therefore_o it_o neigh_v not_o but_o such_o conclusion_n follow_v by_o chance_n and_o not_o by_o the_o force_n of_o the_o syllogism_n in_o these_o syllogism_n the_o assumption_n be_v part_n of_o the_o proposition_n which_o proposition_n make_v a_o entire_a syllogism_n and_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o this_o word_n assumption_n be_v borrow_v from_o these_o syllogism_n because_o that_o in_o they_o the_o second_o proposition_n be_v take_v and_o assume_v out_o of_o the_o first_o the_o fourteen_o chapter_n of_o disiunctive_a syllogism_n disjunctive_a syllogism_n be_v such_o who_o proposition_n be_v compound_v of_o two_o disjunctive_a part_n or_o piece_n or_o which_o be_v separate_v by_o this_o particle_n or_o as_o it_o be_v day_n or_o night_n this_o number_n be_v even_o or_o odd_a as_o thus_o this_o man_n be_v dead_a or_o alive_a but_o he_o be_v dead_a therefore_o he_o be_v not_o alive_a or_o else_o thus_o but_o he_o be_v alive_a therefore_o he_o be_v not_o dead_a or_o thus_o but_o he_o be_v not_o alive_a therefore_o he_o be_v dead_a for_o those_o proposition_n be_v compound_v of_o such_o part_n the_o one_o whereof_o can_v be_v grant_v without_o overthrow_v the_o other_o nor_o can_v you_o overthrow_v the_o one_o without_o establish_v or_o grant_v the_o other_o and_o for_o this_o cause_n these_o two_o part_n must_v be_v immediate_o opposite_a so_o as_o there_o may_v be_v no_o three_o for_o example_n this_o argument_n be_v not_o good_a there_o be_v peace_n or_o war_n but_o there_o be_v no_o war_n therefore_o there_o be_v peace_n for_o there_o may_v be_v a_o truce_n in_o these_o syllogism_n to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o truth_n may_v be_v evident_a and_o without_o exception_n the_o two_o part_n of_o the_o proposition_n must_v not_o be_v contradictory_n but_o must_v be_v either_o contrary_n or_o privative_n or_o relative_n for_o example_n if_o i_o argue_v thus_o this_o line_n be_v straight_o or_o crooked_a but_o it_o be_v straight_o therefore_o it_o be_v not_o crooked_a this_o argument_n be_v clear_a and_o certain_a but_o if_o i_o argue_v thus_o philip_n be_v wise_a or_o unwise_a but_o he_o be_v unwise_a from_o thence_o we_o can_v draw_v no_o conclusion_n that_o may_v have_v any_o likelihood_n of_o reason_n ¶_o the_o five_o book_n of_o the_o masterpiece_n of_o logic_n call_v demonsration_n the_o first_o chapter_n what_o science_n be_v this_o word_n science_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o one_o kind_n of_o learning_n thus_o ethic_n physics_n metaphysic_n civil_a law_n be_v call_v science_n sometime_o the_o word_n science_n signify_v only_o the_o knowledge_n of_o a_o conclusion_n prove_v by_o demonstration_n and_o this_o be_v it_o whereof_o we_o purpose_v to_o treat_v of_o in_o this_o place_n which_o be_v thus_o define_v science_n be_v a_o certain_a knowledge_n of_o a_o thing_n certain_a who_o proof_n be_v draw_v from_o the_o cause_n to_o have_v the_o science_n of_o a_o thing_n two_o certainty_n be_v require_v the_o one_o be_v that_o the_o thing_n be_v certain_a of_o itself_o and_o unchangeable_a the_o second_o be_v that_o the_o persuasion_n which_o we_o have_v of_o it_o be_v firm_a and_o clear_a if_o either_o of_o these_o two_o certainty_n be_v want_v it_o be_v no_o science_n but_o opinion_n for_o a_o man_n may_v have_v a_o doubtful_a opinion_n of_o a_o thing_n certain_a as_o he_o that_o doubt_v whether_o there_o be_v a_o god_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a a_o man_n may_v have_v a_o firm_a and_o steadfast_a persuasion_n of_o that_o which_o be_v uncertain_a and_o false_a as_o those_o that_o suffer_v death_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o a_o false_a religion_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v not_o amiss_o to_o know_v the_o difference_n between_o science_n faith_n and_o opinion_n science_n be_v a_o certain_a knowledge_n of_o a_o certain_a thing_n by_o the_o next_o cause_n opinion_n be_v a_o doubtful_a or_o false_a knowledge_n faith_n be_v a_o firm_a persuasion_n ground_v upon_o the_o testimony_n of_o some_o other_o if_o a_o man_n know_v certain_o a_o thing_n because_o he_o see_v it_o or_o touch_v it_o that_o be_v neither_o call_v science_n nor_o faith_n nor_o opinion_n but_o sense_n which_o know_v only_a thing_n singular_a but_o science_n be_v of_o thing_n universal_a the_o second_o chapter_n what_o a_o demonstration_n or_o demonstrative_a syllogism_n be_v a_o demonstrative_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o give_v or_o bring_v certain_a knowledge_n of_o the_o conclusion_n if_o we_o will_v define_v it_o more_o exact_o we_o must_v define_v it_o thus_o a_o demonstrative_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o proove_v that_o the_o attribute_n of_o the_o conclusion_n be_v true_o attribute_v unto_o the_o subject_n by_o a_o mean_a that_o must_v be_v the_o next_o efficient_a or_o final_a cause_n of_o the_o attribute_n of_o the_o say_a conclusion_n these_o two_o sort_n of_o cause_n be_v call_v external_a in_o the_o chapter_n of_o cause_n above_o mention_v because_o they_o be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o effect_n nor_o of_o the_o thing_n compound_v though_o sometime_o the_o efficient_a cause_n be_v in_o the_o very_a same_o subject_n as_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o sense_n in_o man_n and_o the_o thickness_n of_o gold_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o weight_n of_o it_o in_o these_o example_n the_o efficient_a cause_n and_o the_o effect_n be_v in_o the_o same_o subject_n the_o three_o chapter_n what_o question_n be_v demonstrable_a such_o question_n wherein_o the_o attribute_n be_v a_o substance_n can_v be_v prove_v by_o demonstration_n because_o substance_n have_v no_o certain_a efficient_a cause_n proper_a unto_o they_o for_o the_o will_n of_o god_n be_v a_o universal_a cause_n common_a to_o all_o thing_n and_o by_o consequent_a it_o can_v be_v no_o mean_a in_o a_o demonstrative_a syllogism_n again_o such_o question_n or_o conclusion_n wherein_o the_o attribute_n be_v a_o mutable_a or_o casual_a accident_n can_v be_v prove_v by_o demonstration_n because_o these_o accident_n have_v no_o certain_a and_o assure_a cause_n as_o philip_n be_v rich_a bucephalus_n halt_v but_o those_o question_n be_v demonstrable_a who_o attribute_n be_v a_o proper_a and_o immutable_a accident_n whereof_o the_o next_o efficient_a or_o final_a cause_n may_v be_v give_v for_o example_n these_o question_n may_v be_v prove_v by_o demonstration_n a_o transparent_a body_n be_v without_o colour_n eunuch_n be_v never_o bald_a fix_a star_n do_v twinkle_n the_o moon_n suffer_v obscurity_n of_o all_o estate_n oligarchie_n be_v the_o most_o subject_a to_o civil_a war_n line_n parallel_v never_o meet_v all_o body_n compound_v of_o element_n be_v corruptible_a under_o the_o scorch_a zone_n it_o be_v very_o hot_a for_o the_o next_o efficient_a or_o final_a cause_n of_o the_o attribute_n of_o these_o question_n may_v be_v give_v the_o four_o chapter_n what_o the_o proposition_n of_o a_o demonstrative_a syllogism_n ought_v to_o be_v the_o demonstration_n must_v consist_v of_o necessary_a proposition_n among_o which_o those_o be_v the_o most_o necessary_a which_o be_v call_v immediate_a there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o immediate_a proposition_n that_o be_v to_o say_v such_o as_o be_v without_o any_o middle_n for_o some_o be_v immediate_a in_o regard_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o other_o be_v immediate_a in_o regard_n of_o the_o cause_n immediate_a proposition_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o subject_n be_v when_o the_o attribute_n agree_v next_o of_o all_o and_o immediate_o to_o the_o subject_n so_o as_o a_o near_a subject_n can_v be_v give_v in_o such_o proposition_n the_o attribute_n agree_v with_o the_o subject_n because_o it_o be_v such_o a_o subject_n for_o example_n if_o i_o say_v that_o a_o horse_n have_v sense_n this_o attribute_n agree_v not_o next_o and_o immediate_o to_o a_o horse_n for_o there_o be_v a_o near_a subject_n namely_o a_o animal_n unto_o the_o which_o sense_n belong_v but_o if_o i_o say_v that_o a_o horse_n neigh_v this_o agree_v next_o and_o immediate_o to_o a_o horse_n as_o he_o be_v a_o horse_n and_o not_o by_o reason_n of_o any_o other_o near_a subject_n immediate_a proposition_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o cause_n be_v when_o a_o attribute_n be_v so_o near_o join_v to_o the_o subject_n as_o that_o the_o cause_n or_o reason_n can_v be_v yield_v why_o it_o shall_v be_v so_o for_o example_n here_o be_v a_o demonstration_n whatsoever_o have_v a_o sensitive_a soul_n have_v touch_v every_o animal_n have_v a_o sensitive_a soul_n therefore_o every_o animal_n have_v touch_v in_o this_o syllogism_n the_o conclusion_n be_v immediate_a in_o regard_n of_o the_o subject_n but_o not_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o cause_n for_o in_o this_o syllogism_n the_o mean_a be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n but_o the_o two_o proposition_n be_v immediate_a both_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o cause_n as_o also_o of_o the_o subject_n for_o nothing_o can_v be_v allege_v as_o a_o cause_n of_o
thing_n alike_o or_o unlike_a page_n 71._o chapter_n 14._o of_o thing_n opposite_a page_n 75._o chapter_n 15._o comparison_n of_o thing_n page_n 82._o chapter_n 16._o comparison_n of_o the_o probability_n or_o likelihood_n page_n 85._o chapter_n 17._o of_o testimony_n page_n 88_o chapter_n 18._o of_o the_o use_n or_o practice_n of_o the_o precedent_n doctrine_n page_n 91._o the_o three_o book_n of_o enuntiation_n chapter_n â—_o what_o a_o enuntiation_n be_v and_o the_o part_n thereof_o page_n 105._o chapter_n â—_o of_o the_o kind_n of_o enuntiation_n page_n 109._o chapter_n â—_o of_o the_o opposition_n of_o enuntiation_n page_n 113._o chapter_n 4._o of_o the_o conversion_n of_o enuntiation_n page_n 117._o the_o four_o book_n of_o a_o syllogism_n chapter_n 1._o what_o a_o syllogism_n be_v also_o what_o a_o conclusion_n be_v and_o a_o question_n or_o problem_n and_o of_o the_o part_n thereof_o page_n 121._o chapter_n 2._o how_o to_o make_v a_o syllogism_n and_o of_o the_o part_n of_o it_o page_n 123._o chapter_n 3._o the_o natural_a reason_n upon_o which_o a_o syllogism_n be_v ground_v page_n 126._o chapter_n 4._o of_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o syllogism_n page_n 127._o chapter_n 5._o general_n rule_v common_a to_o all_o figure_n page_n 128._o chapter_n 6._o particular_a rule_n to_o each_o figure_n page_n 134._o chapter_n 7._o certain_a artificial_a word_n which_o serve_v to_o show_v how_o many_o way_n we_o may_v argue_v in_o each_o figure_n and_o the_o mean_n to_o convert_v the_o second_o and_o three_o figure_n into_o the_o first_o page_n 142._o chapter_n 8._o of_o a_o enthymeme_n page_n 146._o chapter_n 9_o of_o induction_n and_o example_n page_n 148._o chapter_n 10._o of_o the_o enumeration_n of_o part_n page_n 150._o chapter_n 11._o of_o a_o dilemma_n page_n 152._o chapter_n 12._o of_o a_o sorite_n or_o heap_v syllogism_n page_n 154._o chapter_n 13._o of_o conditional_a or_o hypotheticall_a syllogism_n page_n 155._o chapter_n 14._o of_o disjunctive_a syllogism_n page_n 157._o the_o five_o book_n of_o the_o masterpiece_n of_o logic_n call_v demonstration_n chapter_n 1._o what_o science_n be_v page_n 161._o chapter_n 2._o what_o a_o demonstration_n or_o a_o demonstrative_a syllogism_n be_v page_n 163._o chapter_n 3._o what_o question_n be_v demonstrable_a page_n 164._o chapter_n 4._o what_o the_o proposition_n of_o a_o demonstrative_a syllogism_n ought_v to_o be_v page_n 166._o chapter_n 5._o a_o special_a note_n how_o to_o know_v a_o perfect_a demonstration_n page_n 169._o chapter_n 6._o of_o a_o imperfect_a demonstration_n page_n 170._o the_o sixth_o book_n of_o sophism_n or_o fallacy_n chapter_n 1._o of_o fallacy_n in_o word_n page_n 175._o chapter_n 2._o of_o fallacy_n in_o the_o matter_n page_n 181._o chapter_n 3._o the_o fallacy_n by_o accident_n page_n 182._o chapter_n 4._o the_o fallacy_n which_o take_v a_o thing_n as_o simple_o true_a which_o be_v not_o so_o but_o only_o in_o some_o respect_n page_n 183._o chapter_n 5._o the_o fallacy_n suppose_v that_o which_o be_v question_v page_n 184._o chapter_n 6._o the_o fallacy_n of_o inconsequence_n page_n 184._o chapter_n 7._o the_o fallacy_n whereby_o a_o thing_n be_v take_v for_o a_o cause_n which_o be_v not_o page_n 186._o chapter_n 8._o the_o fallacy_n which_o mingle_v many_o interrogation_n as_o if_o they_o be_v but_o one_o page_n 187._o chapter_n 9_o the_o fallacy_n which_o be_v commit_v through_o the_o ignorance_n of_o that_o which_o contradict_v the_o question_n page_n 188._o chapter_n 10._o of_o the_o fault_n in_o syllogism_n page_n 190._o errata_fw-la page_n 42._o line_n 19_o for_o by_o blunt_a horn_n read_v by_o the_o blunt_a horn_n p._n 49._o l._n 23._o for_o now_o r._n none_o p._n 50._o l._n 13._o for_o ana_n xe_n read_v a_o axe_n page_n 55._o between_o line_n 10._o and_o 11._o put_v accident_n into_o other_o accident_n p._n 80._o l._n 7._o for_o certain_a r._n contrary_a the_o element_n of_o logic_n the_o first_o book_n which_o treat_v of_o simple_z notion_n the_o first_o chapter_n what_o logic_n be_v how_o many_o sort_n of_o notion_n there_o be_v in_o the_o mind_n of_o man_n logic_n be_v a_o art_n which_o give_v rule_n to_o argue_v well_o and_o to_o discern_v truth_n from_o falsehood_n to_o be_v able_a to_o form_v a_o argument_n and_o to_o frame_v a_o good_a reason_n we_o must_v know_v that_o all_o the_o notion_n or_o conception_n in_o man_n understanding_n be_v either_o simple_a or_o compound_v simple_n notion_n be_v such_o as_o be_v express_v by_o one_o word_n only_o as_o horse_n man_n whiteness_n to_o see_v to_o run_v etc._n etc._n compound_v notion_n be_v such_o as_o be_v express_v by_o a_o enuntiation_n or_o proposition_n which_o affirm_v or_o deni_v something_o as_o man_n be_v reasonable_a god_n be_v no_o liar_n of_o many_o proposition_n knit_v together_o a_o argument_n or_o syllogism_n be_v make_v by_o those_o mean_n and_o rule_n which_o shall_v be_v set_v down_o hereafter_o the_o second_o chapter_n how_o many_o sort_n of_o simple_a notion_n there_o be_v of_o thing_n singular_a and_o universal_a also_o of_o substance_n and_o accident_n there_o be_v as_o many_o simple_a notion_n as_o there_o be_v thing_n in_o the_o world_n of_o thing_n some_o be_v singular_a and_o some_o universal_a singular_a thing_n be_v those_o which_o be_v one_o in_o number_n as_o frederick_n peter_n this_o horse_n this_o tree_n universal_a thing_n comprehend_v and_o contain_v the_o singular_n for_o a_o universal_a be_v a_o gather_v together_o of_o many_o singular_n under_o one_o nature_n common_a to_o all_o as_o horse_n man_n tree_n under_o which_o word_n consider_v in_o general_a we_o comprehend_v all_o horse_n man_n tree_n singular_n be_v know_v by_o sense_n but_o universals_z be_v comprehend_v by_o the_o understanding_n therefore_o bruit_n beast_n know_v only_o singular_a thing_n singular_n in_o philosophy_n be_v call_v individual_n because_o they_o can_v be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n keep_v the_o same_o name_n as_o alexander_n can_v be_v divide_v into_o two_o alexander_n nor_o one_o horse_n into_o two_o horse_n a_o whole_a compound_v of_o part_n alike_o as_o water_n blood_n wood_n be_v not_o call_v individual_n because_o they_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o part_n which_o may_v keep_v the_o name_n of_o the_o whole_a for_o every_o drop_n of_o water_n be_v water_n and_o of_o a_o great_a piece_n of_o wood_n every_o parcel_n be_v wood_n but_o if_o you_o will_v turn_v these_o thing_n into_o individual_n you_o must_v add_v the_o name_n of_o the_o measure_n for_o one_o pint_n of_o water_n can_v be_v divide_v into_o two_o pint_n nor_o one_o acre_n of_o ground_n into_o two_o acre_n all_o thing_n whether_o singular_a or_o universal_a be_v either_o substance_n or_o accident_n a_o substance_n be_v that_o which_o subsi_v of_o itself_o as_o man_n water_n earth_n etc._n etc._n a_o accident_n be_v that_o which_o can_v subsist_v by_o itself_o but_o must_v have_v a_o subject_n or_o substance_n to_o uphold_v it_o and_o unto_o which_o it_o must_v adhere_v as_o whiteness_n swiftness_n wisdom_n heat_n for_o whiteness_n can_v have_v no_o be_v if_o it_o subsi_v not_o in_o some_o subject_n as_o in_o snow_n or_o in_o the_o skin_n so_o heat_n be_v a_o accident_n to_o fire_n swiftness_n be_v a_o accident_n to_o a_o horse_n wisdom_n be_v a_o accident_n to_o the_o understanding_n accident_n be_v sometime_o express_v by_o a_o substantive_n as_o justice_n beauty_n and_o sometime_o by_o a_o adjective_n as_o just_a fair_a in_o the_o first_o manner_n accident_n be_v call_v abstract_n or_o separate_v in_o the_o second_o they_o be_v call_v concretes_n or_o conjoin_v for_o he_o that_o name_v justice_n or_o beauty_n consider_v justice_n or_o beauty_n without_o any_o certain_a subject_n but_o he_o that_o name_v just_a or_o â—â—ire_n consider_v justice_n and_o beauty_n as_o adhere_v to_o a_o certain_a subject_n that_o be_v clothe_v therewith_o common_a custom_n oft_o confound_v â—hese_fw-mi thing_n say_v the_o true_a the_o â—lack_a the_o sweet_a in_o stead_n of_o say_v the_o â—ruth_n the_o blackness_n the_o sweetness_n now_o because_o there_o be_v divers_a and_o â—undry_a kind_n of_o accident_n the_o philosopher_n have_v rank_v they_o into_o â—ine_z order_n or_o class_n of_o thing_n unâ—o_v which_o substance_n be_v add_v â—here_o be_v ten_o class_n which_o the_o philosopher_n call_v category_n or_o predicament_n so_o that_o there_o be_v nothing_o in_o â—he_n world_n which_o be_v do_v either_o by_o nature_n or_o by_o art_n by_o council_n or_o chance_n which_o may_v not_o be_v refer_v â—o_o and_o contain_v in_o some_o one_o of_o â—hese_fw-mi category_n the_o three_o chapter_n the_o name_n of_o the_o ten_o category_n the_o ten_o category_n be_v these_o 1._o substance_n as_o man_n horse_n 2._o quantity_n as_o length_n breadth_n 3._o quality_n as_o swiftness_n whiteness_n roundness_n 4._o relation_n or_o respect_n as_o to_o be_v a_o father_n or_o
statue_n be_v a_o live_a creature_n therefore_o no_o statue_n be_v a_o man_n you_o must_v change_v the_o assumption_n and_o say_v no_o live_a creature_n be_v a_o statue_n and_o set_v it_o in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o proposition_n thus_o no_o live_a creature_n be_v a_o statue_n all_o man_n be_v live_v creature_n whence_o the_o conclusion_n follow_v well_o therefore_o no_o man_n be_v a_o statue_n which_o be_v the_o same_o conclusion_n but_o only_o convert_v simple_o rule_n for_o the_o three_o figure_n in_o the_o three_o figure_n the_o mean_a be_v the_o subject_n in_o both_o proposition_n the_o assumption_n must_v be_v affirmative_a as_o in_o the_o first_o figure_n the_o conclusion_n be_v always_o particular_a and_o can_v be_v universal_a the_o natural_a reason_n hereof_o be_v because_o if_o two_o thing_n be_v attribute_v to_o the_o same_o thing_n it_o follow_v not_o that_o these_o two_o thing_n agree_v always_o together_o but_o only_o it_o follow_v that_o they_o agree_v sometime_o and_o in_o certain_a subject_n as_o if_o to_o be_v bright_a and_o round_o belong_v to_o the_o sun_n it_o follow_v not_o that_o whatsoever_o be_v round_o must_v be_v bright_a so_o to_o be_v reasonable_a and_o to_o have_v two_o foot_n belong_v to_o man_n whence_o it_o follow_v not_o that_o whatsoever_o have_v two_o foot_n must_v be_v reasonable_a but_o only_o that_o something_o which_o have_v two_o foot_n be_v reasonable_a the_o syllogism_n of_o this_o figure_n be_v reduce_v to_o the_o first_o by_o convert_v the_o assumption_n as_o all_o horse_n neigh._n all_o horse_n have_v four_o foot_n therefore_o something_o that_o have_v four_o foot_n neigh_v if_o you_o convert_v the_o assumption_n first_o how_o to_o reduce_v the_o syllogism_n of_o the_o three_o figure_n to_o the_o first_o say_v something_o that_o have_v four_o foot_n be_v a_o horse_n this_o syllogism_n will_v be_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n but_o if_o the_o proposition_n be_v particular_a ac_fw-la in_o this_o syllogism_n some_o apostle_n be_v damn_v all_o apostle_n be_v send_v of_o god_n therefore_o some_o one_o that_o be_v send_v of_o god_n be_v damn_v now_o to_o reduce_v this_o syllogism_n to_o the_o first_o figure_n you_o must_v convert_v the_o proposition_n and_o say_v some_o damn_a person_n be_v a_o apostle_n and_o then_o put_v it_o in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o assumption_n in_o this_o manner_n all_o apostle_n be_v send_v of_o god_n some_o damn_a person_n be_v a_o apostle_n therefore_o some_o damn_a person_n be_v send_v of_o god_n which_o be_v the_o very_a same_o conclusion_n but_o simple_o convert_v the_o seven_o chapter_n certain_a artificial_a word_n which_o serve_v to_o show_v how_o many_o way_n we_o may_v argue_v in_o each_o figure_n and_o how_o the_o second_o and_o three_o figure_n may_v be_v convert_v into_o the_o first_o to_o help_v the_o memory_n logician_n have_v find_v out_o certain_a artificial_a word_n which_o serve_v to_o show_v how_o many_o way_n a_o man_n may_v argue_v in_o each_o figure_n the_o word_n be_v these_o 1._o barbara_n celarent_fw-la darii_fw-la ferio_n 2._o cesare_n camestres_fw-mi festino_n baroco_n 3._o darapti_fw-la felapton_n disamis_n datisi_n bocardo_n ferison_n to_o understand_v the_o use_n of_o these_o word_n you_o must_v note_v that_o every_o one_o of_o these_o word_n have_v but_o three_o syllable_n the_o first_o whereof_o signify_v the_o proposition_n the_o second_o the_o assumption_n and_o the_o three_o the_o conclusion_n again_o note_v that_o in_o all_o these_o word_n there_o be_v but_o four_o vowel_n namely_o these_o a._n e._n i._o o._n a_o signify_v a_o universal_a affirmative_a proposition_n e_o signify_v a_o universal_a negative_a proposition_n i_o signify_v a_o particular_a affirmative_a proposition_n o_o signify_v a_o particular_a negative_a proposition_n the_o syllogism_n which_o be_v make_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n be_v note_v by_o these_o word_n barbara_n celarent_fw-la darij_fw-la ferio_n the_o word_n barbara_n intimate_v that_o whensoever_o the_o two_o proposition_n in_o the_o first_o figure_n shall_v be_v a_o that_o be_v universal_a affirmative_a the_o conclusion_n shall_v likewise_o be_v a_o that_o be_v a_o universal_a affirmative_a so_o the_o word_n celarent_fw-la signify_v that_o whensoever_o the_o proposition_n in_o the_o first_o figure_n shall_v be_v e_z that_o be_v a_o universal_a negative_a and_o the_o assumption_n a_o that_o be_v a_o universal_a affirmative_a the_o conclusion_n shall_v be_v e_z that_o be_v a_o universal_a negative_a so_o likewise_o of_o all_o the_o other_o word_n the_o syllogism_n of_o the_o second_o figure_n be_v note_v by_o these_o word_n cesare_n camestres_fw-mi festino_n baroco_n the_o word_n festino_n intimate_v that_o whensoever_o the_o proposition_n in_o the_o second_o figure_n shall_v be_v e_z that_o be_v a_o universal_a negative_a &_o the_o assumption_n i_o that_o be_v a_o particular_a affirmative_a the_o conclusion_n shall_v be_v o_o that_o be_v a_o particular_a negative_a as_o fe_n no_o compound_v thing_n be_v eternal_a ti_o some_o thing_n in_o man_n be_v eternal_a no_o therefore_o something_a in_o man_n be_v not_o compound_v note_v that_o in_o these_o four_o word_n the_o last_o syllable_n be_v always_o either_o e_z or_o o_o to_o show_v that_o the_o conclusion_n must_v always_o be_v negative_a the_o syllogism_n of_o the_o three_o figure_n be_v note_v by_o these_o word_n darapti_fw-la felapton_n disamis_n datisi_n bocardo_n ferison_n and_o have_v the_o same_o use_n for_o example_n the_o word_n felapton_n signify_v that_o if_o the_o proposition_n in_o the_o three_o figure_n be_v e_o that_o be_v a_o universal_a negative_a and_o the_o assumption_n a_o that_o be_v a_o universal_a affirmative_a the_o conclusion_n must_v be_v o_o that_o be_v a_o particular_a negative_a as_o fe_o no_o bat_n have_v feather_n lapet_n all_o bat_n fly_v tun_n therefore_o something_o that_o fly_v have_v no_o feather_n note_v that_o in_o all_o these_o six_o word_n the_o last_o syllable_n have_v either_o i_o or_o o_o to_o show_v that_o the_o conclusion_n in_o the_o three_o figure_n must_v always_o be_v particular_a the_o consonant_n of_o these_o same_o word_n be_v not_o without_o their_o special_a use_n for_o they_o serve_v to_o know_v how_o the_o syllogism_n of_o the_o second_o and_o three_o figure_n may_v be_v reduce_v to_o the_o first_o to_o this_o end_n serve_v the_o first_o capital_a letter_n for_o cesare_n and_o camestre_n be_v reduce_v to_o celarent_fw-la darapti_fw-la disamis_n datisi_n be_v reduce_v to_o darij_fw-la festino_n felapton_n ferison_n be_v reduce_v to_o ferio_n baroco_n and_o bocardo_n can_v be_v reduce_v because_o one_o of_o the_o proposition_n be_v a_o particular_a negative_a which_o can_v enter_v into_o the_o first_o figure_n s_o signify_v that_o the_o proposition_n which_o be_v note_v with_o a_o s_n must_v be_v simple_o convert_v as_o in_o cesare_n and_o datisi_n p_o signify_v that_o the_o proposition_n must_v be_v convert_v by_o accident_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o the_o universal_a affirmative_a must_v be_v convert_v into_o a_o particular_a affirmative_a as_o in_o darapti_n and_o felapton_n m_o signify_v that_o the_o proposition_n must_v be_v transpose_v and_o must_v change_v their_o place_n as_o in_o camestre_n and_o disamis_n whereof_o we_o have_v give_v example_n the_o eight_o chapter_n of_o a_o enthymeme_n a_fw-la enthymeme_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o syllogism_n whereof_o one_o of_o the_o proposition_n be_v suppress_v either_o for_o brevity_n sake_n or_o for_o some_o deceit_n for_o brevity_n as_o god_n sin_v not_o therefore_o god_n be_v no_o liar_n or_o nothing_o that_o corrupt_v man_n can_v be_v the_o chief_a good_a therefore_o voluptuousness_n be_v not_o the_o chief_a good_a for_o deceit_n as_o this_o commonwealth_n be_v the_o great_a therefore_o it_o be_v the_o best_a or_o whatsoever_o trouble_v a_o commonwealth_n must_v be_v banish_v therefore_o the_o gospel_n must_v be_v banish_v in_o these_o imperfect_a syllogism_n that_o proposition_n be_v suppress_v which_o be_v most_o odious_a and_o wherein_o the_o falsehood_n lie_v namely_o every_o commonwealth_n that_o be_v the_o great_a be_v the_o best_a as_o also_o this_o the_o gospel_n trouble_v a_o commonwealth_n sometime_o to_o make_v the_o speech_n more_o smooth_a and_o currant_n we_o put_v the_o conclusion_n in_o the_o first_o place_n as_o the_o estate_n of_o oligarchy_n be_v the_o worst_a of_o all_o because_o it_o be_v most_o subject_a to_o civil_a war_n rhetorician_n call_v enthymeme_n proof_n ground_v upon_o probable_a sign_n as_o milo_n kill_v claudius_n for_o he_o hate_v he_o before_o or_o this_o man_n be_v learned_a for_o he_o be_v pale_a and_o have_v many_o book_n these_o proof_n be_v of_o no_o force_n except_o they_o be_v in_o great_a number_n for_o sign_n and_o conjecture_n which_o have_v no_o force_n be_v alone_o become_v forcible_a when_o there_o be_v many_o of_o they_o together_o the_o nine_o chapter_n of_o induction_n and_o of_o example_n induction_n
their_o truth_n sometime_o the_o efficient_a and_o final_a cause_n be_v link_v together_o with_o a_o long_a chain_n as_o under_o the_o aequator_fw-la the_o air_n be_v very_o hot_a because_o it_o be_v very_o subtle_a the_o air_n be_v very_o subtle_a because_o the_o sun_n do_v rarefie_v it_o very_o much_o the_o sun_n rarefy_v the_o air_n because_o the_o beam_n fall_v in_o right_a angle_n the_o beam_n fall_v in_o right_a angle_n because_o the_o sun_n be_v there_o in_o the_o zenith_n thus_o it_o be_v in_o the_o final_a cause_n the_o lung_n draw_v in_o the_o air_n to_o refresh_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o heart_n the_o heat_n of_o the_o heart_n be_v refresh_v to_o keep_v the_o temperature_n the_o temperature_n be_v keep_v to_o preserve_v life_n so_o many_o cause_n so_o many_o demonstration_n but_o the_o last_o where_o also_o the_o chief_a and_o last_o cause_n stand_v for_o the_o mean_a be_v the_o noble_a of_o all_o because_o it_o can_v no_o further_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o the_o two_o proposition_n be_v immediate_a every_o manner_n of_o way_n the_o five_o chapter_n a_o special_a note_n to_o know_v a_o perfect_a demonstration_n of_o all_o the_o mark_n of_o a_o perfect_a demonstration_n this_o be_v the_o most_o evident_a when_o it_o may_v be_v converâ—ed_v or_o reduce_v to_o a_o definition_n for_o we_o have_v say_v heretofore_o that_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o proper_a accident_n be_v compound_v of_o three_o part_n namely_o 8._o l._n 2._o c._n 8._o of_o the_o genus_fw-la of_o that_o which_o be_v define_v and_o of_o the_o proper_a subject_n and_o of_o the_o cause_n thereof_o as_o the_o definition_n of_o death_n be_v the_o destruction_n of_o the_o life_n of_o the_o creature_n by_o the_o extinguish_n of_o vital_a heat_n out_o of_o this_o definition_n a_o demonstration_n may_v be_v frame_v make_v the_o subject_a of_o this_o accident_n to_o be_v the_o subject_n of_o the_o conclusion_n the_o genus_fw-la to_o be_v the_o attribute_n and_o the_o cause_n the_o mean_a as_o thus_o whensoever_o the_o vital_a heat_n be_v extinguish_v life_n be_v destroy_v but_o in_o a_o live_a creature_n the_o vital_a heat_n be_v extinguish_v therefore_o in_o a_o live_a creature_n life_n be_v destroy_v the_o same_o may_v be_v say_v of_o these_o definition_n follow_v sleep_n be_v the_o heaviness_n of_o a_o live_a creature_n by_o the_o cessation_n of_o the_o common_a sense_n thunder_n be_v a_o noise_n in_o the_o cloud_n by_o the_o break_n out_o of_o the_o fire_n the_o six_o chapter_n of_o a_o imperfect_a demonstration_n we_o have_v show_v that_o a_o perfect_a demonstration_n be_v that_o which_o prove_v by_o the_o next_o efficient_a or_o final_a cause_n of_o the_o attribute_n that_o the_o attribute_n of_o the_o conclusion_n agree_v with_o the_o subject_n if_o any_o of_o these_o perfection_n be_v want_v the_o demonstration_n be_v the_o weak_a and_o less_o perfect_a if_o the_o mean_a be_v not_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o attribute_n but_o only_o a_o remote_a cause_n then_o be_v the_o demonstration_n weak_a and_o more_o imperfect_a and_o such_o demonstration_n for_o the_o most_o part_n conclude_v negative_o for_o example_n where_o there_o be_v no_o opposition_n of_o contrary_a quality_n there_o be_v no_o death_n but_o in_o the_o heaven_n there_o be_v no_o opposition_n of_o contrary_a quality_n therefore_o in_o heaven_n there_o be_v no_o death_n or_o he_o that_o be_v of_o a_o cold_a temperature_n will_v never_o be_v bald_a but_o eunuch_n be_v of_o a_o cold_a temperature_n therefore_o eunuch_n will_v never_o be_v bald_a in_o these_o demonstration_n the_o proposition_n be_v not_o immediate_a for_o the_o mean_a be_v not_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o attribute_n to_o have_v no_o contrary_a quality_n be_v not_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o not_o die_v but_o a_o remote_a cause_n for_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o not_o die_v in_o man_n body_n be_v the_o continual_a preservation_n of_o the_o humour_n in_o a_o equal_a temperature_n and_o the_o cause_n hereof_o be_v to_o have_v no_o contrariety_n or_o combat_n between_o the_o elementary_a quality_n in_o the_o body_n thus_o the_o cause_n why_o eunuch_n become_v not_o bald_a be_v become_v the_o radical_a humour_n of_o the_o hair_n be_v not_o spend_v and_o the_o remote_a cause_n be_v because_o they_o have_v but_o little_a heat_n in_o these_o demonstration_n the_o proposition_n be_v not_o immediate_a for_o the_o mean_a be_v not_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o attribute_n and_o though_o the_o proposition_n be_v immediate_a yet_o if_o the_o mean_a be_v not_o the_o cause_n but_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o attribute_n than_o it_o shall_v be_v a_o less_o perfect_a demonstration_n prove_v not_o the_o effect_n by_o the_o cause_n but_o the_o cause_n by_o the_o effect_n this_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n show_v not_o why_o the_o conclusion_n be_v but_o only_o that_o it_o be_v as_o all_z that_o love_n god_n be_v belove_v of_o god_n but_o all_o that_o have_v faith_n in_o christ_n love_n god_n therefore_o all_o that_o have_v faith_n in_o christ_n be_v belove_v of_o god_n the_o mean_a be_v to_o love_n god_n which_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n but_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o love_n which_o god_n bear_v unto_o we_o which_o love_n be_v the_o attribute_n of_o the_o conclusion_n in_o this_o demonstration_n wherein_o the_o cause_n be_v prove_v by_o the_o effect_n whereas_o in_o a_o perfect_a demonstration_n we_o prove_v effect_n by_o their_o cause_n therefore_o this_o imperfect_a demonstration_n prove_v only_o that_o the_o thing_n be_v but_o show_v not_o why_o it_o be_v the_o effect_n may_v very_o well_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o know_v but_o not_o of_o be_v as_o the_o smoke_n which_o we_o see_v come_v out_o of_o a_o chimney_n may_v be_v a_o cause_n to_o make_v we_o know_v that_o there_o be_v fire_n in_o the_o house_n but_o it_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o fire_n but_o only_o the_o effect_n and_o the_o unequal_a beat_n of_o the_o pulse_n be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o ague_n but_o it_o be_v a_o cause_n which_o make_v we_o know_v that_o such_o a_o one_o have_v a_o ague_n ¶_o the_o sixth_o book_n of_o sophism_n or_o fallacy_n the_o first_o chapter_n of_o fallacy_n in_o word_n all_o fallacy_n or_o sophism_n commit_v in_o dispute_v be_v either_o in_o the_o word_n or_o in_o the_o matter_n fallacy_n in_o word_n be_v of_o six_o kind_n 1._o aequivocation_n 2._o amphibologie_n 3._o deceit_n by_o composition_n 4._o deceit_n by_o division_n 5._o deceit_n in_o the_o accent_n or_o pronunciation_n 6._o and_o deceit_n in_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o word_n 1._o of_o aequivocation_n decipt_n by_o aequivocation_n be_v when_o the_o mean_a be_v a_o doubtful_a word_n take_v in_o the_o proposition_n one_o way_n and_o in_o the_o assumption_n another_o way_n as_o that_o which_o have_v neither_o beginning_n nor_o end_v god_n create_v not_o the_o roundness_n of_o the_o heaven_n have_v neither_o beginning_n nor_o end_n therefore_o the_o roundness_n of_o the_o heaven_n god_n create_v not_o in_o the_o proposition_n beginning_n and_o end_v be_v take_v for_o continuance_n of_o time_n but_o in_o the_o assumption_n it_o be_v take_v for_o the_o beginning_n and_o end_v of_o a_o figure_n or_o thus_o he_o that_o say_v that_o thou_o live_v say_v true_a he_o that_o say_v that_o thou_o be_v a_o goose_n say_v that_o thou_o live_v therefore_o he_o that_o say_v that_o thou_o be_v a_o goose_n say_v true_a in_o the_o proposition_n it_o be_v mean_v of_o a_o express_a say_n but_o in_o the_o assumption_n of_o a_o say_n by_o consequence_n thus_o a_o man_n of_o great_a capacity_n may_v be_v take_v for_o a_o learned_a man_n and_o sometime_o for_o one_o who_o stomach_n be_v able_a to_o contain_v much_o wine_n the_o same_o fallacy_n may_v be_v commit_v also_o when_o a_o word_n be_v otherwise_o take_v in_o the_o proposition_n then_o in_o the_o conclusion_n 2._o of_o amphibologie_n amphibologie_n be_v a_o ambiguous_a construction_n make_v the_o sense_n doubtful_a as_o faith_n alone_o justifi_v it_o can_v be_v know_v whether_o the_o meaning_n be_v that_o faith_n be_v alone_o justifi_v or_o else_o that_o faith_n justifi_v only_o in_o the_o first_o sense_n it_o be_v false_a for_o faith_n alone_o without_o good_a work_n be_v no_o true_a faith_n and_o by_o consequent_a justifi_v not_o but_o in_o the_o second_o sense_n it_o be_v true_a that_o faith_n only_o justifi_v because_o it_o only_o have_v the_o property_n to_o justify_v so_o it_o be_v true_a in_o one_o sense_n that_o the_o eye_n alone_o see_v but_o it_o be_v false_a in_o another_o sense_n that_o the_o eye_n see_v alone_o for_o a_o eye_n that_o be_v out_o of_o the_o head_n see_v not_o 3._o the_o fallacy_n in_o composition_n the_o fallacy_n in_o composition_n be_v when_o thing_n be_v take_v as_o conjoin_v which_o can_v be_v true_a but_o in_o