Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
world_n	circle_n	north_n	pole_n	1,821	5	11.6207	5	false

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16189	The light of navigation Wherein are declared and lively pourtrayed, all the coasts and havens, of the VVest, North and East seas. Collected partly out of the books of the principall authors which have written of navigation, (as Lucas Iohnson VVaghenaer and divers others) partly also out of manie other expert seafaring mens writings and verball declarations: corrected from manie faults, and inlarged with manie newe descriptions and cardes. Divided into tvvo bookes. Heerunto are added (beside an institution in the art of navigation) nevve tables of the declination of the sonne, according to Tycho Brahes observations, applied to the meridian of Amsterdam. Together with newe tables and instructions to teach men the right use of the North-starre, and other firme starres, profitable for all seafaring men. By William Iohnson.; Licht der Zee-vaert. English	Blaeu, Willem Janszoon, 1571-1638.	1612 (1612)	STC 3110; ESTC S117230	368,446	360

built although without ground or true foundation A BREEF AND SHORT INTRODVCTION FOR THE vnderstanding of the Celestiall Sphaere as farre as it concerneth the Art of Seafaring CHAPT I. Of the two Poles of the World THe Earth with the Waters making both together a perfect and just round Globe the which all Mathematicians by good and infallible reasâ—ns confirme as also by experience it is found so to be This Globe the Everlasting and Almightie God hath firmely placed in the middle of the world as a center or middle point thereof hath so placed the Heavens as a hollowe Globe with so unmeasurable wydenes round about the same that the distance thereof is equally set and separated from the earth in all places alike like unto the compas of a circle which is equally drawne and separated from the middle point thereof and hath so ordayned that every 24 howres it is caried about the world by the which dayly motion it draweth with it all the heavenly lights as the Sonne Moone and all the starres the which also by that meanes everie 24 howres are carried round about the whole World as it is dayly seen This moveing or stirring of the heavens is performed upon two sure fast pointes that stand directly each against other in such manner as if a bale should be turned round upon two pinnes as upon an axeltree So suppose that you see a straight line stretching out from one of the aforesayd pointes of the heavens to the other like to an axeltree the same is it that passeth right through the center that is through the middle of the earth this line is called the Axeltree of the world and the two pointes aforesayd the Poles or Axeltree pointes of the World the one named the North the other the South Pole Now that this may be the better understood I wil declare it by this figure CHAP. II. Of the Equinoctiall Line THe whole circle of the Heavens is devyded into 360 degrees or steppes whereby by the foresayd Chapter wee may perceave that the two poles are distant one from the other 180 degrees that is half the circle of the Heavens Right in the middle between both the Poles we suppose a circle to be placed which we call the Equinoctiall Line or the Equator and is so called for that whensoever the Sonne cometh to this circle the day and night is of one length throughout all the World This circle is in all places equally distant from both the Poles of the World to wit 90 degrees devideth the Heavens in two equal partes whereof the one reacheth northward and is called the North-part the other southward and is called the South-part as it is plainly seen in the foresaid Globe or Figure where you see the circle E C the Equinoctiall Line standing just of one length from the Poles B D deviding the Heavens into two equall partes as the North-part E B C and the South-part E D C. CHAP. III. Of the Tropikes and Zodiacke THree and twentie degrees 31 Â½ minutes northward from the Equinoctiall Line there is a circle supposed to be which is called Tropicus Cancri or the course of the Sonne in Cancer for that when the Sonne cometh by course unto that circle he beginneth to turne again towards the Equinoctiall And likewise 23 degrees 31 Â½ minutes southward from the Equinâ—ctiall Line there is another circle supposed to be which is called Tropicus Capricorni or the course of the Sonne in Capricornus for that when the Sonne in winter tyme cometh to this circle he beginneth again to turne unto the Equinoctiall These two circles goe round about the Heavens and are equally distant from the Equinoctiall But how in what manner toucheth the Sonne in his course once in Sommer another tyme in Winter those two circles It happeneth thus we suppose a great circle to be in the Heavens wherein the Sonne holdeth his course which lyeth thwart-wise over the Equinoctiall that is the one half northward the other half southward in such manner that in the place where he goeth most northward from the Equinoctiall Line there he entreth into Tropicus Cancri and where he goeth most southward from the Equinoctiall Line there he entreth into Tropicus Capricorni The two pointes or places where he goeth or cutteth over the Equinoctiall stand right over against each other so that both the Equinoctiall and these two circles are devided into two equall parts which pointes are called the one the Equinoictall in Lent and the other the Equinoctiall in Harvest which by the Figure enseweing more playnely appeareth Example Let A be the Earth B C D the Heaven E F C G the Equinoctiall B the North-pole D the South-pole and the Line B A D the Axeltree of the World as aforesayd Then the Circle K L is Tropicus Cancri lying northward from the Equinoctial Line the circle H I Tropicus Capricorni southward from the Equinoctiall Line K F I G is the great Circle wherein the Sonne hath his continuall course lying crosse-wise over the Equinoctial reaching northward beyond the Line to Tropicus Cancri in K and southward beyond the Line to Tropicus Capricorni in I. The Equinoctiall in Lent is F and the Equinoctiall in Harvest is G in the places where this Circle the Eqvinoctiall cutt or passe through each other This Circle is commonly called the Zodiack although the right name therof is the Eclipticke Line or the passage of the SoÌ„ne being the right middle part of the Zodiack for the Zodiack it self is a Circle almost 20 degrees broad that is on each side of this Circle or passage of the Sonne 10 degrees This Circle aforesayd is devided into 12 even partes each part having a proper signe belonging unto it everie signe hath 30 degrees so that the whole Circle as all other Circles doe conteyneth 360 degrees The names of the signes are Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpius Sagittarius Capricornus Aquarius and Pisces and these are placed in this manner Aries beginneth where the Equator the Zodiack cut or passe through each other in the Equinoctiall of Lent and follow in order as aforesayd so that the beginning of Cancer is just at Tropicus Cancri Libra on the other side beginneth where the Equator the Zodiack cut or passe through each other againe in the Equinoctiall of Harvest and the beginning of Capricornus is just where the Zodiacke or Eclipticke Line toucheth Tropicus Capricorni and so forth CHAP. IIII. Of the course of the Sonne IN this Zodiack or Ecliptick Line aforsayd the middle point of the Sonne hath his course without once going out of it passing through it everie yeare once that is everie moneth through one signe and everie day almost a degree Upon the 20 of March stilo novo and the 10 of March stilo vechio when the dayes nights are just of one length throughout al the World then the Sonne entreth into the

measuring with uncutt Staves perfect and right as it should be the fault thereof is not in the Crosse-staves uncutt but in themselves for that they knowe not how to use the Staffe aright nor understand not the true ground thereof Others that will seeme wiser then the former give a reason thereof to wit that the Staffe must be cutte because of the hollownes of the eye for that otherwise the Staff cannot come to stand so that the end thereof be conjoyned to the middle point or center of the eye or sight this reason hath some showe of truth but notwithstanding is alike untrue erroneus for the Staffe may verie well be sett either on the innermost or outtermost corner of the eye so that the sight of the eye may fall to answer just to the end of the Staffe that this is truth we will prove with good reason as followeth Sette the great Crosse with the middlemost upon like degrees to witte each upon such as for that purpose are marked upon the Staffe then applie the Staffe the Crosses so firmely remayning unto your eye in such manner whether it be on the innermost or uttermost corner it is all one as that you discerne the endes of the Crosses both above beneath just over each other in forme as this figure specifieth If then you drawe straight lines by the endes of the Crosses A B and D C they shall meete just in the middle point of your sight And inasmuch as the Crosses are placed upon like degrees the lines aforesaid shall meet just upon the end of the Staffe seeing that that end of the Staffe representeth the center of the quadrant whereby your staffe is marked So then the foresaid lines or endes of the Crosses answer both just upon the ende of the Staffe and also upon the sight so that it followeth necessarily and appeareth evidently that the ende of the Staffe the sight meet in one or to speak properly both of them stand just in the center of the quadrant Therefore whensoever with the Crosse-staffe you wil take the height of the Sonne or of any Starre then observe diligently how many degrees it is elevated above the Horizon and place the two Crosses upon so many degrees then applie the Staffe to your eye in such manner as that you may see the endes of the Crosses just over each other according as is taught before in such forme then as you finde the Staffe to stand to your eye shall you place the Staffe taking away one of the Crosses when you desire to measure according to such height this is a sure rule which will never faile neither can you possibly misse if you follow it CHAP. XV. Of the breadth of the Landes THe breadth of Landes or Countries is no other then the distance or widenes that is betweene the said Landes and the Equinoctiall Line which is reckoned in a double manner that is northerly and southerly to the number of 90. Such Lands or Countries as lye right under the Equinoctiall Line have no breadth but such as lye northward from it have northerly breadth and they that lye southerly have southerly breadth Example The Iland of S. Thomas in the River Gaban in Guinea lyeth right under the Line and therefore hath no breadth neither northerly nor southerly The Cap S. Vincent in Spaine lyeth northward from the Line 37 degrees and therefore the northern breadth of Cap S. Vincent is 37 degrees The point of Lezaret in England lyeth northward from the Line 50 degrees therefore the north breadth of Lezaret is 50 degrees The Cap de bona Esperance lyeth southward from the Line 34Â½ degrees therefore the southerly breadth of Cap de bona Esperance is 34 1 â— degrees In like manner you must understand and reckon other Landes Countryes and Townes CHAP. XVI Of the height of Landes and Countries and what it is THe height and breadth of Landes Countries although that in them selves they are divers thinges yet they are alwaies one like unto the other Any Countrie being situated under the breadth of 30 degrees lyeth also in the heigth 30 degrees which by Sea-faring men is taken without difference but what it is or what it hath in it or signifieth fewe men understand and yet it behoveth a Sea-faring man that seeketh for the height of any Countries to be expert therein for that no man without it can well understand how any Instrument whether it be Astralabium or Crosse-staffe no nor the Sea-compasse it self should wel be used for that these things are al built upon one foundation like a chaine hang one upon the other But it may be that some man will object and say that there are many Pilots which do not well understand such things and yet are able to goe directly unto divers places whither they desire to sayle which I confesse to be true but tell me how many times are they deceived how manie times are they in great doubt and fear and how seldome dare they trust unto the height which they have taken or reckoned wheÌ„ they are to seek out any countrie there by how often tymes hath it heretofore happened that for want of such knowledge ships have sayled out of their way either behinde England or upon France which thought to passe through the chanell between England and France and that in so short and well knowne and common sayled water as to come out of Spaine or France what would such men doe if they should passe the Line and were to seeke or finde out certaine Ilands or that after they had sayled up and downe the Seaes certaine moneths together should then seek out for Lande but I am of this opinion which I knowe everie man will grant that it is much better and more assured to goe a way being guided by his owne eye-sight then like a blinde man to be led by another and knoweth not whether that other seeth well or not but to come againe to our matter touching the height of Countries it is no other but the height of the Pole above the Horizon that is to say so many degrees as the Pole in any Land is lifted up above the HorizoÌ„ so much is the height of such a Countrie and this height agreeth alwaies with the breadth as aforesaid In the 10 chapter it is shewed that wheresoever a man goeth or turneth alwaies the one half of the Heavens sheweth it self above the Horizon and the other half is hidden from us in the first Chapter it is said that the two Poles stand right one against the other whereby it is evidently to be understood that whensoever a man being upon the earth is right under the Equinoctiall Line that then both the Poles of the World lye right in the Horizon one in the south and the other in the north as much as a man travaileth northward from the Equinoctiall Line and winneth breadth northerly so much the north Pole riseth above the Horizon and

reasonable wodden pinne or coper nayle which within must be hollowe like a pipe The other Peece whereon the houres are marked you must cleave upon another board or peece of pastboard and in the middle thereof also make another hole which may goe over the nayle winde about it Lastly make a Ruler of woode or coper as the figure sheweth you with a hole also that it may winde about the hollow nayle but you must looke that the one end of the Rule doth reach or stand right upon the middle of the hole of the hollowe nayle that is upon the center of the whole Instrument The Instrument being thus prepared if you desire to knowe what houre it is of the night by the Starres then set the tooth that pointeth out the twelfth houre in the moveable RoÌ„del where the houres stand right upon the day of the yeere whereof you desire to knowe the houre hold it fast standing in that sorte after that lift the whole Instrument uppe on high bowe the uppermost part thereof so much towards you untill you may see the north Starre through the hollowe naile but you must understand that the Instrument must be holden so that the nether end of the foot thereof marked A B may stand like a water-compas Now when you see the North-starre through the hole then winde the Rule so long about untill that on the right side of the Rule you may see the hinder wheeles of the great Wagon which donne then the Rule will point unto the houre upon the moveable Rondell what tyme of the night it is But if it chanceth that by any lett or hinderance you cannot see the great Wagon then in steed thereof take the middlemost and lightest of the Watchers and do in all pointes as aforesayd but then you must knowe that it will be foure houres and 15 minutes later then the Rule will shew it by reason that the aforesayd wheeles of the Wagon goe so much before the Watchers Here after followeth the figure of the Night-dyall or Nocturlabium CHAP. IX Of the Horizon or the Circle that boundeth the sight VVHere the Heavens and the Earth or the Waters seeme in our sight to meete together that is called the Horizon or the Circle-bouÌ„ding-the-siight because our sight endeth there and can goe no further by our Netherland Sea-farers it is also called the Kimmen This Circle devideth the Heavens just in two even partes so that just the one half is seene by us here above and the other half can not be seene by us because it is hidden underneath us which happeneth in this manner The Earth as in the first Chapter is shewed standeth as a Center in the middle of the Heavens the which by reason of the unmeasurable quantitie or largenes thereof is so farre separated from th Earth that the whole thicknes of the Earth in respect of the Heavens is no more then a pointe or prick or at least so litle that it cannot be perceived by our sight and that which by our sight along upon the Earth or the Water we can comprehend which can not reach further then about three Dutch myles that is tenne English myles seemeth in our eyes by reason the space is so litle to be no other then an halfe globe falling perpendicular upon a plaine so that our sight falleth in the Heaven as if we stood in the middle point of the World and sawe right compasse-wise whereby it falleth out that just the half of the Heavens is seen by us and the other half is not seene by us in like manner as if a man should lay a line over the center of a circle then the one half of the circle is above and the other half is just under All the heavenly lights as the Sonne Moone and Starres by the turning of the Heavens comming above the Horizon are seen by us and going downe under it goe out of our sight CHAP. X. Of the Meridian or midday-Midday-circle THe Meridian is a circle in the Heavens which wee must conceive to passe through both the Poles of the World right over our heads and crosse-wise through the Equinoctiall and to cutte through the Horizon right north south The Sonne touching this circle is at the highest and then it is just noone or the middle time of the day likewise the Starres when they come upon this Circle they are like the Sonne at the highest of the Horizon and right south and as soone as they have past it they begin to go downward againe CHAP. XI Of the heigth of the Sonne or Starres and what it is THe Heigth of the Snne or Starres is nothing els but the distance or space that is betweene the Horizon and the Sonne or Starr it self which to understand perfectly you must marke that we suppose a point or prick to be right above our heads in the Heavens that is equally distant from the Horizon in all places which point is called the Zenith or the Head-point Now seeing that the whole circuite of the Heavens conteyneth 360 degrees and that the just half thereof is seene above the Horizon it is certaine that this point called the Zenith in all places is above the Horizon 90 degrees whether you turne East West North or South or any other way now when the Sonne riseth above the Horison and ascendeth higher and higher from it and commeth toward this point or Zenith wee say that as many degrees as it is ascended from the Horizon towards the aforesaid point or Zenith that the same is the height thereof as by example when he is risen half up from the Horizon towards the Zenith then he is 45 degrees high and if he be risen a third part from the Horizon then he is 30 degrees high and so forth the like is also to be understood of the height of the Starres CHAP. XII How to measure or finde the heigth of the Sonne or of the Starres TO finde the height the Mathematicians have devised divers fitte Instruments wherof there are two that are most to be used at Sea which are the Astrolabium the common Crosse-staffe the use of the Astrolabium is plaine and well knowne unto all men for holding the Instrument by the ring let the Sonne shine through the holes of the eares then the uttermost part of the Dyall counting from belowe upwards showeth how many degrees the Sonne is risen above the Horizon as the former figure plainely showeth The Crosse-staffe is used thus you must place the end of the Staffe underneath the eye then you must remove the Crosse to and fro untill the upper end of the Crosse standeth even upon half the Sonne or Starre and the under end just with the Horizon and then the Crosse will shewe you upon the Staffe how many degrees there are betweene the Horizon and the Sonne or Starre that is how many degrees they are in heigth so you account after those numbers whereof 90 standeth at the end of the

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