cause_n for_o in_o this_o the_o mind_n acquiesces_fw-la but_o let_v we_o add_v example_n that_o the_o thing_n may_v be_v so_o much_o the_o better_o understand_v that_o which_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n admit_v not_o another_o body_n to_o be_v with_o it_o at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o the_o same_o place_n all_o body_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n and_o therefore_o etc._n etc._n the_o minor_a of_o this_o syllogism_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v in_o this_o manner_n that_o which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n every_o body_n consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n and_o therefore_o every_o body_n etc._n etc._n now_o the_o minor_a of_o this_o syllogism_n be_v immediate_a as_o well_o as_o the_o major_a because_o to_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v the_o definition_n of_o body_n etc._n etc._n 4._o §_o the_o same_o series_n there_o be_v in_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n final_a in_o which_o the_o subordinate_a be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o far_a end_n until_o you_o shall_v come_v to_o the_o last_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la in_o which_o the_o mind_n acquiesces_fw-la for_o example_n a_o animal_n have_v lung_n that_o it_o may_v breath_n breathe_v that_o it_o may_v refresh_v the_o heart_n the_o heart_n be_v to_o be_v refresh_v to_o preserve_v a_o temperature_n of_o heat_n a_o temperature_n of_o heat_n be_v to_o be_v keep_v that_o the_o life_n of_o the_o animal_n may_v be_v preserve_v etc._n etc._n if_o these_o demonstration_n be_v propose_v in_o form_n all_o except_v the_o last_o will_v have_v a_o mediate_v minor_a and_o the_o last_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n 5._o §_o it_o sometime_o happen_v that_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n efficient_a can_v be_v resolve_v into_o proposition_n mediate_v unless_o the_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n final_a be_v commix_v with_o the_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n efficient_a for_o example_n a_o man_n be_v of_o a_o most_o acute_a touch_n because_o he_o be_v of_o a_o very_a thin_a skin_n a_o thin_a skin_n because_o have_v abundance_n of_o elaborate_v animal_n spirit_n abundance_n of_o those_o elaborate_v animal_n spirit_n because_o have_v a_o very_a large_a brain_n the_o shop_n or_o office_n of_o those_o elaborate_v animal_n spirit_n hitherto_o be_v they_o all_o cause_n efficient_a that_o a_o man_n have_v a_o very_a large_a brain_n be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v from_o the_o end_n to_o wit_n because_o he_o shall_v reason_v that_o man_n shall_v reason_v again_o from_o cause_o efficient_a to_o wit_n because_o he_o be_v a_o rational_a animal_n here_o now_o we_o acquiesce_v because_o the_o minor_a be_v the_o definition_n of_o man_n and_o therefore_o immediate_a and_o indemonstrable_a axe_n 5._o the_o condition_n of_o principle_n relate_v to_o the_o conclusion_n be_v three_o and_o first_o that_o they_o be_v the_o cause_n second_o prior_n to_o and_o three_o more_o know_v than_o the_o conclusion_n ax._n 6._o and_o these_o condition_n be_v require_v in_o both_o proposition_n 1._o §_o for_o as_o be_v the_o
a_o point_n be_v that_o which_o do_v not_o consist_v of_o part_n a_o line_n be_v a_o longitude_n void_a of_o latitude_n a_o right_a line_n that_o which_o lie_v equal_o betwixt_o its_o point_n etc._n etc._n hypothesis_n in_o the_o first_o that_o there_o be_v a_o natural_a body_n a_o heaven_n a_o soul_n etc._n etc._n arithmetic_n that_o there_o be_v a_o unity_n seu_fw-la non_fw-la dari_fw-la maximum_fw-la numerum_fw-la that_o be_v that_o there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n as_o the_o high_a number_n geometry_n that_o there_o be_v a_o line_n that_o from_o one_o point_n to_o any_o other_o point_v a_o right_a line_n may_v be_v draw_v etc._n etc._n all_o which_o be_v such_o as_o though_o they_o want_v not_o demonstration_n yet_o be_v they_o such_o as_o that_o out_o of_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n mere_o know_v without_o the_o accession_n of_o any_o thing_n else_o they_o can_v be_v know_v to_o be_v true_a for_o although_o any_o one_o shall_v know_v what_o be_v signify_v by_o the_o name_n body_n yet_o can_v he_o not_o know_v by_o this_o that_o every_o body_n consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n nay_o that_o there_o be_v such_o a_o thing_n as_o natural_a body_n if_o not_o assist_v by_o the_o help_n of_o his_o sense_n etc._n etc._n 4._o §_o hence_o be_v it_o that_o axiom_n ought_v to_o be_v hold_v by_o he_o that_o will_v learn_v any_o science_n before_o he_o come_v to_o his_o master_n theses_n not_o because_o these_o be_v to_o be_v explain_v in_o the_o very_a entrance_n of_o science_n definition_n especial_o always_o but_o if_o know_v by_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o sense_n hypothesis_n indeed_o need_v not_o etc._n etc._n ax._n 14._o now_o when_o a_o demonstration_n be_v conform_v to_o these_o law_n it_o not_o only_o prove_v that_o the_o affection_n be_v in_o the_o subject_a but_o also_o explain_v what_o that_o be_v and_o contain_v the_o perfect_a definition_n of_o it_o 1._o §_o that_o be_v contain_v all_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v necessary_a to_o it_o only_o in_o invert_v order_n for_o a_o demonstration_n be_v thus_o propose_v viz._n the_o earth_n be_v interpose_v between_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n and_o therefore_o the_o moon_n suffer_v a_o eclipse_n or_o a_o defect_n of_o light_n viz._n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n and_o a_o definition_n thus_o viz._n a_o eclipse_n be_v a_o defect_n of_o light_n in_o the_o moon_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o earth_n interposition_n etc._n etc._n and_o this_o of_o demonstration_n why._n now_o come_v we_o to_o that_o which_o we_o call_v demonstratin_n that_o of_o which_o the_o next_o chapter_n as_o also_o of_o that_o which_o the_o logician_n call_v a_o regress_n chap._n xxiv_o of_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o that_o and_o regress_n ax._n 1_o now_o of_o demonstration_n that_o the_o one_o be_v from_o the_o effect_n and_o the_o other_o from_o the_o remote_a cause_n ax._n 2._o of_o which_o that_o collect_v the_o cause_n from_o the_o effect_v sensible_a and_o this_o the_o effect_n from_o the_o remote_a cause_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n if_o any_o one_o rise_v something_o late_a than_o usual_a shall_v see_v the_o wall_n of_o his_o chamber_n collustrate_v with_o the_o sunbeam_n and_o collect_v from_o thence_o that_o the_o sun_n have_v be_v sometime_o rise_v this_o will_v be_v from_o the_o sensible_a effect_n from_o the_o remote_a cause_n this_o viz._n plant_n have_v not_o a_o sensitive_a soul_n and_o therefore_o they_o do_v breath_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o now_o that_o from_o the_o effect_n may_v be_v as_o well_o affirm_v as_o deny_v the_o remote_a cause_n always_o deny_v and_o conclude_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n in_o camestre_n and_o therefore_o as_o we_o collect_v plant_n live_v because_o they_o grow_v and_o be_v nourish_v so_o also_o may_v we_o that_o stone_n do_v not_o because_o they_o neither_o grow_v nor_o be_v nourish_v etc._n etc._n and_o as_o from_o a_o unequal_a concitate_v pulse_n of_o the_o artery_n we_o collect_v that_o there_o be_v a_o fever_n so_o also_o from_o a_o equal_a and_o sedate_v that_o there_o be_v none_o or_o that_o there_o be_v a_o immunity_n from_o a_o fever_n etc._n etc._n but_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o all_o animal_n breathe_v because_o they_o have_v a_o sensitive_a soul_n although_o it_o do_v that_o no_o plant_n do_v because_o it_o have_v not_o because_o have_v a_o sensitive_a soul_n be_v not_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o breathe_v etc._n etc._n 3._o §_o now_o of_o these_o two_o species_n of_o demonstration_n the_o first_o be_v much_o noble_a than_o the_o last_o first_o because_o it_o have_v more_o necessary_a proposition_n consist_v of_o the_o same_o term_n of_o which_o do_v the_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d second_o beget_v knowledge_n though_o not_o simple_o yet_o such_o as_o be_v in_o its_o genus_fw-la perfect_a for_o a_o cause_n can_v no_o other_o way_n be_v know_v but_o by_o its_o effect_n three_o it_o be_v frame_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n and_o may_v also_o be_v affirm_v whereas_o demonstration_n from_o the_o cause_n remote_a consist_v of_o less_o necessary_a proposition_n and_o not_o immediate_a neither_o do_v it_o beget_v knowledge_n in_o its_o own_o kind_a perfect_a neither_o can_v it_o be_v frame_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n etc._n etc._n both_o yet_o beget_v such_o a_o knowledge_n as_o that_o we_o may_v know_v whether_o the_o thing_n be_v or_o be_v not_o etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o as_o soon_o then_o as_o the_o cause_n be_v deprehend_v from_o the_o sensible_a effect_n a_o comparison_n be_v institute_v between_o that_o cause_n and_o the_o effect_n and_o when_o the_o mind_n by_o its_o sagacity_n discover_v that_o that_o cause_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o that_o effect_n then_o a_o regress_n be_v make_v from_o the_o cause_n to_o the_o effect_n by_o a_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o sometime_o the_o effect_n be_v unknown_a and_o the_o cause_n know_v and_o then_o immediate_o be_v make_v use_n of_o the_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d sometime_o the_o effect_n perceive_v and_o cause_v unknown_a and_o then_o first_o the_o cause_n from_o the_o effect_n and_o then_o the_o effect_n from_o the_o cause_n be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o this_o sort_n of_o demonstration_n be_v usual_o call_v by_o the_o latin_n a_o regress_n in_o which_o the_o cause_n be_v first_o to_o be_v investigate_v by_o the_o effect_n and_o then_o from_o the_o true_a knowledge_n of_o those_o cause_n be_v to_o be_v derive_v a_o true_a and_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o those_o effect_n whereby_o we_o not_o only_o know_v that_o the_o effect_n be_v of_o which_o our_o sense_n be_v judge_n but_o also_o why_o and_o what_o they_o be_v further_a than_o which_o our_o mind_n can_v reach_v and_o thus_o much_o may_v suffice_v for_o a_o account_n of_o true_a syllogism_n note_n and_o observation_n from_o the_o learned_a heereboord_n in_o relation_n to_o this_o 24_o chapter_n when_o the_o demonstration_n from_o the_o remote_a cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v always_o negative_a by_o the_o ingenious_a author_n it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v with_o this_o restriction_n viz._n when_o it_o be_v large_a than_o the_o effect_n and_o not_o reciprocate_v with_o it_o as_o in_o the_o instance_n which_o he_o have_v give_v which_o be_v very_o true_a but_o sometime_o it_o may_v happen_v that_o the_o remote_a cause_n may_v be_v equal_a to_o and_o not_o large_a than_o the_o effect_n and_o then_o it_o be_v reciprocate_v with_o it_o and_o may_v be_v affirm_v as_o in_o this_o instance_n those_o thing_n which_o be_v animal_n vegetative_a be_v nourish_v plant_n be_v animal_n vegetative_a and_o therefore_o they_o be_v nourish_v wherein_o the_o middle_a term_n be_v the_o remote_a cause_n for_o the_o next_o be_v the_o nutritive_a faculty_n and_o yet_o the_o syllogism_n proceed_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n and_o be_v affirm_v because_o the_o remote_a cause_n be_v adequate_a to_o the_o effect_n and_o reciprocate_v with_o it_o for_o whatsoever_o be_v nourish_v have_v a_o vegetative_a soul_n and_o whatsoever_o be_v not_o have_v not_o etc._n etc._n chap._n xxv_o of_o sophism_n ax._n 1_o next_o follow_v syllogism_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o fallacious_a which_o counterfeit_v a_o show_n of_o the_o true_a produce_v error_n or_o a_o ignorance_n of_o deprave_a disposition_n commentary_n 1._o §_o now_o precept_n concern_v this_o be_v very_o necessary_a in_o logic_n for_o fear_n lest_o other_o shall_v impose_v upon_o we_o for_o he_o that_o be_v liable_a to_o be_v deceive_v by_o another_o and_o be_v not_o aware_a of_o it_o may_v also_o be_v deceive_v by_o himself_o 2._o §_o but_o say_v they_o who_o wo'n_v admit_v of_o the_o doctrine_n of_o fallacious_a syllogism_n in_o logic_n the_o right_o be_v the_o rule_n both_o of_o itself_o and_o the_o wrong_n