similitude_n accident_n in_o the_o concrete_a as_o just_o white_a etc._n etc._n in_o which_o the_o subject_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o matter_n accident_n in_o the_o abstract_n be_v the_o form_n in_o which_o number_n also_o be_v work_n perform_v by_o art_n of_o this_o place_n also_o be_v those_o thing_n in_o which_o be_v distinguish_v material_a and_o formal_a or_o in_o which_o there_o be_v something_o analogous_a to_o matter_n and_o form_n so_o the_o matter_n of_o discipline_n be_v precept_n the_o form_n method_n of_o interpretation_n voice_n the_o form_n signification_n this_o whole_a use_n to_o be_v call_v physical_a because_o physics_n vindicate_v to_o themselves_o the_o consideration_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n vulgar_o it_o be_v call_v essential_a ax._n 12._o a_o integral_a whole_a be_v that_o which_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part._n 1._o §_o now_o essential_a part_n be_v real_o different_a for_o matter_n be_v one_o thing_n and_o form_n another_o but_o yet_o one_o part_n be_v not_o out_o of_o another_o for_o matter_n permeate_n matter_n and_o inform_v all_o its_o part_n but_o part_n integral_a because_o each_o be_v endue_v with_o his_o proper_a quantity_n not_o only_o differ_v in_o themselves_o but_o also_o site_n or_o at_o least_o order_n so_o that_o one_o be_v not_o contain_v in_o another_o for_o this_o it_o be_v to_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part._n for_o example_n the_o part_n of_o the_o human_a body_n be_v head_n breast_n belly_n limb_n of_o the_o which_o one_o contain_v not_o another_o so_o the_o part_n of_o number_n be_v divers_a and_o one_o be_v not_o contain_v in_o another_o this_o whole_a be_v term_v mathematical_a because_o quantity_n be_v of_o mathematical_a consideration_n vulgar_o integral_a more_o proper_o integrate_a ax._n 13._o a_o integral_a whole_a be_v either_o continue_a or_o discrete_a ax._n 14._o both_o be_v divide_v into_o homogeneal_a and_o heterogenal_a that_o be_v similar_v and_o dissimilar_v ax._n 15._o homogeneal_a be_v that_o which_o have_v part_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o nature_n ax._n 16._o heterogeneal_a of_o a_o diverse_a 1._o §_o this_o distribution_n of_o the_o whole_a integral_n be_v extant_a in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o hist_n an._n cap._n 1._o and_o book_n 2._o of_o the_o part_n of_o an._n cap._n 1._o and_o book_n 1._o of_o the_o gener._n of_o an._n cap._n 1._o for_o example_n inanimate_a substance_n as_o water_n wine_n flesh_n also_o magnitude_n motion_n and_o time_n be_v whole_n homogeneal_a continual_a the_o body_n of_o animate_v heterogeneal_a continual_a number_n as_o three_o ten_o be_v whole_n homogeneal_a discrete_a a_o army_n church_n the_o world_n heterogeneal_a and_o of_o the_o same_o denomination_n ax._n 17._o a_o part_n heterogeneal_a be_v either_o principal_a or_o less_o principal_a ax._n 18._o that_o be_v a_o principal_a by_o who_o ablation_n or_o take_v away_o the_o whole_a be_v destroy_v ax._n 19_o the_o less_o by_o who_o take_v away_o the_o whole_a be_v only_o maim_v or_o mutilate_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n hand_n brain_n heart_n liver_n be_v principal_a part_n of_o man_n because_o these_o take_v away_o of_o necessity_n the_o man_n must_v die_v foot_n hand_n ear_n etc._n etc._n be_v less_o principal_a because_o these_o be_v take_v away_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a a_o man_n shall_v die_v ax._n 20._o a_o whole_a by_o accident_n be_v chief_o say_v four_o way_n and_o first_o of_o a_o cause_n of_o divers_a effect_n second_o a_o effect_n of_o divers_a cause_n three_o of_o a_o subject_a of_o divers_a adjunct_n fourthly_a of_o a_o adjunct_n of_o divers_a subject_n 1._o §_o first_o a_o cause_n of_o divers_a effect_n and_o so_o a_o plant_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o whole_a because_o of_o plant_n some_o heat_n other_o cool_a etc._n etc._n second_o a_o effect_n of_o divers_a cause_n as_o mouse_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v generate_v of_o the_o sun_n other_o of_o mouse_n etc._n etc._n three_o a_o subject_a of_o divers_a adjunct_n as_o man_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v bond_n some_o free_a some_o good_a some_o bad_a etc._n etc._n a_o adjunct_n of_o divers_a subject_n as_o disease_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o mind_n some_o the_o body_n these_o again_o either_o of_o the_o brain_n eye_n light_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xv._o of_o cause_n and_o cause_v in_o general_n ax._n 1_o a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o the_o force_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n come_v to_o pass_v commentary_n 1._o §_o principle_n element_n and_o cause_n be_v word_n that_o be_v ally_v in_o signification_n principle_n be_v either_o large_o take_v or_o strict_o large_o it_o be_v define_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaphysic_n cap._n 1._o to_o be_v the_o first_o from_o whence_o any_o thing_n be_v or_o exist_v or_o be_v know_v more_o strict_o book_v 4._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 5._o where_o principle_n be_v define_v to_o be_v those_o thing_n which_o be_v neither_o from_o one_o another_o nor_o other_o and_o of_o and_o from_o which_o be_v all_o thing_n in_o this_o sense_n there_o be_v only_o reckon_v three_o viz._n matter_n form_n and_o privation_n the_o definition_n of_o element_n be_v extant_a book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaphysic_n cap._n 3._o and_o be_v thus_o a_o element_n be_v that_o our_o of_o which_o any_o thing_n at_o the_o first_o be_v compound_v in_o which_o it_o be_v and_o which_o in_o its_o own_o species_n be_v indivisible_a into_o any_o other_o species_n 2._o §_o cause_o be_v here_o say_v to_o be_v that_o by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o be_v which_o confer_v somewhat_o towards_o the_o thing_n existence_n and_o therefore_o privation_n can_v be_v a_o cause_n because_o it_o confer_v nothing_o but_o only_o towards_o its_o mutation_n ax._n 2._o a_o cause_v be_v that_o which_o be_v constitute_v of_o its_o cause_n ax._n 3_o the_o cause_n be_v before_o it_o be_v cause_v both_o in_o nature_n and_o knowledge_n 1._o §_o in_o nature_n because_o the_o cause_v depend_v upon_o the_o cause_n knowledge_n that_o be_v simple_o and_o distinct_a knowledge_n which_o follow_v the_o order_n of_o nature_n for_o to_o we_o the_o cause_n be_v more_o know_v than_o it_o because_o near_o to_o the_o sense_n for_o from_o the_o sense_n do_v we_o derive_v all_o our_o sensible_a knowledge_n ax._n 4._o the_o cause_n be_v four_o viz._n matter_n form_n efficient_a and_o end_n 1._o §_o this_o partition_n be_v extant_a book_n 2._o of_o the_o post_n cap._n 2._o book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o book_n 4._o cap._n 2._o and_o be_v build_v upon_o the_o best_a reason_n for_o whatever_o be_v make_v be_v make_v by_o another_o for_o nothing_o be_v make_v by_o its_o self_n there_o be_v therefore_o a_o efficient_a cause_n nothing_o finite_a can_v produce_v any_o thing_n out_o of_o nothing_o there_o be_v therefore_o matter_n out_o of_o which_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v make_v and_o form_n which_o be_v introduce_v upon_o that_o matter_n when_o thing_n be_v make_v nothing_o last_o act_n without_o design_n there_o be_v therefore_o a_o end_n for_o who_o sake_n the_o cause_n efficient_a act_n ax._n 5._o the_o cause_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v call_v the_o compose_v of_o the_o efficient_a the_o effect_n of_o the_o end_n the_o mean_n or_o design_v and_o these_o differ_v not_o in_o reality_n but_o reason_n 1_o §_o and_o since_o to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v four_o cause_n concur_v as_o in_o all_o corporeal_a thing_n there_o do_v it_o ought_v not_o to_o seem_v strange_a that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n shall_v be_v call_v compose_v effect_v mean_n etc._n etc._n according_a as_o it_o be_v compare_v with_o divers_a cause_n ax._n 6._o in_o every_o genus_fw-la there_o be_v a_o certain_a subordination_n of_o cause_n ax._n 7._o subordinate_a be_v those_o that_o depend_v one_o upon_o another_o 1._o §_o to_o wit_n either_o as_o to_o their_o existence_n and_o so_o the_o son_n upon_o the_o father_n the_o father_n upon_o the_o grandfather_n or_o causality_n and_o so_o the_o quill_n upon_o the_o hand_n in_o write_v or_o both_o and_o so_o the_o second_o cause_n upon_o the_o first_o or_o creature_n upon_o god_n ax._n 8._o cause_n likewise_o be_v say_v either_o to_o be_v essential_o or_o accidental_o subordinate_v ax._n 9_o essential_o be_v those_o of_o which_o one_o depend_v upon_o another_o when_o and_o in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v ax._n 10._o accidental_o of_o which_o one_o indeed_o depend_v upon_o another_o but_o not_o when_o or_o in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v 1._o §_o and_o so_o a_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n subordinate_v by_o accident_n first_o when_o it_o depend_v indeed_o upon_o a_o superior_a cause_n but_o not_o when_o that_o be_v when_o it_o cause_n and_o this_o be_v effect_v when_o it_o depend_v upon_o it_o
that_o he_o shall_v be_v a_o man_n if_o he_o have_v a_o rational_a soul_n be_v requisite_a and_o necessary_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 23._o place_v from_o efficient_a have_v two_o canon_n and_o the_o first_o of_o they_o be_v such_o as_o the_o cause_n be_v such_o be_v the_o effect_n etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o and_o thus_o god_n be_v very_o good_a and_o therefore_o his_o work_n be_v so_o this_o canon_n be_v deceitful_a unless_o cautious_o use_v for_o first_o it_o sail_v in_o cause_n that_o be_v by_o accident_n for_o neither_o do_v it_o follow_v that_o a_o son_n be_v good_a because_o his_o father_n be_v so_o nor_o yet_o bad_a for_o a_o son_n be_v not_o produce_v by_o his_o father_n as_o he_o be_v good_a or_o bad_a but_o as_o he_o be_v a_o man_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o it_o fail_v in_o equivocal_a cause_n for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o the_o sun_n be_v animate_v although_o it_o animate_v the_o world_n nor_o that_o the_o whetstone_n be_v sharp_a although_o it_o sharpen_v iron_n last_o in_o cause_n voluntary_a when_o make_v use_n of_o their_o utmost_a endeavour_n they_o do_v something_o which_o do_v not_o correspond_v to_o their_o skill_n or_o art_n as_o when_o a_o painter_n paint_v less_o elegant_o than_o become_v his_o art_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 24_o second_o that_o which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o cause_n be_v also_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o cause_v etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o virtue_n be_v partly_o from_o nature_n partly_o from_o institution_n partly_o from_o custom_n virtue_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o civil_a happiness_n and_o therefore_o civil_a happiness_n be_v partly_o from_o nature_n partly_o from_o institution_n partly_o from_o custom_n etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n have_v place_n only_o in_o cause_n subordinate_a of_o themselves_o for_o in_o cause_n subordinate_a by_o accident_n it_o for_o the_o most_o part_n fail_v for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v because_o god_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o our_o will_n and_o our_o will_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o sin_n that_o therefore_o god_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o sin_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 25._o place_v from_o the_o end_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o the_o end_n be_v put_v there_o be_v also_o put_v the_o mean_n to_o that_o end_n 1._o §_o and_o so_o ovid_n conclude_v that_o man_n be_v make_v with_o a_o upright_a countenance_n because_o to_o contemplate_v the_o heaven_n deem_v that_o to_o be_v the_o end_n of_o a_o upright_a figure_n the_o word_n of_o the_o sweet_a poet_n be_v these_o omnia_fw-la cùm_fw-la spectent_fw-la animalia_fw-la cetera_fw-la terram_fw-la os_fw-la homini_fw-la sublime_a dedit_fw-la caelùmque_fw-la tueri_fw-la jussit_fw-la &_o erectos_fw-la ad_fw-la sydera_fw-la tollere_fw-la vultus_fw-la which_o admirable_a pare-royal_a may_v be_v render_v in_o these_o two_o sorry_a couplet_n in_o this_o manner_n and_o whereas_o other_o animal_n behold_v with_o downcast_a look_v this_o sublunary_a mould_n to_o man_n he_o give_v a_o stately_a upright_a frame_n and_o bid_v he_o view_v those_o heaven_n from_o whence_o he_o come_v which_o though_o they_o fail_v as_o to_o their_o versifcation_n yet_o may_v they_o serve_v to_o show_v in_o some_o measure_n the_o mean_v of_o that_o memorable_a passage_n of_o excellent_a ovid._n now_o the_o mean_n be_v often_o express_v by_o a_o negation_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o impede_fw-la the_o end_n as_o the_o pupil_n or_o apple_n of_o the_o eye_n be_v to_o admit_v all_o colour_n and_o therefore_o to_o be_v without_o colour_n the_o elect_n must_v be_v save_v and_o therefore_o must_v not_o sin_n unto_o death_n etc._n etc._n but_o now_o though_o the_o end_v be_v put_v it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o mean_n shall_v be_v so_o yet_o that_o the_o end_v not_o be_v put_v they_o shall_v not_o be_v so_o be_v not_o always_o necessary_a for_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a that_o a_o man_n shall_v be_v destitute_a of_o book_n and_o master_n because_o he_o be_v not_o learned_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 26._o now_o the_o place_n from_o cause_v have_v four_o canon_n and_o the_o first_o be_v the_o compose_v posit_v the_o matter_n and_o form_n must_v be_v so_o too_o and_o when_o that_o be_v take_v away_o the_o material_a form_n also_o must_v be_v take_v away_o 1._o §_o and_o so_o plant_n be_v live_v thing_n and_o therefore_o they_o must_v have_v a_o body_n and_o soul_n and_o stone_n be_v not_o and_o therefore_o they_o must_v not_o have_v a_o soul_n i_o say_v form_n material_a for_o that_o the_o compose_v take_v away_o the_o matter_n shall_v be_v so_o too_o or_o the_o form_n immaterial_a be_v not_o necessary_a for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o there_o be_v no_o iron_n because_o no_o sword_n or_o that_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v not_o because_o he_o die_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 27._o second_o the_o effect_n be_v posit_v it_o follow_v that_o either_o there_o be_v a_o cause_n efficient_a or_o else_o that_o there_o have_v be_v one_o 1._o §_o as_o there_o be_v a_o building_n and_o therefore_o there_o be_v or_o be_v a_o architect_n to_o build_v it_o here_o be_v the_o footstep_n and_o therefore_o this_o way_n in_o all_o likelihood_n there_o have_v pass_v some_o man_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 28._o three_o such_o as_o be_v the_o effect_n such_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o produce_v it_o 1._o §_o as_o this_o picture_n be_v fine_a and_o therefore_o so_o must_v the_o artist_n be_v that_o draw_v it_o to_o this_o be_v to_o be_v add_v the_o same_o limitation_n which_o be_v add_v to_o the_o first_o of_o the_o place_n from_o cause_n efficient_a viz_o the_o caution_n against_o accidental_n and_o aequivocals_n because_o in_o these_o case_n this_o rule_n may_v fail_v we_o ax._n 29._o four_o the_o mean_v take_v away_o the_o end_n must_v also_o be_v so_o too_o 1._o §_o as_o stones_z be_v not_o nourish_v and_o therefore_o they_o do_v not_o live_v many_o man_n the_o gospel_n will_v not_o be_v preach_v to_o and_o therefore_o many_o man_n by_o mean_n of_o the_o gospel_n will_v not_o be_v save_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 30._o the_o place_n from_o the_o subject_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o the_o subject_a be_v posit_v the_o propriety_n must_v also_o be_v so_o too_o and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o propriety_n must_v also_o be_v so_o too_o 1._o §_o as_o christ_n be_v god_n and_o therefore_o he_o have_v the_o power_n to_o forgive_v sin_n the_o write_n of_o the_o father_n be_v not_o the_o word_n of_o god_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v not_o of_o divine_a authority_n etc._n etc._n now_o these_o canon_n without_o any_o limitation_n be_v certain_a and_o firm_a ax._n 31._o the_o place_n for_o adjunct_n be_v of_o great_a extent_n and_o have_v under_o it_o propriety_n object_n sign_n and_o circumstance_n now_o ax._n 32._o the_o place_n from_o propriety_n have_v two_o canon_n and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o the_o propriety_n be_v give_v to_o that_o also_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o to_o which_o the_o propriety_n be_v not_o give_v to_o that_o neither_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o christ_n be_v omniscient_a and_o therefore_o he_o be_v god_n angel_n fill_v up_o no_o place_n and_o therefore_o they_o have_v not_o body_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 33._o the_o second_o be_v that_o which_o be_v say_v of_o the_o propriety_n may_v be_v also_o say_v of_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o which_o can_v be_v say_v of_o the_o propriety_n that_o neither_o of_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o a_o talkative_a person_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v and_o therefore_o a_o busybody_n or_o one_o that_o be_v inquisitive_a into_o other_o people_n matter_n a_o wise_a man_n be_v not_o to_o repose_v himself_o upon_o thing_n of_o a_o fleet_a and_o transitory_a nature_n and_o therefore_o not_o upon_o riches_n or_o other_o earthly_a commodity_n or_o good_n etc._n etc._n axe_n 34._o the_o place_n from_o object_n in_o the_o second_o place_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o that_o to_o which_o the_o object_n be_v give_v to_o that_o also_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o to_o which_o the_o object_n be_v not_o to_o that_o neither_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o the_o doctrine_n of_o fallacious_a sophism_n direct_v the_o mind_n towards_o the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n and_o therefore_o be_v a_o part_n of_o logic_n logic_n have_v not_o thing_n necessary_a for_o its_o object_n and_o therefore_o be_v not_o science_n etc._n etc._n the_o argument_n of_o this_o place_n be_v very_o firm_a if_o draw_v from_o proper_a object_n but_o otherwise_o only_o probable_a as_o if_o one_o shall_v say_v thus_o he_o talk_v of_o military_a affair_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v a_o soldier_n of_o law_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v a_o lawyer_n her_o delight_n be_v not_o in_o woman_n company_n and_o therefore_o she_o be_v not_o a_o woman_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 35._o place_v from_o sign_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n posit_v the_o
sign_n viz._n antecedent_n consequent_a or_o conjoin_v the_o thing_n sign_v be_v also_o posit_v and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o thing_n sign_v also_o be_v take_v away_o 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v day_n and_o therefore_o the_o sun_n will_v rise_v the_o woman_n belong_v and_o therefore_o she_o have_v conceive_v the_o man_n fly_v and_o therefore_o he_o be_v guilty_a of_o the_o discover_v conspiracy_n it_o be_v not_o full-moon_n and_o therefore_o there_o can_v be_v no_o eclipse_n etc._n etc._n now_o argument_n draw_v from_o this_o place_n also_o be_v firm_a when_o the_o sign_n be_v necessary_a and_o proper_a to_o the_o thing_n sign_v otherwise_o they_o be_v only_o probable_a as_o he_o be_v not_o sempronius_n be_v enemy_n and_o therefore_o he_o kill_v he_o not_o the_o woman_n do_v not_o love_v the_o boy_n and_o therefore_o she_o be_v not_o his_o mother_n etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v that_o the_o philosopher_n make_v use_v of_o these_o so_o much_o the_o more_o spare_o ax._n 36._o the_o place_n from_o circumstance_n last_o have_v this_o canon_n viz._n posit_v the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o thing_n you_o posit_v the_o thing_n itself_o and_o take_v that_o away_o you_o also_o take_v away_o the_o thing_n itself_o 1._o §_o as_o he_o have_v steal_v something_o out_o of_o a_o sacred_a place_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v sacrilegious_a the_o spring_n come_v on_o and_o therefore_o flower_n will_v be_v find_v he_o go_v cover_v with_o a_o cowle_n or_o hood_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o monk_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v a_o monk_n christ_n be_v to_o be_v bear_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o jewish_a polity_n and_o that_o at_o bethlethem_n which_o polity_n be_v not_o now_o in_o be_v as_o likewise_o bethlehem_n and_o therefore_o christ_n be_v not_o now_o to_o be_v bear_v as_o believe_v the_o unconvert_v jew_n but_o be_v so_o al-already_a he_o be_v not_o in_o mourn_v and_o therefore_o he_o mourn_v not_o etc._n etc._n argument_n also_o from_o this_o place_n be_v part_v firm_a and_o part_v probable_a and_o use_v will_v be_v the_o only_a mean_n to_o distinguish_v betwixt_o they_o and_o now_o we_o come_v to_o treat_v of_o the_o canon_n belong_v to_o place_n dissentaneous_a compare_v and_o testimony_n chap._n xviii_o of_o canon_n belong_v to_o place_n dissentaneous_a compare_v and_o testimony_n ax._n 1_o the_o place_n from_o opposite_n in_o general_n have_v these_o two_o canon_n and_o first_o that_o of_o which_o one_o of_o the_o opposite_n be_v affirm_v of_o that_o the_o other_o must_v be_v deny_v commentary_n 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v a_o house_n and_o therefore_o can_v be_v a_o man_n he_o be_v sick_a and_o therefore_o can_v be_v sound_n etc._n etc._n and_o here_o the_o law_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v which_o we_o have_v recite_v book_n 1._o cap._n 22._o concern_v opposition_n ax._n 2._o the_o second_o be_v the_o predicate_v of_o opposite_n be_v also_o oppose_v 1._o §_o as._n a_o just_a man_n be_v he_o that_o keep_v the_o law_n and_o therefore_o a_o unjust_a that_o transgress_v it_o but_o here_o care_n be_v to_o be_v take_v lest_o their_o difference_n or_o affection_n generical_a be_v predicate_v for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v in_o that_o a_o man_n have_v a_o animate_v body_n that_o a_o beast_n have_v a_o inanimate_a nor_o that_o because_o whiteness_n be_v visible_a blackness_n be_v invisible_a because_o to_o be_v animate_v be_v the_o difference_n generical_a of_o man_n and_o visible_a the_o affection_n of_o colour_n not_o whiteness_n etc._n etc._n but_o this_o viz._n that_o because_o whiteness_n scatter_v therefore_o blackness_n gather_v the_o sight_n be_v a_o good_a consequence_n and_o do_v follow_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o the_o place_n from_o contrary_n have_v three_o canon_n first_o that_o which_o take_v up_o one_o contrary_a that_o take_v up_o another_o and_o that_o which_o take_v not_o up_o one_o that_o neither_o another_o 1._o §_o as_o love_n be_v in_o the_o concupiscent_a appetite_n and_o therefore_o hatred_n right_n belong_v not_o to_o beast_n and_o therefore_o they_o can_v suffer_v injury_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o second_o the_o cause_n effect_n and_o adjunct_n of_o contrary_n be_v contrary_n 1._o §_o as_o virtue_n be_v from_o a_o good_a and_o therefore_o vice_n from_o a_o ill_a habit._n that_o make_v one_o happy_a and_o therefore_o this_o miserable_a that_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v and_o therefore_o this_o to_o be_v shun_v etc._n etc._n but_o here_o two_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v and_o first_o lest_o we_o take_v the_o cause_n or_o effect_n by_o accident_n instead_o of_o those_o per_fw-la se_fw-la for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v a_o good_a man_n love_v and_o defend_v he_o and_o therefore_o a_o wicked_a man_n hate_v and_o desert_n he_o because_o love_n to_o one_o own_n be_v not_o from_o virtue_n but_o nature_n second_o who_o effect_n be_v dependent_a on_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o matter_n for_o by_o reason_n of_o dissimilitude_n of_o matter_n it_o often_o happen_v that_o the_o same_o cause_n produce_v contrary_a effect_n or_o contrary_a like_a for_o heat_n harden_v clay_n and_o soften_v wax_n and_o threaten_n not_o rare_o produce_v that_o in_o some_o which_o in_o other_o entreaty_n to_o wit_n because_o the_o efficient_a act_n not_o according_a to_o the_o measure_n of_o its_o virtue_n but_o that_o of_o the_o subject_v matter_n ax._n 5._o three_o of_o contrary_n immediate_a of_o necessity_n one_o of_o they_o must_v be_v in_o the_o capacious_a subject_n and_o the_o other_o not_o 1._o §_o as_o libertus_fw-la be_v not_o a_o servant_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v free_a the_o number_n be_v not_o even_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v odd_a the_o canon_n here_o observe_v the_o aforesaid_a limitation_n be_v firm_a enough_o and_o especial_o the_o three_o ax._n 6._o place_v from_o relateds_n have_v but_o this_o canon_n viz._n posit_v one_o of_o the_o related_n there_o be_v also_o posit_v the_o other_o and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o other_o also_o be_v take_v away_o 1._o §_o as_o he_o to_o who_o his_o father_n be_v master_n the_o same_o be_v his_o father_n servant_n the_o confederate_n of_o rome_n be_v not_o their_o subject_n and_o therefore_o the_o roman_n be_v not_o their_o master_n etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n be_v most_o certain_a ax._n 7._o the_o place_n from_o privative_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n of_o privative_n the_o one_o must_v of_o necessity_n be_v in_o the_o capacious_a subject_n the_o other_o not_o 1._o §_o as_o he_o be_v blind_a and_o therefore_o do_v not_o see_v ay_o say_v our_o saviour_n be_o the_o light_n of_o the_o world_n and_o therefore_o whosoever_o follow_v i_o walk_v not_o in_o darkness_n the_o subject_n be_v say_v to_o be_v capable_a when_o so_o in_o respect_n to_o nature_n and_o the_o time_n set_v by_o nature_n etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n hold_v firm_a ax._n 8._o place_v from_o contradicting_n have_v this_o one_o canon_n and_o that_o be_v one_o of_o the_o contradicting_n be_v place_v the_o other_o must_v be_v remove_v and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a 1._o §_o this_o canon_n be_v the_o very_a foundation_n upon_o which_o lean_a the_o principle_n of_o all_o science_n and_o which_o whosoever_o deny_v have_v no_o reason_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o that_o from_o the_o major_n have_v two_o rule_n or_o canon_n and_o the_o first_o be_v that_o to_o which_o the_o major_n agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o minor_n 1._o §_o as_o god_n give_v life_n to_o man_n and_o therefore_o he_o will_v give_v food_n body_n and_o therefore_o raiment_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 10._o the_o second_o that_o which_o convene_v not_o to_o the_o major_n that_o neither_o to_o the_o minor_n 1._o §_o as_o angel_n be_v not_o pure_a before_o god_n and_o therefore_o much_o less_o man._n a_o man_n take_v by_o his_o enemy_n can_v make_v his_o will_n much_o less_o a_o traitor_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o place_v from_o the_o minor_a have_v also_o two_o canon_n and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o the_o less_o do_v not_o agree_v to_o that_o neither_o the_o great_a 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a to_o be_v angry_a with_o one_o brother_n rash_o or_o without_o a_o cause_n much_o less_o to_o kill_v he_o ax._n 12._o second_o that_o which_o to_o the_o minor_a that_o also_o to_o the_o major_a 1._o §_o as_o a_o unchaste_a look_v upon_o a_o woman_n be_v a_o sin_n and_o therefore_o adultery_n god_n give_v food_n and_o raiment_n to_o the_o beast_n and_o therefore_o how_o much_o more_o to_o man_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 13._o place_v from_o equal_a have_v three_o canon_n and_o first_o to_o equal_v equal_a thing_n agree_v 1._o §_o as_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o david_n to_o eat_v the_o shewbread_n to_o allay_v his_o hunger_n and_o therefore_o for_o christ_n disciple_n to_o pull_v the_o ear_n of_o corn_n and_o eat_v they_o on_o the_o sabbath-day_n to_o satisfy_v
that_o it_o be_v conjoin_v with_o the_o patient_n and_o two_o unlike_a unto_o it_o 1._o §_o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v precept_v book_n 7._o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o the_o other_o book_n 1._o of_o gener._n and_o corrup_n cap._n 7._o a_o efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n join_v to_o the_o patient_n to_o wit_n either_o by_o existence_n vulgar_o call_v suppositum_fw-la or_o virtue_n for_o example_n when_o fire_n burn_v wood_n it_o be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o wood_n by_o its_o existence_n when_o heat_n the_o sitter_n by_o it_o be_v not_o join_v to_o they_o by_o its_o existence_n but_o power_n or_o virtue_n 2._o §_o a_o agent_n likewise_o be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n unlike_o the_o patient_n either_o as_o to_o species_n or_o degree_n in_o the_o first_o manner_n hot_a to_o cold_a in_o the_o last_o that_o which_o be_v more_o hot_a to_o that_o which_o be_v less_o hot_a or_o that_o which_o be_v more_o cold_a to_o that_o which_o be_v less_o cold_a those_o which_o neither_o the_o one_o can_v act_v upon_o the_o other_o or_o suffer_v from_o it_o any_o manner_n of_o way_n ax._n 9_o three_o the_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o free_a and_o necessary_a ax._n 10._o a_o free_a be_v that_o which_o cause_n consult_o or_o with_o design_n ax._n 11._o a_o necessary_a not_o but_o by_o necessity_n of_o nature_n 1._o §_o liberty_n in_o general_n be_v a_o faculty_n of_o do_v what_o one_o please_v and_o therefore_o he_o who_o be_v absolute_o free_a be_v free_a from_o all_o servitude_n law_n impose_v upon_o he_o by_o other_o coaction_n and_o necessity_n of_o nature_n but_o when_o the_o will_n be_v say_v to_o be_v free_a and_o a_o free_a cause_n oppose_v to_o a_o necessary_a nothing_o far_o be_v understand_v by_o the_o name_n of_o liberty_n but_o a_o immunity_n from_o coaction_n necessity_n and_o natural_a determination_n for_o he_o who_o be_v a_o servant_n or_o subject_a to_o another_o law_n enjoy_v the_o liberty_n of_o his_o own_o will_n when_o he_o judge_n that_o he_o be_v to_o live_v according_a to_o the_o law_n or_o beck_n of_o he_o with_o who_o he_o live_v but_o natural_a necessity_n and_o coaction_n evert_v liberty_n why_o therefore_o be_v not_o co-act_a cause_n contain_v in_o this_o division_n because_o he_o who_o be_v compel_v be_v so_o compel_v by_o another_o as_o that_o he_o conduce_v nothing_o to_o the_o effect_n himself_o and_o therefore_o can_v be_v number_v among_o the_o efficient_n 2._o §_o by_o natural_a necessity_n we_o understand_v not_o only_o that_o by_o which_o inanimate_a thing_n act_v as_o plant_n but_o that_o also_o by_o which_o brute_n and_o infant_n before_o the_o use_v of_o reason_n for_o the_o action_n of_o brute_n and_o infant_n proceed_v almost_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n from_o natural_a instinct_n and_o sense_n as_o do_v the_o action_n of_o plant_n from_o nature_n itself_o in_o this_o sense_n be_v the_o part_n of_o the_o division_n immediate_o oppose_v and_o in_o this_o be_v contain_v all_o the_o species_n of_o cause_n which_o follow_v ax._n 12._o a_o free_a cause_n can_v act_v and_o not_o act_n what_o how_o and_o when_o it_o please_v ax._n 13._o a_o necessary_a be_v determine_v to_o one_o certain_a thing_n and_o act_n both_o when_o and_o as_o much_o as_o it_o can_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n for_o this_o cause_n be_v one_o say_v free_o to_o dispute_v or_o write_v because_o voluntary_o and_o of_o one_o own_o accord_n one_o dispute_n or_o write_v and_o also_o because_o one_o can_v dispute_v or_o not_o dispute_v and_o the_o disputation_n begin_v can_v at_o will_v interrupt_v or_o do_v any_o of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o our_o own_o power_n for_o to_o these_o only_o do_v the_o liberty_n of_o the_o will_v extend_v cause_n necessary_a be_v determine_v to_o one_o thing_n that_o be_v they_o can_v but_o can_v but_o act_v and_o that_o only_a which_o they_o do_v and_o nothing_o else_o and_o as_o much_o as_o they_o can_v so_o fire_n can_v but_o heat_v fit_a matter_n and_o heat_v every_o thing_n so_o much_o as_o that_o it_o can_v heat_v it_o any_o more_o ax._n 14._o four_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o cause_n by_o it_o self_n and_o cause_n by_o accident_n ax._n 15._o cause_o by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o as_o it_o be_v such_o produces_z a_o effect_n of_o its_o own_o council_n and_o agreeable_a to_o its_o natural_a disposition_n ax._n 16._o by_o accident_n which_o not_o as_o such_o or_o else_o beside_o its_o own_o council_n or_o natural_a propension_n 1._o §_o that_o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v a_o cause_n of_o itself_o two_o condition_n thus_o be_v require_v first_o that_o the_o effect_v answer_v to_o its_o council_n or_o natural_a propension_n to_o its_o council_n if_o a_o free_a propension_n if_o a_o necessary_a the_o other_o that_o it_o produce_v it_o as_o such_o if_o either_o of_o these_o be_v want_v the_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o accident_n if_o the_o first_o because_o some_o event_n or_o effect_v by_o accident_n coheres_fw-la with_o the_o effect_n which_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o cause_n efficient_a by_o itself_o as_o when_o one_o dig_v up_o the_o earth_n find_v a_o treasure_n for_o to_o dig_v the_o earth_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o dig_a by_o itself_o with_o which_o effect_n the_o find_n of_o the_o treasure_n by_o accident_n that_o be_v beside_o the_o council_n of_o the_o dig_a and_o nature_n of_o the_o digging_z be_v join_v so_o when_o a_o animal_n beget_v a_o monster_n it_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o monster_n by_o accident_n because_o the_o generation_n of_o the_o monster_n be_v join_v with_o that_o of_o nature_n by_o accident_n and_o beside_o its_o scope_n and_o intention_n if_o the_o latter_a that_o be_v if_o the_o latter_a qualification_n be_v want_v the_o cause_n be_v say_v by_o accident_n because_o the_o effect_n be_v not_o ascribe_v to_o the_o cause_n but_o that_o which_o happen_v to_o it_o as_o when_o polyclete_n or_o a_o musician_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o statue_n for_o neither_o do_v polyclete_n make_v the_o statue_n as_o he_o be_v polyclete_n or_o musician_n as_o he_o be_v musician_n but_o a_o statuary_n for_o it_o be_v accidental_a to_o the_o statuary_n that_o he_o be_v either_o polyclete_n or_o a_o musician_n see_v book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 2._o ax._n 17._o to_o cause_v by_o accident_n be_v reduce_v fortune_n and_o chance_n 1._o §_o videlicet_fw-la to_o the_o first_o species_n of_o it_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o its_o effect_n fortune_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v define_v by_o aristotle_n book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 5._o thus_o it_o be_v therefore_o manifest_a that_o fortune_n be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v do_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o something_o and_o consult_o undertake_v by_o themistius_n in_o his_o periphrase_n upon_o this_o place_n more_o full_o to_o be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o neither_o necessary_o nor_o often_o but_o rare_o happen_v and_o in_o those_o alone_o which_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o something_o be_v consult_o undertake_v 2._o §_o now_o chance_n in_o creek_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o rare_o happen_v and_o that_o in_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v undertake_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o another_o and_o not_o only_o consult_o for_o chance_n extend_v far_a than_o fortune_n for_o whereas_o both_o be_v cause_n by_o accident_n which_o act_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o some_o end_n and_o be_v conversant_a in_o thing_n rare_o happen_v fortune_n only_o be_v place_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o act_v consult_o chance_v also_o in_o those_o which_o act_n by_o necessity_n of_o nature_n as_o in_o infant_n brute_n plant_n and_o also_o inanimate_a thing_n in_o which_o there_o be_v no_o place_n for_o fortune_n as_o for_o instance_n when_o any_o one_o dig_v find_v a_o treasure_n we_o may_v say_v that_o it_o be_v by_o chance_n or_o fortune_n do_v but_o when_o a_o tile_n fall_v from_o a_o house_n shall_v wound_v a_o passer_n by_o that_o be_v we_o say_v by_o chance_n not_o fortune_n do_v all_o fortune_n therefore_o be_v chance_n but_o not_o on_o the_o contrary_a as_o be_v say_v book_n the_o same_o cap._n 6._o although_o '_o these_o word_n be_v often_o confound_v ax._n 18._o five_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o principal_a and_o less_o principal_a ax._n 19_o a_o principal_n be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n by_o its_o own_o virtue_n ax._n 20._o a_o less_o which_o inserve_n the_o principal_a towards_o its_o produce_v the_o effect_n ax._n 21._o the_o principal_a cause_n be_v either_o equal_a to_o or_o noble_a never_o worse_o than_o
because_o beget_v of_o no_o other_o man_n as_o the_o rest_n be_v but_o immediate_o create_v of_o god_n so_o also_o the_o heaven_n be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o motion_n not_o absolute_o but_o in_o the_o genus_fw-la of_o natural_a cause_n as_o be_v collect_v from_o the_o one_a book_n of_o the_o meteor_n cap._n 1._o in_o the_o same_o manner_n may_v the_o soul_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o vital_a operation_n and_o likewise_o every_o principal_a cause_n in_o regard_n of_o its_o instrument_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 30._o seven_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o universal_a and_o particular_a ax._n 31._o universal_a be_v that_o which_o concur_v with_o other_o cause_n with_o the_o same_o efficiency_n to_o the_o produce_v of_o many_o effect_n ax._n 32._o a_o particular_a only_a which_o by_o its_o efficiency_n produce_v but_o one_o effect_n 1._o §_o universal_a cause_n be_v god_n and_o the_o heaven_n god_n concur_v with_o particular_a cause_n to_o all_o effect_n the_o heaven_n only_o to_o they_o which_o be_v natural_a and_o material_a in_o this_o sense_n book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 2._o the_o sun_n and_o man_n i_o add_v god_n be_v say_v to_o beget_v man_n the_o sun_n as_o a_o universal_a for_o with_o the_o same_o efficiency_n it_o concur_v to_o the_o produce_v of_o all_o thing_n man_n as_o a_o particular_a so_o also_o may_v a_o driver_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o universal_a when_o drive_v a_o team_n of_o horse_n because_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n and_o with_o the_o same_o virtue_n he_o drive_v all_o his_o horse_n as_o well_o the_o sound_n as_o the_o lame_a ax._n 33._o last_o and_o eighthly_a cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o next_o and_o remote_a ax._n 34._o the_o next_o be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n immediate_o ax._n 35._o the_o remote_a which_o produce_v the_o effect_n by_o mean_n of_o some_o more_o neighbour_a cause_n 1._o §_o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n next_o to_o wit_n either_o general_o or_o special_o in_o general_n that_o cause_o be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o which_o either_o by_o its_o existence_n they_o common_o say_v suppositum_fw-la or_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n for_o such_o virtue_n be_v a_o instrument_n of_o the_o principal_a cause_n it_o be_v deem_v with_o the_o principal_a to_o be_v one_o only_a and_o therefore_o when_o the_o principal_a cause_n by_o its_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n it_o be_v its_o self_n esteem_v to_o be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n neither_o be_v it_o any_o matter_n whether_o that_o virtue_n be_v a_o instrument_n conjoin_v or_o separate_v for_o example_n the_o fire_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o ustion_n parent_n of_o their_o child_n notwithstanding_o the_o fire_n act_n by_o mediation_n of_o heat_n and_o the_o parent_n of_o seed_n for_o although_o heat_n and_o seed_n be_v instrument_n yet_o do_v they_o not_o effect_v by_o their_o intervening_a but_o that_o the_o principal_a cause_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o to_o the_o effect_n a_o cause_n therefore_o be_v say_v to_o be_v remote_a in_o this_o sense_n viz._n which_o neither_o by_o its_o existence_n nor_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n as_o when_o the_o grandfather_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o son_n son_n or_o grandson_n etc._n etc._n 2._o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o in_o species_n which_o be_v so_o join_v by_o its_o existence_n to_o its_o effect_n as_o that_o it_o be_v join_v to_o it_o without_o any_o mediate_a virtue_n and_o a_o next_o cause_n have_v no_o place_n in_o substance_n but_o only_a accident_n especial_o proper_a for_o a_o substance_n do_v not_o effect_v a_o substance_n without_o some_o mediate_a or_o instrumental_a virtue_n and_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o next_o and_o that_o be_v either_o internal_a or_o external_n internal_a be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a of_o the_o accident_n of_o which_o it_o be_v the_o cause_n so_o the_o soul_n and_o every_o substantial_a form_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o propriety_n hitherto_o appertain_v the_o emanative_a cause_n likewise_o the_o continent_n or_o synectical_a of_o the_o physician_n external_n be_v that_o which_o be_v not_o in_o the_o subject_a of_o that_o accident_n who_o cause_n it_o be_v and_o so_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o a_o eclipse_n but_o the_o use_v of_o this_o cause_n in_o the_o definition_n and_o demonstration_n of_o proper_a accident_n be_v much_o the_o more_o great_a chap._n xviii_o of_o end_n ax._n 1_o end_n be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v 1._o §_o be_v that_o which_o move_v the_o efficient_a to_o action_n by_o superinduce_v its_o love_n upon_o it_o and_o beget_v a_o appetite_n on_o and_o desire_v of_o itself_o ax._n 2._o end_n be_v three_o way_n divide_v and_o first_o into_o that_o of_o which_o and_o for_o which_o ax._n 3_o the_o end_n of_o which_o be_v that_o which_o the_o efficient_a desire_n ax._n 4._o for_o which_o for_o who_o sake_n or_o for_o which_o the_o efficient_a desire_n such_o a_o end_n 1._o §_o as_o for_o instance_n the_o of_o which_o of_o medicine_n be_v health_n for_o which_o the_o sick_n ax._n 5._o second_o end_n be_v divide_v into_o principal_n and_o secondary_a ax._n 6._o the_o principal_a end_n be_v that_o which_o the_o agent_n first_o or_o also_o principal_o intend_v ax._n 7._o the_o secondary_a which_o the_o agent_n so_o intend_v as_o that_o it_o may_v enjoy_v it_o with_o the_o principal_a or_o else_o attain_v it_o if_o the_o first_o and_o principal_a end_n shall_v fail_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o principal_a end_n of_o clothes_n be_v that_o our_o body_n shall_v be_v defend_v against_o the_o inclemency_n of_o the_o heaven_n the_o secondary_a conjoin_v with_o that_o principal_a be_v that_o they_o shall_v adorn_v it_o so_o the_o principal_a end_n for_o which_o god_n be_v please_v to_o manifest_v himself_o in_o the_o creation_n of_o the_o world_n be_v that_o man_n shall_v be_v endue_v with_o the_o knowledge_n of_o god_n and_o piety_n the_o secondary_a and_o succedaneous_a that_o he_o may_v render_v they_o inexcusable_a who_o hold_v the_o truth_n in_o unrighteousness_n go_v on_o still_o in_o iniquity_n ax._n 8._o three_o and_o last_o end_n be_v divide_v into_o subordinate_a and_o last_o ax._n 9_o a_o subordinate_a end_n be_v that_o which_o be_v refer_v to_o some_o far_a end_n ax._n 10._o the_o last_o to_o which_o all_o other_o end_n be_v refer_v that_o itself_o to_o no_o far_o 1._o §_o there_o be_v often_o a_o long_a series_n of_o subordinate_a end_n in_o which_o the_o subordinate_a be_v a_o mean_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o sequent_a end_n for_o example_n one_o dig_v in_o the_o earth_n to_o fetch_v out_o iron_n iron_n be_v draw_v out_o that_o of_o it_o may_v be_v make_v some_o instrument_n which_o may_v be_v serviceable_a for_o our_o use_n as_o suppose_v a_o penknife_n or_o a_o lancet_n the_o lancet_n inserve_n the_o physician_n for_o the_o cut_v of_o the_o vein_n the_o cut_v of_o the_o vein_n to_o transmit_v the_o superfluous_a blood_n or_o take_v away_o the_o vicious_a the_o loss_n of_o blood_n conduce_v to_o the_o conservation_n or_o recuperation_n of_o health_n our_o health_n indeed_o of_o itself_o be_v to_o be_v desire_v but_o refer_v notwithstanding_o to_o this_o end_n that_o our_o action_n may_v be_v free_a and_o expedite_a action_n again_o be_v refer_v either_o to_o pleasure_n or_o glory_n or_o honesty_n or_o something_o else_o in_o which_o subordination_n of_o end_n there_o be_v no_o go_v to_o infinity_o as_o we_o have_v teach_v before_o for_o otherwise_o vain_a and_o fruitless_a will_v be_v that_o appetition_n which_o nature_n have_v plant_v in_o all_o thing_n as_o the_o philosopher_n argue_v book_n 1._o of_o the_o ethic_n cap._n 1._o there_o be_v therefore_o some_o chief_a end_n in_o which_o the_o appetite_n must_v terminate_v and_o acquiesce_v 2._o §_o a_o end_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n last_o either_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la or_o absolute_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v so_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la which_o be_v the_o last_o among_o those_o end_n which_o be_v intend_v by_o the_o same_o agent_n so_o in_o that_o series_n which_o i_o have_v bring_v there_o be_v many_o end_n which_o be_v last_o in_o their_o own_o genus_fw-la for_o to_o fetch_v forth_o iron_n be_v the_o last_o end_n of_o such_o who_o dig_v in_o the_o mine_n the_o penknife_n of_o the_o smith_n health_n of_o the_o physician_n but_o there_o be_v but_o one_o absolute_o last_v and_o that_o be_v felicity_n 3._o §_o that_o end_n which_o be_v subordinate_v in_o
〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v from_o number_n it_o be_v collect_v that_o arithmetic_n be_v the_o science_n of_o number_n and_o physic_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v nature_n it_o be_v collect_v that_o physic_n be_v the_o natural_a science_n or_o science_n of_o nature_n etc._n etc._n 5._o §_o from_o derivation_n a_o definition_n be_v collect_v when_o from_o the_o definition_n of_o one_o conjugate_v the_o definition_n of_o another_o be_v collect_v as_o the_o definition_n of_o prudence_n from_o that_o of_o a_o prudent_a man._n 6._o §_o from_o the_o definition_n of_o one_o contrary_a also_o may_v be_v collect_v that_o of_o another_o for_o of_o contrary_n the_o science_n be_v the_o same_o and_o therefore_o when_o aristotle_n book_n 3_o cap._n 1._o have_v define_v a_o unvoluntary_a thing_n to_o be_v that_o which_o be_v either_o do_v by_o force_n or_o ignorance_n and_o affirm_v that_o to_o be_v do_v by_o force_n who_o principle_n be_v external_n and_o such_o as_o that_o he_o contribute_v nothing_o to_o it_o who_o do_v or_o suffer_v it_o he_o thence_o collect_v that_o a_o voluntary_a thing_n be_v that_o who_o principle_n be_v in_o he_o who_o act_n and_o be_v not_o ignorant_a of_o the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o fact_n etc._n etc._n hence_o then_o proceed_v we_o to_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o next_o to_o be_v consider_v viz._n division_n its_o law_n and_o species_n which_o will_v be_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o next_o chapter_n chap._n v._o of_o division_n its_o law_n and_o species_n ax._n 1_o of_o division_n one_o be_v of_o the_o name_n or_o nominal_a the_o other_o of_o the_o thing_n ax._n 2._o division_n of_o the_o name_n be_v a_o enunciation_n of_o the_o signification_n of_o a_o homonymous_n or_o doubtful_a word_n or_o sentence_n of_o a_o ambiguous_a or_o doubtful_a speech_n commentary_n 1._o §_o as_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v recite_v the_o signification_n of_o these_o latin_a word_n jus_n canis_fw-la malum_fw-la etc._n etc._n or_o distinguish_v in_o this_o oration_n aio_fw-la te_fw-la aeacide_n romanos_fw-la vincere_fw-la posse_fw-la that_o be_v i_o say_v you_o aeacides_n can_v conquer_v the_o roman_n this_o proper_o indeed_o be_v not_o so_o much_o division_n as_o enunciâ—â—â—â—â—_n and_o be_v more_o frequent_o call_v distinction_n than_o division_n ax._n 3_o and_o be_v to_o be_v adhibit_v in_o the_o beginning_n of_o a_o disputation_n 1._o §_o so_o that_o the_o disputation_n may_v seem_v to_o be_v institute_v against_o the_o thing_n not_o word_n for_o it_o may_v happen_v say_v aristotle_n that_o the_o answerer_n may_v not_o direct_v his_o thought_n the_o same_o way_n with_o he_o that_o interrogate_v when_o any_o thing_n be_v ambiguous_a in_o a_o speech_n book_n 1_o top._n cap._n 8._o ax._n 4._o now_o division_n of_o the_o thing_n which_o be_v proper_o say_v to_o be_v a_o division_n be_v a_o explication_n of_o the_o whole_a by_o its_o part_n ax._n 5._o and_o be_v either_o by_o its_o self_n or_o by_o accident_n ax._n 6._o division_n by_o itself_o be_v that_o by_o which_o be_v divide_v a_o whole_a into_o its_o part_n which_o be_v in_o it_o of_o or_o by_o themselves_o ax._n 7._o accident_n by_o accident_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o animal_n be_v divide_v into_o man_n and_o beast_n or_o into_o body_n and_o soul_n the_o division_n be_v a_o division_n by_o itself_o because_o man_n and_o beast_n be_v by_o themselves_o contain_v under_o animal_n and_o animal_n be_v of_o itself_o compose_v of_o body_n and_o mind_n but_o when_o man_n be_v divide_v into_o freemen_n and_o slave_n good_a and_o bad_a the_o division_n be_v by_o accident_n because_o here_o not_o man_n of_o themselves_o be_v divide_v but_o the_o state_n and_o condition_n of_o man_n or_o other_o accident_n which_o happen_v to_o they_o ax._n 8._o division_n of_o itself_o again_o be_v fourfold_a one_o of_o the_o universal_a whole_a or_o genus_fw-la into_o species_n another_o of_o the_o formal_a or_o define_v into_o its_o part_n define_v as_o genus_fw-la and_o difference_n another_o of_o the_o essential_a or_o compose_v into_o its_o compose_v as_o matter_n and_o form_n another_o last_o of_o the_o integrate_a into_o its_o integrate_n and_o this_o by_o a_o peculiar_a name_n be_v call_v partition_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o animal_n be_v divide_v into_o man_n and_o beast_n or_o element_n into_o fire_n air_n water_n and_o earth_n or_o moral_a virtue_n into_o justice_n fortitude_n and_o temperance_n etc._n etc._n the_o division_n be_v of_o the_o universal_a or_o genus_fw-la into_o species_n when_o the_o definition_n of_o man_n be_v resolve_v into_o its_o part_n or_o when_o animal_n and_o rational_a be_v say_v to_o be_v part_n of_o man_n or_o of_o the_o definition_n of_o human_a essence_n the_o division_n be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o whole_a define_v or_o formal_a when_o man_n into_o a_o body_n and_o rational_a soul_n the_o division_n be_v a_o division_n of_o the_o whole_a compose_v or_o essential_a etc._n etc._n and_o hitherto_o be_v to_o be_v refer_v all_o distinction_n of_o thing_n into_o material_a and_o formal_a as_o when_o the_o material_a of_o a_o word_n be_v say_v to_o be_v voice_n formal_n signification_n last_o when_o man_n or_o human_a body_n be_v divide_v into_o its_o three_o region_n and_o limb_n or_o the_o year_n into_o 12_o month_n a_o kingdom_n into_o its_o province_n great_a into_o less_o or_o logic_n into_o thematical_a and_o organical_a it_o be_v a_o definition_n of_o the_o integrate_a or_o mathematical_a and_o be_v call_v partition_n ax._n 9_o division_n by_o accident_n be_v fourfold_a to_o wit_n either_o of_o a_o cause_n by_o its_o effect_n or_o a_o effect_n by_o its_o cause_n to_o wit_n material_a efficient_a or_o final_a or_o a_o subject_a by_o its_o adjunct_n or_o a_o adjunct_n by_o its_o subject_n etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o of_o cause_n by_o its_o effect_n as_o plant_n other_o heat_n other_o cool_v syllogism_n other_o effect_v faith_n other_o opinion_n other_o science_n effect_v by_o its_o cause_n and_o one_a efficient_a as_o of_o testimony_n other_o divine_a other_o humane_a by_o cause_n material_a as_o of_o statue_n other_o be_v marble_n other_o brass_n of_o live_v thing_n other_o be_v of_o seed_n other_o putrid_a matter_n etc._n etc._n cause_o final_a as_o of_o man_n other_o voluptuous_a other_o studious_a of_o money_n other_o speculative_a other_o ready_a for_o action_n etc._n etc._n cause_v formal_n that_o be_v division_n by_o cause_n formal_n be_v a_o division_n by_o itself_o division_n by_o itself_o also_o be_v when_o a_o proper_a accident_n be_v divide_v by_o its_o next_o cause_n efficient_a or_o final_a so_o disease_n or_o distamper_n do_v differ_v in_o species_n which_o have_v a_o diverse_a next_o cause_n or_o synectical_a or_o contain_v as_o a_o fever_n and_o a_o pleurisy_n etc._n etc._n of_o subject_a and_o adjunct_n as_o of_o man_n some_o be_v bond_n some_o free_a some_o be_v learned_a some_o unlearned_a sound_n some_o be_v grave_a some_o acute_a number_n some_o be_v even_o some_o odd_a charity_n one_o towards_o god_n the_o other_o towards_o one_o neighbour_n flower_n some_o spring_n other_o summer_n animal_n some_o land_n other_o water_n other_o both_o but_o division_n of_o subject_a by_o adjunct_n be_v often_o a_o division_n by_o itself_o as_o the_o external_n sense_n be_v conversant_a either_o about_o colour_n sound_v or_o smell_v or_o taste_v or_o the_o tactile_a quality_n last_o adjunct_n by_o subject_n as_o vice_n some_o be_v of_o the_o mind_n some_o body_n virtue_n some_o of_o the_o understanding_n some_o appetite_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 10._o the_o principal_a law_n of_o division_n in_o general_n be_v seven_o and_o first_o the_o part_n of_o it_o ought_v to_o consent_v or_o agree_v in_o the_o whole_a 1._o §_o and_o therefore_o vicious_a be_v the_o division_n of_o man_n into_o live_v and_o dead_a real_a and_o paint_a because_o dead_a and_o paint_a man_n be_v not_o man_n unless_o aequivocal_o so_o vicious_a be_v the_o division_n of_o animal_n into_o mortal_a and_o immortal_a because_o no_o animal_n be_v immortal_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o second_o the_o part_n ought_v among_o themselves_o to_o be_v oppose_v 1._o §_o vicious_a therefore_o that_o division_n when_o either_o the_o part_n be_v not_o different_a as_o when_o pleasure_n be_v divide_v into_o delectation_n and_o joy_n or_o when_o one_o part_n be_v contain_v in_o the_o other_o as_o if_o animal_n shall_v be_v divide_v into_o mortal_a and_o rational_a etc._n etc._n and_o that_o division_n be_v the_o best_a which_o consist_v of_o part_n affirm_v but_o oftentimes_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o imbecility_n of_o our_o mind_n and_o want_v of_o word_n we_o be_v force_v to_o divide_v by_o privation_n as_o when_o the_o body_n be_v divide_v into_o animate_v and_o inanimate_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 12._o three_o in_o division_n be_v to_o be_v take_v the_o next_o and_o
if_o science_n it_o be_v call_v demonstrative_a or_o apodictical_a as_o cap._n 2._o soph._n elench_v and_o if_o opinion_n or_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n it_o be_v call_v dialectical_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o so_o that_o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n be_v nothing_o more_o than_o a_o syllogism_n generate_a opinion_n or_o any_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n or_o as_o aristotle_n explain_v himself_o book_n 1._o of_o his_o top._n cap._n 1._o argue_v out_o of_o probable_n and_o he_o be_v think_v the_o best_a dialectic_a who_o can_v best_o defend_v his_o own_o and_o dilute_a or_o wash_v away_o the_o opinion_n of_o his_o adversary_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o and_o in_o treat_v of_o this_o sort_n of_o syllogism_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v of_o question_n proposition_n and_o invention_n of_o argument_n ax._n 5._o and_o a_o question_n here_o may_v be_v any_o thing_n provide_v it_o contradict_v not_o piety_n good_a manner_n or_o common_a sense_n 1._o §_o for_o he_o that_o shall_v call_v in_o question_n whether_o god_n be_v to_o be_v worship_v or_o parent_n honour_v or_o the_o magistrate_n to_o be_v obey_v aught_o rather_o to_o be_v punish_v than_o follow_v with_o dialectical_a argument_n so_o he_o that_o shaâ—â—_n doubt_v whether_o the_o snow_n be_v white_a be_v not_o otherwise_o to_o be_v convince_v than_o by_o the_o testimony_n of_o his_o outward_a sense_n which_o he_o who_o disbelieve_v what_o be_v iâ—_n that_o he_o will_v believe_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o so_o that_o concern_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o dialectical_a problem_n we_o need_v not_o much_o to_o be_v solicitous_a anâ—_n their_o attribute_n be_v either_o of_o the_o first_o or_o second_o notion_n of_o which_o those_o constitute_v real_a these_o notional_a problem_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 7._o a_o real_a be_v when_o the_o attribute_n of_o thâ—_n question_n be_v real_a as_o be_v a_o place_n a_o superficies_n or_o so_o a_o notional_a when_o a_o notional_a as_o be_v superficies_n the_o gonus_fw-la of_o place_n or_o so_o because_o genus_fw-la be_v not_o a_o true_a thing_n but_o a_o second_o notion_n or_o logical_a and_o only_o feign_v in_o the_o mind_n whereas_o a_o superficies_n be_v a_o true_a thinâ—_n and_o not_o feign_v in_o the_o mind_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 8._o real_a again_o be_v either_o absolute_a or_o compare_v ax._n 9_o absolute_a that_o in_o which_o seek_v whether_o tâ—â—_n attribute_n agree_v to_o the_o subject_a or_o no._n ax._n 10._o compare_v when_o two_o or_o more_o subject_a be_v propose_v it_o be_v ask_v which_o the_o attribute_n degree_n or_o disagree_v most_o to_o or_o two_o or_o more_o attribute_n whether_o of_o they_o agree_v more_o or_o most_o to_o 〈◊〉_d subject_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o saught_v whether_o glery_n to_o be_v number_v among_o our_o good_a thing_n it_o be_v a_o absolute_a problem_n when_o whether_o virtue_n or_o glory_n a_o most_o to_o be_v desire_v or_o alexander_n more_o valiant_a or_o tâ—â—â—rate_a a_o compare_v ax._n 11._o problem_n dialectical_a of_o what_o kind_n soever_o may_v be_v take_v out_o of_o all_o discipline_n whatsoever_o ax._n 12._o proposition_n dialectical_a be_v to_o be_v true_a 〈◊〉_d least_o probable_a not_o paradoxal_a that_o be_v against_o the_o common_a or_o receive_a opinion_n for_o how_o shall_v the_o respondent_fw-la grant_v that_o which_o be_v against_o the_o common_a or_o receive_v opinion_n and_o which_o it_o may_v be_v he_o judge_v to_o be_v false_a but_o let_v we_o take_v some_o note_n from_o the_o learned_a hereboord_n and_o so_o end_v this_o chapter_n note_n and_o observation_n from_o the_o learned_a hereboord_n have_v relation_n to_o this_o chapter_n 1._o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n may_v also_o thus_o be_v define_v a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o beget_v opinion_n human_a faith_n or_o doubt_v or_o any_o other_o assent_n beside_o science_n or_o error_n which_o distinguish_v it_o likewise_o from_o the_o sophistical_a syllogism_n 2._o a_o syllogism_n dialectical_a be_v also_o by_o another_o name_n call_v topical_a from_o the_o greek_a word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d place_n in_o latin_a probabilis_fw-la that_o be_v probable_a or_o contingent_a because_o though_o it_o produce_v a_o true_a yet_o be_v it_o a_o uncertain_a and_o infirm_a assent_n because_o its_o proposition_n though_o true_a be_v yet_o contingent_a as_o may_v appear_v by_o what_o be_v say_v above_o 3._o when_o a_o paradox_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o problem_n true_a against_o the_o common_a opinion_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v only_o of_o that_o of_o the_o unlearned_a or_o vulgar_a but_o also_o of_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o letter_a who_o have_v take_v up_o with_o principle_n ancient_a and_o not_o so_o well_o examine_v such_o as_o that_o viz._n the_o earth_n move_v which_o though_o it_o be_v true_a yet_o may_v it_o be_v so_o against_o the_o common_a opinion_n and_o therefore_o a_o paradox_n 4._o a_o term_n of_o art_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o this_o viz._n a_o term_n proper_a to_o every_o art_n so_o metonymy_a and_o synecdoche_n be_v term_n of_o art_n viz._n rhetorical_a meridian_n horizon_n zodiac_n astronomical_a genus_fw-la and_o species_n logical_a etc._n etc._n and_o this_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o consideration_n viz._n that_o chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o dialectical_a argument_n or_o topical_a place_n and_o rule_n ax._n 1_o now_o to_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o probable_a or_o dialectical_a argument_n belong_v place_n and_o rule_n a._n 2._o a_o place_n be_v a_o seat_n or_o certain_a common_a note_n by_o who_o admonition_n a_o argument_n be_v find_v ax._n 3_o a_o rule_n a_o canon_n or_o proposition_n contain_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o consequence_n of_o dialectical_a syllogism_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o the_o distribution_n of_o the_o argument_n here_o to_o be_v use_v viz._n in_o dialectical_a disputation_n be_v usual_o into_o artificial_a and_o inartificial_a that_o be_v into_o those_o of_o art_n to_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o question_n and_o testimony_n which_o be_v to_o be_v find_v without_o now_o the_o first_o ax._n 5._o be_v to_o be_v use_v for_o the_o confirm_v or_o refel_v of_o all_o sort_n of_o problem_n alike_o that_o be_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v no_o other_o than_o testimony_n but_o the_o artificial_a not_o but_o may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n viz._n those_o for_o the_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o notional_a and_o those_o for_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o such_o as_o we_o have_v call_v real_a problem_n because_o concern_v about_o real_a thing_n ax._n 6._o now_o those_o of_o the_o first_o kind_n viz._n for_o the_o confirm_v and_o refel_v of_o notional_a problem_n be_v always_o take_v from_o the_o nature_n or_o propriety_n of_o that_o affection_n or_o 2d_o notion_n concern_v which_o it_o be_v query_v in_o the_o problem_n 1._o §_o which_o or_o else_o some_o canon_n belong_v to_o it_o be_v place_v in_o the_o major_n a_o assumption_n be_v make_v the_o controvert_v affection_n be_v prove_v to_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a as_o because_o air_n be_v the_o subject_a matter_n of_o wind_n we_o prove_v it_o not_o to_o be_v its_o genus_fw-la and_o because_o immortality_n be_v the_o affection_n of_o life_n eternal_a we_o prove_v it_o not_o to_o be_v its_o genus_fw-la both_o which_o argument_n lean_a upon_o this_o rule_n viz._n that_o that_o which_o be_v the_o subject_a or_o propriety_n of_o a_o thing_n can_v be_v its_o genus_fw-la etc._n etc._n give_v we_o cap._n 11._o of_o the_o first_o book_n and_o so_o divine_v make_v it_o appear_v that_o good_a work_n be_v not_o to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o our_o justification_n because_o every_o cause_n be_v before_o its_o effect_n but_o good_a work_n be_v after_o our_o justification_n and_o therefore_o not_o its_o cause_n and_o this_o argumentation_n lean_v upon_o this_o foundation_n theorem_a 3._o cap._n 15._o of_o the_o first_o book_n viz_o that_o every_o cause_n be_v before_o it_o be_v cause_v in_o nature_n and_o knowledge_n etc._n etc._n such_o syllogism_n as_o these_o aristotle_n call_v book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 8._o syllogism_n logical_a that_o be_v notional_a and_o the_o use_v of_o they_o be_v very_o great_a in_o all_o discipline_n ax._n 9_o argument_n of_o the_o other_o sort_n viz._n for_o prove_v or_o refel_v of_o real_a problem_n be_v always_o take_v from_o the_o affection_n belong_v to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v as_o from_o their_o place_n ax._n 10._o of_o which_o those_o be_v the_o best_a which_o be_v take_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o predicate_a because_o not_o seek_v whether_o the_o subject_a be_v but_o predicate_v or_o whether_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o subject_a or_o not_o etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o for_o example_n of_o they_o both_o suppose_v any_o one_o
the_o minor_a must_v not_o be_v deny_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n or_o which_o return_v to_o the_o same_o account_n viz._n from_o the_o remotion_n of_o the_o antecedent_n can_v be_v infer_v that_o of_o the_o consequent_a as_o we_o observe_v chapter_n the_o 12_o in_o that_o part_n relate_v to_o hypothetical_n syllogism_n the_o four_o be_v that_o one_o of_o the_o premise_n must_v be_v deny_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n or_o which_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n the_o position_n of_o the_o antecedent_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v conclude_v from_o that_o of_o the_o consequent_a as_o we_o have_v observe_v again_o in_o the_o same_o chapter_n and_o therefore_o these_o sort_n of_o syllogism_n will_v be_v paralogism_n viz._n every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n a_o horse_n be_v not_o a_o man_n and_o therefore_o not_o a_o animal_n or_o thus_o if_o a_o horse_n be_v a_o man_n he_o be_v a_o animal_n but_o a_o horse_n be_v not_o a_o man_n and_o therefore_o not_o a_o animal_n etc._n etc._n likewise_o every_o flatterer_n be_v complaisant_a such_o a_o one_o be_v complaisant_a and_o therefore_o such_o a_o one_o be_v a_o flatterer_n or_o thus_o if_o crispus_n be_v a_o flatterer_n he_o be_v complaisant_a but_o he_o be_v complaisant_a and_o therefore_o a_o flatterer_n etc._n etc._n if_o any_o one_o be_v deceive_v by_o these_o sort_n of_o argumentation_n either_o from_o himself_o or_o other_o as_o it_o often_o happen_v he_o be_v then_o deceive_v by_o a_o fallacy_n of_o the_o consequent_a 2._o but_o because_o the_o fault_n of_o a_o false_a consequence_n be_v easy_o discernible_a in_o these_o sort_n of_o syllogism_n sophister_n usual_o conceal_v it_o either_o by_o suppress_v one_o of_o the_o premise_n as_o crispus_n be_v complaisant_a and_o therefore_o a_o flatterer_n walk_n by_o night_n and_o therefore_o a_o thief_n or_o else_o by_o circumlocution_n as_o he_o that_o say_v you_o be_v a_o animal_n say_v true_a he_o that_o say_v you_o be_v a_o ass_n say_v you_o be_v a_o animal_n and_o therefore_o he_o that_o say_v you_o be_v a_o ass_n say_v true_a for_o this_o argumentation_n be_v just_a as_o if_o one_o shall_v lay_v down_o this_o position_n viz._n you_o be_v a_o animal_n a_o ass_n be_v a_o animal_n and_o therefore_o you_o be_v a_o ass_n which_o be_v a_o argumentation_n contrary_a to_o rule_v of_o two_o affirmative_n in_o the_o second_o figure_n ax._n 11._o which_o be_v solve_v by_o show_v that_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v not_o diverse_a from_o the_o question_n or_o at_o least_o more_o know_v than_o it_o ax._n 10._o the_o sophism_n of_o beg_v the_o question_n be_v then_o when_o any_o thing_n be_v prove_v either_o by_o itself_o or_o something_o that_o be_v equal_o unknown_a with_o itself_o 1._o §_o this_o be_v call_v a_o beg_n of_o the_o principle_n because_o it_o be_v a_o beg_n of_o that_o which_o in_o the_o beginning_n be_v seek_v for_o these_o sort_n of_o catch_n may_v be_v two_o way_n lay_v and_o first_o when_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v prove_v by_o itself_o second_o when_o one_o unknown_a thing_n be_v prove_v by_o another_o that_o be_v equal_o unknown_a with_o itself_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v prove_v by_o itself_o when_o the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v of_o the_o question_n the_o name_n be_v change_v be_v bring_v in_o for_o a_o medium_fw-la to_o prove_v the_o question_n as_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v prove_v the_o soul_n of_o man_n to_o be_v ex_fw-la traduce_v english_a of_o the_o seed_n of_o the_o parent_n because_o beget_v by_o the_o seed_n of_o the_o parent_n i_o say_v the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v change_v the_o name_n for_o if_o the_o name_n be_v not_o change_v the_o argumentation_n will_v be_v mere_a child_n play_n and_o yet_o for_o all_o this_o every_o argumentation_n in_o which_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o subject_a or_o predicate_v of_o the_o question_n be_v not_o to_o be_v reject_v as_o a_o sophism_n but_o only_o that_o who_o medium_fw-la be_v not_o only_o in_o itself_o and_o of_o its_o own_o nature_n the_o same_o with_o the_o question_n but_o also_o as_o to_o we_o as_o in_o that_o which_o we_o propose_v above_o but_o if_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v of_o its_o own_o nature_n the_o same_o as_o the_o question_n but_o not_o also_o as_o to_o we_o or_o our_o manner_n of_o concetpion_n the_o argumentation_n be_v not_o to_o be_v reject_v unless_o you_o can_v suppose_v all_o the_o argument_n which_o be_v fetch_v from_o essential_a place_n as_o genus_fw-la species_n definition_n whole_a and_o part_v to_o make_v captious_a argumentation_n etc._n etc._n 2._o second_o the_o second_o way_n be_v when_o the_o medium_n as_o much_o unknown_a as_o the_o question_n itself_o as_o if_o one_o shall_v prove_v vision_n to_o be_v make_v by_o emission_n because_o not_o by_o reception_n now_o this_o sophism_n tend_v to_o this_o partly_o that_o the_o sophister_n may_v seem_v to_o abound_v with_o argument_n partly_o that_o change_v the_o form_n of_o the_o word_n he_o may_v conciliate_v a_o show_n of_o probability_n to_o his_o declaration_n ax._n 11._o sophism_n of_o not_o cause_n for_o the_o cause_n be_v then_o when_o that_o which_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n or_o by_o accident_n be_v obtrude_v for_o the_o true_a cause_n and_o that_o by_o itself_o ax._n 12._o and_o this_o sophism_n be_v solve_v by_o the_o designation_n of_o the_o true_a cause_n upon_o which_o the_o effect_n by_o itself_o depend_v 1._o §_o the_o caption_n of_o not_o cause_n for_o the_o cause_n either_o lie_v in_o a_o syllogism_n that_o lead_v to_o inconvenience_n or_o direct_v in_o a_o syllogism_n that_o lead_v to_o inconvenience_n when_o the_o falsity_n of_o the_o conclusion_n bring_v be_v impute_v to_o one_o of_o the_o premise_n which_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o it_o as_o if_o one_o design_v to_o prove_v the_o humane_a soul_n mortal_a shall_v thus_o argue_v every_o immortal_a be_v eternal_a the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v immortal_a and_o therefore_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v eternal_a but_o this_o conclusion_n be_v false_a and_o the_o occasion_n of_o it_o be_v in_o the_o minor_a which_o be_v that_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v immortal_a and_o therefore_o mortal_a for_o this_o argumentation_n be_v a_o sophism_n of_o the_o not_o cause_n for_o the_o cause_n for_o he_o say_v that_o this_o proposition_n the_o soul_n be_v immortal_a be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o false_a conclusion_n when_o it_o be_v that_o viz._n that_o every_o immortal_a be_v eternal_a in_o a_o syllogism_n direct_v when_o that_o which_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o cause_n by_o accident_n happen_v not_o but_o to_o the_o cause_n by_o themselves_o as_o religion_n excite_v civil_a war_n from_o the_o read_n of_o the_o sacred_a scripture_n spring_v hresy_n wine_n be_v heady_a and_o intoxicate_a etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o religion_n read_v of_o the_o sacred_a scripture_n and_o wine_n be_v not_o to_o be_v tolerate_v in_o any_o commonwealth_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 13._o the_o sophism_n of_o many_o interrogation_n be_v then_o when_o two_o or_o more_o question_n be_v so_o propose_v as_o that_o they_o show_v only_o but_o as_o one._n ax._n 14._o and_o these_o sort_n of_o sophism_n be_v bring_v about_o two_o manner_n of_o way_n and_o first_o when_o two_o subject_n or_o two_o predicate_v or_o perhaps_o more_o be_v propound_v under_o so_o many_o distinct_a sort_n of_o name_n as_o be_v the_o world_n eternal_a and_o perfect_a etc._n etc._n this_o be_v a_o captious_a interrogation_n for_o if_o you_o answer_v affirmative_o the_o sophister_n will_v set_v upon_o you_o as_o if_o you_o have_v grant_v that_o the_o world_n be_v eternal_a and_o if_o otherwise_o he_o except_v against_o you_o as_o if_o you_o deny_v that_o the_o world_n be_v perfect_a and_o second_o you_o may_v make_v a_o fallacy_n of_o many_o interrogation_n in_o one_o word_n as_o desistine_n etc._n etc._n have_v you_o leave_v off_o to_o commit_v adultery_n have_v you_o lose_v your_o horn_n etc._n etc._n but_o enough_o of_o this_o be_v say_v in_o the_o place_n of_o homonymy_n and_o thus_o much_o may_v suffice_v for_o syllogism_n the_o last_o of_o the_o four_o instrument_n be_v that_o which_o now_o demand_v our_o attendance_n and_o that_o be_v method_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v entreat_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n chap._n xxviii_o of_o method_n ax._n 1_o there_o remain_v yet_o order_n or_o method_n to_o be_v entreat_v of_o and_o that_o be_v a_o apt_a disposition_n of_o thing_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o head_n so_o as_o that_o they_o may_v be_v the_o best_a and_o most_o easy_o understand_v and_o the_o most_o firm_o imprint_v upon_o the_o memory_n ax._n 2._o for_o which_o end_n we_o be_v ever_o to_o set_v those_o thing_n before_o which_o conduce_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o follow_v at_o least_o be_v better_o understand_v than_o they_o ax._n 3_o now_o
world_n shall_v thankful_a be_v and_o grateful_o extol_v thy_o charity_n which_o like_o the_o sun_n extend_v it_o useful_a light_n and_o dissipate_v the_o shadow_n of_o our_o night_n whilst_o wisdom_n here_o in_o england_n do_v remain_v like_o benefit_n impart_v and_o fame_n obtain_v l._n c._n book_n print_v for_o and_o sell_v by_o richard_n cumberland_n at_o the_o angel_n in_o st._n paul_n churchyard_n a_o scriptural_a catechism_n or_o the_o whole_a duty_n of_o man_n lay_v down_o in_o express_a word_n of_o scripture_n chief_o intend_v for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o young_a sort_n divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o first_o contain_v the_o chief_a principle_n of_o our_o christian_a belief_n the_o second_o instruct_v we_o in_o our_o duty_n to_o god_n and_o man_n according_a to_o the_o method_n observe_v in_o the_o excellent_a book_n entitle_v the_o whole_a duty_n of_o man._n to_o which_o be_v add_v some_o private_a devotion_n in_o express_a word_n of_o scripture_n with_o devout_a collect_v for_o several_a occasion_n recommend_v by_o the_o right_n reverend_a father_n in_o god_n edward_n lord_n bishop_n of_o gloucester_n price_n 6_o s._n reform_a devotion_n in_o meditation_n hymn_n and_o petition_n for_o every_o day_n in_o the_o week_n and_o every_o holiday_n in_o the_o year_n divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o four_o edition_n review'd_n price_n 2_o s._n 6_o d._n a_o antidote_n against_o the_o principal_a error_n of_o the_o predestinarian_a a_o work_n design_v for_o the_o information_n of_o the_o common_a people_n price_n 4_o d._n reflection_n upon_o the_o devotion_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n with_o the_o prayer_n hymn_n and_o lesson_n themselves_o take_v out_o of_o their_o authentic_a book_n the_o three_o edition_n with_o a_o appendix_n concern_v the_o miracle_n and_o relic_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n by_o john_n patrick_n d._n d._n late_a preacher_n of_o the_o charterhouse_n london_n 8_o vo_z price_n 2_o s._n a_o essay_n concern_v friendly_a reproof_n explain_v clear_o the_o nature_n excellency_n and_o usefulness_n of_o it_o prove_v both_o from_o reason_n and_o revelation_n that_o it_o be_v a_o indispensable_a duty_n and_o lay_v down_o very_o plain_a rule_n concern_v the_o proper_a method_n both_o of_o give_v and_o receive_v it_o etc._n etc._n price_n 6_o s._n serious_n reflection_n on_o time_n and_o eternity_n with_o some_o other_o subject_n moral_a and_o divine_a to_o which_o be_v annex_v a_o appendix_n concern_v the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o year_n how_o observe_v by_o the_o jew_n and_o may_v be_v best_a employ_v by_o a_o serious_a christian_a with_o a_o exhortation_n to_o youth_n to_o prepare_v for_o judgement_n by_o john_n shower_n the_o three_o edition_n correct_v and_o very_o much_o enlarge_v price_n 1_o s._n 6_o d._n horological_a disquisition_n concern_v the_o nature_n of_o time_n and_o the_o reason_n why_o all_o day_n from_o noon_n to_o noon_n be_v not_o alike_o twenty_o four_o hour_n long_o in_o which_o appear_v the_o impossibility_n of_o a_o clock_n be_v always_o keep_v exact_o true_a to_o the_o sun_n with_o table_n of_o equation_n and_o new_a and_o better_a rule_n than_o any_o yet_o extant_a how_o thereby_o precise_o to_o adjust_a royal_a pendulum_n and_o keep_v they_o afterward_o as_o near_o as_o possible_a to_o the_o apparent_a time_n with_o a_o table_n of_o pendulum_n show_v the_o beat_v that_o any_o length_n make_v in_o a_o hour_n a_o work_n very_o necessary_a for_o all_o that_o will_v understand_v the_o true_a way_n of_o right_o manage_v clock_n and_o watch_n by_o john_n smith_n c._n m._n to_o which_o be_v add_v the_o best_a rule_n for_o the_o order_v and_o use_n both_o of_o the_o quicksilver_n and_o spirit_n weather-glass_n and_o mr._n watson_n rule_n for_o adjust_v a_o clock_n by_o the_o fix_a star_n price_n 1_o s._n just_o publish_v a_o compendium_n of_o devotion_n contain_v a_o treatise_n of_o prayer_n and_o thanksgiving_n with_o morning_n and_o evening_n psayer_n for_o every_o day_n in_o the_o week_n &c_n &c_n also_o a_o sermon_n of_o draw_v nigh_o to_o god_n by_o the_o late_a reverend_a b._n whitcott_n d._n d._n pr._n 2_o s._n a_o letter_n from_o dr._n w._n p._n to_o the_o right_n reverend_a the_o bp._n of_o r_n in_o vindication_n of_o his_o sermon_n on_o trinity-súnday_a quarto_n pr._n 1_o s._n 6_o d._n the_o english_a atlas_n volume_n the_o 2_o d._n contain_v the_o description_n of_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n viz._n the_o upper_a and_o low_a saxony_n the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n bramen_n the_o marquisates_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o mismia_n with_o the_o territory_n adjoinng_a the_o palatinate_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n by_o w._n nicholson_n m._n a._n fellow_n of_o queens-college_n oxon_n with_o map_n always_o sell_v for_o 40_o s._n but_o now_o may_v be_v have_v for_o 15_o s._n the_o english_a atlas_n volume_n the_o 3d_o contain_v the_o description_n of_o part_n of_o germany_n viz._n schwaben_n the_o palatinate_n of_o bavaria_n arch-dukedom_n of_o austria_n kingdom_n of_o hungary_n principality_n of_o transylvania_n the_o circle_n of_o westphalia_n with_o the_o neighbour_a province_n by_o w._n nicholson_n m._n a._n arch-dcacon_a of_o carlisle_n and_o fellow_n of_o queens-college_n in_o oxon._n print_a for_o moses_n pitt_n with_o map_n always_o sell_v for_o 40_o s._n but_o now_o without_o at_o 5_o s._n advertisement_n all_o gentleman_n and_o other_o may_v be_v furnish_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o pamphlet_n either_o new_a or_o old_a a_o complete_a sett_n of_o all_o the_o philosophical_a transaction_n to_o this_o day_n at_o very_o reasonable_a rate_n may_v be_v have_v at_o the_o abovesaid_a place_n a_o table_n of_o the_o chapter_n and_o title_n contain_v in_o these_o two_o follow_a book_n of_o logic_n book_n i._n chap._n i._o of_o the_o nature_n and_o division_n of_o logic_n chap._n ii_o of_o theme_n simple_a and_o compose_v universal_a and_o singular_a chap._n iii_o of_o the_o category_n in_o general_n chap._n iu._n of_o substance_n chap._n v._o of_o quality_n chap._n vi_o of_o quantity_n chap._n vii_o of_o thing_n relate_v to_o each_o other_o chap._n viii_o of_o action_n and_o passion_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o four_o last_o category_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o predicate_v in_o general_n chap._n xi_o of_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n chap._n xii_o of_o difference_n chap._n xiii_o of_o property_n and_o accident_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o whole_a and_o part._n chap._n xv._o of_o cause_n and_o cause_v in_o general_n chap._n xvi_o of_o matter_n and_o form_n chap._n xvii_o of_o efficient_a cause_n chap._n xviii_o of_o end_n chap._n xix_o of_o subject_a and_o adjunct_n chap._n xx._n of_o conveniency_n of_o thing_n chap._n xxi_o of_o diversity_n or_o distinction_n of_o thing_n chap._n xxii_o of_o opposition_n of_o thing_n chap._n xxiii_o of_o order_n and_o of_o that_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o last_o and_o together_o with_o chap._n xxiv_o of_o interpretation_n in_o general_n and_o of_o noun_n and_o verb._n chap._n xxv_o of_o etymology_n and_o conjugate_v chap._n xxvi_o of_o synonym_n homonym_n and_o various_a acceptation_n of_o word_n chap._n xxvii_o of_o utterance_n or_o enunciation_n in_o general_n and_o that_o which_o be_v simple_a and_o compose_v in_o special_a chap._n xxviii_o of_o enunciation_n pure_a and_o modal_n chap._n xxix_o of_o enunciation_n universal_a particular_a indefinite_a and_o singular_a chap._n xxx_o of_o enunciation_n affirm_v deny_v finite_a and_o infinite_a chap._n xxxi_o of_o enunciation_n true_a and_o false_a necessary_a and_o contingent_a and_o their_o degree_n chap._n xxxii_o of_o conversion_n aequipollence_n and_o subalternation_n of_o enunciation_n chap._n xxxiii_o of_o opposition_n of_o enunciation_n book_n ii_o chap_n i._o of_o definition_n in_o general_n and_o definition_n nominal_a chap._n ii_o of_o perfect_a definition_n chap._n iii_o of_o imperfect_a definition_n chap._n iu._n of_o the_o manner_n of_o investigation_n or_o quest_n of_o definition_n chap._n v._o of_o division_n its_o law_n and_o species_n chap._n vi_o of_o definition_n of_o syllogism_n and_o all_o its_o part_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o three_o figure_n of_o syllogism_n and_o their_o modes_n chap._n viii_o of_o the_o law_n rule_n and_o propriety_n of_o syllogism_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o declaration_n of_o the_o second_o and_o three_o figure_n by_o reduction_n to_o the_o first_o and_o exposition_n so_o far_o as_o be_v necessary_a for_o our_o purpose_n chap._n x._o of_o find_v out_o a_o medium_fw-la with_o propriety_n to_o each_o figure_n and_o mode_n chap._n xi_o of_o induction_n enthymeme_n and_o example_n chap._n xii_o of_o syllogism_n hypothetical_n disjunctive_a and_o relative_n chap._n xiii_o of_o dilemma_n prosyllogism_n and_o sorite_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o syllogism_n modal_n and_o indirect_a chap._n xv._o of_o syllogism_n dialectical_a or_o probable_a chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o invention_n or_o find_v out_o of_o
note_n or_o affection_n of_o quality_n arise_v either_o from_o contrariety_n or_o disposition_n of_o the_o matter_n habit_n and_o patible_a quality_n receive_v more_o and_o less_o from_o contrariety_n for_o they_o be_v remit_v when_o intermix_v with_o their_o contrary_n and_o intend_v when_o they_o be_v free_a from_o it_o light_v except_v which_o although_o a_o a_o patible_a quality_n yet_o be_v intend_v or_o remit_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o unequal_a disposition_n of_o the_o subject_a because_o be_v have_v not_o a_o contrary_a after_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v the_o natural_a power_n intend_v and_o remit_v to_o which_o nothing_o be_v contrary_a with_o which_o they_o can_v be_v mix_v ax._n 13._o thing_n by_o quality_n be_v say_v to_o be_v like_a or_o unlike_a 1._o §_o for_o likeness_n and_o unlikeness_n be_v relation_n agreeable_a to_o thing_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o quality_n chap._n vii_o of_o thing_n relate_v to_o each_o other_o ax._n 1_o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v relate_v which_o in_o respect_n of_o what_o they_o be_v be_v say_v to_o be_v other_o that_o be_v of_o other_o or_o in_o any_o other_o manner_n or_o respect_n be_v refer_v to_o 〈◊〉_d 1._o §_o this_o definition_n of_o thing_n relate_v be_v extant_a in_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o the_o category_n ax._n 2._o related_n be_v usual_o divide_v into_o related_n in_o respect_n of_o their_o name_n and_o those_o in_o respect_n of_o their_o essence_n ax._n 3_o relateds_n according_a to_o their_o name_n be_v absolute_a thing_n which_o include_v or_o connote_v a_o relatition_n and_o therefore_o not_o in_o essence_n but_o in_o name_n only_o be_v refer_v to_o something_o else_o ax._n 4._o relateds_n according_a to_o their_o essence_n be_v those_o thing_n in_o who_o to_o be_v and_o to_o have_v respect_n to_o something_o else_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n or_o who_o essence_n be_v whole_o place_v in_o the_o respect_n they_o bear_v to_o some_o other_o thing_n 1._o §_o relateds_n in_o respect_n of_o their_o name_n and_o related_n in_o respect_n of_o their_o essence_n differ_v not_o in_o the_o nature_n of_o their_o relation_n but_o their_o name_n for_o the_o name_n which_o agree_v to_o relateds_n according_a to_o their_o name_n signify_v of_o themselves_o first_o a_o absolute_a thing_n and_o second_o connote_v a_o relation_n which_o be_v include_v in_o that_o absolute_a thing_n but_o to_o relateds_n according_a to_o their_o essence_n be_v such_o name_n give_v which_o of_o themselves_o signify_v a_o relation_n and_o connote_v a_o absolute_a thing_n which_o that_o relation_n presuppose_v as_o it_o be_v its_o subject_a for_o example_n knowledge_n and_o a_o thing_n knowable_a be_v say_v to_o be_v relateds_n according_a to_o their_o name_n because_o science_n be_v the_o name_n of_o a_o quality_n which_o include_v a_o respect_n to_o the_o object_n knowable_a or_o which_o may_v be_v know_v and_o therefore_o the_o whole_a essence_n of_o science_n be_v not_o place_v in_o respect_n to_o the_o object_n which_o may_v be_v know_v nay_o the_o essence_n of_o knowledge_n or_o science_n be_v a_o absolute_a quality_n which_o be_v yet_o say_v to_o be_v refer_v to_o another_o because_o it_o connote_v a_o relation_n but_o father_n and_o son_n be_v relateds_n according_a to_o their_o essence_n because_o these_o word_n of_o themselves_o first_o signify_v a_o relation_n or_o mutual_a respect_n and_o therefore_o the_o whole_a essence_n of_o the_o father_n as_o he_o be_v father_n be_v place_v in_o respect_n to_o the_o son_n and_o that_o of_o the_o son_n in_o respect_n to_o his_o father_n for_o what_o be_v it_o else_o to_o be_v a_o father_n but_o to_o have_v a_o son_n and_o to_o be_v a_o son_n but_o to_o have_v a_o father_n 2._o §_o from_o related_n according_a to_o their_o name_n little_a or_o nothing_o differ_v relateds_n transcendent_a so_o call_v because_o they_o surpass_v or_o transcend_v all_o the_o bound_n of_o category_n for_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o which_o such_o related_n do_v not_o agree_v so_o accident_n to_o the_o subject_a action_n to_o the_o object_n part_v to_o the_o whole_a and_o cause_n to_o the_o cause_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 5._o related_n be_v also_o divide_v into_o relateds_n real_a and_o relateds_n rational_a ax._n 6._o relateds_n real_a be_v those_o which_o of_o their_o own_o nature_n and_o without_o the_o help_n of_o the_o mind_n be_v refer_v to_o some_o other_o thing_n ax._n 7._o relateds_n of_o reason_n be_v such_o as_o only_o by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o mind_n be_v refer_v or_o relate_v to_o somewhat_o else_o 1._o §_o for_o example_n father_n son_n husband_n and_o wife_n and_o other_o related_n of_o that_o sort_n be_v real_a related_n because_o the_o father_n be_v the_o son_n father_n and_o the_o husband_n be_v the_o wive_n husband_n do_v not_o depend_v upon_o the_o cogitation_n of_o our_o mind_n but_o right_o and_o left_n be_v relation_n of_o reason_n because_o that_o to_o one_o stand_v betwixt_o two_o column_n this_o shall_v be_v right_o that_o leave_v rather_o than_o the_o contrary_a be_v from_o the_o ordination_n of_o the_o mind_n in_o this_o sense_n to_o the_o heaven_n also_o we_o assign_v right_o and_o left_a before_o and_o after_o and_o other_o difference_n of_o position_n but_o that_o one_o hand_n shall_v be_v call_v right_o and_o the_o other_o leave_v seem_v not_o to_o be_v attribute_v to_o reason_n but_o nature_n to_o related_n of_o reason_n also_o identity_n or_o sameness_n be_v to_o be_v refer_v for_o when_o any_o thing_n be_v so_o compare_v with_o itself_o as_o that_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o itself_o that_o one_o thing_n be_v so_o use_v by_o the_o understanding_n as_o if_o it_o be_v two_o hitherto_o also_o refer_v being_n of_o reason_n which_o be_v mutual_o refer_v to_o each_o other_o as_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n subject_a and_o predicate_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 8._o in_o every_o relation_n be_v require_v subject_a and_o term._n ax._n 9_o that_o be_v call_v the_o subject_a to_o which_o the_o relation_n be_v attribute_v or_o that_o which_o be_v refer_v to_o some_o other_o thing_n ax._n 10._o that_o the_o term_n to_o which_o the_o subject_n be_v refer_v ax._n 11._o the_o subject_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o relate_v and_o the_o term_n the_o correlate_n when_o affect_v with_o a_o relation_n and_o consider_v together_o with_o it_o ax._n 12._o relate_v and_o correlated_a be_v mutual_o refer_v each_o to_o the_o other_o and_o that_o not_o in_o one_o but_o a_o twofold_a relation_n ax._n 13._o in_o which_o reciprocation_n or_o mutual_a relation_n that_o which_o be_v the_o subject_a of_o one_o relation_n be_v the_o term_n of_o the_o other_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_n ax._n 14._o as_o also_o that_o which_o be_v in_o one_o relation_n the_o relate_v be_v in_o the_o other_o the_o correlate_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_n 1._o §_o these_o thing_n that_o you_o may_v understand_v suppose_v we_o between_o the_o father_n and_o the_o son_n two_o relation_n to_o intercede_v of_o which_o the_o one_o in_o which_o the_o father_n be_v refer_v to_o the_o son_n be_v common_o call_v paternity_n the_o other_o in_o which_o the_o son_n be_v refer_v to_o the_o father_n filiation_n or_o sonship_n but_o paternity_n and_o filiation_n be_v not_o one_o but_o two_o relation_n diverse_a from_o each_o other_o because_o the_o father_n be_v otherwise_o relate_v towards_o the_o son_n than_o the_o son_n be_v towards_o the_o father_n these_o two_o relation_n require_v two_o subject_n and_o two_o term_n which_o be_v two_o man_n as_o suppose_v philip_n and_o alexander_n philip_n be_v the_o subject_a of_o paternity_n alexander_n the_o term._n on_o the_o other_o side_n alexander_n be_v the_o subject_a of_o filiation_n philip_n the_o term_n father_n be_v the_o relate_v in_o paternity_n son_n the_o correlate_n on_o the_o other_o side_n son_n be_v the_o relate_v in_o filiation_n father_n the_o correlate_n 2._o §_o father_n the_o subject_a of_o relation_n be_v wont_v vulgar_o to_o be_v distinguish_v into_o subject_n of_o inhaesion_n and_o subject_a of_o denomination_n but_o these_o thing_n have_v more_o in_o they_o of_o subtlety_n than_o truth_n ax._n 15._o some_o relation_n be_v suppose_v suppose_v the_o subject_a and_o term_n other_o beside_o these_o do_v require_v a_o foundation_n ax._n 16._o and_o a_o foundation_n be_v that_o by_o who_o mean_n the_o relation_n accrue_v to_o the_o subject_a 1._o for_o example_n when_o a_o egg_n be_v say_v to_o be_v like_o a_o egg_n the_o similitude_n between_o these_o two_o egg_n arise_v in_o each_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o begin_v to_o exist_v nor_o be_v there_o any_o thing_n require_v towards_o their_o relation_n beside_o the_o existence_n of_o two_o eggs._n but_o the_o relation_n of_o servant_n do_v not_o present_o arise_v in_o the_o subject_a so_o soon_o as_o
for_o existence_n and_o not_o causality_n after_o this_o manner_n depend_v the_o father_n upon_o his_o ancestor_n in_o the_o beget_n of_o his_o son_n and_o every_o near_a cause_n upon_o the_o more_o remote_a second_o when_o it_o also_o depend_v upon_o a_o superior_a cause_n when_o it_o cause_n or_o for_o its_o causality_n but_o not_o for_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v or_o not_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n after_o which_o it_o cause_v in_o this_o manner_n the_o statuary_n be_v subordinate_a to_o the_o heaven_n in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statue_n for_o because_o the_o statuary_n stand_v in_o need_n of_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o heaven_n towards_o his_o work_n he_o may_v be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o heaven_n in_o respect_n of_o his_o causality_n but_o because_o not_o as_o he_o make_v the_o statue_n but_o as_o he_o live_v he_o be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o heaven_n by_o accident_n and_o to_o be_v accidental_o subordinate_v to_o they_o in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statue_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o horse_n spur_v on_o by_o his_o rider_n hurt_v his_o leg_n halt_v the_o hurt_a leg_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o halt_a subordinate_v to_o the_o rader_n by_o accident_n for_o the_o leg_n or_o horse_n be_v impel_v on_o by_o the_o rider_n to_o motion_n but_o not_o to_o a_o vicious_a motion_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o in_o such_o a_o subordination_n there_o be_v ever_o one_o next_o cause_n the_o rest_n be_v remote_a ax._n 12._o the_o next_o cause_n be_v that_o which_o immediate_o constitute_v the_o cause_v ax._n 13._o remote_a that_o which_o concur_v to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la 1._o §_o a_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o two_o way_n either_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la or_o absolute_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o next_o which_o not_o only_o immediate_o but_o by_o its_o own_o existence_n constitute_v the_o cause_v and_o so_o that_o it_o be_v suppose_v it_o be_v necessary_a the_o cause_v be_v so_o too_o the_o next_o cause_n in_o its_o genus_fw-la we_o have_v already_o define_v and_o have_v say_v it_o immediate_o concur_v towards_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v no_o other_o of_o its_o own_o order_n come_v between_o one_o thing_n may_v have_v many_o cause_n in_o their_o own_o genus_fw-la next_z but_o one_o only_a that_o be_v absolute_o next_o which_o in_o substance_n be_v form_n accident_n efficient_a and_o end_n so_o whereas_o to_o man_n the_o proximate_a matter_n be_v humane_a body_n efficient_a father_n end_v well-being_a form_n rational_a soul_n the_o rational_a soul_n yet_o only_o be_v the_o next_o absolute_a cause_n ax._n 14._o last_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la there_o be_v some_o cause_n total_a some_o partial_a ax._n 15._o that_o cause_n be_v total_a which_o in_o its_o species_n whole_o cause_v the_o whole_a cause_v ax._n 16._o that_o partial_a which_o join_v with_o the_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o species_n cause_n the_o cause_v only_o in_o part._n 1._o §_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la of_o cause_n there_o be_v many_o species_n of_o cause_n and_o those_o either_o subordinate_a as_o cause_o first_o and_o second_o next_o and_o remote_a principal_a and_o instrumental_a or_o coordinate_a of_o which_o one_o depend_v not_o upon_o another_o a_o total_a cause_n be_v say_v whole_o to_o constitute_v the_o cause_v because_o not_o assist_v by_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o species_n for_o example_n the_o write_v depend_v upon_o the_o quill_n and_o the_o hand_n but_o upon_o both_o as_o total_a cause_n for_o the_o quill_n be_v only_o or_o whole_o the_o instrumental_a and_o the_o hand_n the_o principal_a cause_n so_o likewise_o when_o god_n the_o sun_n and_o man_n be_v say_v to_o generate_v man_n every_o one_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v total_a god_n be_v the_o first_o the_o sun_n or_o heaven_n be_v the_o total_a universal_a man_n the_o total_a second_o and_o particular_a but_o when_o two_o horse_n draw_v in_o a_o cart_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v partial_a cause_n because_o they_o be_v both_o of_o the_o same_o species_n which_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o axiom_n viz._n ax._n 17._o of_o one_o thing_n there_o can_v be_v many_o total_a cause_n of_o the_o same_o species_n but_o there_o may_v be_v many_o different_a in_o species_n and_o subordinate_a 1._o §_o if_o many_o cause_n not_o subordinate_a do_v concur_v to_o the_o same_o cause_v of_o necessity_n they_o must_v be_v partial_a for_o the_o total_a cause_n cause_v the_o whole_a thing_n wherefore_o if_o there_o be_v many_o total_a cause_n either_o the_o rest_n cause_n nothing_o and_o so_o be_v not_o cause_n or_o else_o cause_n again_o what_o be_v cause_v before_o but_o if_o cause_n different_a in_o species_n be_v subordinate_a it_o may_v so_o be_v that_o the_o same_o cause_v may_v depend_v upon_o many_o cause_n total_a so_o the_o whole_a write_n depend_v on_o the_o hand_n and_o the_o quill_n and_o the_o whole_a man_n upon_o god_n and_o the_o sun_n and_o his_o parent_n chap._n xvi_o of_o matter_n and_o form_n ax._n 1_o of_o the_o four_o cause_n two_o be_v internal_a matter_n and_o form_n and_o as_o many_o external_n efficient_a and_o end_n ax._n 2._o those_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v internal_a which_o enter_v the_o essence_n of_o the_o cause_v as_o part_n commentary_n 1._o §_o although_o form_n be_v far_o more_o noble_a than_o matter_n and_o confer_v more_o to_o the_o constitute_v the_o cause_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o matter_n also_o be_v part_n of_o the_o essence_n and_o not_o only_o a_o vehicle_n or_o receiver_n ax._n 3_o matter_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o out_o of_o which_o inexi_v something_o be_v make_v 1._o §_o this_o definition_n be_v extant_a book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 2._o but_o it_o may_v more_o full_o and_o explicatious_o be_v define_v in_o this_o manner_n matter_n be_v a_o internal_a cause_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v make_v or_o consist_v why_o i_o add_v consist_v will_n be_v sufficient_o understand_v out_o of_o the_o 9th_o theorem_a matter_n be_v also_o define_v book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 11._o but_o more_o obscure_o to_o be_v that_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v suppose_v of_o necessity_n must_v be_v so_o too_o 2._o §_o general_o matter_n be_v divide_v into_o that_o out_o of_o which_o in_o which_o and_o about_o which_o that_o out_o of_o which_o be_v that_o which_o be_v proper_o so_o call_v and_o we_o have_v but_o now_o define_v in_o which_o the_o subject_a about_o which_o the_o object_n of_o which_o in_o their_o place_n ax._n 4._o the_o office_n of_o matter_n be_v two_o to_o take_v up_o form_n and_o sustain_v they_o and_o with_o the_o form_n to_o constitute_v the_o compose_v ax._n 5._o matter_n be_v either_o first_o or_o second_o ax._n 6._o the_o first_o matter_n be_v inform_v ax._n 7._o the_o second_o form_v 1._o §_o although_o no_o matter_n may_v exist_v without_o form_n yet_o because_o matter_n be_v not_o altogether_o nothing_o nor_o the_o same_o with_o form_n why_o may_v it_o not_o by_o itself_o be_v understand_v not_o understand_v form_n and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o matter_n which_o aristotle_n book_n 1._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 9_o define_v in_o this_o manner_n that_o be_v matter_n say_v he_o which_o be_v the_o first_o subject_n out_o of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v make_v so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o in_o it_o by_o accident_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v spoil_v it_o will_v be_v into_o that_o resolve_v at_o last_o nor_o be_v it_o yet_o to_o be_v think_v that_o the_o first_o and_o second_o matter_n be_v two_o several_a matter_n nay_o one_o and_o the_o same_o matter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o and_o second_o as_o it_o be_v this_o way_n or_o that_o way_n consider_v ax._n 8._o far_o matter_n be_v either_o of_o natural_a or_o artificial_a body_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n element_n be_v the_o matter_n of_o mix_v body_n seed_n of_o live_v gold_n or_o silver_n of_o the_o cup_n wood_n of_o the_o shelf_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o and_o both_o of_o these_o either_o of_o composition_n or_o generation_n ax._n 10._o the_o matter_n of_o composition_n be_v that_o of_o which_o a_o thing_n consist_v ax._n 11._o of_o generation_n out_o of_o which_o it_o be_v make_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o body_n be_v the_o matter_n of_o composition_n in_o a_o animal_n seed_n of_o generation_n in_o thing_n of_o art_n the_o matter_n of_o generation_n and_o composition_n be_v almost_o the_o same_o as_o also_o in_o meteor_n for_o a_o shelf_n be_v make_v and_o consist_v of_o wood_n cloud_n of_o vapour_n ice_n of_o water_n etc._n etc._n
the_o effect_n the_o less_o principal_a as_o far_o as_o it_o cause_v be_v always_o worse_o then_o or_o inferior_a to_o the_o effect_n 1._o §_o when_o we_o compare_v the_o effect_n with_o the_o cause_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v the_o cause_n as_o it_o be_v such_o that_o be_v according_a to_o that_o virtue_n by_o which_o it_o cause_v when_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o cause_n be_v such_o as_o that_o it_o contain_v in_o it_o whatever_o be_v in_o the_o effect_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o principal_a cause_n the_o effect_n be_v say_v to_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o cause_n either_o formal_o or_o eminent_o when_o formal_o or_o the_o effect_n be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o the_o cause_n the_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v univocal_a and_o be_v equal_a to_o its_o effect_n as_o when_o heat_n beget_v heat_n or_o a_o mouse_n a_o mouse_n when_o eminent_o or_o the_o cause_n by_o a_o noble_a sort_n of_o virtue_n produce_v the_o effect_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v aequivocal_a and_o be_v better_a than_o its_o effect_n as_o when_o light_n produce_v heat_n or_o the_o architect_n a_o house_n when_o neither_o formal_o nor_o eminent_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v less_o principal_a and_o that_o not_o so_o much_o effect_n as_o subserve_v the_o principal_a in_o produce_v the_o effect_n ax._n 22._o the_o less_o principal_a be_v subdivide_v into_o procatarctical_a proëgumenal_a and_o instrumental_a ax._n 23._o procatarctical_a be_v that_o which_o extrinsical_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n ax._n 24._o the_o proëgumenal_a which_o inward_o dispose_v or_o also_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n 1._o the_o cause_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o procatarctical_a in_o latin_a may_v be_v call_v incipiens_fw-la or_o inchoans_fw-la that_o be_v beginning_n or_o inchoat_v and_o be_v either_o object_n occasion_n author_n or_o merit_n so_o far_o it_o may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o object_n as_o it_o move_v or_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n occasion_n be_v the_o conveniency_n of_o time_n and_o place_n to_o act_v in_o which_o itself_o also_o have_v some_o force_n of_o move_v to_o action_n in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o remove_v impediment_n to_o action_n author_n here_o be_v say_v to_o be_v he_o who_o propose_v reason_n persuade_v the_o principal_a cause_n either_o to_o or_o from_o action_n he_o be_v also_o call_v the_o moral_a cause_n merit_n or_o meritorious_a cause_n be_v that_o which_o move_v the_o agent_n to_o a_o requital_n and_o that_o either_o in_o good_a or_o evil_a thing_n and_o even_o all_o these_o be_v without_o the_o principal_a cause_n in_o which_o they_o be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o proegumenal_a which_o consist_v in_o the_o principal_a cause_n itself_o for_o example_n if_o any_o one_o walk_v about_o in_o the_o night_n shall_v see_v many_o precious_a thing_n in_o the_o open_a house_n of_o his_o enemy_n from_o who_o just_o before_o he_o have_v receive_v a_o injury_n to_o be_v negligent_o keep_v and_o at_o the_o instigation_n of_o another_o shall_v take_v they_o away_o the_o objective_a cause_n of_o of_o this_o will_v be_v the_o precious_a thing_n themselves_o exciting_a the_o covetousness_n of_o the_o thief_n the_o occasion_n the_o darkness_n of_o the_o night_n and_o open_a house_n which_o in_o no_o little_a measure_n further_o he_o in_o his_o purpose_n the_o author_n or_o moral_a cause_n he_o who_o instigate_v he_o the_o meritorious_a the_o injury_n receive_v for_o which_o the_o thief_n come_v to_o be_v more_o prone_a to_o steal_v the_o proëgumenal_a cause_n be_v the_o proper_a avarice_n of_o the_o thief_n farthermore_o author_n or_o cause_n moral_a have_v place_n only_o in_o voluntary_a cause_n object_n occasion_n meritorious_a and_o proëgumental_a also_o in_o other_o occasion_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o cause_n meritorious_a as_o when_o a_o injury_n commit_v or_o do_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o fight_n or_o war_n or_o slaughter_n and_o in_o this_o sense_n if_o feign_v be_v call_v by_o the_o greek_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o the_o latin_n pretext_n the_o proëgumenal_a either_o dispose_v only_o the_o principal_a cause_n as_o when_o the_o temperament_n of_o the_o body_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o manner_n or_o also_o move_v it_o and_o spur_n it_o on_o as_o when_o anger_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o revenge_n or_o avarice_n of_o theft_n 2._o §_o the_o procatarctical_a and_o proëgumenal_a cause_n be_v of_o great_a use_n in_o physic_n for_o physician_n reduce_v almost_o all_o disease_n to_o three_o cause_n procatarctical_a proegumenal_a and_o synectical_a or_o contain_v the_o procatarctical_a with_o they_o be_v the_o external_n and_o evident_a cause_n the_o other_o two_o the_o internal_a and_o hide_a cause_n the_o proëgumenal_a the_o antecedent_n the_o contain_v the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o that_o which_o be_v connate_a with_o and_o also_o exist_v together_o with_o the_o disease_n and_o coheres_fw-la immediate_o with_o it_o and_o this_o with_o we_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n for_o example_n the_o procatarctical_a cause_n of_o the_o fever_n be_v either_o cold_a or_o the_o astringent_a bath_n the_o proëgumenal_a the_o skin_n bind_v up_o and_o evaporation_n hinder_v the_o contain_v the_o humour_n putrescent_fw-la and_o accend_v ax._n 25._o the_o instrumental_a cause_n be_v that_o which_o subserve_v the_o principal_a cause_n in_o its_o effect_v 1._o §_o all_o instrument_n subserve_v not_o the_o principal_a in_o the_o like_a manner_n for_o there_o be_v some_o instrument_n join_v to_o the_o principal_a cause_n in_o act_v and_o there_o be_v some_o in_o act_v separate_a from_o they_o those_o be_v instrument_n conjoin_v of_o which_o the_o principal_a cause_n make_v use_v in_o the_o effection_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o these_o be_v either_o active_a as_o the_o heat_n in_o the_o fire_n or_o passive_a as_o a_o knife_n a_o sword_n etc._n etc._n separate_a instrument_n be_v those_o which_o act_n in_o the_o place_n and_o stead_n of_o the_o principal_a cause_n so_o the_o ambassador_n be_v the_o instrument_n of_o the_o prince_n and_o the_o seed_n seem_v to_o many_o the_o instrument_n of_o generation_n but_o mistaken_o for_o separate_v instrument_n have_v no_o place_n in_o natural_n but_o moral_n and_o this_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o maxim_n viz._n ax._n 26._o the_o essence_n of_o instrument_n consist_v in_o their_o fitness_n for_o use_v 1._o §_o instrument_n say_v aristotle_n book_n 2._o of_o an._n cap._n 4._o in_o office_n and_o uses_n be_v distinguish_v or_o convene_v among_o themselves_o for_o every_o instrument_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v because_o and_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v fit_a for_o some_o certain_a use_n so_o a_o axe_n be_v so_o far_o a_o axe_n as_o that_o in_o the_o quality_n of_o its_o matter_n and_o form_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o cut_v and_o the_o eye_n so_o far_o a_o eye_n as_o it_o be_v fit_a to_o see_v with_o for_o the_o eye_n the_o hand_n and_o other_o organical_a part_n of_o man_n or_o beast_n when_o dead_a be_v not_o eye_n or_o hand_n unless_o homonymous_o or_o ambiguous_o that_o be_v doubtful_o as_o aristotle_n say_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o meteor_n cap._n 17._o ax._n 27._o six_o cause_v efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o first_o and_o second_o ax._n 28._o the_o first_o be_v that_o which_o depend_v upon_o none_o ax._n 29._o the_o second_o which_o depend_v upon_o the_o first_o 1._o §_o a_o cause_n be_v two_o way_n say_v to_o be_v first_o to_o wit_n absolute_o or_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o on_o which_o all_o thing_n depend_v both_o when_o they_o be_v make_v exist_v and_o operate_v or_o as_o they_o say_v in_o fieri_fw-la esse_fw-la and_o operation_n the_o cause_n absolute_o first_o be_v only_o one_o to_o wit_n god_n for_o all_o thing_n depend_v on_o god_n both_o as_o to_o their_o make_v be_v and_o operate_n according_a to_o that_o of_o the_o apostle_n st._n paul_n act_v 17._o in_o he_o we_o live_v and_o move_v and_o have_v our_o be_v furthermore_o all_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o god_n as_o they_o be_v make_v or_o in_o fieri_fw-la as_o they_o say_v by_o reason_n of_o creation_n and_o that_o either_o proximate_o or_o remote_o as_o they_o be_v or_o in_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o conservation_n as_o they_o operate_v of_o his_o providence_n either_o ordinary_o or_o extraordinary_o etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o that_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la on_o which_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la depend_v such_o a_o first_o cause_n be_v not_o only_o give_v in_o every_o genus_fw-la of_o cause_n but_o also_o in_o every_o subordination_n so_o adam_n be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o man_n in_o his_o species_n
its_o own_o genus_fw-la be_v refer_v to_o a_o far_a end_n by_o it_o self_n but_o that_o which_o be_v last_o by_o accident_n for_o example_n the_o smith_n soften_v iron_n in_o the_o fire_n put_v it_o upon_o the_o anvil_n strike_v it_o hammer_n it_o polish_v it_o whet_v it_o till_o of_o it_o he_o make_v a_o lancet_n all_o these_o by_o themselves_o and_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o same_o agent_n viz._n the_o smith_n be_v subordinate_v for_o the_o lancet_n be_v the_o whole_a endeavour_n of_o the_o smith_n but_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v serviceable_a to_o the_o physician_n in_o let_v of_o blood_n be_v no_o care_n of_o the_o smith_n and_o therefore_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o the_o smith_n do_v in_o order_n to_o the_o make_v the_o lancet_n be_v subordinate_v to_o this_o end_n of_o the_o pysician_n by_o accident_n ax._n 11._o when_o the_o end_n be_v good_a by_o how_o much_o the_o far_o off_o it_o be_v by_o so_o much_o the_o better_a it_o must_v needs_o be_v the_o last_o end_n therefore_o must_v be_v the_o best_a and_o the_o chief_a good_a itself_o 1._o §_o this_o theorem_fw-la be_v extant_a book_n 1._o of_o the_o eth._n cap._n 5._o that_o the_o end_n be_v good_a be_v abovesaid_a otherwise_o it_o will_v not_o move_v the_o efficient_a nor_o be_v it_o yet_o sufficient_a that_o it_o be_v good_a but_o it_o ought_v also_o to_o be_v good_a of_o it_o self_n since_o the_o mean_n be_v no_o otherwise_o good_a than_o as_o they_o be_v serviceable_a to_o the_o obtain_n of_o the_o end_n from_o whence_o follow_v that_o the_o end_n be_v better_a than_o the_o mean_n but_o the_o subordinate_a be_v a_o mean_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o sequent_a that_o be_v the_o subordinate_a end_n the_o last_o end_n therefore_o be_v something_o which_o be_v best_a because_o in_o no_o respect_n a_o mean_n by_o which_o it_o shall_v become_v worse_o nor_o be_v it_o material_a whether_o this_o end_v be_v real_a or_o imaginary_a as_o be_v say_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 2._o since_o the_o end_v no_o otherways_o move_v the_o efficient_a than_o as_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v good_a and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o the_o next_o axiom_n which_o be_v ax._n 12._o by_o how_o much_o a_o end_n be_v the_o last_o in_o the_o execution_n by_o so_o much_o the_o early_o be_v it_o in_o the_o intention_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_n 1._o §_o end_v also_o be_v divide_v into_o internal_a and_o external_n but_o this_o division_n have_v not_o place_n in_o all_o thing_n but_o only_a faculty_n and_o art_n conjectural_a in_o which_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v internal_a which_o the_o artificer_n attain_v to_o as_o often_o as_o he_o please_v external_n which_o he_o do_v not_o always_o attain_v to_o so_o the_o internal_a of_o oratory_n be_v to_o speak_v ornate_o and_o accommodate_o to_o persuade_v the_o external_n to_o persuade_v 2._o §_o the_o division_n of_o end_n into_o end_n by_o itself_o and_o end_v by_o accident_n as_o vulgar_o understand_v be_v not_o without_o its_o fault_n for_o a_o end_n by_o accident_n be_v not_o a_o final_a cause_n for_o a_o final_a cause_n be_v not_o a_o cause_n any_o far_a than_o it_o be_v intend_v but_o a_o end_n by_o accident_n be_v not_o intend_v but_o evene_v beside_o the_o intention_n wherefore_o when_o a_o end_n be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o accident_n the_o event_n or_o effect_n by_o accident_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v for_o if_o any_o one_o dig_v in_o the_o field_n that_o he_o may_v make_v it_o more_o fertile_a shall_v by_o accident_n find_v a_o treasure_n the_o find_v that_o treasure_n will_v not_o be_v the_o end_n but_o effect_v or_o event_n of_o it_o by_o accident_n chap._n xix_o of_o subject_a and_o adjunct_n ax._n 1_o a_o subject_a be_v that_o to_o which_o something_o be_v adjoin_v beside_o its_o essence_n ax._n 2._o and_o a_o adjunct_n that_o which_o be_v adjoin_v to_o something_o beside_o its_o essence_n commentary_n 1._o §_o we_o common_o use_v to_o distinguish_v betwixt_o a_o subject_a of_o inhesion_n and_o a_o subject_a of_o praedication_n or_o denomination_n a_o subject_a of_o inhesion_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o substance_n in_o respect_n of_o its_o accident_n inherent_a so_o snow_n be_v the_o subject_a of_o whiteness_n which_o inhere_n in_o it_o a_o subject_a of_o predication_n or_o denomination_n be_v either_o large_o or_o strict_o take_v large_o for_o any_o thing_n whether_o substance_n or_o accident_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v in_o any_o predication_n whether_o essential_a accidental_a internal_a external_n absolute_a or_o limit_v 2._o §_o in_o this_o place_v not_o only_o the_o subject_a of_o inhesion_n but_o also_o every_o subject_a of_o predication_n or_o denomination_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v in_o a_o accidental_a predication_n whether_o external_n internal_a absolute_a or_o limit_v be_v to_o be_v understand_v and_o all_o these_o thing_n which_o may_v be_v say_v in_o this_o manner_n of_o any_o subject_a be_v to_o be_v understand_v under_o the_o name_n of_o adjunct_n ax._n 3_o adjunct_n may_v be_v 3_o way_n divide_v and_o first_o into_o proper_a and_o common_a 1._o §_o common_a be_v nothing_o else_o but_o accident_n that_o be_v absolute_o so_o call_v and_o oppose_v to_o proper_a ax._n 4._o second_o into_o absolute_a and_o limit_v ax._n 5._o a_o absolute_a be_v that_o which_o simple_o and_o absolute_o agree_v with_o the_o subject_a ax._n 6._o a_o limit_v which_o in_o some_o respect_n only_o 1._o §_o that_o be_v according_a to_o some_o part_n or_o nature_n or_o time_n or_o place_n or_o respect_n for_o example_n mortality_n be_v the_o absolute_a adjunct_n of_o man_n whilst_o immortality_n be_v the_o limit_a because_o man_n be_v not_o absolute_o immortal_a but_o only_o as_o to_o the_o soul_n so_o whiteness_n be_v the_o limit_v of_o a_o aethiop_n because_o he_o be_v not_o absolute_o which_o be_v as_o much_o as_o to_o say_v total_o but_o only_o as_o to_o his_o tooth_n white_a ax._n 7._o three_o adjunct_n be_v divide_v into_o internal_a and_o external_n ax._n 8._o adjunct_n internal_a be_v those_o which_o inhere_o in_o the_o subject_a ax._n 9_o external_n which_o be_v order_v and_o dispose_v external_o about_o it_o 1._o §_o a_o subject_a receive_v adjunct_n internal_a into_o its_o self_n as_o snow_n whiteness_n the_o soul_n science_n or_o knowledge_n external_n to_o itself_o as_o the_o sight_n colour_n soldier_n arm_n etc._n etc._n internal_a give_v to_o the_o subject_a internal_a denomination_n external_n external_n for_o when_o snow_n be_v denominate_v from_o its_o whiteness_n it_o be_v a_o interternal_a denomination_n but_o when_o a_o soldier_n be_v say_v to_o be_v arm_v or_o the_o eye_n to_o see_v any_o thing_n it_o be_v a_o external_n denomination_n vulgar_o these_o denomination_n be_v call_v intrinsical_a and_o extrinsical_a 2._o §_o internal_a adjunct_n be_v accident_n as_o suppose_v quantity_n quality_n etc._n etc._n and_o their_o subject_n always_o a_o substance_n adjunct_n externl_n be_v either_o substance_n or_o accident_n for_o either_o a_o substance_n to_o a_o substance_n or_o a_o accident_n to_o a_o accident_n or_o a_o accident_n to_o substance_n or_o a_o substance_n to_o a_o accident_n may_v be_v join_v as_o from_o what_o follow_v will_v appear_v ax._n 10._o a_o external_n adjunct_n be_v either_o object_n sign_n or_o circumstance_n ax._n 11._o a_o object_n be_v that_o about_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v employ_v in_o its_o operation_n 1._o §_o object_n and_o subject_n in_o discipline_n be_v use_v almost_o without_o discrimination_n 2._o §_o in_o discipline_n theoretical_a one_o only_a object_n be_v require_v in_o practical_a a_o twofold_n viz._n one_o of_o doctrine_n another_o of_o use_n the_o doctrinal_a be_v that_o which_o be_v explain_v by_o definition_n and_o division_n throughout_o the_o whole_a discipline_n the_o object_n of_o use_n or_o practice_n be_v that_o about_o which_o the_o exercitation_n itself_o of_o the_o discipline_n be_v conversant_a so_o in_o ethic_n or_o moral_n the_o object_n of_o doctrine_n be_v virtue_n and_o vice_n practice_n the_o soul_n for_o this_o do_v ethic_n endue_v with_o virtue_n in_o discipline_n direct_v the_o object_n of_o practice_n be_v even_o almost_o twofold_n one_o which_o from_o the_o discipline_n itself_o be_v direct_v and_o the_o other_o in_o which_o be_v operate_v that_o which_o be_v direct_v so_o the_o object_n of_o logic_n we_o have_v say_v to_o be_v twofold_a in_o art_n mechanical_a the_o object_n of_o doctrine_n do_v not_o appear_v because_o acquire_v by_o exercitation_n only_o and_o not_o precept_n or_o institution_n ax._n 12._o of_o object_n some_o be_v by_o themselves_o other_o by_o accident_n ax._n 13._o a_o object_n by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o be_v both_o object_v to_o the_o thing_n as_o such_o and_o about_o which_o the_o thing_n as_o such_o be_v employ_v ax._n
of_o that_o mutual_a habitude_n or_o relation_n which_o thing_n may_v have_v each_o to_o the_o other_o whether_o simple_a or_o analogical_a and_o these_o be_v large_a in_o their_o extent_n as_o trope_n ax._n 9_o reason_n of_o unequal_a attribution_n viz._n that_o those_o signify_v that_o common_a nature_n which_o be_v unequal_o communicate_v to_o its_o subject_v species_n ax._n 10._o by_o reason_n of_o we_o the_o homonymy_n be_v when_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o the_o memory_n of_o any_o person_n near_o and_o dear_a to_o we_o or_o some_o illustrious_a person_n in_o hope_n of_o similitude_n or_o the_o like_a we_o impose_v such_o and_o such_o name_n upon_o our_o child_n and_o friend_n ax._n 11._o of_o these_o the_o far_a distant_a from_o synonym_n that_o be_v such_o as_o we_o have_v in_o the_o beginning_n of_o this_o chapter_n define_v be_v homonym_n by_o chance_n and_o those_o who_o reason_n or_o homonymy_n be_v in_o we_o more_o near_o the_o tropic_n and_o first_o the_o analogous_a near_o of_o all_o those_o that_o be_v ambiguous_a by_o reason_n of_o unequal_a attribution_n etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o the_o general_a cause_n of_o homonymy_n or_o ambiguity_n be_v the_o infinite_a multitude_n of_o thing_n and_o paucity_n of_o word_n for_o by_o reason_n of_o that_o much_o great_a paucity_n of_o word_n than_o thing_n of_o necessity_n one_o word_n must_v be_v apply_v to_o signify_v many_o thing_n but_o the_o cause_n why_o this_o word_n or_o that_o word_n be_v homonymous_n be_v either_o none_o as_o in_o homonymy_a by_o chance_n or_o if_o there_o be_v any_o which_o may_v move_v a_o wise_a man_n to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o same_o word_n to_o signify_v many_o thing_n it_o be_v either_o the_o change_n of_o the_o word_n from_o its_o proper_a signification_n as_o in_o the_o tropic_n or_o unequal_a attribution_n as_o in_o they_o which_o convene_v not_o equal_o to_o inferior_n or_o conservation_n of_o some_o one_o memory_n or_o the_o hope_n of_o similitude_n or_o example_n for_o instance_n the_o word_n jus_n in_o latin_a signify_v both_o broth_n and_o that_o which_o be_v oppose_v to_o injustice_n the_o homony_n my_o be_v by_o chance_n for_o there_o be_v no_o reason_n why_o this_o name_n shall_v be_v impose_v upon_o thing_n have_v no_o affinity_n at_o all_o among_o themselves_o 2_o §_o what_o and_o how_o many_o sell_a trope_n be_v be_v to_o be_v know_v from_o the_o rhetorician_n but_o trope_n cause_v homonomy_n because_o a_o sentence_n pronounce_v in_o tropical_a word_n may_v be_v ambiguous_a and_o sallacious_a as_o when_o the_o word_n fox_n be_v put_v for_o a_o guilâ—ful_a person_n pastor_n for_o a_o minister_n of_o the_o church_n soul_n for_o man_n author_n for_o the_o work_n etc._n etc._n for_o it_o be_v uncertain_a whether_o a_o man_n may_v use_v these_o in_o their_o proper_a or_o their_o translate_a signification_n homonym_n by_o unequal_a attribution_n be_v for_o example_n such_o as_o these_o viz._n enâ—_n or_o be_v in_o respect_n of_o subfrance_n and_o accident_n syllogism_n in_o respect_n of_o syllogism_n strict_o so_o call_v and_o other_o syllogism_n which_o 〈◊〉_d be_v wont_a to_o be_v call_v syllogism_n and_o so_o the_o term_n sanum_fw-la in_o latin_a be_v give_v to_o animal_n medicine_n and_o urine_n etc._n etc._n 3_o §_o and_o even_o all_o these_o have_v their_o cause_n of_o ambiguity_n in_o thing_n other_o also_o there_o be_v which_o we_o have_v say_v have_v their_o cause_n of_o ambiguity_n in_o we_o and_o our_o will_n as_o when_o we_o give_v the_o name_n of_o the_o parent_n to_o the_o child_n for_o the_o conservation_n of_o his_o memory_n or_o some_o pious_a and_o learned_a person_n hope_v that_o we_o may_v be_v excite_v by_o his_o example_n to_o become_v like_a unto_o he_o these_o ammonius_n in_o his_o commentary_n on_o the_o book_n of_o the_o categ_n call_v memoriae_fw-la and_o the_o other_o spei_fw-la gratia_fw-la 4._o §_o but_o that_o the_o homonomy_n of_o word_n may_v be_v so_o much_o the_o better_o understand_v which_o be_v in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o be_v regard_v in_o disputation_n we_o may_v take_v notice_n of_o some_o canon_n or_o criterion_n which_o aristotle_n deliver_v book_n 1._o top._n cap._n 15._o of_o which_o we_o shall_v here_o repeat_v the_o chief_a all_o those_o word_n in_o the_o first_o place_n fall_v under_o the_o title_n of_o homonymous_n to_o which_o many_o be_v contrary_n as_o that_o of_o the_o latin_a word_n grave_a to_o which_o leave_v and_o acutum_fw-la second_o those_o which_o have_v sometime_o a_o contrary_a sometime_o not_o as_o the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d to_o love_v unto_o which_o sometime_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o hate_v and_o sometime_o nothing_o as_o when_o signify_v to_o wont_a three_o those_o which_o have_v sometime_o a_o medium_fw-la sometime_o not_o so_o the_o word_n candid_a and_o fâ—â—â—â—d_a that_o be_v in_o english_a white_a and_o dark_a brown_n for_o when_o discourse_n be_v of_o colour_n the_o pale_a and_o other_o middle_n be_v interject_v between_o they_o but_o when_o of_o voice_n say_v to_o be_v candid_a or_o fuscid_a that_o be_v clear_a or_o hoarse_a than_o nothing_o four_o those_o be_v say_v to_o be_v homonymous_n to_o which_o something_o be_v oppose_v that_o be_v ambiguous_a so_o acute_a be_v a_o homonym_n because_o obtuse_a for_o both_o a_o axe_n be_v say_v to_o be_v obtuse_a and_o the_o voice_n and_o the_o wit._n so_o also_o the_o word_n flock_n and_o therefore_o likewise_o pasior_n and_o so_o in_o other_o genus_n of_o opposition_n except_v disparate_v five_o those_o who_o conjugate_v jugate_v be_v homonym_n and_o so_o because_o the_o latin_a word_n sanus_fw-la be_v a_o homonym_n so_o also_o must_v the_o word_n sanitas_fw-la be_v six_o those_o which_o signify_v thing_n of_o divers_a kind_n and_o so_o good_a because_o to_o be_v find_v in_o all_o category_n so_o also_o the_o greek_a word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d because_o it_o signify_v as_o well_o a_o ass_n as_o a_o millstone_n seven_o those_o which_o be_v attribute_v to_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v not_o such_o as_o that_o they_o may_v be_v compare_v and_o the_o one_o be_v say_v to_o be_v more_o such_o or_o as_o much_o such_o as_o the_o other_o and_o therefore_o candid_a because_o attribute_v both_o to_o the_o voice_n and_o a_o garment_n when_o a_o voice_n can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v neither_o more_o nor_o less_o so_o than_o a_o garment_n eight_o those_o word_n which_o signify_v the_o difference_n of_o genus_n that_o be_v not_o subaltern_a as_o acute_a that_o be_v the_o difference_n both_o of_o voice_n and_o magnitude_n nine_o those_o which_o have_v diverse_a difference_n as_o the_o word_n jus_n in_o latin_a for_o other_o be_v the_o difference_n of_o that_o from_o which_o the_o lawyer_n be_v call_v jurisconsulti_fw-la and_o other_o that_o which_o may_v be_v drink_v ten_o and_o last_o those_o which_o signify_v sometime_o a_o species_n and_o sometime_o a_o difference_n as_o the_o word_n candour_n which_o signify_v a_o species_n of_o colour_n and_o a_o difference_n of_o voice_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 12._o the_o diverse_a acception_n of_o word_n which_o the_o schoolman_n call_v supposition_n effect_v no_o homonymy_n ax._n 13._o word_n be_v either_o take_v material_o or_o formal_o ax._n 14._o they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v take_v material_o when_o for_o themselves_o ax._n 15._o formal_o when_o for_o the_o thing_n by_o they_o signify_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o i_o say_v animal_n be_v a_o word_n of_o three_o syllable_n of_o the_o neuter_n gender_n and_o the_o three_o declension_n the_o word_n homo_fw-la be_v a_o word_n of_o two_o syllable_n of_o the_o common_a gender_n the_o word_n homo_fw-la and_z animal_n be_v material_o take_v that_o be_v by_z and_o for_o themselves_o not_o otherwise_o than_o as_o if_o they_o signify_v nothing_o at_o all_o but_o when_o i_o say_v man_n be_v a_o animal_n the_o word_n man_n and_o animal_n be_v formal_o take_v that_o be_v for_o those_o thing_n which_o they_o signify_v according_a to_o institution_n ax._n 16._o formal_a acception_n when_o of_o singular_a word_n be_v but_o of_o one_o mode_n but_o when_o of_o universal_a it_o be_v either_o simple_a or_o concrete_a and_o ax._n 17._o simple_n then_o when_o a_o universal_a be_v take_v for_o the_o common_a nature_n abstract_o from_o inferior_n ax._n 18._o concrete_a when_o in_o inferior_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o i_o say_v animal_n be_v the_o genus_fw-la of_o man_n the_o word_n animal_n be_v take_v simple_o for_o the_o nature_n of_o animal_n abstract_o consider_v as_o in_o the_o notion_n of_o the_o mind_n or_o understanding_n it_o be_v prescind_v from_o inferior_n but_o when_o i_o say_v man_n be_v a_o animal_n the_o word_n animal_n be_v take_v in_o the_o concrete_a viz._n as_o it_o exist_v in_o humane_a species_n this_o concrete_a acception_n be_v by_o the_o
declare_v not_o the_o essence_n of_o a_o thing_n and_o therefore_o be_v imperfect_a unless_o the_o same_o thing_n happen_v to_o be_v more_o know_v to_o we_o and_o more_o know_v in_o itself_o but_o neither_o must_v a_o perfect_a definition_n consist_v only_o of_o those_o that_o be_v more_o know_v but_o also_o indemonstrable_a for_o definition_n be_v the_o principle_n of_o demonstration_n as_o be_v say_v book_n 1._o of_o the_o soul_n cap._n 1._o and_o book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 1._o it_o be_v teach_v that_o the_o principle_n of_o demonstration_n be_v immediate_a which_o certain_o can_v not_o be_v if_o their_o part_n be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v by_o former_a cause_n ax._n 11._o a_o perfect_a definition_n consist_v of_o the_o next_o genus_fw-la and_o specific_a difference_n 1._o §_o this_o canon_n be_v precept_v book_n 6._o top._n cap._n 1._o but_o yet_o if_o the_o next_o genus_fw-la want_n a_o name_n there_o be_v add_v in_o its_o place_n a_o remote_a with_o a_o difference_n to_o limit_v it_o and_o make_v it_o a_o next_o genus_fw-la so_o when_o a_o animal_n be_v design_v to_o be_v a_o live_n feel_v corporeal_a substance_n live_v corporeal_a substance_n be_v put_v in_o place_n or_o lieu_n of_o a_o next_o genus_fw-la and_o the_o specific_a difference_n be_v feel_v ax._n 12._o the_o difference_n of_o substance_n if_o not_o without_o be_v always_o take_v from_o their_o form_n but_o if_o without_o or_o that_o form_n be_v unknown_a propriety_n be_v add_v in_o the_o stead_n of_o form_n 1._o §_o so_o when_o man_n be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o rational_a animal_n the_o difference_n be_v take_v from_o his_o form_n which_o be_v a_o rational_a soul_n but_o because_o incorporeal_a substance_n have_v none_o and_o the_o specific_v of_o corporeal_a even_o lie_v hide_v because_o of_o themselves_o they_o incur_v not_o our_o sense_n in_o the_o place_n of_o form_n some_o property_n must_v be_v take_v as_o a_o angel_n be_v a_o incorporeal_a substance_n a_o dog_n a_o barking-beast_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 13._o the_o difference_n of_o accident_n be_v not_o take_v from_o their_o form_n or_o essence_n but_o their_o respect_n to_o their_o subject_n object_n cause_o efficient_a or_o final_a or_o somewhat_o else_o not_o contain_v in_o the_o essence_n 1._o §_o which_o be_v the_o cause_n or_o reason_n why_o aristotle_n book_n 6._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 5._o say_v that_o substance_n be_v simple_o and_o primary_o define_v accident_n secondary_o only_a or_o according_a to_o something_o and_o that_o the_o definition_n of_o accident_n be_v oration_n through_o addition_n because_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v add_v to_o their_o genus_fw-la in_o their_o definition_n be_v without_o their_o essence_n and_o almost_o of_o another_o category_n ax._n 14._o propriety_n be_v define_v by_o genus_fw-la subject_a and_o next_o cause_n and_o that_o either_o efficient_a final_a or_o both_o 1._o §_o and_o first_o efficient_a as_o a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o moon_n be_v a_o defect_n of_o light_n in_o it_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v diametrical_o interpose_v between_o the_o sun_n and_o it_o thunder_n be_v the_o noise_n of_o a_o break_a cloud_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o fire_n be_v be_v oppress_v and_o so_o two_o final_a as_o sense_n be_v a_o natural_a faculty_n in_o a_o animal_n for_o the_o end_n of_o judge_v betwixt_o singular_n the_o appetite_n for_o the_o gain_n of_o what_o be_v good_a to_o its_o self_n and_o avoid_v what_o be_v evil_a or_o both_o as_o the_o act_n of_o respiration_n be_v a_o reciprocal_a attraction_n and_o expulsion_n of_o the_o air_n by_o the_o lung_n for_o the_o refreshment_n of_o the_o heart_n etc._n etc._n the_o subject_n now_o be_v sometime_o in_o a_o definition_n of_o propriety_n unmentioned_a because_o it_o be_v contain_v either_o in_o the_o genus_fw-la or_o next_o cause_n as_o the_o memory_n be_v a_o internal_a sense_n conserve_n of_o the_o image_n of_o thing_n know_v here_o the_o subject_a of_o memory_n be_v not_o express_v to_o wit_n animal_n because_o contain_v in_o the_o word_n sense_n and_o express_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o that_o so_o also_o risibility_n be_v a_o nanural_a faculty_n of_o laugh_v arise_v from_o a_o rational_a animal_n i_o say_v not_o of_o man_n because_o sufficient_o understand_v when_o i_o say_v arise_v from_o a_o rational_a animal_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 15._o accident_n improper_a beside_o the_o genus_fw-la take_v to_o themselves_o in_o definition_n in_o the_o place_n of_o difference_n either_o subject_a or_o object_n cause_o efficient_a or_o final_a or_o something_o that_o be_v make_v out_o of_o these_o but_o 1._o §_o the_o manner_n of_o define_v of_o these_o be_v scarce_o to_o be_v contain_v within_o any_o certain_a rule_n for_o some_o be_v define_v by_o genus_fw-la and_o subject_a as_o simity_n be_v the_o crookedness_n of_o the_o nose_n some_o genus_fw-la and_o object_n as_o physic_n be_v the_o science_n of_o natural_a body_n and_o after_o this_o manner_n theoretical_a science_n and_o some_o again_o by_o genus_fw-la and_o end_n as_o grammar_n be_v the_o art_n of_o speak_v well_o also_o genus_fw-la end_v and_o object_n as_o logic_n be_v a_o art_n of_o make_v of_o instrument_n and_o therewith_o direct_v the_o understanding_n in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n or_o liberality_n be_v a_o virtue_n observe_v a_o mediocrity_n in_o give_v and_o receive_v of_o money_n etc._n etc._n after_o this_o manner_n art_n and_o habit_n moral_a some_o last_o by_o genus_fw-la and_o cause_o efficient_a as_o whiteness_n be_v a_o colour_n arise_v from_o a_o predomination_n of_o clear_n sound_v a_o patible_a quality_n arise_v from_o a_o stroke_n of_o the_o air_n between_o two_o body_n collide_v or_o hit_v one_o against_o another_o and_o after_o this_o manner_n all_o patible_a quality_n if_o not_o proper_a of_o other_o genus_n of_o accident_n there_o can_v scarce_o be_v give_v any_o certain_a rule_n but_o each_o how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v design_v use_v and_o example_n of_o approve_a author_n must_v teach_v which_o for_o this_o end_v the_o studious_a of_o logic_n ought_v to_o collect_v together_o ax._n 16._o the_o part_n of_o definition_n be_v always_o so_o to_o be_v place_v as_o that_o the_o genus_fw-la may_v precede_v the_o difference_n and_o every_o word_n follow_v may_v limit_v its_o forego_n 1._o §_o so_o teach_v aristotle_n book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 13._o for_o example_n a_o animal_n be_v not_o to_o be_v define_v a_o feel_n animate_v but_o a_o animate_v feel_v body_n &c_n &c_n and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o imperfect_a definition_n chap._n iii_o of_o imperfect_a definition_n ax._n 1_o imperfect_a definition_n be_v proper_o a_o description_n and_o that_o be_v either_o necessary_a or_o arbitrary_a ax._n 2._o necessary_a viz._n when_o the_o define_v be_v either_o not_o capable_a of_o a_o perfect_a definition_n or_o else_o through_o the_o imbecility_n of_o our_o mind_n we_o can_v attain_v to_o a_o perfect_a definition_n of_o it_o or_o last_o when_o there_o be_v want_v fit_a word_n require_v for_o a_o accurate_a definition_n ax._n 3_o of_o the_o first_o sort_n be_v first_o infinite_a thing_n and_o second_o those_o which_o have_v not_o a_o true_a essence_n three_o a_o perfect_a one_o and_o four_o one_o by_o itself_o five_o and_o last_o those_o which_o be_v not_o place_v immediate_o under_o some_o genus_fw-la commentary_n 1._o §_o and_o one_a infinite_a thing_n as_o god_n have_v not_o a_o true_a essence_n as_o being_n of_o reason_n thing_n feign_v image_n of_o thing_n privation_n not_o a_o perfect_a as_o part_n principle_n of_o thing_n thing_n in_o do_v or_o imperfect_a not_o one_o by_o themselves_o as_o concretes_n aggregates_n complex_n not_o under_o one_o genus_fw-la as_o transcendent_n supreme_a genus_n at_o least_o not_o immediate_o as_o individual_n for_o these_o be_v contain_v immediate_o under_o species_n and_o by_o mediation_n of_o that_o under_o genus_fw-la ax._n 4._o by_o reason_n of_o the_o imbecility_n of_o our_o mind_n or_o understanding_n substance_n incorporereal_a and_o most_o of_o the_o most_o special_a species_n of_o corporeal_a substance_n 1._o §_o for_o genus_n and_o species_n subaltern_n may_v be_v define_v any_o way_n as_o a_o animal_n be_v a_o live_a feeling_n body_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o definition_n of_o corporeal_a substance_n of_o the_o low_a species_n in_o the_o place_n of_o essential_a difference_n there_o use_v to_o be_v add_v propriety_n as_o we_o observe_v a_o little_a before_o the_o propriety_n of_o incorporeal_a be_v likewise_o unknown_a to_o we_o yet_o man_n although_o he_o be_v the_o low_a species_n be_v right_o enough_o define_v a_o rational_a animal_n ax._n 5._o when_o a_o fit_a or_o proper_a word_n be_v want_v there_o be_v to_o be_v two_o or_o more_o join_v together_o by_o a_o grammatical_a conjunction_n but_o 1._o §_o such_o definition_n as_o these_o sin_n against_o the_o 5_o law_n of_o defining_n propose_v in_o the_o
9th_o theorem_a of_o the_o former_a chapter_n to_o which_o i_o refer_v you_o ax._n 6._o imperfect_a definition_n arbitrary_a be_v when_o decline_a or_o reject_v a_o perfect_a definition_n we_o draw_v the_o thing_n in_o gross_a either_o for_o delectation_n sake_n or_o that_o we_o may_v attemper_v our_o definition_n to_o the_o capacity_n of_o other_o ax._n 7._o of_o imperfect_a there_o be_v several_a species_n of_o which_o those_o approach_n near_o to_o the_o perfect_a desinition_n which_o agree_v most_o with_o the_o law_n of_o definition_n which_o we_o have_v but_o now_o before_o propose_v ax._n 8._o the_o principal_a species_n of_o they_o be_v these_o first_o when_o a_o proper_a accident_n be_v define_v only_o by_o a_o external_n cause_n 1._o §_o as_o a_o eclipse_n be_v a_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n between_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n death_n be_v a_o extinction_n of_o the_o vital_a heat_n this_o be_v call_v a_o definition_n causal_n or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d as_o in_o the_o greek_a book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 10._o ax._n 9_o second_o by_o genus_fw-la and_o subject_a not_o mention_v the_o cause_n 1._o §_o as_o a_o eclipse_n be_v a_o defect_n of_o light_n in_o the_o moon_n death_n be_v the_o exit_fw-la of_o the_o live_n and_o by_o this_o the_o causal_a definition_n be_v effect_v a_o perfect_a definition_n of_o a_o proper_a accident_n as_o a_o eclipse_n be_v a_o defect_n of_o light_n in_o the_o moon_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o earth_n interposition_n diametrical_o betwixt_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n death_n be_v the_o interritus_fw-la of_o the_o live_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o extinction_n of_o the_o vital_a heat_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 10._o the_o three_o species_n of_o imperfect_a definition_n be_v that_o which_o consist_v of_o genus_fw-la and_o of_o one_o or_o more_o propriety_n 1._o §_o as_o a_o dog_n be_v a_o bark_a beast_n man_n be_v a_o risible_a animal_n a_o loadstone_n that_o which_o draw_v iron_n and_o in_o this_o manner_n be_v define_v substance_n who_o essential_a difference_n be_v conceal_v from_o we_o as_o be_v beforesaid_a ax._n 11._o the_o four_o be_v that_o which_o consist_v in_o a_o enumeration_n of_o part_n or_o species_n 1._o §_o as_o logic_n be_v a_o art_n of_o defining_n divide_v argue_v and_o order_v well_o the_o roman_a civil_a law_n be_v that_o which_o consist_v of_o law_n act_n of_o senate_n judgement_n authority_n of_o lawyer_n usage_n last_o and_o equality_n as_o cicero_n say_v in_o his_o topic_n ax._n 12._o the_o five_o be_v that_o which_o consist_v of_o a_o removement_n of_o its_o opposite_a as_o that_o of_o horace_n viz._n virtus_fw-la est_fw-la vitium_fw-la fugere_fw-la et_fw-la sapientia_fw-la prima_fw-la est_fw-la stultitiâ_fw-la caruisse_fw-la i_o e._n virtue_n be_v to_o fly_v vice_n and_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o wisdom_n be_v to_o be_v void_a of_o folly_n ax._n 13._o the_o six_o when_o the_o relate_v be_v define_v by_o the_o correlate_n without_o mention_n of_o the_o genus_fw-la 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rational_a from_o hence_o therefore_o may_v be_v collect_v this_o definition_n viz._n that_o man_n be_v a_o corporeal_a substance_n live_v feel_v rational_a or_o lest_o in_o definition_n of_o the_o species_n be_v put_v the_o definition_n of_o the_o genus_fw-la a_o rational_a animal_n this_o method_n aristotle_n deliver_v book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 13._o and_o there_o advise_v in_o this_o series_n of_o division_n no_o essential_a difference_n be_v pass_v by_o i_o add_v also_o that_o no_o accidental_a must_v be_v adhibit_v 2._o §_o by_o induction_n thus_o viz._n when_o the_o essential_a attribute_n of_o they_o contain_v under_o the_o define_v be_v compare_v together_o reject_v those_o that_o appear_v proper_a to_o the_o singular_n the_o definition_n be_v confect_v of_o the_o rest_n which_o be_v common_a to_o all_o seek_v we_o thus_o the_o definition_n of_o animal_n under_o animal_n be_v contain_v man_n horse_n lion_n etc._n etc._n the_o essential_a attribute_n of_o these_o be_v 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ax._n 1_o now_o canon_n compare_v be_v either_o of_o certain_a or_o else_o uncertain_a place_n ax._n 2._o and_o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v either_o general_n or_o special_a of_o which_o these_o contain_v a_o comparison_n in_o every_o those_o only_a in_o one_o certain_a genus_fw-la commentary_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n this_o canon_n that_o who_o effect_n be_v more_o such_o that_o itself_o be_v more_o such_o be_v of_o certain_a place_n because_o it_o express_v the_o place_n of_o the_o effect_n from_o whence_o this_o argument_n be_v take_v and_o general_n because_o adaptible_a to_o all_o thing_n which_o admit_v of_o any_o kind_n of_o comparison_n but_o now_o that_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o better_a subject_n that_o itself_o be_v better_o be_v indeed_o of_o certain_a place_n because_o indicating_z the_o argument_n be_v fetch_v from_o the_o place_n of_o the_o subject_a but_o not_o general_n because_o only_o to_o be_v adapt_v to_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v compare_v in_o goodness_n but_o this_o that_o which_o be_v more_o last_a be_v best_a be_v of_o uncertain_a place_n and_o special_a because_o it_o neither_o express_v where_o the_o place_n of_o the_o argument_n be_v neither_o can_v it_o be_v adapt_v to_o all_o thing_n which_o be_v compare_v among_o themselves_o etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o now_o compare_v canon_n from_o the_o conjugate_v be_v these_o and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v more_o agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o other_o as_o caesar_n consult_v the_o republic_n more_o than_o bibulus_n and_o therefore_o in_o this_o respect_n be_v more_o a_o consul_n than_o he_o second_o if_o one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v be_v better_a than_o one_o than_o the_o other_o of_o the_o conjugate_v will_v be_v better_o than_o the_o other_o as_o if_o piety_n be_v before_o learning_n than_o a_o pious_a man_n will_v be_v before_o a_o learned_a man_n etc._n etc._n three_o from_o the_o definition_n these_o and_o first_o that_o to_o which_o the_o definition_n most_o agree_v to_o that_o also_o the_o define_v as_o if_o the_o definition_n of_o whiteness_n be_v a_o colour_n disperse_v the_o sight_n it_o will_v follow_v that_o that_o which_o be_v white_a disperse_v the_o sight_n most_o etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o definition_n that_o also_o to_o the_o define_v as_o if_o a_o habit_n recall_v the_o affectious_a of_o the_o mind_n and_o action_n to_o mediocrity_n confer_v more_o to_o felicity_n than_o riches_n than_o virtue_n confer_v more_o to_o felicity_n than_o riches_n etc._n etc._n so_o from_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n four_o we_o have_v these_o as_o first_o that_o which_o agree_v most_o to_o the_o genus_fw-la that_o also_o to_o the_o species_n and_o that_o which_o most_o to_o the_o species_n that_o also_o to_o the_o individual_n as_o if_o a_o substance_n immaterial_a be_v more_o perspicacious_a than_o a_o corporeal_a than_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n separate_v will_v be_v more_o perspicacious_a than_o it_o be_v now_o when_o it_o be_v in_o the_o body_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o be_v contain_v under_o the_o better_a genus_fw-la or_o species_n that_o also_o its_o self_n be_v better_a and_o so_o because_o a_o live_a thing_n be_v better_a than_o a_o not_o a_o fly_n will_v be_v better_o than_o the_o heavent_n etc._n etc._n five_o from_o the_o whole_a and_o part_v we_o have_v these_o as_o first_o if_o the_o whole_a homogenous_a or_o whole_a consist_v of_o part_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o nature_n be_v more_o so_o than_o such_o a_o whole_a than_o its_o part_n will_v be_v more_o so_o than_o such_o a_o part_n and_o conrariwise_o as_o if_o gold_n be_v heavy_a than_o brass_n than_o it_o will_v follow_v that_o every_o part_n of_o gold_n observe_v the_o same_o proportion_n of_o magnitude_n will_v be_v heavy_a than_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o brass_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o be_v absolute_o such_o or_o effect_n any_o thing_n as_o such_o its_o whole_a will_v be_v more_o such_o and_o effect_v that_o any_o thing_n else_o be_v more_o such_o than_o its_o part_n and_o so_o if_o rhubarb_n have_v a_o power_n of_o purge_v choler_n than_o a_o drachm_n will_v have_v a_o great_a power_n than_o have_v a_o scruple_n because_o it_o be_v but_o the_o three_o part_n of_o a_o drachm_n etc._n etc._n under_o which_o general_a maxim_n be_v contain_v several_a special_a as_o first_o many_o good_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o few_o and_o so_o virtue_n with_o nobility_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o virtue_n alone_o second_o that_o which_o be_v honest_a pleasant_a and_o profitable_a will_v be_v beyond_o that_o which_o be_v only_o honest_a pleasant_a or_o profitable_a three_o that_o which_o increase_v or_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o abcess_n or_o access_n be_v better_a than_o that_o which_o neither_o increase_v nor_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o abcess_n or_o access_n four_o by_o how_o much_o more_o it_o increase_v or_o diminish_v good_a by_o its_o absence_n or_o access_n by_o so_o much_o be_v it_o better_o than_o any_o other_o thing_n than_o the_o which_o it_o be_v better_a in_o this_o respect_n etc._n etc._n five_o from_o matter_n and_o form_n in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o have_v these_o and_o first_o that_o who_o matter_n be_v more_o so_o that_o also_o itself_o be_v more_o so_o so_o because_o gold_n be_v better_a and_o more_o durable_a than_o stone_n it_o follow_v that_o a_o golden_a statue_n be_v better_a and_o more_o durable_a than_o a_o stone_n one_o etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o have_v a_o noble_a form_n that_o itself_o be_v also_o noble_a so_o because_o the_o form_n of_o man_n be_v better_a than_o that_o of_o beast_n because_o this_o be_v immaterial_a and_o immortal_a and_o that_o material_a and_o mortal_a it_o follow_v that_o man_n be_v better_a than_o beast_n etc._n etc._n six_o from_o the_o cause_n efficient_a these_o and_o first_o that_o which_o by_o itself_o simple_o and_o by_o its_o nature_n be_v such_o be_v more_o so_o than_o that_o which_o by_o accident_n be_v such_o or_o in_o some_o respect_n or_o by_o participation_n and_o so_o meat_n as_o meat_n be_v wholesome_a than_o physic_n because_o that_o of_o itself_o be_v so_o and_o this_o only_a by_o accident_n and_o light_n be_v more_o profitable_a than_o darkness_n because_o that_o be_v useful_a to_o all_o this_o only_a to_o thief_n and_o such_o as_o will_v abscond_v last_o the_o sun_n be_v more_o splendid_a than_o the_o moon_n because_o that_o shine_v of_o its_o own_o nature_n this_o only_a by_o participation_n etc._n etc._n second_o that_o which_o of_o itself_o and_o by_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v more_o such_o that_o effect_n more_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a so_o fire_n heat_v more_o than_o water_n when_o it_o be_v warm_v because_o hot_a so_o you_o know_v iron_n to_o be_v heavy_a than_o wood_n because_o it_o more_o swift_o descend_v etc._n etc._n this_o canon_n can_v be_v use_v only_o in_o cause_n of_o themselves_o for_o in_o cause_n by_o accident_n it_o fail_v often_o for_o iron_n red-hot_a although_o not_o hot_a than_o flame_n burn_v yet_o more_o vehement_o the_o density_n of_o its_o matter_n assist_v it_o and_o impress_v the_o heat_n more_o strong_o upon_o the_o patient_n and_o so_o in_o other_o instance_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n three_o that_o to_o which_o the_o cause_n agree_v most_o to_o that_o also_o the_o effect_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a so_o you_o may_v prove_v old_a man_n to_o be_v more_o prudent_a than_o young_a because_o they_o have_v more_o experience_n in_o thing_n four_o that_o by_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v such_o that_o itself_o also_o must_v be_v more_o such_o and_o so_o because_o water_n grow_v warm_a by_o fire_n it_o may_v be_v collect_v that_o the_o fire_n be_v more_o hot_a than_o it_o but_o this_o canon_n in_o some_o case_n will_v fail_v we_o and_o first_o in_o cause_n by_o accident_n and_o aequivocal_a for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o because_o some_o one_o be_v drink_v by_o wine_n that_o therefore_o wine_n shall_v be_v more_o drink_v or_o because_o the_o knife_n be_v sharpen_v by_o the_o stone_n that_o therefore_o the_o stone_n shall_v be_v sharp_a than_o the_o knife_n second_o in_o effect_n which_o receive_v not_o more_o or_o less_o as_o if_o you_o shall_v prove_v the_o father_n to_o be_v more_o a_o man_n than_o his_o son_n because_o the_o son_n be_v so_o by_o his_o mean_n three_o those_o which_o depend_v not_o upon_o one_o cause_n for_o although_o the_o scholar_n derive_v his_o learning_n from_o his_o master_n yet_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o the_o master_n must_v be_v always_o learnede_a than_o the_o scholar_n for_o it_o may_v be_v that_o the_o scholar_n may_v have_v more_o ingeny_n and_o industry_n than_o his_o master_n etc._n etc._n five_o those_o who_o operation_n work_n or_o effect_v
the_o argumentation_n be_v infirm_a and_o beget_v not_o science_n when_o subject_a frivolous_a and_o inept_v for_o in_o vain_a shall_v we_o prove_v for_o instance_n that_o the_o pigmy_n be_v cholorick_n because_o of_o their_o short_a stature_n unless_o it_o appear_v that_o there_o be_v pigmy_n etc._n etc._n of_o premise_n or_o principle_n also_o that_o they_o be_v true_a for_o otherwise_o we_o lay_v a_o foundation_n of_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o know_v it_o remain_v therefore_o that_o of_o the_o affection_n it_o shall_v be_v demonstrate_v that_o it_o be_v and_o of_o the_o whole_a conclusion_n consist_v of_o subject_a and_o affection_n that_o it_o be_v true_a or_o that_o the_o affection_n be_v in_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o of_o which_o precognition_n those_o that_o be_v self-evident_a that_o be_v so_o that_o no_o body_n can_v be_v ignorant_a of_o they_o be_v only_o make_v in_o the_o mind_n those_o not_o so_o but_o that_o they_o may_v be_v unknown_a be_v always_o express_v in_o the_o first_o entrance_n of_o science_n ax._n 7._o and_o if_o so_o soon_o as_o produce_v they_o be_v believe_v by_o the_o disciple_n they_o may_v be_v proper_o term_v supposition_n but_o if_o not_o and_o the_o disciple_n be_v doubtful_a of_o they_o or_o even_o incline_v to_o a_o contrary_a opinion_n postulata_fw-la or_o thing_n to_o be_v require_v or_o demand_v 1._o §_o there_o be_v some_o thing_n say_v aristotle_n in_o science_n of_o which_o no_o one_o can_v be_v ignorant_a and_o these_o they_o call_v supposition_n as_o we_o say_v before_o or_o axiom_n that_o be_v such_o as_o carry_v such_o a_o native_a clarity_n with_o they_o as_o they_o be_v worthy_a of_o every_o body_n to_o be_v credit_v some_o of_o which_o one_o may_v but_o yet_o so_o soon_o as_o propose_v by_o a_o master_n be_v believe_v without_o proof_n and_o such_o as_o these_o be_v term_v definition_n and_o some_o not_o so_o immediate_o but_o deliver_v precarious_o and_o by_o way_n as_o it_o be_v of_o agreement_n because_o the_o probation_n of_o they_o if_o any_o belong_v to_o the_o metaphysic_n and_o such_o as_o these_o they_o call_v postulata_fw-la or_o thing_n require_v or_o to_o be_v demand_v etc._n etc._n and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o the_o condition_n which_o in_o every_o demonstration_n why_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v and_o first_o to_o those_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v to_o be_v use_v in_o demonstration_n chap._n xxii_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v to_o be_v use_v in_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o the_o condition_n which_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o demonstration_n why_o be_v partly_o belong_v to_o the_o question_n partly_o to_o the_o cause_n or_o medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n and_o partly_o to_o the_o premise_n or_o principle_n of_o which_o in_o the_o chapter_n follow_v ax._n 2._o every_o question_n do_v not_o admit_v of_o a_o demonstration_n why_o but_o only_o that_o which_o be_v true_a and_o have_v a_o certain_a and_o immutable_a cause_n of_o its_o truth_n ax._n 3_o and_o therefore_o neither_o proposition_n immediate_a nor_o fortuitous_a can_v be_v demonstrate_v but_o only_o proper_a accident_n 1._o §_o now_o proposition_n immediate_a can_v because_o they_o have_v no_o medium_fw-la or_o cause_n of_o their_o truth_n 1._o §_o chance_n likewise_o can_v because_o they_o have_v not_o any_o dependence_n upon_o any_o certain_a cause_n or_o rule_n accident_n therefore_o and_o those_o proper_a only_a can_v be_v demonstrate_v for_o substance_n have_v no_o cause_n why_o they_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a because_o they_o be_v predicate_v always_o as_o genus_n or_o difference_n and_o accident_n improper_a have_v no_o certain_a and_o definite_a cause_n now_o whether_o these_o accident_n proper_a flow_n from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a or_o some_o external_n cause_n or_o whether_o they_o be_v perpetual_a or_o only_o frequent_v it_o matter_n not_o but_o this_o that_o they_o cohere_v with_o their_o cause_n so_o as_o that_o they_o be_v put_v these_o also_o be_v put_v and_o that_o be_v take_v away_o these_o also_o may_v be_v take_v away_o be_v necessary_a and_o require_v for_o instance_n although_o the_o moon_n be_v not_o always_o deficient_a yet_o that_o she_o be_v so_o when_o so_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v because_o she_o be_v always_o so_o when_o the_o earth_n be_v diametrical_o interpose_v between_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n and_o never_o so_o when_o otherwise_o etc._n etc._n and_o so_o much_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v ax._n 4._o now_o the_o medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n must_v be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o that_o either_o efficient_a or_o final_a and_o if_o efficient_a either_o internal_a or_o external_n 1._o §_o now_o whereas_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n next_o that_o be_v either_o absolute_o or_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la in_o this_o place_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v the_o absolute_o next_o that_o be_v such_o as_o that_o be_v put_v the_o effect_n also_o must_v be_v put_v and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o effect_n also_o must_v be_v take_v away_o and_o far_o it_o be_v require_v that_o it_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a for_o that_o it_o be_v also_o of_o the_o subject_a be_v not_o so_o necessary_a because_o it_o be_v not_o inquire_v whether_o the_o subject_a be_v for_o that_o be_v pre-supposed_n but_o whether_o the_o predicate_v or_o in_o plain_a term_n whether_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o subject_a or_o not_o etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o this_o next_o cause_n must_v be_v either_o efficient_a or_o final_a because_o the_o predicate_v be_v a_o accident_n have_v not_o matter_n or_o form_n proper_o so_o call_v the_o cause_n final_a be_v adhibit_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v do_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o another_o as_o means_n natural_a instrument_n etc._n etc._n also_o action_n and_o habit_n if_o such_o be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o in_o other_o case_n the_o efficient_a it_o happen_v sometime_o indeed_o that_o the_o cause_n proximate_n viz._n the_o efficient_a be_v also_o the_o form_n or_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a and_o when_o it_o be_v so_o the_o better_a but_o however_o they_o differ_v not_o in_o specie_fw-la from_o the_o rest_n but_o these_o thing_n will_v appear_v more_o by_o example_n as_o here_o 1._o every_o rational_a creature_n be_v capable_a of_o science_n every_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a creature_n every_o man_n therefore_o be_v capable_a of_o science_n etc._n etc._n in_o this_o be_v the_o medium_fw-la rational_a the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o form_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 2._o every_o earthly_a thing_n be_v overwhelm_v wiâ—n_o throw_v into_o the_o water_n a_o ebony-tree_n be_v a_o earthly_a thing_n and_o therefore_o every_o ebony-tree_n be_v overwhelm_v when_o throw_v into_o the_o water_n the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 3._o whatever_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n have_v a_o threefold_a dimension_n every_o body_n consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n and_o therefore_o every_o body_n have_v a_o threefold_a dimension_n etc._n etc._n cause_o efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o both_o form_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 4._o that_o which_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n admit_v not_o of_o another_o body_n be_v with_o it_o in_o the_o same_o place_n but_o every_o body_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n etc._n etc._n the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o the_o propriety_n of_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n here_o viz._n 5._o that_o which_o the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v by_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n that_o suffer_v a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o light_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n but_o the_o moon_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n etc._n etc._n the_o cause_n efficient_a external_n of_o the_o predicate_a here_o 6._o he_o who_o be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o celestial_a thing_n aught_o to_o be_v of_o a_o upright_a countenance_n man_n be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o celesti-thing_n and_o therefore_o man_n ought_v to_o be_v of_o a_o upright_a countenance_n the_o cause_n final_a and_o also_o that_o of_o the_o predicate_v etc._n etc._n 3._o §_o now_o sometime_o it_o happen_v that_o the_o same_o question_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o cause_n efficient_a together_o with_o the_o final_a and_o so_o you_o may_v demonstrate_v that_o a_o animal_n sleep_v viz._n either_o because_o the_o common_a sense_n be_v sopit_v or_o drown_v by_o vapour_n and_o the_o passage_n of_o the_o external_n sense_n obstruct_v and_o this_o be_v from_o the_o efficient_a or_o else_o that_o the_o spirit_n may_v be_v refresh_v and_o strength_n
§_o as_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v collect_v poeta_fw-la a_o poet_n to_o be_v of_o the_o feminine_a gender_n because_o nota_fw-la be_v so_o or_o glycerium_n neuter_n because_o delirium_fw-la or_o that_o urere_fw-la to_o burn_v verberare_fw-la to_o beat_v movere_fw-la to_o move_v be_v action_n and_o therefore_o ardere_fw-la vapulare_fw-la must_v be_v so_o or_o that_o ingratitnde_n signify_v a_o quality_n and_o therefore_o so_o must_v longitude_n etc._n etc._n 2._o hitherto_o belong_v the_o sophism_n in_o which_o the_o word_n be_v ill_o join_v with_o the_o noun_n pronoun_n or_o adverb_n of_o relation_n what_o a_o one_o how_o great_a who_o what_o when_o where_o how_o many_o how_o often_o etc._n etc._n as_o what_o be_v buy_v in_o the_o shambles_n that_o be_v set_v before_o you_o for_o supper_n raw_a meat_n be_v buy_v in_o the_o shambles_n and_o therefore_o raw_a meat_n be_v set_v before_o you_o for_o supper_n here_o the_o fallacy_n lie_v in_o that_o in_o the_o minor_n the_o quality_n be_v take_v with_o the_o substance_n whereas_o the_o word_n what_o do_v only_o relate_v to_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o not_o the_o quality_n see_v how_o many_o many_o finger_n again_o a_o infant_n have_v so_o many_o have_v a_o old_a man._n a_o infant_n have_v ten_o little_a or_o small_a finger_n and_o therefore_o a_o gld_v man_n have_v ten_o little_a or_o small_a finger_n this_o fallacy_n consist_v in_o that_o in_o the_o minor_a the_o continue_a quantity_n take_v with_o the_o discrete_a whereas_o the_o word_n how_o many_o be_v refer_v only_o to_o the_o discrete_a here_o also_o what_o i_o be_o you_o be_v not_o i_o be_o a_o man_n and_o therefore_o you_o be_v not_o here_o the_o fallacy_n be_v in_o assume_v the_o species_n in_o the_o minor_a whereas_o what_o in_o the_o major_n denote_v no_o more_o than_o a_o individual_a etc._n etc._n and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o the_o second_o sort_n of_o sophism_n which_o we_o say_v be_v in_o thing_n chap._n xxvii_o of_o sophism_n or_o fallacy_n in_o thing_n ax._n 1_o of_o the_o sophism_n in_o thing_n there_o be_v seven_o place_n viz._n accident_n a_o word_n simple_o speak_v and_o according_a to_o something_o ignorance_n of_o the_o elench_v consequent_a beg_v of_o the_o question_n not_o cause_n for_o the_o cause_n and_o manifold_a interrogation_n ax._n 2._o accident_n be_v then_o when_o we_o collect_v that_o to_o agree_v to_o the_o subject_n which_o be_v say_v of_o the_o predicate_a ax._n 3_o and_o this_o be_v solve_v by_o show_v that_o that_o which_o be_v gather_v of_o the_o subject_a be_v only_o say_v of_o the_o predicate_v by_o accident_n or_o that_o the_o predicate_v itself_o be_v accidental_o say_v of_o the_o subject_a 1._o §_o and_o thus_o a_o catch_n of_o the_o accident_n be_v lay_v for_o we_o two_o manner_n of_o way_n and_o first_o when_o any_o thing_n be_v say_v of_o the_o attribute_n by_o accident_n as_o this_o man_n be_v a_o species_n socrates_n be_v a_o man_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v a_o species_n this_o fallacy_n consist_v in_o this_o viz._n in_o that_o to_o be_v a_o species_n be_v say_v of_o man_n by_o accident_n but_o to_o be_v a_o man_n of_o socrates_n by_o himself_o the_o other_o be_v when_o the_o attribute_n itself_o be_v say_v of_o the_o subject_a by_o accident_n as_o here_o the_o mouse_n gnaw_v cheese_n mouse_n be_v a_o syllable_n and_o therefore_o a_o syllable_n gnaw_v cheese_n this_o fallacy_n be_v because_o to_o gnaw_v cheese_n be_v say_v of_o the_o mouse_n by_o itself_o to_o be_v a_o syllable_n by_o accident_n and_o cause_n of_o its_o name_n both_o way_n the_o fallacy_n arise_v out_o of_o the_o acceptation_n of_o the_o word_n change_v or_o genus_fw-la of_o supposition_n as_o the_o schoolman_n call_v it_o for_o man_n in_o the_o major_n be_v take_v in_o a_o simple_a minor_n a_o concrete_a acceptation_n and_o mouse_n in_o the_o major_n be_v take_v formal_o or_o for_o the_o thing_n signify_v and_o in_o the_o minor_a material_o or_o for_o the_o word_n only_o ax._n 4._o that_o from_o the_o thing_n simple_o say_v be_v then_o when_o from_o something_o that_o be_v simple_o true_a we_o collect_v another_o that_o be_v true_a only_a in_o some_o respect_n or_o according_a to_o something_o on_o the_o contrary_a that_o in_o some_o respect_n be_v then_o when_o from_o that_o which_o be_v partial_o true_a or_o according_a to_o some_o respect_n we_o collect_v that_o any_o thing_n be_v simple_o so_o ax._n 5._o this_o be_v solve_v by_o show_v the_o difference_n between_o that_o which_o be_v speak_v simple_o and_o that_o in_o some_o respect_n 1._o §_o a_o simple_o say_v be_v that_o who_o predicate_a agree_v with_o the_o subject_a in_o every_o respect_n part_n time_n and_o place_n without_o any_o limitation_n that_o according_a to_o something_o in_o some_o respect_n part_n time_n place_v only_o etc._n etc._n example_n of_o the_o first_o kind_n be_v these_o viz._n the_o right-hand_n be_v not_o to_o be_v cut_v off_o and_o therefore_o not_o then_o when_o it_o be_v invade_v by_o a_o gangrene_n the_o man_n be_v mortal_a and_o therefore_o so_o as_o to_o his_o soul_n the_o pledge_v aught_o to_o be_v restore_v to_o its_o owner_n when_o he_o require_v it_o and_o therefore_o a_o sword_n although_o he_o be_v mad_a when_o he_o require_v it_o etc._n etc._n from_o that_o according_a to_o some_o relation_n these_o viz._n man_n soul_n be_v immortal_a and_o therefore_o the_o man._n wine_n hurt_v a_o man_n in_o a_o fever_n and_o therefore_o in_o general_n mycillus_n be_v a_o good_a shoemaker_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v good_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o sophism_n from_o the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o elench_v be_v that_o when_o the_o conclusion_n seem_v to_o contratradict_v the_o proof_n of_o the_o respondent_fw-la and_o yet_o do_v not_o contradict_v it_o by_o reason_n of_o some_o condition_n being_n want_v ax._n 7._o and_o this_o be_v solve_v by_o show_v what_o condition_n be_v omit_v 1._o §_o we_o have_v cap._n 25._o affirm_v a_o elench_v to_o be_v a_o syllogism_n with_o a_o contradiction_n and_o cap._n 22._o of_o the_o first_o book_n we_o entreat_v of_o the_o condition_n of_o contradiction_n but_o although_o every_o sophism_n offend_v by_o ignorance_n of_o the_o elench_v for_o every_o sophism_n seem_v to_o be_v a_o elench_v and_o yet_o be_v not_o so_o yet_o here_o that_o especial_o be_v so_o call_v in_o which_o the_o conclusion_n be_v oppose_v to_o another_o assertion_n and_o yet_o some_o condition_n or_o other_o be_v want_v that_o belong_v to_o a_o legitimate_a contradiction_n for_o example_n if_o one_o go_v about_o to_o prove_v that_o christ_n be_v not_o david_n be_v lord_n shall_v conclude_v that_o he_o be_v his_o son_n he_o mistake_v by_o a_o ignorance_n of_o the_o elench_v that_o be_v a_o ignorance_n of_o the_o case_n and_o the_o true_a sense_n wherein_o the_o respondent_fw-la be_v to_o be_v take_v and_o law_n of_o opposition_n for_o lord_n and_o son_n be_v opposite_n if_o they_o be_v attribt_v to_o any_o one_o in_o the_o same_o respect_n but_o these_o be_v not_o attribute_v to_o christ_n in_o the_o same_o respect_n but_o in_o a_o diverse_a for_o he_o be_v david_n lord_n as_o to_o his_o divine_a and_o son_n as_o to_o his_o humane_a nature_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 8._o sophism_n of_o consequent_a be_v then_o when_o one_o enunciation_n be_v infer_v from_o another_o from_o the_o which_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v ax._n 9_o and_o this_o be_v solve_v by_o cite_v of_o the_o rule_n against_o which_o such_o inference_n do_v offend_v 1._o §_o there_o be_v four_o rule_n which_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o infer_v of_o a_o consequent_a from_o a_o antecedent_n of_o which_o if_o we_o break_v but_o one_o the_o consequent_a will_v be_v null_a and_o if_o such_o a_o inference_n be_v admit_v there_o will_v be_v then_o a_o caption_n or_o fallacy_n of_o the_o consequent_a and_o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v the_o universal_a affirm_v must_v never_o be_v simple_o convert_v and_o therefore_o if_o any_o man_n shall_v conclude_v thus_o viz._n because_o every_o flatterer_n be_v complaisant_a therefore_o every_o complaisant_a be_v a_o flatterer_n he_o will_v be_v deceive_v by_o a_o fallacy_n of_o the_o consequent_a and_o the_o second_o rule_n be_v that_o from_o a_o universal_a affirm_v a_o universal_a deny_v can_v be_v conclude_v otherwise_o than_o by_o contraposition_n and_o therefore_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v conclude_v thus_o viz._n whatsoever_o be_v beget_v have_v a_o beginning_n and_o therefore_o whatsoever_o be_v not_o have_v not_o as_o the_o humane_a soul_n the_o world_n etc._n etc._n one_o shall_v commit_v a_o fallacy_n of_o the_o consequent_a for_o thus_o one_o shall_v have_v infer_v viz._n that_o that_o which_o have_v not_o a_o beginning_n be_v not_o beget_v and_o so_o it_o be_v a_o conversion_n by_o contraposition_n the_o three_o be_v