Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	according_a	court_n	law_n	1,543	5	4.8094	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A46717	The Argument of the Lord Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench concerning the great case of monopolies, between the East-India Company, plantiff, and Thomas Sandys, defendant wherein their patent for trading to the East-Indies, exclusive of all others, is adjudged good.	Jeffreys, George Jeffreys, Baron, 1644 or 5-1689.; Sandys, Thomas.; England and Wales. Court of King's Bench.; East India Company.	1689 (1689)	Wing J526; ESTC R17792	37,073	36

about_o foreign_a commerce_n and_o can_v never_o be_v think_v to_o bear_v any_o sort_n of_o proportion_n to_o the_o universal_a law_n of_o all_o nation_n as_o the_o interest_n of_o all_o foreign_a trade_n do_v necessitate_v they_o to_o contend_v for_o it_o will_v become_v we_o that_o be_v judge_n in_o westminster-hall_n for_o the_o better_a determine_v this_o case_n to_o observe_v the_o method_n use_v by_o our_o predecessor_n in_o determine_v such_o like_a cause_n and_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n the_o common_a law_n by_o the_o several_a authority_n i_o cite_v before_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n and_o as_o the_o book_n of_o ed._n 4._o before_o cite_a say_v it_o be_v part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o leave_v the_o determination_n to_o be_v according_a to_o that_o law_n the_o several_a act_n of_o parliament_n i_o before_o cite_v make_v a_o particular_a provision_n that_o matter_n of_o this_o nature_n shall_v be_v determine_v according_a to_o the_o law-merchant_n which_o be_v part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o nation_n and_o be_v universal_a and_o one_o and_o the_o same_o in_o all_o country_n in_o the_o world_n and_o therefore_o cicero_n speak_v of_o this_o law_n say_v non_fw-fr erit_fw-la alia_fw-la lex_fw-la romae_fw-la alia_fw-la athenis_fw-la alia_fw-la nunc_fw-la alia_fw-la post_fw-la hac_fw-la sed_fw-la &_o inter_fw-la omnes_fw-la gentes_fw-la &_o omni_fw-la tempore_fw-la una_fw-la eademque_fw-la lex_fw-la obtinebit_fw-la and_o i_o the_o rather_o think_v myself_o oblige_v more_o industrious_o to_o search_v into_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n the_o better_a to_o enable_v i_o to_o give_v judgement_n in_o this_o case_n the_o consequence_n whereof_o will_v affect_v the_o king_n subject_n in_o all_o part_n of_o the_o world_n and_o i_o be_v mind_v thereof_o particular_o by_o my_o lord_n chief_a baron_n fleming_n in_o the_o give_a judgement_n in_o the_o great_a case_n of_o bates_n about_o the_o imposition_n upon_o currant_n lane_n fol._n 27._o and_o do_v not_o only_o affirm_v it_o as_o necessary_a but_o the_o common_a practice_n of_o all_o judge_n in_o all_o age_n do_v not_o we_o leave_v the_o determination_n of_o ecclesiastical_a cause_n to_o be_v decide_v according_a to_o the_o ecclesiastical_a law_n foreign_a matter_n matter_n of_o navigation_n league_n truce_n embassy_n nay_o even_o in_o the_o case_n at_o the_o bar_n the_o stop_n of_o the_o defendant_n ship_n by_o a_o admiralty_n process_n be_v leave_v by_o the_o opinion_n of_o all_o this_o court_n and_o afterward_o by_o the_o court_n of_o common-plea_n and_o exchequer_n to_o be_v decide_v in_o the_o admiralty_n and_o by_o virtue_n of_o a_o process_n out_o of_o that_o court_n his_o ship_n be_v detain_v to_o this_o day_n and_o as_o i_o say_v that_o court_n proceed_v according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o the_o matter_n before_o specify_v be_v not_o to_o be_v control_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o common_a law._n and_o if_o custom_n make_v a_o law_n than_o the_o custom_n of_o nation_n be_v sure_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n which_o bring_v i_o to_o my_o next_o particular_a which_o be_v the_o main_a thing_n upon_o which_o this_o cause_n will_v turn_v therefore_o 4thly_a i_o conceive_v that_o both_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o by_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n the_o regulation_n restraint_n and_o government_n of_o foreign_a trade_n and_o commerce_n be_v reckon_v inter_fw-la jura_n regalia_z i._n e._n be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o king_n and_o it_o be_v his_o undoubted_a prerogative_n and_o be_v not_o abridge_v or_o control_v by_o any_o act_n of_o parliament_n now_o in_o force_n this_o question_n be_v not_o concern_v the_o consequence_n of_o this_o power_n or_o any_o inconvenience_n that_o may_v happen_v thereupon_o because_o upon_o inconvenience_n arise_v the_o king_n be_v to_o be_v supplicate_v to_o redress_v they_o which_o i_o shall_v far_o take_v notice_n of_o when_o i_o come_v to_o answer_v the_o particular_a objection_n make_v against_o this_o grant._n commerciorum_fw-la jura_n sunt_fw-la privilegiata_n ac_fw-la non_fw-la nisi_fw-la iis_fw-la concessa_fw-la qui_fw-la exercendorum_fw-la mercatorum_fw-la licentiam_fw-la principis_fw-la indultu_fw-la &_o authoritate_fw-la meruerunt_fw-la be_v the_o very_a express_a text_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o so_o be_v carpzovire_n const._n n._n 5._o bodinus_fw-la de_fw-la republica_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 7._o ses_fw-fr quae_fw-la tametsi_fw-la jure_fw-la gentium_fw-la esse_fw-la videantur_fw-la prohibere_fw-la tametsi_fw-la saepe_fw-la á_o principibus_fw-la videmus_fw-la and_o in_o cap._n 6._o quote_v by_o mr._n attorney_n that_o the_o law_n of_o commerce_n be_v contain_v in_o the_o particular_a compact_n and_o agreement_n of_o people_n and_o prince_n so_o salmasius_n pag._n 236._o mercatura_fw-la est_fw-la res_fw-la indifferens_fw-la in_o qua_fw-la magistratus_fw-la vel_fw-la in_o vetando_fw-la vel_fw-la permittendo_fw-la svam_fw-la pro_fw-la commodo_fw-la reipublicae_fw-la potest_fw-la imponere_fw-la authoritatem_fw-la so_o carpzovire_v a_o famous_a german_a lawyer_n in_o his_o decision_n lib._n decis_n 105._o n._n 13._o &_o 14._o exempla_fw-la haud_fw-la rara_fw-la sunt_fw-la ubi_fw-la privilegio_fw-la &_o edicto_fw-la principis_fw-la commercia_fw-la ad_fw-la certas_fw-la personas_fw-la certave_n loca_fw-la restringere_fw-la videmus_fw-la these_o rule_n and_o principle_n assert_v to_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n agree_v with_o the_o principle_n of_o our_o law_n mr._n attorney_n in_o his_o argument_n in_o this_o cause_n cite_v many_o record_n and_o precedent_n to_o make_v good_a this_o assertion_n which_o i_o think_v he_o do_v with_o great_a clearness_n i_o therefore_o will_v content_v myself_o with_o as_o few_o of_o they_o as_o i_o can_v and_o only_o remind_v you_o of_o such_o as_o i_o think_v absolute_o necessary_a to_o make_v good_a my_o assertion_n which_o i_o will_v do_v by_o these_o step_n i_o conceive_v the_o king_n have_v a_o absolute_a power_n to_o forbid_v foreigner_n whether_o merchant_n or_o other_o from_o come_v within_o his_o dominion_n both_o in_o time_n of_o war_n and_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n according_a to_o his_o royal_a will_n and_o pleasure_n and_o therefore_o give_v safe_a conduct_n to_o merchant_n stranger_n to_o come_v in_o in_o all_o age_n and_o at_o his_o pleasure_n command_v they_o out_o again_o by_o his_o proclamation_n or_o order_n of_o council_n of_o which_o there_o be_v no_o king_n reign_v without_o many_o instance_n and_o the_o statute_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la chap._n 30._o so_o much_o insist_v upon_o by_o the_o defendant_n council_n be_v but_o a_o general_a safe_a conduct_n omnes_fw-la mercatores_fw-la nisi_fw-la publicae_fw-la ante_fw-la prohibiti_fw-la fuerint_fw-la habeant_fw-la salvum_fw-la &_o securum_fw-la conductum_fw-la etc._n etc._n where_o by_o the_o way_n i_o must_v observe_v that_o mercatores_fw-la say_v my_o lord_n cook_n in_o his_o comment_n upon_o the_o chapter_n be_v only_o intend_v of_o merchant_n stranger_n for_o i_o can_v find_v that_o in_o those_o day_n any_o of_o the_o subject_n of_o this_o kingdom_n do_v apply_v themselves_o to_o foreign_a trade_n or_o at_o least_o the_o trade_n be_v not_o so_o considerable_a as_o to_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o in_o any_o book_n or_o record_n that_o i_o can_v meet_v with_o and_o before_o the_o make_n of_o that_o statute_n my_o lord_n coke_n 2._o institut_n fol._n 57_o do_v agree_v that_o the_o king_n may_v and_o do_v prohibit_v stranger_n at_o his_o pleasure_n but_o he_o conceive_v and_o with_o great_a respect_n be_v it_o speak_v to_o his_o memory_n i_o think_v without_o any_o colour_n of_o reason_n will_v make_v these_o word_n nisi_fw-la publicae_fw-la prohibeantur_fw-la to_o intend_v only_o a_o prohibition_n by_o parliament_n and_o his_o reason_n be_v for_o that_o it_o concern_v the_o whole_a realm_n now_o do_v the_o come_n in_o of_o stranger_n concern_v the_o realm_n after_o the_o make_n of_o the_o act_n more_o than_o it_o do_v before_o sure_o no._n do_v not_o the_o power_n of_o make_v war_n and_o peace_n absolute_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n by_o his_o prerogative_n and_o be_v not_o that_o of_o public_a concern_v to_o the_o kingdom_n and_o be_v not_o the_o prohibition_n of_o stranger_n a_o natural_a dependent_a upon_o that_o prerogative_n if_o the_o word_n publicae_fw-la there_o have_v be_v out_o there_o have_v be_v no_o colour_n for_o that_o conceit_n and_o sure_o the_o king_n proclamation_n will_v make_v the_o matter_n as_o public_a as_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n can_v do_v nay_o and_o i_o may_v say_v more_o for_o act_n of_o parliament_n ancient_o be_v make_v public_a by_o proclamation_n for_o in_o our_o book_n we_o have_v many_o instance_n of_o writ_n direct_v to_o sheriff_n of_o county_n to_o cause_v act_n of_o parliament_n to_o be_v publish_v by_o proclamation_n and_o so_o be_v the_o constant_a and_o ancient_a usage_n and_o it_o be_v not_o more_o natural_a for_o stranger_n that_o be_v abroad_o to_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o king_n be_v public_a edict_n which_o be_v

have_v over_o other_o mechanic_n craft_n and_o mystery_n and_o that_o as_o mr._n attorney_n do_v well_o observe_v to_o prevent_v fraud_n deceit_n and_o other_o abuse_n either_o in_o weight_n measure_n or_o otherwise_o which_o will_v certain_o interrupt_v such_o commerce_n but_o our_o law_n go_v yet_o a_o step_v further_o and_o allow_v further_a difference_n between_o inland_a merchandise_n and_o foreign_a and_o allow_v a_o different_a way_n of_o determine_v controversy_n that_o arise_v thereupon_o the_o common_a law_n and_o statute_n of_o this_o realm_n allow_v the_o law-merchant_n which_o be_v part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n shall_v decide_v such_o controversy_n to_o decimo_fw-la tertio_fw-la h._n 4._o fol._n 19_o a_o complaint_n make_v to_o the_o king_n and_o council_n of_o some_o good_n take_v away_o from_o a_o merchant_n it_o be_v move_v in_o that_o case_n that_o the_o matter_n may_v be_v determine_v at_o the_o common_a law_n but_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n say_v that_o the_o suit_n be_v bring_v by_o a_o merchant_n who_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o sue_v according_a to_o the_o common_a law_n to_o have_v his_o cause_n try_v by_o twelve_o man_n and_o to_o observe_v the_o other_o solemnity_n of_o our_o law_n but_o shall_v sue_v in_o chancery_n according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n which_o be_v the_o universal_a law_n of_o the_o world._n and_o it_o be_v in_o that_o case_n agree_v by_o all_o the_o judge_n that_o if_o foreign_a merchandise_n be_v steal_v or_o waive_v they_o can_v not_o be_v seize_v as_o other_o england_n merchandize_n may_v be_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o common_a law_n as_o waif_n and_o stray_v which_o show_v plain_o there_o be_v a_o difference_n in_o the_o consideration_n of_o our_o law_n between_o foreign_a merchandize_n that_o cross_v the_o sea_n and_o other_o inland_a good_n and_o commodity_n if_o two_o merchant_n be_v partner_n in_o merchandize_n one_o shall_v have_v a_o action_n of_o account_n against_o the_o other_o secundum_fw-la legem_fw-la mercatoriam_fw-la say_v the_o register_n fol._n 135._o and_o f._n n._n b._n 117._o d._n and_o yet_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o common_a law_n if_o two_o man_n be_v joint_o possess_v of_o other_o good_n which_o be_v no_o merchandise_n the_o one_o can_v bring_v a_o action_n of_o account_n against_o the_o other_o if_o one_o of_o the_o merchant_n die_v the_o executor_n may_v bring_v his_o account_n against_o the_o survivor_n for_o his_o moiety_n reg._n 135._o f._n n._n b._n 117._o but_o if_o it_o be_v a_o copartnership_n for_o other_o good_n it_o will_v survive_v per_fw-la jus_fw-la accrescendi_fw-la according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o common-law_n in_o a_o action_n of_o debt_n upon_o a_o simple_a contract_n the_o defendant_n may_v wage_v his_o law_n but_o it_o be_v otherwise_o in_o a_o contract_n about_o merchandise_n in_o lanes_n report_n bates_n case_n agree_v reg._n 260._o a._n at_o common_a law_n the_o good_n of_o ecclesiastical_a person_n be_v excuse_v from_o toll_n but_o say_v the_o write_v dum_fw-la tamen_fw-la merchandizas_n aliquas_fw-la non_fw-la exercitat_fw-la de_fw-fr iisdem_fw-la it_o show_v that_o then_o they_o fall_v under_o another_o consideration_n if_o one_o man_n wrong_v another_o man_n of_o his_o good_n here_o a_o action_n of_o trespass_n will_v lie_v but_o if_o a_o merchant_n good_n be_v take_v upon_o or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n there_o must_v be_v a_o writ_n of_o reprisal_n to_o obtain_v satisfaction_n the_o parliament_n roll_n 3_o ed._n 1._o m._n 19_o in_o archivis_fw-la turris_n londini_fw-la where_o the_o bailiff_n of_o southampton_n be_v command_v by_o writ_n quod_fw-la omnes_fw-la mercatores_fw-la leodienses_fw-la ad_fw-la part_n angliae_fw-la accident_n per_fw-la bona_fw-la &_o catalla_n sua_fw-la distringantur_fw-la secundum_fw-la legem_fw-la mercatoriam_fw-la &_o consuetudinem_fw-la regni_fw-la ad_fw-la satisfaciendum_fw-la mercatoribus_fw-la florentinis_fw-la etc._n etc._n where_o by_o the_o way_n observe_v that_o lex_fw-la mercatoria_fw-la which_o differ_v from_o the_o ordinary_a common_a law_n be_v say_v to_o be_v consuetudo_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la by_o which_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o foreign_a merchandize_n and_o trader_n differ_v from_o other_o in_o the_o eye_n of_o law_n even_o by_o the_o allowance_n of_o the_o common_a law_n itself_o several_a act_n of_o parliament_n have_v be_v also_o make_v for_o the_o more_o speedy_a recovery_n of_o debt_n contract_v for_o merchandize_n as_o the_o statute_n of_o action_n burnel_n the_o statute_n de_fw-fr mercatoribus_fw-la and_o the_o statute_n vicesimo_fw-la septimo_fw-la ed._n 3._o cap._n 2._o among_o other_o thing_n it_o be_v enact_v that_o for_o merchandize_n take_v away_o the_o party_n shall_v be_v arrest_v and_o speedy_a and_o ready_a process_n shall_v be_v against_o he_o from_o day_n to_o day_n and_o from_o hour_n to_o hour_n according_a to_o the_o law-merchant_n and_o not_o at_o the_o common_a law._n so_o the_o statute_n for_o erect_v the_o court_n of_o insurance_n design_v for_o the_o speedy_a ease_n of_o merchant_n have_v leave_v the_o determination_n according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o merchant_n and_o therefore_o have_v order_v the_o judge_n of_o the_o admiralty's_n court_n always_o to_o preside_v in_o those_o commission_n by_o all_o which_o i_o think_v i_o may_v fair_o conclude_v there_o be_v a_o great_a difference_n allow_v of_o between_o the_o inland_a and_o foreign_a commerce_n and_o that_o ii_o i_o shall_v endeavour_v to_o prove_v that_o the_o liberty_n of_o foreign_a trade_n may_v be_v restrain_v and_o here_o i_o must_v premise_v that_o as_o at_o first_o all_o thing_n be_v promiscuous_o common_a and_o undivided_a to_o all_o so_o the_o free_a exercise_n of_o this_o universal_a right_n be_v then_o instead_o of_o property_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o number_n of_o man_n increase_v and_o they_o find_v by_o experience_n the_o inconveniency_n of_o hold_v all_o thing_n in_o common_a thing_n be_v reduce_v into_o property_n by_o agreement_n and_o compact_n either_o express_v as_o by_o partition_n or_o imply_v by_o premier_n occupancy_n after_o this_o government_n be_v establish_v and_o law_n be_v make_v even_o for_o the_o order_n those_o thing_n to_o which_o no_o man_n have_v any_o right_n as_o for_o example_n desert_n place_n uninhabited_a island_n in_o the_o sea_n wild_a beast_n fish_n and_o bird_n the_o former_a be_v usual_o gain_v and_o dispose_v of_o by_o he_o that_o have_v the_o sovereignty_n over_o the_o people_n the_o latter_a by_o he_o that_o have_v the_o dominion_n over_o the_o land_n and_o water_n who_o may_v forbid_v all_o other_o from_o hunt_v fish_v etc._n etc._n and_o in_o virtue_n of_o this_o universal_a law_n his_o majesty_n and_o his_o predecessor_n have_v always_o dispose_v of_o the_o several_a plantation_n abroad_o that_o have_v be_v discover_v or_o gain_v by_o any_o of_o their_o subject_n and_o may_v do_v for_o the_o future_a in_o case_n any_o other_o be_v discover_v and_o acquire_v for_o though_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n can_v command_v nothing_o which_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n forbid_v yet_o they_o may_v bound_v and_o circumscribe_v that_o which_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n leave_v free_a and_o forbid_v that_o which_o natural_o may_v be_v lawful_a now_o to_o apply_v this_o to_o our_o present_a purpose_n of_o trade_n and_o commerce_n mr._n williams_n quote_v that_o common_a say_n commercia_fw-la debent_fw-la esse_fw-la libera_fw-la from_o whence_o he_o infer_v that_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o nation_n the_o sea_n and_o trade_n and_o traffic_n ought_v to_o be_v free_a as_o the_o air_n and_o for_o that_o he_o have_v cite_v grotius_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la belli_n ac_fw-la pacis_fw-la cap._n 3._o wellwoods_n abridgement_n of_o sea-law_n in_o his_o epistle_n to_o the_o lord_n admiral_n grotius_n the_o mari_n libero_fw-la where_o he_o say_v mare_n &_o littora_fw-la maris_fw-la jure_fw-la gentium_fw-la sunt_fw-la communia_fw-la britton_n cap._n 33._o de_fw-fr perchase_n le_fw-fr mere_a &_o le_fw-fr air_n sunt_fw-la thores_fw-la common_n sir_n john_n burrough_n his_o sovereignty_n of_o the_o sea_n baldus_n de_fw-fr rerum_fw-la dominiis_fw-la but_o i_o think_v none_o of_o those_o book_n can_v warrant_v his_o conclusion_n for_o sure_o that_o expression_n commercia_fw-la sunt_fw-la libera_fw-la can_v possible_o be_v understand_v in_o such_o a_o literal_a sense_n that_o every_o man_n in_o every_o nation_n shall_v be_v at_o liberty_n to_o trade_n either_o in_o what_o commodity_n or_o to_o what_o place_n or_o at_o what_o time_n soever_o he_o shall_v think_v fit_a for_o i_o take_v it_o to_o be_v grant_v by_o all_o that_o argue_v for_o the_o defendant_n that_o trade_n and_o commerce_n must_v be_v subject_a to_o some_o law_n and_o grotius_n in_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr mari_n libero_fw-la propose_v this_o main_a design_n to_o prove_v that_o any_o one_o nation_n have_v not_o power_n to_o hinder_v another_o nation_n from_o free_a commerce_n and_o that_o the_o spaniard_n therefore_o have_v no_o right_a to_o prohibit_v the_o

the_o rest_n of_o his_o majesty_n subject_n will_v be_v deter_v from_o the_o like_a disobedience_n there_o be_v some_o other_o superfluous_a objection_n make_v against_o the_o clause_n in_o the_o charter_n and_o against_o the_o formality_n of_o the_o plead_n which_o i_o think_v not_o necessary_a to_o remember_v and_o therefore_o have_v thus_o premise_v i_o shall_v now_o descend_v to_o those_o point_n i_o think_v only_o material_a in_o this_o cause_n i._o the_o first_o and_o great_a point_n in_o this_o cause_n be_v whether_o this_o grant_v of_o the_o sole_a trade_n to_o the_o indies_n to_o the_o east-india_n company_n exclusive_a of_o all_o other_o be_v a_o good_a grant_n in_o law_n or_o not_o and_o i_o be_o of_o opinion_n it_o be_v and_o by_o the_o way_n i_o can_v but_o make_v the_o same_o remark_n in_o this_o case_n as_o my_o lord_n chief_a baron_n fleming_n make_v in_o the_o great_a case_n of_o bates_n in_o the_o exchequer_n lane_n fol._n 27._o that_o it_o be_v a_o great_a grace_n and_o eminent_a act_n of_o condescension_n in_o the_o king_n to_o this_o defendant_n that_o he_o do_v permit_v this_o great_a point_n of_o his_o prerogative_n to_o be_v dispute_v in_o westminster-hall_n but_o by_o this_o he_o do_v sufficient_o signify_v to_o all_o his_o subject_n that_o he_o will_v persist_v in_o nothing_o though_o it_o seem_v never_o so_o much_o for_o his_o advantage_n but_o according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n i_o shall_v therefore_o endeavour_v to_o make_v it_o appear_v that_o he_o be_v invest_v with_o this_o prerogative_n by_o the_o law_n of_o this_o nation_n but_o by_o the_o law_n i_o do_v not_o only_o mean_v the_o customary_a common_a law_n or_o statute_n of_o this_o realm_n which_o be_v native_a and_o peculiar_a to_o this_o nation_n which_o as_o mr._n attorney_n well_o observe_v be_v not_o adapt_v to_o this_o purpose_n but_o such_o other_o law_n also_o as_o be_v common_a to_o other_o nation_n as_o well_o as_o we_o and_o have_v be_v receive_v and_o use_v time_n out_o of_o mind_n by_o the_o king_n and_o people_n of_o england_n in_o divers_a case_n and_o by_o such_o ancient_a usage_n be_v become_v the_o law_n of_o england_n in_o those_o case_n namely_o the_o general_n law_n of_o nation_n the_o law-merchant_n the_o imperial_a or_o civil_a law_n every_o of_o which_o law_n so_o far_o forth_o as_o the_o same_o have_v be_v receive_v and_o use_v in_o england_n time_n out_o of_o mind_n may_v be_v proper_o say_v to_o be_v the_o law_n of_o england_n and_o for_o the_o better_a communicate_v my_o thought_n upon_o this_o subject_a i_o will_v proceed_v by_o these_o step_n 1._o i_o will_v very_o brief_o consider_v of_o the_o inland_a trade_n within_o this_o kingdom_n and_o the_o foreign_a trade_n with_o other_o nation_n and_o therein_o observe_v that_o the_o king_n prerogative_n be_v concern_v in_o both_o and_o that_o there_o be_v a_o great_a difference_n between_o both_o allow_v by_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n 2._o i_o shall_v show_v that_o the_o liberty_n of_o foreign_a trade_n may_v be_v restrain_v 3._o that_o foreign_a trade_n and_o commerce_n be_v introduce_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n aught_o to_o be_v govern_v and_o judge_v according_a to_o those_o law_n 4._o that_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n the_o regulation_n and_o restraint_n of_o trade_n and_o commerce_n be_v reckon_v inter_fw-la juris_fw-la regalia_z i._n e._n the_o prerogative_n of_o the_o supreme_a magistrate_n 5._o that_o though_o by_o the_o law_n of_o this_o land_n and_o by_o the_o law_n of_o all_o other_o nation_n monopoly_n be_v prohibit_v yet_o society_n to_o trade_n such_o as_o the_o plaintiff_n to_o certain_a place_n exclusive_a of_o other_o be_v no_o monopoly_n by_o the_o law_n of_o this_o land_n but_o be_v allow_v to_o be_v erect_v both_o here_o and_o in_o other_o country_n and_o be_v strengthen_v by_o the_o usage_n and_o practice_n of_o both_o in_o all_o time_n 6._o i_o shall_v show_v the_o authority_n that_o be_v extant_a in_o our_o book_n together_o with_o such_o precedent_n reason_n both_o public_a and_o politic_a for_o as_o my_o lord_n fleming_n say_v that_o such_o reason_n be_v good_a direction_n for_o our_o judgement_n in_o such_o case_n as_o these_o be_v demonstration_n of_o the_o course_n of_o antiquity_n and_o therein_o also_o observe_v the_o necessity_n and_o advantage_n of_o such_o society_n and_o by_o the_o way_n endeavour_n to_o answer_v the_o several_a act_n of_o parliament_n precedent_n and_o authority_n with_o all_o other_o the_o objection_n that_o have_v be_v make_v against_o my_o conclusion_n 1._o first_o then_o to_o consider_v the_o difference_n between_o the_o inland_a and_o the_o foreign_a trade_n allow_v of_o in_o our_o book_n and_o that_o the_o king_n prerogative_n do_v affect_v both_o as_o to_o manufacture_n under_o which_o all_o sort_n of_o artificer_n be_v concern_v i_o think_v they_o remain_v with_o the_o most_o liberty_n by_o the_o common_a law_n and_o as_o mr._n attorney_n observe_v the_o publick-weal_n be_v little_o concern_v therein_o only_o to_o preserve_v every_o one_o in_o the_o quiet_a enjoyment_n of_o the_o fruit_n of_o his_o own_o labour_n and_o industry_n yet_o even_o in_o that_o the_o king_n prerogative_n have_v not_o be_v total_o exclude_v for_o as_o it_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o in_o our_o book_n that_o all_o thing_n that_o be_v this_o day_n enjoy_v by_o custom_n or_o prescription_n have_v their_o commencement_n by_o royal_a grant_n and_o by_o that_o mean_v no_o artificer_n within_o the_o city_n of_o london_n can_v at_o this_o day_n use_v two_o trade_n i._n e_o a_o carpenter_n can_v use_v the_o trade_n of_o a_o joiner_n or_o a_o bricklayer_n of_o a_o plasterer_n 2._o as_o to_o the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n or_o inland_a commerce_n general_o speak_v it_o have_v the_o next_o freedom_n by_o the_o common_a law_n but_o be_v subject_a nevertheless_o to_o be_v limit_v or_o restrain_v by_o the_o king_n prerogative_n in_o several_a particular_n as_o for_o instance_n to_o prevent_v all_o forestalling_a and_o engross_a so_o mr._n attorney_n do_v well_o observe_v that_o number_n of_o people_n can_v not_o meet_v to_o traffic_v or_o merchandise_n without_o be_v in_o danger_n of_o be_v punish_v as_o unlawful_a assembly_n the_o crown_n therefore_o grant_v the_o liberty_n of_o fair_n and_o market_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o commerce_n and_o trade_n all_o which_o do_v original_o proceed_v from_o the_o crown_n and_o therefore_o by_o abuse_v those_o liberty_n may_v still_o be_v forfeit_v to_o the_o crown_n and_o pass_v by_o all_o other_o instance_n i_o shall_v only_o instance_n one_o take_v notice_n of_o in_o our_o book_n which_o well_o consider_v may_v go_v a_o great_a way_n in_o the_o case_n at_o the_o bar_n register_n fol._n 107._o the_o king_n grant_v to_o the_o abbot_n of_o westminster_n and_o his_o successor_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v a_o fair_a at_o westminster_n thirty_o odd_a day_n together_o with_o a_o prohibition_n that_o no_o man_n shall_v buy_v or_o fall_v within_o seven_o mile_n of_o that_o fair_a during_o that_o time_n and_o the_o king_n do_v there_o command_v the_o sheriff_n of_o london_n by_o his_o writ_n to_o seize_v the_o body_n of_o a_o inhabitant_n of_o salisbury_n for_o sell_v clothes_n in_o london_n within_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fair_a now_o here_o be_v a_o charter_n grant_v to_o a_o particular_a person_n exclusive_a of_o other_o for_o a_o time_n subject_a to_o more_o objection_n than_o the_o charter_n now_o in_o question_n yet_o approve_v of_o by_o our_o book_n hence_o it_o come_v that_o corporation_n be_v erect_v and_o trade_n confine_v to_o place_n and_o person_n exclusive_a of_o other_o for_o all_o such_o come_v original_o from_o the_o crown_n and_o as_o i_o say_v before_o in_o the_o case_n of_o fai●s_n so_o i_o may_v now_o say_v in_o the_o case_n of_o corporation_n that_o though_o they_o claim_v liberty_n and_o privilege_n by_o prescription_n yet_o these_o original_o proceed_v from_o the_o crown_n and_o be_v therefore_o forfeitable_a to_o the_o crown_n a_o eminent_a instance_n hereof_o be_v that_o great_a case_n of_o the_o city_n of_o london_n for_o abuse_v their_o liberty_n which_o they_o claim_v by_o prescription_n confirm_v by_o divers_a charter_n and_o act_n of_o parliament_n by_o judgement_n of_o this_o court_n their_o liberty_n and_o franchise_n be_v seize_v into_o the_o king_n hand_n and_o therefore_o remain_v as_o a_o vill_n to_o all_o intent_n and_o purpose_n till_o his_o majesty_n shall_v be_v please_v of_o his_o bounty_n to_o restore_v they_o now_o that_o the_o inland_a traffic_n be_v most_o concern_v either_o in_o corporation_n market_n or_o fair_n which_o all_o proceed_v from_o the_o crown_n do_v plain_o evince_v that_o the_o king_n prerogative_n have_v a_o more_o immediate_a influence_n over_o deal_n in_o merchandize_n than_o it_o

dutch_a from_o trade_v into_o such_o part_n of_o indies_n whereof_o the_o spaniard_n be_v not_o possess_v upon_o pretence_n that_o they_o have_v the_o dominion_n of_o those_o sea_n inter_fw-la nos_fw-la &_o hispanos_n say_v he_o heac_n controversia_fw-la est_fw-la sitne_n immensum_fw-la &_o vastum_fw-la mare_fw-la regni_fw-la unius_fw-la nec_fw-la maritimi_fw-la accessio_fw-la populóne_fw-la unquam_fw-la jus_o sit_fw-la volentes_fw-la populos_fw-la prohibere_fw-la ne_fw-la vendant_fw-la ne_fw-la permutent_fw-la ne_fw-la denique_fw-la commeent_fw-la inter_fw-la sese_fw-la and_o for_o the_o benefit_n of_o his_o countryman_n he_o do_v therefore_o assert_v licere_fw-la cuivis_fw-la genti_fw-la quamvis_fw-la alteram_fw-la adire_fw-la cumque_fw-la ea_fw-la negotiare_fw-la which_o take_v that_o to_o be_v true_a which_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n be_v certain_o otherwise_o yet_o nothing_o can_v be_v infer_v from_o thence_o but_o only_o the_o question_n of_o commerce_n between_o one_o nation_n and_o another_o and_o how_o that_o be_v before_o league_n and_o treaty_n be_v make_v little_o may_v perhaps_o be_v find_v as_o mr._n attorney_n well_o observe_v beside_o the_o law_n of_o hospitality_n which_o do_v not_o give_v any_o demandable_a right_n but_o sure_o grotius_n there_o have_v no_o particular_a respect_n to_o particular_a subject_n of_o this_o or_o any_o other_o nation_n how_o far_o the_o supreme_a power_n of_o any_o nation_n may_v erect_v a_o society_n of_o trade_n to_o a_o certain_a place_n and_o for_o certain_a commodity_n exclusive_a of_o all_o other_o subject_n of_o their_o own_o and_o that_o plain_o appear_v both_o from_o the_o scope_n of_o his_o book_n as_o also_o for_o that_o for_o several_a year_n both_o before_o and_o at_o the_o time_n of_o publish_v that_o treatise_n the_o dutch_a east-india_n company_n be_v establish_v which_o i_o shall_v have_v far_a occasion_n to_o discourse_v of_o by_o and_o by_o as_o for_o welwood_n epistle_n i_o have_v seldom_o observe_v that_o epistle_n have_v be_v cite_v in_o westminster-hall_n as_o authority_n yet_o suppose_v it_o to_o be_v so_o that_o all_o loyal_a subject_n shall_v have_v their_o petition_n grant_v to_o safety_n and_o security_n in_o their_o trade_n i_o suppose_v welwood_n little_o dream_v of_o interloper_n when_o he_o talk_v of_o loyal_a subject_n if_o it_o can_v be_v mean_v only_o of_o such_o who_o may_v trade_v by_o law_n that_o be_v to_o beg_v the_o question_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o plaintiff_n and_o defendant_n as_o to_o that_o of_o britton_n that_o the_o sea_n be_v common_a it_o be_v answer_v by_o what_o have_v be_v say_v before_o and_o welwood_n page_n 66._o say_v that_o by_o common_a or_o publicum_fw-la be_v mean_v a_o thing_n common_a for_o the_o use_v of_o any_o one_o sort_n of_o people_n according_a to_o that_o say_n roma_fw-la communis_fw-la patria_fw-la est_fw-la but_o not_o for_o all_o of_o all_o nation_n welwood_n page_n 66._o that_o passage_n of_o burrough_n be_v only_o observe_v to_o prove_v the_o king_n prerogative_n within_o the_o four_o sea_n and_o though_o mr._n william_n will_v have_v insinuate_v as_o the_o sturgeon_n and_o other_o great_a fish_n and_o wreck_n and_o the_o like_a have_v come_v to_o the_o king_n by_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 17._o e._n 3._o c._n 11._o that_o act_n be_v but_o a_o declaration_n of_o the_o common_a law_n for_o he_o have_v it_o by_o the_o right_n of_o his_o prerogative_n plowden_n commentary_n in_o the_o case_n of_o mine_n cook_n 5._o sir_n henry_n constable_n case_n these_o thing_n be_v vest_v in_o the_o king_n by_o his_o prerogative_n by_o the_o common_a law_n yet_o i_o can_v but_o observe_v that_o the_o treatise_n of_o mare_fw-la liberum_fw-la on_o which_o mr._n williams_n so_o much_o rely_v be_v crafty_o write_v to_o overthrow_v the_o king_n prerogative_n in_o that_o beneficial_a part_n thereof_o relate_v to_o the_o fish_n on_o the_o english_a coast_n and_o contain_v a_o plain_a proclamation_n for_o all_o person_n of_o any_o nation_n indifferent_o to_o fish_n in_o all_o kind_n of_o sea_n for_o say_v cap._n 5._o fol._n 10._o quae_fw-la autem_fw-la navigationis_fw-la eadem_fw-la piscatus_fw-la habenda_fw-la est_fw-la ratio_fw-la ut_fw-la communis_fw-la maneat_fw-la omnibus_fw-la and_o herein_o though_o mr._n william_n intend_v to_o make_v good_a the_o premise_n i_o presume_v that_o mr._n pollexfen_n that_o argue_v on_o the_o same_o side_n have_v a_o great_a concern_v for_o his_o friend_n in_o the_o west_n than_o to_o join_v with_o he_o to_o make_v good_a that_o conclusion_n and_o before_o i_o go_v off_o from_o this_o point_n i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o the_o better_a to_o clear_v the_o way_n to_o my_o conclusion_n to_o give_v some_o instance_n wherein_o other_o nation_n as_o well_o as_o our_o own_o have_v not_o only_o think_v it_o legal_a but_o necessary_a for_o their_o several_a public_a advantage_n to_o put_v restriction_n upon_o trade_n and_o do_v not_o think_v it_o injurious_a to_o natural_a equity_n and_o the_o freedom_n of_o mankind_n so_o much_o discourse_v of_o on_o the_o other_o side_n to_o give_v some_o few_o instance_n videmus_fw-la jura_n commerciorum_fw-la say_v bodin_n de_fw-fr repub._n lib._n 1._o chap._n 7._o non_fw-la solum_fw-la omnibus_fw-la populorum_fw-la principumque_fw-la inter_fw-la se_fw-la conventis_fw-la verumetiam_fw-la singularum_fw-la statutis_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o after_o he_o have_v enumerate_v the_o compact_n for_o trade_n between_o the_o pope_n and_o the_o venetian_n between_o the_o citizen_n of_o the_o hantz_n town_n and_o the_o king_n of_o england_n france_n spain_n and_o several_a other_o country_n illi_fw-la say_v he_o inter_fw-la se_fw-la commercium_fw-la multis_fw-la modis_fw-la personarum_fw-la mercium_fw-la locorum_fw-la temporum_fw-la atque_fw-la omni_fw-la aliâ_fw-la ratione_fw-la coarctarunt_fw-la so_o be_v marguardus_fw-la fol._n 155._o and_o buchanan_n in_o his_o seven_o book_n de_fw-fr rebus_fw-la scotiae_fw-la and_o in_o all_o country_n the_o importation_n and_o exportation_n of_o some_o commodity_n be_v prohibit_v as_o salt_n from_o france_n horse_n from_o other_o country_n wool_n from_o hence_o in_o whosoever_o that_o power_n of_o restraint_n do_v remain_v the_o power_n of_o licens_v some_o and_o restrain_v of_o other_o sure_o do_v also_o remain_v by_o parity_n of_o reason_n but_o of_o that_o more_o by_o and_o by_o and_o as_o mr._n attorney_n do_v true_o observe_v upon_o perusal_n of_o the_o statute_n that_o be_v now_o in_o print_n relate_v to_o trade_n the_o parliament_n have_v in_o all_o age_n even_o to_o this_o king_n reign_n since_o his_o restauration_n think_v fit_a to_o make_v more_o law_n to_o prohibit_v foreign_a trade_n than_o to_o increase_v it_o as_o look_v upon_o it_o more_o advantageous_a to_o the_o common-weal_n and_o thus_o have_v observe_v that_o other_o nation_n as_o well_o as_o we_o have_v not_o only_o think_v it_o legal_a but_o necessary_a to_o make_v law_n for_o the_o restraint_n of_o trade_n and_o thereby_o think_v they_o do_v no_o injustice_n to_o the_o liberty_n of_o mankind_n iii_o i_o proceed_v to_o the_o next_o step._n i_o shall_v therefore_o three_o endeavour_v to_o prove_v that_o foreign_a trade_n and_o commerce_n be_v introduce_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n aught_o to_o be_v govern_v and_o judge_v according_a to_o those_o law_n and_o i_o do_v not_o know_v of_o any_o statute_n or_o book_n of_o the_o common_a law_n now_o in_o print_n that_o do_v oppose_v this_o assertion_n coke_n 3_o inst._n fol._n 181._o in_o the_o margin_n cite_v by_o the_o defendant_n council_n at_o the_o bar_n commercium_fw-la say_v he_o jure_fw-la gentium_fw-la esse_fw-la debet_fw-la nay_o it_o be_v the_o express_a text_n of_o the_o law_n ex_fw-la jure_fw-la gentium_fw-la commercia_fw-la sunt_fw-la instituta_fw-la which_o be_v lay_v down_o as_o undeniable_o true_a and_o so_o admit_v to_o be_v by_o the_o defendant_n council_n i_o will_v infer_v from_o thence_o since_o commerce_n and_o traffic_n be_v found_v upon_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n by_o the_o natural_a reason_n of_o thing_n all_o controversy_n arise_v about_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v determine_v by_o the_o same_o law_n especial_o where_o there_o be_v no_o positive_a and_o express_a law_n in_o that_o country_n where_o such_o controversy_n do_v arise_v to_o determine_v they_o by_o and_o mr._n williams_n seem_v to_o allow_v that_o these_o be_v no_o such_o law_n in_o this_o kingdom_n for_o he_o think_v that_o the_o controversy_n now_o before_o we_o be_v not_o to_o be_v decide_v but_o by_o parliament_n all_o other_o nation_n have_v govern_v themselves_o by_o this_o principle_n and_o upon_o this_o ground_n stand_v the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n in_o this_o kingdom_n viz._n that_o there_o may_v be_v uniform_a judgement_n give_v there_o to_o all_o other_o nation_n in_o the_o world_n in_o cause_n relate_v to_o commerce_n navigation_n and_o the_o like_a and_o in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o common_a and_o statute_n law_n of_o this_o realm_n be_v too_o straight_o and_o narrow_a to_o govern_v and_o decide_v difference_n arise_v