p. 591. Pincierus in Parerg. Otii Marp l. 2. c. 13. and Grotius in Arati Phaenomen One tow'rd the North sustains the shining Bear And from the Pole o The Antient Greeks divided the Sphere into sixty Parts whereof one was equal to six of the Common Division of 360 Degrees This manner of Division our Authour as following Eudoxus and Hipparchus here makes use of though hereafter in describing the Zodiack he takes up the Common way of dividing a Sphere or Circle into 360 Parts or Degrees which shews the same to have been also usual with the Antients at least about his Time According to the first Division our Authour here makes the Artick Polar Circle to be distant from the Pole six of those sixty Parts making thirty six Degrees according to the later Division which yet cannot be understood of the Roman Horizon wherein Manilius then wrote but is to be applyed to that of Cnidus or Rhodes according to the Doctrine of Eudoxus and Hipparchus whom Manilius here follows as is rightly observ'd by Scaliger upon this Place and Gassendus as before cited And generally the rest of the Greeks gave the like Situation of this Circle in the Athenian Horizon and by a Catachresis universally in any other Part of Greece This being here premis'd and observ'd the Reader will the better understand the following Measures and Descriptions which our Authour uses in the position of the Coelestial Circles six Parts of Heaven retires The other touching p That is the Tropick of Cancer The Tropicks being so call'd from the Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Conversion or turning because the Sun when it comes at those Circles turns back to the Aequator again nor ever goes beyond those Bounds either to the North or South Hence the Aegyptians as is noted by Clemens Alexandrinus l. 5. Stromat Hieroglyphically decyphered the Tropicks under the Figure of two Dogs as if they were Guards deputed by Nature to keep in and restrain the Sun from running beyond his Bounds The first among the Greeks who found out these Tropicks is said to be Thales the Milesian of which he wrote a particular Treatise according to the Testimony of Eudemus cited by Laertius Cancer's utmost Fires The Summer Tropick or Tropick of Cancer Where Phoebus consummates his Light and stay Bearing through q Not unlike is that of Nemesianus Postquam Phoebus candentem fervidus Axem Contigerit tardasque vias Cancrique Morantis Sidus inest Where Ulitius gives the Reason of that Epithete Morantis quia Incrementa Dierum tardè adeo consummantur 〈◊〉 ut vix percipi possit quasi sistatur Sol whence the Solstice The Explication whereof cannot be better given than in the Words of Iulius Scaliger in Problemat Gellian Is Circulus quem Sol quotidie signat non est Circulus sed magâ—…s quaedam Spira Neque enim Revolutionis finis eodeÌ„m committitur unde initium habuerat Major enim Distantiae est à puncto unde digressus est ad punctum ad quem Horae 24 eum perduxere ubi propior fit iis signis quae propius ad Aequinoctium accedunt propter obliquitatem Itaque cum tendit ad Solstitia propter lineae prope rectitudinem vix variâ—… ideo Solstitia dicta That Circle which the Sun by its dayly Motion describes is not a Circle but rather a Spiral Line For the end of its Revolution is not terminated in the point whence it began It s Distance from that Point whence he digrest unto that to which he is brought by the Revolution of 24 houres being greater when he is nearer those Signs which are â—…ighest to the Aequinoctial by reason of the Obliquity of his Course But when he approaches the Solstitial Points by reason of the almost directness of the said Line there appears no variation of his Course whence it is call'd the Solstice tedious Rounds the tardy Day Does from the Season and r This Tropick is call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Tropicus Aestivus from the Heat of Summer which We in the Northern Hemisphere enjoy when the Sun is near that Circle It is describ'd a lâ—…sser Circle Parallel to the Aequator whose distance from thence iâ—… equal to the Sun 's greatest Declination or the Obliquity of the Zodiack which it touches in the first point of Cancer It s Office is on one side to terminate the Torrid Zone on the other the Northern Temperate one and to make the Summer Solstice and longest day Northward and the Winter Solstice or shortest Day Southward Mid-Summers heat Derive its Name and to the Sun's Race set Th' extreamest Bound which s That is 30 Degrees according to the usual and received Division see the like Distribution as to the Distances of these Parallel Circles in Geâ—…inus conform to this of Manilius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 p. 19. five Parts of the whole Declines the Circle of the Northern Pole The t This Circle is call'd by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latines Aequidialis Aequinoctialis Aequator and Cingulum Mundi Mariners commonly call it the Line It is one of the greater Circles of the Sphere whose Poles are the same with the Poles of the World from either of which it is equally distant dividing the Calestial Globe into the Northern and Southern Hemisphere It is describ'd according to Clavins in Sacrobose by an Imaginary Line draewn from the Center of the World and extended to the first Point either of Aries or Libra and thence carried about by the Diurnal Revolution of the Primum Mobile In this the Sun being posited which happens twice every Year when he enters the first Degrees of Aries and Libra it makes the Days and Nights even Third which the World 's middle Region holds The Aequator or Aequinoctâ—…at Circle Olympus with a mighty Bend infolds On either Hand viewing the Pole the Way In which the Sun makes even Night and Day When by the Springs and Autumn's Points he glides And Heaven i' th' midst by equal Parts divides This from the Solstice u That is four Parts of 60 according to the Antient Division or 24 of 360 according to the later and commonly received four Degrees retreits The Winter Tropick or Tropick of Capricorn The next beyond nam'd from the x This is called the Trospick of Capricorn and is decrib'd a smaller Circle Parallel to the Aequator whose Distance from thence is equal to the Sun 's greatest Declination and touches the Ecliptick in the first Point of Capricorn on one side bounding the Torrid Southern Zone on the other the Southern Temperate one making the Winter Solstice or shortest Day Northward and the Summer Solstice and longest Day Southward Winter sets The utmost Bound to the Sun 's backward flight Obliquely rend'ring us his y For this reason says Macrobius Saturnal l. 1. c. 21. the Aegyptians represented the Statue of the Sun with his
Head shaven on one side and long Hair on the other By the first intimating the time of the Winter Solstice cum velut abrasis Incrementis angustâ manente Exstantiâ ad Minimum Diei Sol pervenerit Spatium By the later the Summer Solstice or his full grown Splendour to which he arrives by Degrees emerging from those straits of Light in his abode in this Winter Tropick or to express it in Macrobius his own Words Ex quibus latebris vel Angustiis rursus emergens ad aestivum Hemisphaerium enascens in Augmenta porrigitur niggard Light By a short Course but long o're Those He stays Whose Lands are warm'd by his directer Rays The z Of this We have given the reason and explication in the Note upon the Tropick of Cancer and shall here only add that the Antient Aegyptians when they would express the Course of the Sun in his Solstice signified the same by the Hieroglyphick of two feet fasined together as represented by Pierius l. 5. c. 41. and Casalius de Veter Aegypt rit c. 20. Intimating thereby the slowness of his Motion or rather Stationary Condition to which I know not whether our Authour in this place may allude when he says Vixque dies transit As if the feet of the Day were fetter'd slow-pac'd Day there hardly passing round This from th' Aequator four Degrees is found One Circle more yet rests whose a The Antartick Polas Circle Site inclines Tow'rd the South Pole and Southern Bears confines Rang'd from the Winter Tropick five Degrees And near its Pole as the North's far from his Thus Heaven in two divided Pole from Pole Does by that double Summ measure the Whole f The Antartick or Southern Polar Circle which is describ'd a smaller Circle Parallel to the Aequator passing about the Axis of the World by the Southern Pole of the Ecliptick comprehending the frigid Southern Zone and terminating the temperate and is call'd the Antartick Polar Circle in opposition to the Artick before describ'd to which it is equal And by b The four Parallel lesser Circles before described that is to say the two Tropicks and two Polar Circles mark out the Heavens into five Zones which by the Latines are called Fasciae Cinguli Plagae and by Cicero Maculae and Orae That included between the two Tropicks is called the Torrid Zone which Polybius divided into two parted by the Aequator but he is not followed therein by any The two included between the Tropicks and the Polar Circles are called the temperate the other two included within the Polar Circles are call'd the Frigid Zones Of these Thales is said to have been the Inventor though Posidonius cited by Strabo without ground ascribes it to Parmenides five Bounds distinguish'd into c The Distinction of the Zones not sufficing the Antients to mark out the various Position and Situation of several Regions on either side of the Aequator They added divers other Parallel Circles which they called Climates A Climate being a little Zone included between two Circles parallel to the Aequator or between the Aequator and one Circle parallel thereunto mutually distant from one another by the Arch of a Meridian answerable to an half hours difference by which the longest day of the Year under one Parallel varies from the longest Day of the Year under another They are call'd Climata quasi Inclinamenta as it were deflexious from a right Position of Sphere or so many stâ—…ps and degrees mounting from the Aequator towards the Poles The Antients reckon'd only seven which they distinguish'd by the Names of the Places over oâ—… through which they passed Viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. i. e. Per Meroenâ—…per Syenenâ—…per Alexandriam per Rhodum per Romam per Pontum per Boristhenem But Modern Astronomers and Geographers reckon 48. that is to say from the Aequator on each side to either of the Polar Circles 24. At which the Climates end the longest day there exceeding the ordinary Horary Measure unless by a kind of Analogy We reckon Moneths and half Moneths for hours and half hours Those Climates are again by the Moderns subdivided by drawing in the Middle of each Climate another Parallel Line dividing the same into two smaller Zones which by a Peculiar name are term'd Parallels Of which the more remote from the Aequator hath the longest Day of the Year differing from that nearer to it by the space of ¼ of an hour These are in number double to the Climates Vide Weigel Method Sphaeric l. 1. Sect. 1. Cap. 3. Climes Marks out the Difference of Place and Times Which Parallels One Course with Heaven partake And equal Rise with that and Setting make Since in th' Aethereal Texture they observe Their stated Distance and thence never swerve Passing a-cross by either Pole d These are the Coluri which are two great Circles cutting each other at right Angles in the Poles of the World Whereof one passes by the Aequinoctial the other by the Solstitial Points of the Zodiack They are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Mutili because in our oblique Position of Sphere they never entirely appear above the Horizon either at once or by Successive Conversion two more There are which intersect all Those before And themselves too concurring in th' Extreams Of the Worlds Axis at right-angled Scheams Which mark the Seasons out and Heaven beside Into four Quarters equally divide Of these through highest Heaven its Course e The Colurus Aequinoctiorum is describ'd a great Circle of the Sphere passing by the Poles of the World and cutting the Aequator at right Angles in the two Equinoctial Points or first Degrees of Aries and Libra whose Poles are in the first Points of Cancer and Capricorn or otherwise whose Poles are 90 Degrees distant from the first Points of Aries and Libra one steers Colurus Aequinoctiorum Parting the Serpents Tayl and undrench'd Bears And Tips of Scorpio's Claws born through Mid-skies Of Hydra cutting the Extremities And Middle of the Southern Centaur then Concurring in the Adverse Pole agen Returns by the huge Whale whose Scaly Chine Bright Trigon and the Bounds the Ram confine It marks then by Cepheïs Waste doth run Her Mothers Head and ends where it begun By th' midst of this the Worlds Extremitie And the Fore-feet and Neck of Helice Colurus Solstitiocum Which first of all when Sol withdraws his Light With seven fair Stars illuminates the Night The f The Colurus 〈◊〉 is a great Circle passing by the Poles of the World and Poles of the Zodiack cutting both the Aequator and Ecliptick at right Angles in the Soâ—…al Points or first Degrees of Cancer and Capricorn and hath its proper Poles in the first Degrees of Aries and Libra To these two Circles are to be applyed this Vulgar Disâ—…ch Haec duo Solstitium faciunt Cancer Capricornus Sed Nâ—…ies aeâ—…uant Aries Libra Diebus
other runs the Crab and Twins divides By the fierce Dog and Argo's steerage glides Then cross the formers travers'd Signs is born By the South Pole Thee touching Capricorn Parting the Eagle from its Starry Fires By the Lyre running and the Dragons Spires Then cuts the less Bears Tayl and hinder Feet And makes its End with its Beginning meet The Seasons thus have fixt within these Rounds Their Everlasting Seats and changeless Bounds These two are moveable Whereof one Bend The Meridian Does through Mid-Heaven from g The Meridian Circle by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latines Meridianus and by Astronomers Liâ—…a Mâ—…dii Coeli and Mâ—…ii Dâ—…i Cusâ—…is Reâ—…alis Cardo Râ—…ius and Mâ—…aium Coeli It is describ'd a great Circle passing by the Poles of the World and the Zenith and Nâ—…dir Points and hath its proper Poles in the Aequinoctial Points of East and West though Scaliger upon this place defended therein by the Learned Mr. Isaac Vossius Not. in Meâ—…am will have the Poles of every Meridian to be the Poles of the World It is call'd Meridian because when the Center of the Sun reaches it it is Noon or Mid-day to all such as are directly under that Circle when the Sun is above the Horizon Helice ascend The Day distinguishes the sixth Hour tries And at just distance East and West descries Changing the Signs by turns still as we run Or tow'rd the rising or the setting Sun Cutting Heavens hightith ' midst and with Earth's Place Varies the Skies Position and Times Race h The Reason thus rendred by Macrobius in Som. Scip. l. I. c. 15. Quia Globosuas Terrae Habitationes omnium aequales sibi esse non patitur non eadem Paâ—…s Coeli omnium verticem despicit Et ideo unus omnibus Meridianus esse non poterit sed singulis Gentibus super verticem suum prâ—…prius Meridianus effâ—…citur and therefore the Meridian is distinguished into the General and Particular the General being one and always the same the Particular on the contrary mutable and diverse according to the change and diversity of Place either Eastward or Westward and may be imagined as numerous as there are vertical Points Vide Bartschium in Planisphaer Stellat c. 2. All have not one Meridian th' Hours fly round When first we see Sol rise from th' Eastern Sound 'T is their sixth Hour by his i Stâ—…ler in his Commentary upon Proclus conceives that Manilius here by the Golden Orb means the Meridian Circle and imagines it to deserve that Title because the Island Taprobana being as he says in Meridiem exposita is famous for its plenty of Gold and Silver A ridiculous Interpretation for aureus Orbis is not to be understood of the Meridian Circle but of the Globe of the Sun coming to and pressing upon the Meridian gold Orb then prest Such theirs when he to us sets in the West These two k This Place hath exercis'd and foil'd the Wits of the greatest Criticks the Verse in the Latine is this Nos primam summam sextam numeramus utramque Sâ—…aliger interpreting Primam summam for one and the same hour quia summâ horâ Noctis i. e. duodecima says he confecta incipit 〈◊〉 as the Athenians us'd to term the last day of the Moneth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Old and the New But this is far from the 〈◊〉 of Manilius Gassendus endeavouring to mend the matter instead of primam summam conceives it ought to be read Imâ—…m Summam ab 〈◊〉 inter Imam Summam Antithesin says he by Imâ—…m understanding the Hour of Midnight by Summam that of Mid-day but this is yet wide from the Mark Salmasius undertaking to put a better sence upon the words than the former is himself gravâ—…l'd for thus he expounds this and the 3 foregoing Verses Cum Sol oritur Romanis c. when the Sun says he rises at Rome it is their first Hour of the Day but to the Indians their sixth or Noon and again when it is Noon to the Romans it is Sun set to the Indians or their last Hour of the Day so either of these Hours viz. the first and the 〈◊〉 says he by reason of the Diversity of Meridians is reckon'd for the sixth hour which Interpretation reaches not the meaning of 〈◊〉 being justly reprov'd by Peâ—…avius in Vranolâ—…g l. 7. who thus expounds both this and the three foregoing Verâ—…s 〈◊〉 est says he Manilium Tractum illum terrarum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ubi tum degebat in medio ponere quae utrinque distant 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 longituâ—… 90 cum Habitatione suâ conferre Qui ad Ortum siti sunt Eoos appellare qui ad Ocâ—…asum Hesperiâ—…s c. Hence he infers when the Sun seems to rise at Rome it is in the Meridian of those that are posited 90 Degrees Eastward from thence and again when the Sun at Rome seems to set it makes the like sixth Hour or Noon to those so posited Westward Either of which sixth 〈◊〉 â—…r Nâ—…ontides to those Eastward or Westward they at Rome count not their sixth Hour but name the one the first the 〈◊〉 the last Hour of their Day This Exposition of Petavius whereunto our Interpretation is consonant speaks the 〈◊〉 of the words which I held my self oblig'd thus to clear lest the Authority of the other great Persons might be objected against us or impoâ—…e upon the Reader sixth Hours we count our first and last When from th' Extreams of Light l By Reason of the obliquity and depression of the Suns light at Morning and Evening the Air likewise being then coolest in regard of the chill Briezes usually stirring Hence the Evening in Genesis 3. ver 8. is call'd Ruâ—…h i. e. spiritus seu ventus Diei and what by the 〈◊〉 is there rendred 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Evening is by others rendred 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. adspiritum seuventum Diei Vide Salmas in Epictet et Simplic p. 125. chill Beams are cast The m This Circle is call'd Horizon from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 coming from the Verb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to bound or terminate for which reason it is by the Latines called Finiens and Finiâ—…or because it bounds the sight It is divided into the Rational which is likewise call'd the Natural and Astronomical and the Sensible which is likewise call'd the Physical Apparent and Artificial the Rational Horizon is describ'd a great Circle of the Sphere whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir Points though Scaliger with the approbation of Mr. Isaac Vossius makes the Poles of every Horizon to be as well the Ae-quinoctial Points of East and West dividing the Globe equally into the upper and lower Hemisphere The Sensible Horizon is describ'd a smaller Circle parallel to the Rational dividing the Sphere into two unequal Segments of
place of the Star as the Longitude of a Place on the Earth is reckoned in the Equator from the first Western Meridian unto the Meridian passing by the Place proposed XII From the Ecliptick to the Poles are reckoned the Latitudes of the Stars Which Latitude is an Arch of a great Circle passing by the Poles of the Ecliptick and Center of the Star intercepted between the Ecliptick and the Star Those Arches are called the Circles of Latitude The Points between the Equator and the Ecliptick in respect of the Equator are Northern in respect of the Ecliptick Southern or contrariwise XIII The Ecliptick contains the Place of all the Stars For a Star is said to be in that Degree of the Ecliptick through which the Circle of Latitude of the said Star passes So the Starâ—… being in the Solstitial Colures are said to be in the first Degree of Cancer or Capricorn By which reason all the Stars in the Firmament are referred to some one of the twelve Signs XIV The Colures passing by the Poles of the World and the four Cardinal Points of the Zodiack intersect each other at Spherical right Angles in the Poles of the World They are so called because in an oblique Sphere they seem mutilate and defective since one part of them is alwayes depressed beneath whilst the other is elevated above the Horizon One of thâ—…se is called the Equinoctial Colure which passing by the Points of the Intersection of the Equator and Ecliptick constitutes the Equinoctial Points of Aries and Libra The other being the Colurâ—… of the Solstices dividing the Equator at right Angles in the Points wherein the Sun commences Winter and Summer that is to say in the first Degrees of Cancer and Capricorn measures the Sun 's greatest Declinations hath in it the Poles of the Zodiack and shows the Distance of thâ—…se Poles from the Poles of the World There may be likewise infinite Colures supposed for the better demonstrating the particular Declinations of the Stars from the Equator XV. The Meridian in any Position of Sphere whatsoever makes Mid-day and Mid-night and hath in it the Zenith and Nadir Points directly opposite to one another The first Meridian is vulgarly placed in the Fortunate Islands or the Canaries by others in the Islands called the Azores There are reckoned 36. Meridians or rather 18. since the same Meridians of one Hemisphere may serve the other Hemisphere likewise each being distant ten Degrees from one another But Geometrically speaking there are as many Meridians as there are Vertical Points as there are on Earth so many Horizons as there are divers Points upon the Terrestrial Globe They who assign a Meridian to every Degree make of them 180. XVI The Meridian to those that travel directly North and South is still the same as to Latitude It shews likewise the greatest Altitude of the Sun and Stars their distance from the Equator the Elevation of the Pole and measures the Latitude of all Places upon Earth Of which in the two following Propositions XVII The Latitude of a Place is numbred in the Meridian from the Equator towards either of the Poles and shews how much every Point is distant from the Equator one Pole being elevated the other depressed The Latitude of any Place being the Arch of a Meridian intercepted between the Zenith of the said Place and the Equator equal to the Elevation of the Pole above the Horizon Which Elevation is an Arch of a Meridian drawn from the Horizon to the Pole of the World XVIII As the Latitude of the Earth is numbred in the prime Meridian or any other more oriental so the Declination of the Stars may be numbred in those Meridians which are therefore called the Circles of Declination because they shew how far the Fixed Stars or Planets are distant from the Equator or decline from it to either of the Poles They are likewise called Vertical inasmuch as passing by the Vertex of any Place and descending perpendicularly by each Point of the Horizon they measure the Altitude of the Stars above or their Depression beneath the same and in Arabick they are called Azimuths because they shew in what part of the World any Star rises or sets The beginning likewise of the Astronomical Day is computed from the Meridian Circle XIX The Astronomical or true Horizon divides the Sphere of the World into two equal Parts that is to say the upper or the visible and the lower or invisible Hemisphere whose Centre is the same with the Centre of the World and its Poles the Zenith and Nadir Points The Physical or sensible and visible Horizon equidistant from the Astronomical is that Part of the Earth as far as can be discerned by Sight whose Semidiameter in an even Plane the Eye being placed at six foot height above the Level is about a League but if the Eye be elevated a League high then the Semidiameter of the sensible Horizon will be 51. Leagues XX. The Horizon concurs to the stating of all the forenamed Spheres that is to say either Right Oblique or Parallel whence it is denominated and distinguished into Right Oblique and Parallel It determines the rising and setting of the Stars the Ortive and Occasive Amplitudes beginning from the Eastern and Western Equinoctial Points shews the Quantity of Day and Night and the four Cardinal Points East West North and South as likewise the Quantity of the two Circles parallel to the Equator and Tropicks described from the Poles of the World touching the Horizon in a Point of which that drawn from the Pole to us conspicuous is termed the greatest of the all-wayes-apparent the other opposite to it the greatest of the not-apparent that is to say the Artick and Antartick Circles XXI The Circles parallel to the Horizon which shew the Altitudes and Depressions of the Stars are in the Astrolabe called Almicantarah or Circles of Progression among which is numbred the Crepuscular Circle or Circle of Twilight which is Parallel to the Horizon and depressed beneath it eighteen Degrees Thus much of the Great Circles the Lesser follow XXII The Tropicks are lesser Circles Parallel to the Equator from whence they are in this present Age distant 23. Degrees and ½ which Distance according to the diversity of Times is diversly computed the variation hitherto being reckoned 24′ These two Tropicks shew the Sun 's or the Ecliptick's greatest Declination from the Equator the Tropick of Cancer it 's Northern the Tropick of Capricorn its Southern the former shewing the Sun's greatest the latter its least Meridional Altitude this the longest Day and shortest Night in the Summer Solstice the other the longest Night and shortest Day in the Winter Solstice Which said Quantities of Day and Night are not shewn by the Tropicks in a Right or an Oblique Sphere beyond 66° and ½ of the Pole's Elevation For in the first the Diurnal and Nocturnal Arches are alwayes equal in the latter the
This Phasis is by the Turks and Arabs call'd Nalka because it resembles the Figure of a Horse-shoe The second 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Bisâ—…cta siu Dimidiata at 90 Degrees distance The third 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Gibbosa sive Dimidio Orbe Major when distant 120 Degrees And lastly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Toti-lunis when full and in Opposition to the Sun or 180 Degrees distant from whence in a contrary Order are reckoned her decreasing Changes Vide Cleomed l. 2. c. 3. Vitruvium l. 9. c. 4 ibidemque Philandrum Geminum c. 7. Amian Mâ—…rcellin l. 20. Plin. l. 2. c. 14. Ricciolum Tom. 1. l. 4. c. 3. changes shows The Laws observ'd of her Increase and Wain That Stars themselves from g Hence the Stars receive their Denomination Stellae à stande Servius ad 1. Georg. from the Authority of Varro Stelle cadere non possunt quarum natura est ut stent semper unde Stellae vocantur and from him Isidor l. 3. c. 70. Stellae dictae à stando quiae fixae stant in Coelo nec cadunt And Martianus Capella l. 8. Stellae à stando Sidera à Considendo Vide etiam Cassiodorum de Astronomia falling still sustain And run in measur'd Courses seems to Sense No Work of Chance but Act of Providence These Signs divided thus by equal space Heavens azure h Caelum says Pliny from the Testimony of Varro haud dubie à Coelati Argumento diximus from the Variety and Ornament of the several Constellations in varias Coelum laqueantia formas as Manilius expresses it imbellishing the same as Carving or Fret-work some curious Roof or Cieling Hence Turnebus Coelum ita vocatum alii censent quòd sit coelatum impressumque variis signis Vide Turneb in Varron de L. L. in Adversar l. 20. c. 29. Celing with Gold fret-work Grace Bove which is i So says Aristotle in primo de â—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. 9. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. neque Corpus neque Locus neque Vacuum neque Tempus But the Stoicks determine otherwise who though they allow not of any thing corporeal yet admit of a certain vacuity In which separate Inanity or imaginary space as both Modern Philosophers and Divines call it they fancy the World to suspend Peremptorily asserted by Lipsius Cogitâ—…nti cuicunque says he aliquid vacui extra Mundum vel invito occurrit quodetiam Philo Iudaeus palam adstruit in Scripturis Abyssum dici contendit Vid. Lips Physiolog Stoic l. 2. Dissertation 9. Et Io. Baptist. Port. in Pneumatic l. 1. c. 3. Nec non Gassendum Tom. 1. part 2. p. 186. Videsâ—… etiam Cleomed Meteâ—…r l. 1. c. 1. Inque illum Balforeum Et Quonem de Guericke de vacuo spatio c. l. 1. c. 35. l. 2. c. 5 6 c. Nothing there the Worlds height ends Nor further Natures Publick k In Allusion to that of Varro Mundus Domus est Maxima Omnium and of Cicero in secundo de 〈◊〉 Deorum Est enim Mundus quasi communis Deorum atque Hominum Domus Consonant to which is that of Tertullian Totus hic Mundus una omnium Domus est and of Minucius Foelix in Octav. Una Domus est Mundus hic Totus See likewise Lipsius as before cited Dissertat 7. House extends Which Seas imbraces and the Earths round Ball. All These in mutual Courses rise and fall As the revolving Skies here downward bend Beneath th' Horizon and there reascend Now to what Compass Heaven's extreamest Round The Dimensions of the Universe Is stretch'd what Limits the bright Zodiack bound Reason will teach to whom there 's nothing hard From whom by space or Bulk nothing's debarr'd To her all stoop She sounds the Depths of Night And Heaven it self is pervious to her Sight How far the Stars are 'bove the Earth and Main So great the space is which two Signs contain And if the Worlds l Known is that Demonstration of Archimedes in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That the Circumference of every Circle is greater than three times the Diameter thereof by a part less than 1 7th and greater than 10 70. Hence Manilius cautiously advises of this small difference that is to be made in computing the proportions betwixt the Diameter and Perimeter of the Sphere See the same Argument in Pliny l. 2. c. 23. and in Macrobius in Somn. Scip. l. 1. c. 19. Diameter you take That with small Difference will a third Part make Of its Circumference Four Signs then so far Heavens Zenith and its Nadir distant are And twice four added its whole Round compleat But since i' th' midst Earth hath its Pendant Seat 'T is two Signs distant from Heaven's Depth or Height Thus All which 'bove the Earth is reach'd by Sight Or underneath by that unseen extends Each way the space of two Signs comprehends And six times that measures the Circle where Twelve Constellations equal Mansions share Nor wonder that the self same Signs create Uncertain Births mix'd with much different Fate Since Each six rising with their Lights entire So great a space and so long time require It rests We now th' Aetherial m Having described the Coelestial Phaenomena and the Dimension of the Universe Manilius proceeds to the Description of the Coelestial Circles differing therein from the Method of Aratus who places the Mundane Dimension in the last Place But this Disposition as Scaliger observes is only Arbitrary However he prefers the Method of our Authour before the other Bounds design Of the Heavenly Circles The Circles which the parted Heavens confine And of the Stars the splendid Order steer The Artick Polar Circle n Whence call'd the Artick Circle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. ab ursá one of the Constellations so named being totally compriz'd within it It is likewise call'd Septentrionalis Borealis from its Situation and contains within it the Northern Frigid Zone and terminates the Temperate It is doubly to be considered either according to the Modern or Antient Hypothesis According to the Moderns It is a lesser Circle Parallel to the Aequator passing about the Axis of the World by the Northern Pole of the Ecliptick According to the Antient it is described a Circle passing about the Axis of the World by the Intersection of the Horizon and Meridian of an Indefinite Magnitude in respect to the several Situations of divers Regions more or less Northerly posited of which Chalcidius in Timaeum Platonis Circuli vicini Polis i. e. Septentrionalis huic diversus Antarticus neque Magnitudine neque Positione solidati sunt sed pro differentia Regionum Aquilomâ—…ae itemque Australis apud quosdam Majores apud alios Minores putantur See Scaliger upon this Place Geminus and upon him Petavius in Uranolog Gassendus Tom. 1. l. 3.
Foster Brother Son of Aega the Wife of Pan whence his Name who as Bassus in Germaniâ—… from the Authority of Epimenides writes assisted Iupiter in his Wars against the Titans and armed the God and for that reason honoured with this Coelestial Dignity The reason of his being figur'd half Goat half Fish Theon the Scoliast of Aâ—…atus reports was for that he finding on the Sea-shore an empty Murex or purple shell is said to have wound it like a Horn thereby striking a Panick â—…ear into the Titans and therefore they represented him with a Tail like a Sea-Monsâ—…er Celebrated it is according to the Doctrine of the Pythagoreans and Platonists for being the Gate by which Souls ascend into Heaven and therefore stil'd Porta Deorum Nor less Famous to use our Authours Words In Augusti foelix quòd fulserit Ortum Of which see Suetonius in August Scaliger in Manil. â—…ct Sam. Petit. in Observaâ—… l. 1. c. 5. Vindelinus and Albertus Rubeniuâ—… upon that subject Ricciolus in Chronolog reformo 〈◊〉 Tâ—…m 1. l. 4. p. 104. and Spanhemius in Dissertat de Numismat Vesta is the Goddess appropriate to this Sign It climbs the Mid-heaven at Midnight about the end of Iuly and beginning of August Caprico z This Sign is by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Appian Hydridurus and in the same signification by the Arabs Sakib Al Mâ—… i. e. Effusâ—…r Aâ—…uae It is by them likewise called Al Delu and in Hâ—…brew Deli in Syriac Daulo in the Persian Tongue Dâ—…l in the Turkish Kâ—…gha all signifying aâ—… Urn or Watring-pot The Aegyptians or Copties call it Hupâ—…utherian i. e. Brachium Beneficii There are reckon'd therein according to Ptolomy and Kepler 45 Stars whereof three inform Bayerus yet reckons but 41. Of which the 2d and 3d are in Arabick call'd Sa'd Al Melick or Sa'd Al Mùlck the first signifying fortuna Regis the later fortuna Opum Substantiae The 4th and 5th are call'd Sa'd Al Suûd i. e. fortuna fortunarum under which are some other Stars of less note call'd Al Anâ—… The 6th and 7th are call'd Sa'd Bulâ Al Bulâ—…an i. e. fortuna Deglutientis or Dâ—…glutientium The 9th 10th and 11th Stars are call'd Sa'd Al Ahbija i. e. fortuna Tentoriorum The 14th Star in this Constellation being one of the first Magnitude is in Arabick call'd Diphdâ—… al Auwal i. e. Rana Prima It is likewise call'd Phom al Hâ—…ut al Gjeâ—…bi i. e. Os Piscis Australis commonly but corruptly Phomahant This Asterism is by some fabl'd to be Ganymâ—…de the Cup-bearer of Iupiter by some Deucalion whence by Vomanus this Sign is entituled Deucalionis Aquae by others Aristaeus of which see the Scholiast of Germanicus It is seen in the Meridian at Midnight about the end of August and beginning of September Iuno is its Lady Regent Aquar a This Sign in the Greek is call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and by the Iews accordingly Dagáim i. e. Duo Pisces But the Arabs call it Al Hâ—…ut Al Sâ—…maca the Syrians Nâno the Persians Mâ—…hi the Turks Balick which signifies a Fish in the singular number so likewise in the Câ—…ptick it is call'd Pikotorion i. e. Piscis Hori The Northern of these Fishes is in the Arabick call'd Haut Ashâ—…li i. e. Piscis Bâ—…realis and is known by the peculiar Name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as being represented by the Câ—…ns with the Head of a Swallow the reason as Scaliger conceives because when the Sun is in that Sign the Swallow begins to appear in those Regions The Southern is call'd Haut al Gjenubi i. e. Piscis Australis The whole Constellation consists according to Ptolomy of 38 Stars whereof four inform according to Bayerus of 39. But Kepler reckons therein 59. The Stream or Tenuis fusio Stellarum utrisâ—…ue Piscibus disposita Vitruvius l. 9. c. 7. calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Mercuriâ—… Donum sâ—…u Deliciâ—…s which Scaliger conceives ought to be read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Laqueum or as Pliny terms it Commissuram Piscium The Compiler of the Vitruviâ—…n Lexicon seems to come nearer to the truer Reading and will have it to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Nodum or to use the Words of the said Lexicon Coaptatimem qua Piscis Pisci seu vinculo alâ—…gatur by Proclus call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Aratus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Cicero renders Coelestem Nodum The Arabians call it Châ—…it vel Châ—… Kettani i. e. Filum Linteum These are fabled to be the Syrian Deities according to Germanicus Syriae duâ—… Numiâ—…a Pisces by which are understood Venus and Cupid as Hyginus from the Authority of Diognetus Erythraeus writes For Venus and her Son Cupid coming to the River Euphrates and frighted with the suddain appearance of the Gyant Typâ—…n cast themselves into the River and assum'd the shapes of Fishes by which means they scap'd from danger For this reason the Syrians abstain from eating of Fish lest they might happen to devour their Deities But the Scholiast of Germanicus from Nigidius writes that these were the Fishes which turn'd or roll'd up upon the Bank of Euphrates a great Egg upon which a Dove sitting hatch'd Venus the Syrian Goddess The Exposition whereof see in Beyerus in Additamen in Seldeni System de Diis Syriis p. 290. This Sign is under the Patronage of Neptune and is seen in the Meridian at Midnight almost throughout the whole Moneths of September and October Pisâ—…es b The Axis of the World so called ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vâ—…lvo is an Imaginary right Line passing through the Center of the Mundane Sphere from North to South whose extremities are terminated in the superficies thereof the two points termâ—…ating the said Aâ—…is being called the Poles of the World About which immoveable Line the Sphere it self is turned By this Description it may appear that the Axiâ—… of the Sphere is likewise the Diameter thereof but on the contrary every Diameter thereof is not its Axis because the Sphere is not turned about every Diameter but only about that which is extended from North to South Vid. Clâ—…v in Sacrobosc The Axis of the World and the Poles c To this purpose Achilles Tatius in Aâ—…at Phaenom 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. Of the Mâ—…teriality of this Axis though some Philosâ—…phers have conceiv'd iâ—… a Spirit passing through the interjected Mundane space Aratus saith he hath taught us nâ—…thing For if any shall conceive it to consist of a fiery substance when it passes through the Sphere â—…f the Water it would be extinguish'd or consum'd by the Sphere of the fiery Element or should it be supposed to consist of any other of the Elements as of Air or Water it would not mix with the others but would be destroy'd by its contraries Wherefore Mathematicians have defin'd it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Liâ—…eam quandam subtilem seu tenuem and is here by
in the Skies near where the bright Bears shine Which from Heavens Top on all the Stars look down Nor know to seâ—… but plac'd on the World's Crown Though differently whirle round the Stars and Skies Stretch'd through thin Air the subtle Axis lies Whose distant Poles the Ballanc'd Fabrick hold Round this the Star-imbellish'd Orbs are rowl'd Whilst yet it self unmov'd through empty Air And the Earths Globe extends to either Bear Nor is 't a solid Substance or opprest With Weight though the Worlds weight upon it rest But as the Air mov'd in a Circle goes And on it self whence first it flow'd reflows What e're that is which still the midst doth hold 'Bout which it self unmov'd All else is rowl'd So subtle it can no way be inclin'd That by the Name of Axis is design'd Upon whose Top to Mariners distrest Well known their Guides through Seas two bright signs rest Great Helice moves in a greater Bend Mark'd with seven fair Stars the Greek Pilot's Friend Small Cynosure less both in Light and size A less Orb holds whom yet the Tyrians prize More than the Great by This the Poeni steer Through vast Seas to the Western Hemisphere These joyn not Fronts but eithers Head turns to The others Tayl pursu'd as they pursue Between both which his large unfolded Spires A Serpent stretches and with winding fires Embracing them one from the other parts And from their Stations sees that neither starts 'Twixt this and Heavens Mid-Circle where the Sun And six Lights more 'gainst the bright Zodiack run Rise Stars of different Magnitude and Power Some near the Pole some near Heav'ns radiant Tower Which temper'd by the disagreeing Air The fruitful Earth for humane use prepare Next the cold Bears the Cause t' himself best known Shines forth a kneeling Constellation Behind whose Back Arctophylax appears The same Boötes call'd because yoak'd Steers He seeming drives who through the rapid Skies Bearing Arcturus in his Bosome hies On th' other side see the rich Crown display Its Luminous Gems bright with a different Ray Whom the swift Courser strives t' oretake his Brest With a refulgent Signature imprest Which closes in the fair Andromeda Kind Perseus Shoulder lends her Feet a Stay And joyns t' himself but a large Space divides Deltoton brighter in its Base than sides So call'd from its Resemblance Cepheus And Cassiopea made conspicuous Ev'n to her Punishment seems to deplore Andromeda chain'd to the rocky shore Fearing the gaping Monster of the Deep But Perseus still does his old kindness keep Comes to her Aid and of the Gorgon slain Shows the fear'd Head his Spoyl the Seers Bane Close running by the kneeling Bull behold Heniochus who gain'd by skill of old Heav'n and his Name as first four Steeds he drove On flying Wheels seen and install'd by Iove The Kids next the Seas barring till the Spring Then the Goat Nurse to the Worlds Infant King Who from her Teats scal'd Heaven her Milk did grow To brandish Lightning and fear'd Thunder throw By her own Iove a Constellation made And for the Heav'n she gave with Heav'n repay'd Last view the Pleiad's and the Hyades Both Parts o' th' Bull The Northern Signs are These Now see the Stars which 'bove the scorcht Earth run Rising beneath the Path-way of the Sun And those which 'twixt the Tropick are confin'd Of Capricorn and Pole that is declin'd Near to the Twins behold Orion rise With stretch'd Arms almost fathoming the Skies Nor marching with a less extended Pace Bright shining Stars his either shoulder grace Three Lights his Pendant Sword obliquely sign In his advanced Head three others shine Deep in the Skies immerst nor yet less bright Though such they seem 'cause more remov'd from Sight Him as through Heaven he marches follow All The starry Legions as their General Next after whom with rapid Motion bent No Star than that 'gainst Earth more violent The fierce Dog runs not one for Heat does rise Not one for Cold more grievous quits the Skies The World afflicting with a different Fate Nor ever fails upon the Sun to waite Who this from Taurus Crown first rising see Ghess thence of Fruits what the Event may be What Health what Quiet may the Year befal Here War it makes there Peace does reinstal And as it variously returns doth awe Th' inferiour World It 's Aspect is their Law 'T is strongly credited this owns a Light And runs a Course not than the Sun 's less bright But that remov'd from Sight so great a Way It seems to cast a dim and weaker Ray All other Stars it foyls none in the Main Is drench'd or brighter thence ascends again Next with the nimble Hare see Procyon rise And then the noble Argo to the Skies From Seas translated which she first did plow Once tost with mighty storms in Heaven fixt now And deify'd for saving Deities Close boarding her a glittering Serpent lies And by so ordered Lights seems to present His speckled Bodies scaly Ornament Sols Bird the Cup dear to the God of Wine And Centaure next in a mix'd shape does shine Half Man half Horse then Heavens bright Temple see And Altar consecrate to Victorie What time th' inraged Earth a Giant Race 'Gainst Heaven produc'd then Gods besought the Grace Of the great Gods and Iove himself f So Claudian de Bello Getico Ipsumque Iovem turbante Typhoeo Sifas est timuisse ferunt fear'd too He wanted Power to do what he could do When he amaz'd the rising Earth beheld How ev'n 'gainst Natures self Nature rebell'd Saw Mountains heap'd on Mountains to aspire And Stars from the approaching Hills retire Charg'd with dire Arms by a g Applicable to this Place may seem this not common and not unelegant Description of Sidorius Apâ—…llinar in Carm. 9. ad Foeliâ—…em Nâ—…n hic Terrigenam loquor Cohortem Admixto magè â—…ividam veneno Cui praeter Speciem 〈◊〉 câ—…rentem Aâ—…gues Corporibus voluminosis Aâ—…te squammea Cruâ—…a porrigentes In a estigia fauce desinebant Sic â—…ormae triplicis Procax Iuventus 〈◊〉 Pedem proterens voraci Curs â—…at Capitum stupenda gressu Et cum Classica Numinum sonabant Mex câ—…ntrà Tonitrus resibilante And hâ—…t Superos ciere plantâ Nec Phâ—…egrae legis ampliata rura Missi dum â—…olitant per Astra Mâ—…ntes Pindus Pelion Ossa Olympus Othryâ—… Cumsilvis gregibus fâ—…ris Pruinis Sâ—…xis fontibus Oppidis levati Viâ—…rantium spatiâ—…siorum dextrâ Of th' Earth-born Race is not our Song Who by mix'd Poisons grew more strong Their Limbs immeasurably vast About whose legs wreath'd
Teman i. e. Penetralia Austri quasi sint in loco Occulto as Aben Ezra cited by Mr. Hyde Water hid Where unknown Realms Lands to our Sight forbid Take from one Sun with us a common Light The Constellations of the Southern Hemisphere to us inconspicuous But q As being to us 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 They having Dextros Ortus Sinistram Umbram We Sinistros Ortus Dextram Umbram And as Macrobius in Somn. Scip. l. 2. notes Idem Sol illis obire dicetur nostro Ortu orietur cum nobis occidet several Shadows and a different Night Where Stars sinistral set and dextral rise Their Heav'n as ample nor less bright their Skies Their Stars as numerous only thus outvy'd In that to them Augustus Star's deny'd Which does our World with Rayes propitious bless Earths present and Heavens future Happiness That the Extreams which 'bout the neather Pole The Constellations about the Southern Pole supposed like those about the Northern Deck'd with bright Stars though inconspicuous rowl The upper Pole's resemble with r Our Authour here argues 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that about the Southern Pole there are or ought to be the same Constellations as about the Northern which Errour is to be attributed to the Ignorance of the Times wherein he lived in which that part of the World was altogether unknown to the Romans But Modern Experience evinces that there are not only no such Asterisms as the greater and lesser Bear and Dragon but also no Stars within many Degrees of that Pole The nearest to it being a Star in the Tayl of the Hydrus call'd by the Dutch the Water Schlang Vide Riâ—…ciol Tom 1. l. 6. p. 410. Hence Herigon in his Cursus Mathemat Tom. 1. p. 37. Nulla Coeli pars minoribus paucioribus Stellis 〈◊〉 quam Austrinâ—… Circumpolaris for which Reason it may be stil'd as by Seneca in Heâ—…cul Fureâ—…e it is Deâ—…ior Poluâ—… Signs grac'd Like that where Bears with Fronts averse are plac'd And by one Dragon parted we suppose Induc'd to credit what Example shows For Reason urges from Analogie The Parts unseen are like to those we see These several Stations by large Skies disjoyn'd To all the Constellations are assign'd The Forms and â—…gines of the several Constellations not corporeal Yet think not they corporeal Figures are Or all their Members equal Lustre share s To the same purpose likewise our Poet in the end of his 5th Book Ipse suas Aether Flammas sufferre nequiret Totus accenso Mundus flagraret Olympâ—… Yet this Reason of our Authour Picus Mirandula l. 1. in Astrolog p. 255. thinks only worthy of laughter Mallium so he calls Manilius nisi esset Poeta Bone Deus quo risu prosequeremur qui Coelestes illas quas fingit Imagines paucis stellis iâ—…choatas potius dicit quam absolutas Ne pluribus â—…bi ignibus accensis Incendia Mundus flagraret But with the leave of that Prince of Learning our Author is herein as to the fiery nature of the Stars defended by most of the Antients Hence in Orpheus the Sun Moon and Stars are said to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 membra Vulcani And Cicero in secundo de Natura Deorum gives this Reason why the Stars are said to be nourished by moisture ut nihil ferè inâ—…reat aut admodum paululum quod Aâ—…rorum Ignis aut Aetheris Flamma câ—…umat Nor wants he the suffrage of divers of the Fathers Schoolmen and Moderns In proof of which it may suffice to instance only what the Learned G. Vâ—…ssius hath to this purpose l 2. Idololatr c. 39. Unless says he the Stars be of a fiery Nature I see no Reason why the Waters should be plac'd above the Heavens as we are told both by the Writings of Moses and others they are But now the Reason is plain to wit that by them the exaestuating Fire of the Stars might be repress'd and temper'd lest by their heat and fervour the whole Heavens should be dissolv'd The same Reason being rendred by St. Basil St. Ambrose Theodoret Procopius Damascen Beda and others Thus He. Vide etiam Gassendum Tom. 1. l. 1. p. 502. Heaven could not suffer so intense a Heat Were no Part voyd but all with Fire repleat Some therefore cautious Nature kept from Flame Lest it should hazard the Coelestial Frame Only to mark their Figures out content And Signs by certain Stars to represent Whose Lights design their shapes fire answers fire Mean to Extream the Lower to the Higher It is enough they are not hidden quite Some Stars the Moon half full show greatest Light But all the nameless Commons of the Sky Obscur'd by her completed Splendour fly The brighter Signs yet nor their Number change Their rising and setting constant and regular Nor with less Stars in mixed Motion range But the same Course the better to be known And Order in their Rise and Setting own Nor in this World may Ought more wonder raise Than that the Whole Reason and Laws obeys Where Nothing 's crowded Nothing loosely roves Or cross to its determin'd Order moves What more confus'd in shew yet what in Course More certain a clear Reason to inforce Hence the Government of the World by divine Providence is asserted That this World 's t Cleanâ—…hes in Cicero de Naturá Deorum l. 2. urging reasons to evince the Belief of a Deity among others gives this for the last and weightâ—…st Aequaâ—…ilitatem motùs c. The Aequability of the Motiâ—…n and Conversion of the Heavens Sun Moon and Stars their Distinction Variety Beauty Order The very view of which says he sufficiently declares them not to be fortuitous or 〈◊〉 And again Quid potest esse â—…am apâ—…rtum tamque peâ—…spicuum cùm Câ—…um suspexinius c. What can be more evident or perspicuous when we behold the Heavens and contemplate the Coelestial Bodies than that there is a Deity by whose Excellent Providence they are govern'd Thus far Cicero with our Authour from the bare suggestion of Nature truly What follows where the World it self is said to be a God is from the mistaken Principles of the Platonists and Stoicks who as before is noted make the World to be a God but a Secondary one for that Power which they primarily call God is by them term'd Ratio Mens by whom they affirm'd the World to be created So Cicero in Timaeo Deus ille Aeternus scil Mens hunc perfecte beatum Deum scil Mundum procreavit The World being in their sence the universal Fusion of the first Divine Mind for so Chrysippus in Cicero in primo de Natura Deorum describes it Vim Divinam in Ratione esse positam univâ—…rsae Naturae Anima atque Mente Ipsumque Mundum Deum dici ejus Animae fusionem universam The Divine Power is seated in Reason and in the Mind of universal Nature And this World is said to be
straw to retard his pursuit whence the Original of that Name In Syriack it is called Shevil Tévno by the Persians Rah Kahkeshân i. e. Via Paleamtrahens the Turks call it Samân Ughrisi i. e. Palâ—…am rapiens In the Coptick Tongue it is called Pinóiten Tépitoc i. e. Via straminis others call it Viam Romae and Viam Sancti Iacobi The Turks Hâgjiler Yuli i. e. Via festum Agentium or the way of Pilgrims to Mecha by the Aegyptian Astrologers call'd Porta Mansionum Lunae It is a great Circle having for Center the Center of the World or rather an oblique Conspicuous Zone of a different Breadth or Latitude being no where broader than 10 Degrees and in some places not exceeding 6 or 7. in some stretching to 8 or 9. Where its Course is not divided From this Circle as Pliny l. 18. â—… 29. reports the Antients believ'd all Plants received their Milky Juice or Nourishment and hence perhaps is that Arabick Name of Um Al Sama i. e. Mater Coeli quasi ejus lactatrix Nor less famous for the strange Productions which Modern Eperience hath observed therein it being found the Store-house from whence have issued all the new Phaenomena's that have hapned either in this or the precedent Age. other carried tow'rd the opposed Bears Galaxia or the Milkie Way Its Course close by the Artick Circle steers And by inverted Cassiopea tends Thence by the Swan obliquely it descends The Summer Tropick and Iove's Bird divides Then cross th' Aequator and the Zodiack glides 'Twixt Scorpio's burning Tail and the left Part Of Sagittarius near the fiery Dart Then by the other Centaure's Legs and Feet Winding remounts the Skies again to meet By Argo's Topsail and Heaven's middle Sphere Passing the Twins t' o'retake the Charioteer Thence Cassiopea seeking Thee does run O're Perseus Head and ends where it begun Three middle Circles and the Zodiack too Twice passing and by that as oft past through Nor needs it to be sought its obvious Course It self illustrates and the sight doth force For in the azure skies its candid Way Shines like the dawning Morn or closing Day And as by often passing o're some Green An even Path parting the Mead is seen Or as a Ship plowing the Seas smooth Plain Of foaming Bubbles leaves a silver Train So shines its milky Path in the dark Night Parting the blew Skies with its numerous Light And as through Clouds the Rainbow does extend So on Olympus Height shows its white Bend And Mortals fills with Wonder whilst they spy New Lights unknown Flames darting through the sky The sacred Causes humane Breasts enquire Whether the Heavenly u The Opinion of Diodorus who conceiv'd the via lactea to be a Coelestial fire of a dense and compacted Nature shewing it self through the Clefts of the starting and dividing Hemispheres as Macrobius in Somn. Scip. l. 1. c. 15. expresses it Ignem densatae concretaeque naturae in unam curvi Limitis Semitam Discretione Mundanae fabricae coacervante concretum Hence says Gassendus we may observe Genium Stoicae Providentiae They calculating the Destruction of the World to commence from the Breach or loosening of the Commissures of the closed Globe To which doubtless Manilius here alludes Vide Gassend Tom. 1. l. 1. p. 506 507. Segments there retire Various Opinions concerning the Galaxie The whole Mass shrinking and the parting Frame Through cleaving Chinks admits the stranger flame Astonishment must sure their Senses reach To see the Worlds wounds and Heavens gaping breach Or meets Heaven here and this white cloud appears x The fancy of Theophrastus that great Philosopher who declar'd the Galaxie to be no other than the soldering and knitting together of the Hemispheres So Macrobius delivers it Lacteum dixit esse Compagem quâ de duobus Hemisphaeriis Coeli Sphaera solidata est ubi Oâ—…ae convenerint notabilem Claritatem videri Vide illum loco â—…oitat The Cement of the close-wedg'd Hemispheres Or seems that old Opinion of more sway That the Sun's y Oenâ—…pides Chius according to Achilles Tatius in Arat. Phaenomen affirmed that this Circle was antiently the Course of the Sun till frighted from that Tract by Thyestes his bloody Banquet he chose this he now holds in the Zodiack but left behind him the Impression of his former Course Of which ridiculous Opinion was likewise Metrodorus and some other Pythagoreans whereof Plutarch in Placit Philosoph l. 3. c. 1. Horses here once ran astray And a new Path mark'd in their straggling flight Of scorched Skies and Stars adusted Light Changing to paler white Heavens azure Face And with the burnt Worlds Ashes strew'd the Place Fame likewise from old Time to us succeeds How z See Ovid Metamorphos l. 2. and Plutarch loco citat Phaëton driving his Fathers Steeds Through radiant Signs and with a wounding Eye Viewing th' approached Beauties of the Sky Whilst in his Chariot proud he childlike plays And things yet greater than his Sire essays Left the known Path and a rough Tract imprest In the smooth Skies whilst wand'ring Flames infest Th' affrighted Signs not brooking the loose Course Of th' erring Chariot and ill-guided Horse Hence the whole World became a fiery spoyl And burning Cities made Earths funeral Pile When from the hurried Chariot Lightning fled And scattered Blazes all the Skies o'respred By whose approach new Stars enkindled were Which still as Marks of that sad Chance appear Nor must that gentler Rumour be supprest How a Eratosthenes as cited by Acâ—…iller Tatius in Arati Phaenomen is reputed the Father of this Fable in his Book entituled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Partitio or rather 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Asterismi which is by Achilles Tatius thus related 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. Hercules being an Infant sucking at Juno's breast and too hardly pressing the Nipple she suddainly withdrew it and spilt the milk which form'd this Circle in the Heavens The like says he is reported by the same Eratosthenes of Mercury's sucking Iuno Milk once flowing from fair Iuno's Breast Stain'd the Coelestial Pavement from whence came This Milky Path its Cause shown in its Name Or is 't a b This is the true Cause of the Gâ—…laxie which long since by Conjecture and probable Reason was asserted by Democritus as Plutarch in Placitis Philosoph attests But since the Invention of the Telescope clearly demonstrated by Galilaeo Kepler and others Crowd of Stars crowning the Night A candid Diadem of condens'd Light Or c The antient Ethnicks believed the condensed light of the Milky way to proceed from the Crowd and multitude of valiant wise and Pious Souls inhabiting that Circle Hence Macrobius in Somn. Scipionis Rursus filium Pater ut in Deos Piuâ—… nt in homines Iustus esset hortatus Praemium adjecit Ostendens Lacteum Circulum virtutibus debitum Beatorum Coetu râ—…fertum Believ'd no less even by Christians
Modus observandi Parallaxes His Selenographia his Industrious and Select Observations of the Motions of the Moons Spots and his Detection of Hevelius his double Error touching the Moon 's Libration All which with several others are mentioned in the first Tome of Ricciolus his Almagest He writ likewise a Treatise De Lumine Coloribus Iride mentioned in the Iournal des Scavans Tom. 3. p. 175. JOHANNES WENDELINUS writ De Hora Passionis Triduo Mortis Christi Printed at Leipick in the year 1651. HONORATUS DE MEYNIER a French-man besides his Paradoxes wherein he maintains that Experience ought to precede Science and Theorical Learning to be acquired by Practice put forth a small Treatise of the Sphere PETRUS COURCIER a French Iesuit put forth a Treatise entituled Astronomia Practica containing Practical Observations of the Celestial Motions by certain Astrolabes by which the Places and Motions of any Star may easily at any time be known DANIEL LIPSTORPIUS Professor of Philosophy and the Liberal Sciences at Lubeck put forth a Treatise entituled Copernicus Redivivus seu de vero Systemate Mundi wherein his Design is not by new Astronomical Calculations or Geometrical Demonstrations to confirm and establish the Copernican Hypothesis but by rational explanatory and Physico-Astronomical Arguments to lead the Lovers of Truth to an easie and clear understanding of what is delivered by Copernicus Galilaeo Longomontanus Kepler Bulialdus in their more diffusive Writings answering all the Objections of the Adversary Party and clearing what ever may seem difficult in the Doctrine proposed by the Assertors of that Hypothesis and that chiefly to this End to use his own Words Ut Stabilitâ suppositâ Nova hac Mundi Dispositione Copernicanâ Verissimâ Solidissimâ Omnes promiscuè ad veram Philosophandi Rationem Nobilissima Cartesiana Monumenta legenda invitentur Of which he gives the Specimina in a particular Tractate explained 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Philosophandi Ratione whereunto is annexed an Appendix in which there are divers Arguments relating to Astronomical Hypotheses of no vulgar strain MONSIEUR P. PETIT Surintendant of the Fortifications of his most Christian Majesty Lewis XIV published in his own Language a Dissertation touching Comets and particular Observations of the Comets appearing in the year 1654. c. And upon the Eclipse of the Sun which happened in the same year 1654. Of the Exact Method of taking the Diameters of the Planets in a Letter to Monsieur Auzout mentioned in the Iournal des Scavants The Reverend Doctor SETH WARD sometime Savilian Professor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford afterwards Bishop of Excester and at present Lord Bishop of Salisbury and Chancellour of the most noble Order of the Garter hath honoured and illustrated Astronomy by his learned Labours having published first his Prelection De Cometis wherein the Nature of Comets is discoursed of a new Theory of them proposed and the History of a late Comet which appeared between the 19 th and the 30 th of December 1652. declared He put forth likewise a brief Inquision into the Grounds of Bulialdus his Philolaical Astronomy wherein is detected Bulialdus's Error in the Method of the Calculating the double Inequality of the Planets Motion Geometrically evinced But the Work by which he hath chiefly on this Subject signalized his Name is his Astronomia Geometrica wherein a Method is proposed of Geometrically resolving the Astronomy of the Primary Planets either Elliptical or Circular And having mentioned this learned Prelate we cannot but here subjoyn his worthy Friend Sir PAUL NEILE Knight one of the Gentlemen Ushers of His Majesty's Privy Chamber who by his Liberal Expences great Ingenuity vigilant Observations excellent Erudition and Indefatigable Study for I cannot speak him better than by repeating this Signal Character already given him hath exceedingly contributed toward the Advancement of Astronomy To which may be added his exquisite Skill in fitting and ordering of Glasses for Telescopes thereby discovering many new Phaenomena hitherto unknown to others his not contenting himself with the exact Knowledge of the ancient Systems and Hypotheses but indeavouring a Plus ultrae by moulding and framing New Ones of his own for the future Benefit as is hoped and Improvement of Astronomy if at least he shall be pleased by the Publication of these and other his worthy Indeavours in this kind to do himself that Honour which cannot be given him by this Imperfect Commemoration LEONARDUS DU LIRIS a French-man and a Recollect-Fryar put forth in the year 1655. in his own Language a Treatise entituled Ephemeride Maritime calculated for the Observation of the Latitude and Longitude at Sea with a new Method of perpetuating the Ephemeris of the Sun by which at all times his Declination may be exactly found To which is added the Invention of an Instrument termed La Spire Solaire for finding out at any hour of the day by the Sun-beams the Height of the Equator and the Elevation of the Pole Doctor JOHN PELL sometime Professor of Mathematicks in the Colledge at Breda and before that in the Colledge at Amsterdam where his learned Collegue Ger. Io. Vossius as he testifies De Scientiis Matth. c. 10. heard him with Admiration read his Publick Lectures upon Diophantus by whom likewise he is stiled a Person of various Erudition and a most acute Mathematician published his Refutation of Longomontanus his Quadratures of the Circle in which he hath a Digression or Exercise showing the Errors or Failings of the greatest Part of Astronomers for want of better Knowledge in Geometry He published likewise a little Anonymous Exercitation concerning Easter And he would further extreamly oblige the Learned World by making good what he propounds in his Idea of Mathematicks viz. by laying down such a Method as by that in an orderly way to deduce not only all that ever is to be found in our Antecessors Writings and whatsoever they may seem to have thought on but also all the Mathematical Inventions Theorems Problems or Precepts that it is possible for the working Wits of our Successors to light upon and that in one certain unchanged Order from the first Seeds of Mathematicks to their highest and noblest Applications as well as to the meanest and most Ordinary See his Idea of Mathematicks Printed at the end of Durie's and Hartlib's Reformed School in 12 o. JOHANNES CARAMUEL LOBKOWITZ Bishop of Campagna and Satrianum in the Kingdom of Naples hath written largely through the whole course of the Mathematicks particularly as to our purpose the several Tractates following Pandoxium Physico-Ethicum in three Tomes in the second whereof besides Philosophy Physick and the Law he treats of Astronomy Solis Artis Adulteria in which he treats of Dialling Coelestes Metamorphoses wherein he resolves the Circular Theories of the Planets into other Forms Mathesis Biceps Vetus Nova in two Volumes fol. wherein among other various Mathematical
in the next place to give an account of their Order and Disposition which is the Form thereof According to it's Form the Mundane System is considered under a double Hypothesis either as having the Earth seated in the Centre of the Universe immoveable and the Sun and Heavens moving about it or having the Sun in the Centre exempt from any Motion of Lation and the Earth moving about it in the Solar Orb. And it is worthy Observation as Ricciolus notes that the Two Sects of Philosophers and Mathematicians the one maintaining the Earth's Mobility the other its Immobility have had in the Schools through several Ages like Castor and Pollux alternately their Rise and their Fall For first Pythagoras with some others of his Sect placing the Earth in the Centre of the World makeing use of Excentricks and Epicycles seated the Sun in the midst of the Planets But others of the Pythagoreans retaining Epicycles and Excentricks placed the Sun in the Centre of the World and the Earth in the midst of the Seven Planets Afterwards Plato placing the Earth in the Centre of the World seated the Sun in the midst of the Planets yet so as for the most part he supposed Venus and Mercury to be carried above him whom Eudoxus Calippus and Aristotle followed endeavouring to explain the Motion of the Planets by Concentrick Circles So that they conceived neither Venus nor Mercury moved in Epicycles above and beneath the Sun but either alwayes above or alwayes beneath the Sun After this Others again reducing Excentricks and Epicycles placed the Earth in the midst of the World as Archimedes Hipparchus Sosigenes Cicero Vitruvius Pliny Macrobius and Capella but differed among themselves as to the various Order and Disposition of the Planets Others again as Aristarchus Philolaus and some Pythagoreans removed the Earth out of its Central Position and made it move about the Sun by them placed in the midst of the World But what their Opinion was touching Excentricks and Epicycles they have not explained or delivered to Posterity In process of time Ptolemy reviving the first and ancient Pythagorean System re-established Excentricks and Epicycles placing the Earth in the midst of the World and the Sun in the midst of the Planets Which Opinion continued and was embraced by the greatest part of Astronomers until the XIV Century after Christ though the Order of the Planets were changed by Alpetragius and Geber On the other side Turrianus and Fracastorius retaining the Ptolemaick Order brought in again Concentrick Circles and those more in number by many than either Aristotle or Eudoxus had introduced About which time Copernicus raising as it were from the Grave the Hypothesis of Philolaus and Aristarchus touching the Earth's annual Motion about the Sun in the Centre of the Universe set forth and illustrated the same with such fair and probable Arguments that it hath prevailed with most Astronomers at this Day He made Venus and Mercury with Plato Vitruvius Macrobius Capella and Bede to move now above now beneath the Sun Hence Tycho Brahe and with him Longomontanus took occasion of introducing another System wherein not only Venus and Mercury but also Mars Iupiter and Saturn are supposed to move about the Sun and the Sun and Moon with the Fixed Stars about the Earth immoveable in the Centre of the Universe retaining the Excentricks but rejecting the Epicycles of Ptolemy At length Argolus altering the Tychonick System makes the three Superiour Planets to move about the Earth Venus and Mercury about the Sun seating the Earth in the midst of the World From whom yet Ricciolus dissents making Saturn Iupiter the Sun Moon and Fixed Stars to move about the Earth and Venus Mercury and Mars about the Sun These various Sentiments of the Learned touching the Order and Disposition of the several Parts of the Mundane System as they have been in Divers Ages successively asserted being thus briefly enumerated we shall next give somewhat a more ample Description and Illustration of the several Hypotheses and exhibit withall to the Reader 's view the Schemes of each particular System beginning with the most Ancient that of Pythagoras which is this SYSTEMA ANTIQVISSIMVM COMMVNE PYTHAGORAE PTOLEMAEI ET PLVRIMORVM 1 In this System the Terraqueous Globe is seated in the midst or Centre about it the Elementary Region next above that the Moon then Mercury next above him Venus the Sun as Moderator of all being placed as in a Throne in the midst of the Planets environed not only by the three foregoing called the Inferiour but by Mars likewise Iupiter and Saturn called the Superiour Planets Above Saturn is the Sphere of the Fixed Stars called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Aplane or Unerring by some the Firmament The reason of this System is thus explained by Pliny Lib. 2. c. 22. Pythagoras ex Musicâ ratione appellat Tonum quantum absit à Terra Luna c. i. e. Pythagoras from Musical Reason calls the space between the Earth and the Moon a Tone the space from the Moon to Mercury he will have to be half a Tone as much in a manner from him to Venus from Venus to the Sun as much and half again but from the Sun to Mars as much as from the Earth to the Moon that is a Tone from him to Jupiter half a Tone from Jupiter to Saturn another half Tone and from thence to the fixed Stars as much and a half again Thus are composed Seven Tones which Harmony they call Diapason that is the generality or whole state of Consent or Concord Now a Tone is by some interpreted the same as an Unite or Integer and contains in Measure according to the Opinion of Pythagoras 125000 Stadia according to which Measure not only the foregoing space but extent of the whole System may be computed And this was the first Pythagorean System embraced by Archimedes the Chaldeans Aristotle Cicero Livy Ptolemy Alphonsus Purbachius and the greatest part of Astronomers until the time of Maginus and Clavius The next System is that which is called the Platonick Touching which thus Ricciolus Lib. 9. c. 3. As Discord oftentimes produces Concord so on the other side Concord often begets Discord For between Pythagoras and Plato there was thus far a wonderful Concordancy that they both conceived the Intervals and Order of the Planets ought to be constituted according to the Laws of Musick But from their agreement sprung their dissent by reason the Platonists and Pythagoreans differed in their Opinions about the Harmonical Diastem And as Plato differed from Pythagoras so some of his own followers differed from him as among others Porphyrius Apuleius and Mareilius Ficinus Whosē difference will appear in the following Scheme SYSTEMA PLATONICVM 2 In which in the first place according to Plato the Earth with the Elementary Region is placed above that the Moon and immediately above that the Sun above him Mercury then Venus above Her Mars then Iupiter lastly Saturn In
likewise different and opposite Zeniths What rises to the one sets to the other what is apparent to these is hidden to those The Noon of one is Midnight to the other As to their Shadows they are distinguished into Amphiscii Periscii and Heteroscii The Amphiscii are those who inhabit the Torrid Zone within the Tropicks especially near or under the Equator These have their Meridian shadows at different times of the year diversly projected now to the North now to the South according to the Course of the Sun on this or that side of the Equator when the Sun is in their Zenith they have no Noon Shadow at All. They have two Summers and two Winters The Periscii are they which inhabit the Frigid Zones especially near the Poles of the World whose Shadows are carried round about them upon the Plain of their Horizon The Heteroscii are they which inhabit the Temperate Zones they in the Northern temperate Zone having their Meridian Shadows alwayes projected toward the North Pole those in the Southern alwayes to the South And this may suffice to compleat this Cosmographical-Astronomical Synopsis to which yet for the further Satisfaction of the more Curious Reader we have thought fit to add the Twelve Propositions of Theodosius de Habitationibus in English THEODOSIUS De Habitationibus PROPOS I. TO those that inhabit under the North Pole one and the same Hemisphere of the World is alwayes apparent but the other Hemisphere is alwayes hidden Nor do any Stars either rise or set to them but those which are in the apparent Hemisphere are alwayes conspicuous and contrarily those in that which is hidden never appear Prop. II. To those that inhabit under the Equinoctial Circle all the Stars both arise and set And are moved in equal time of twelve hours above the Horizon and beneath it Prop. III. In every place within the middle Zone the Zodiack Circle is at some certain time of the Day at right Angles to the Horizon of the place For the Circle parallel to the Equator drawn through the Vertex or Zenith of the Place cuts the Zodiack Circle in two Points When therefore the Point of either Intersection is co-united with the Zenith then the Zodiack Circle passes through the Poles of the Horizon and therefore by the XV of the first of Theodosius Sphaerics cuts the Horizon at right Angles and this is done twice in one Diurnal Revolution But to those inhabiting under either Tropick only once in a day that is when the Solstitial Points in which the Zodiack Circle touches both the Tropicks come to the Zenith of that Place Prop. IV. To those whose Zenith is as far distant from the Pole as the Tropick from the Equator six Signs shall at once happen to rise and six to set in one Diurnal Revolution That is to those whose Zenith is in the Arctick or Antartick Circle For whereas the Poles of the Zodiack are carried in the Peripheries of those Circles therefore in one Diurnal Revolution the Pole is once co-united with the Zenith that is the Pole of the Zodiack with the Pole of the Horizon And therefore the Zodiack also is co-united with the Horizon Which Co-union is made in an instant and after that instant the Zodiack is forthwith divided into two parts by the Horizon so that in an instant one Semicircle of the Zodiack rises and the other Semicircle sets Prop. V. To those Inhabiting under the Equinoctial Circle the Meridian shall cut above the Horizon the Semicircle of the Zodiack into two equal Parts when the Points of Contact of the Tropicks and Zodiack come to be in the Horizon and then also the Zodiack shall be at right Angles to the Horizon For the Horizon passing then through the Poles of the Tropicks and the Points of the Contact of the Tropicks and Zodiack shall by the VI. of the Second of Theodosius his Sphericks pass likewise through the Poles of the Zodiack and therefore by tbe XV. of the First â—…all cut the same at right Angles And so likewise the Zodiack shall passby the Poles of the Horizon by which the Meridian also passes From whence the Arches as well of the Meridian as of the Zodiack Intercepted between the Pole of the Horizon and the Horizon are Quadrants Prop. VI. To those inhabiting under the Equinoctial all Semicircles of the Zodiack arise in equal time as likewise do their opposite Peripheries For there every Semicircle of the Zodiack arises with the Diurnal Arch of its beginning but by the second of this Present all the Diurnal Arches are Semicircles by which is manifest the first part of this Proposition the other part is clear seeing not only the opposite Peripheries of the Zodiack but those likewise equally distant from the Equinoctial Point ascend with equal Arches of the Equinoctial Prop. VII To those whose Horizons differ by a more Easterly Position the Stars neither arise together nor set together but by how much sooner they arise to those who live more Easterly by so much sooner do they set For the Horizons of such Places by reason of the equal Altitudes of the Pole touch the same Parallels of the Equator wherefore by the XIII of the Second of Theodosius's Sphericks the Arch from any Parallel of the Semicircle of the Horizons interjected as well between the Places Eastward as those Westward are the same Therefore every Star in a place Eastward by the same Arch anticipates its rising and thence its setting and consequently in the same interval of time Prop. VIII To those inhabiting under the same Meridian whatever Stars are between the greatest of the alwayes apparent Parallels and the Equinoctial appear longer above the Horizon to those inhabiting Northward then they do to those inhabiting Southward And how much sooner they arise to those inhabiting Northward so much later they set But those Stars which are between the greatest of the Parallels alwayes latent and the Equinoctial appear longer above the Horizon to those inhabiting Southward then they do to those inhabiting Northward And how much sooner they rise to those inhabiting Southward so much later they set For to one travelling toward the apparent Pole the Diurnal Arch of a Star declining that way from the Equator increases and to one going toward the Pole that is depressed and unapparent the Diurnal Arch of a Star declining thitherward increases likewise But by collating the Arches increasing on either side that is to say towards the East or towards the West the rest of the Proposition is manifest Prop. IX But if the Horizon's be neither under one Parallel nor under the same Meridian there will follow only an Inequallity of the Arches raised above the Horizon after the manner as before expressed but no Anticipation of risings or settings This as the premised is manifest by reason of the greater or lesser inclination of the Horizon Prop. X. To those inhabiting under either Pole the Sun is carried constantly for six Moneths above the Horizon
Grain into a Bladder and by blowing into it fill it with Air the Seed or Grain will be carried up and remain in the middle of the Bladder After the same manner the Earth being on all sides forced by the Air suspends poiz'd in she midst thereof To which Aristophanes in Nubibus alludes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Great Lord and King Thou Immense Air Which dost the Earth suspended bear See Turnebus l. Adversar 4. c. 17 explaining these Verses of Ovid l. 1. Metam Et circumfuso pendebat in Aere Tellus Ponderibus Librata suis The Earth of a Spherical Form a He alludes perhaps to the Opinion of Leucippus 〈◊〉 which see more particularly exprest in Hesych 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in voce 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 b This is a Noted Star of the first Magnitude in the Southern Rudder of the Ship Argo so called from Canopus Pilot to Osyris according to the Aegyptians or to Menelaus according to the Greeks who landing in Aegypt was by the biting of a Serpent slain and buried near one of the Out-lets of Nilus from him called Ostium Canopicum the place of his burial receiving likewise his Name and growing to a City in which he had his Temple being honoured with Divine Rites and worshipped in the form of a Pitcher or Watring-Pot with a large round Belly as the Deity presiding over Nilus and the watry Element Of whose Contest with the God of the Chaldeans Fire and Victory thereupon see the Story in Suidas in verb. Canop and from him in Kircher in Oedip. Aegypt Tom. 1. p. 209. c To this purpose Vitruvius l. 9. c 7. Uâ—…i Septentriones circum Axis Cardinem versantes non occidunt neque sub Terrâ subeunt Sic circa Meridianum Cardinem qui est propter inclinationem Mundi subjectus terrae Sydera versabunda laâ—…entiaque non habent egressus orientes c. i. e. As the seven Stars or the Bears turning about the Northern Axis of the World never set so the Stars near the Southern Pole which by reason of the Worlds Inclination being deprest under the Earth make occult and hidden Revolutions never rise nor can be observed or known by us in regard of the Earths Interposition Of which the Star Canopus is proof which in these Regions is unknown as those Merchants which travail to the uttermost Parts of Aegypt inform us d To the same effect Pliny Septentriones non cernit Trogloditice Confinis Aegyptus nec Canopum Italia i. e. The Land of the Troglodites and its Neighbouring Aegypt sees not Helice nor Italy Canopus Scaliger yet condemns both Pliny and our Authour as mistaken in the first particular for at Alexandria the Sun being about five Degrees of Pisces under the Horizon both Helice and Canopus are in the Evening seen to rise in the East and were so to be seen in the time of Manilius the Sun setting in the twenty third Degree of Aquarius What is said of Canopus as not appearing in Italy is true e Gassendus in Append. Animadvers in Epicur noting upon this place thus advises Cautè esse interpretandum quod ad haâ—…c rem Manilius habet For those Words Pariter prius post saies he are not to be taken as to divers Moments of time for the Moon at one and the same instant is beheld to be Eclipsed by all those to whom she appears above the Horizon but to be meant of the diversity of Hours by reason of the several Meridians by which means it happens that at the same instant of time that the Moon is seen to be Eclipsed above our Horizon They Eastward of us may reckon the Eclipse at one two or three in the Morning They Westward at nine ten or eleven at Night after the preceding Noon Vide etiam Baltoreum in l. 1. Cleomedis Meteor f So Ovid l. 4. Metamorph resonant aera auxiliaria Lunae And Statius l. 6. Theb. Procul auxiliaria Gentes Aera crepant That Custom springing from the foolish belief of the Antients that the Moon at the time of her Eclipse was endeavoured by the Charms of Witches to be drawn from her Sphere And therefore they made that Noise that she might not hear their Incantations Practised by the Ignorant People even in St. Ambrose his time as we find by his reprehension of that Piece of Paganism cited by Turnebus in Adversar And what is more affirm'd by Bâ—…nincontrius who first within less than two Centuries of Years Commented upon our Authour to have by himself been seen acted upon the like Occasion by his own Countrey-men the Italians The Turks continue it to this Day as Scaliger affirms Plutarch in Ae-milio reports that the Romans besides their beating of Brazen Vessels and sounding of Trumpets us'd to reach up flaming Links and Torches towards Heaven to re-supply the Light of the Moon which they believed by Charms to be extinguish'd Delrius in Senec Tragoed says he hath read that the Indians us'd with Tears and Lamentations to prosecute this defect or Deliquium of the Moon as believing she was then by the Sun whip'd till she bled to which they attributed her dark and sanguine colour Vide Delrium in Commentar ad Hippolyt p. 195. See likewise Turnebus in Adversar l. 22. c. 23 24. And Pincierus in Parerg. Otii Marpurg l. 2. c. 37. g Whether Birds which are generally call'd Genus Aereum and by the sacred Text it self volatilia Coeli may be properly reckoned among Terrestial Animals is by some questioned Ovid Metam l. 1. seems not to allow thereof in his Distribution of Animals Astra tenent Coeleste solum Formaeque Deorum Cesserunt nitidis habitandae Piscibus undae Terra feras cepit Volâ—…cres agitabilis Aer The like Division is made by Cicero l. 2. de Nat. Deor. and in Timaeo and by Aristotle as he is cited by Plutarch in 5. de Placit Philos. To which may be added that belief of the Antient Greeks derived to them from the Aegyptians that Birds were produc'd before ever the Earth was form'd whereunto Aristophanes in Avibus alludes But Apuleius sides with our Authour and ends the Controversie in these words Si sedulo animadvertas ipsae quoque Aves Terrestre Animal non Aereum rectiùs perhibeantur Semper enim illis victus omnis in Terra ibidem Pabulum ibidem Cubile tantúmque Aera proximum Terrae volando verberant Iterum cum illis fessa sunt Remigia Alarum Terra seu Portus est i. e. If you seriously consider Birds may be more truly reckon'd a Terrestrial Animal than Aereal For all their living is upon the Earth there is their Food there their Nests They only in their flight beat the Air But when their Oars and Sails their Wings begin to fail them the Earth is their Harbour But as to this Question not much unlike that which troubled the heads of Aristotle Theophrastus and most of the Antient Peripateticks as Censorinus de die Natal c. 14. delivers