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world_n	catholic_a	church_n	visible_a	2,933	5	9.1820	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A96648	Natures secrets. Or, The admirable and wonderfull history of the generation of meteors. Particularly describing, the temperatures and qualities of the four elements, the heights, magnitudes, and influences of the fixt and wandring stars: the efficient and finall causes of comets, earthquakes, deluges, epidemicall diseases, and prodigies of precedent times; registred by the students of nature. Their conjecturall presages of the weather, from the planets mutuall aspects, and sublunary bodies: with the proportions and observations on the weather-glass, with philosophicall paraphrases rendred explicitely, usefull at sea and land. / By the industry and observations of Thomas Willsford, Gent.	Willsford, Thomas.; Vaughan, Robert, engraver.	1658 (1658)	Wing W2875; Thomason E1775_2; ESTC R204119	105,190	225

Planets in their mean motions with the distance of the four Elements from the Earth's centre THe Firmament or 8. Sphere in which the fixed Stars are placed is affirm'd by Astronomers to be in distance from the Worlds centre the Earths diameter 9327 times from the Terrestial Globes superficies 18653 semi-diameters the distance from us in miles 65285 500 the least Star in this Sphere is conceived greater than the Globe compos'd of Earth and Water and that all the Stars of the first magnitude are 100. times as great in relation to their Cubes Under the starry Firmament there are imagined 7. peculiar Spheres involv'd within one another on these the ancient Astronomers did fancy little circles called Epicycles whose centres were in the superficies of those Orbs in whose circumferences they plac'd the centre of each Planet according to its proper Sphere thereby to solve the irregular motion of each wandring Star in their various courses and excentrick motions that point which is most remote from the centre of the Earth is called Apogaeon the lowest Perigaeon the difference between them is termed the mean motion the Planet being then on the superficies of his own Sphere Saturn the highest of all the Planets in his mean motion is in distance from the superficies of the Earrh 10358 1 10 Semidiameters in proportion to it as 31 to 11. being greater than the Terrestrial Globe 22 3 10 according to cubical numeration and is in distance above us in our Hemisphere 36153318 Miles this later age by Telescopes hath discovered 2 Stars that attend him interposing themselves sometimes betwixt him and us Jupiter in his mean motion is in distance from the Earth 3917 4 10 semi-diametrs and is in proportion to it as 12 to 5. and greater than the Terrestrial Globe according to the Cubes made of their diameters 13 8 10 and in distance from us 13711090 he hath 4 Stars discovered that make a progress with him through the 12 Signes but keep no equal distance and do often interpose themselves and us Mars in his mean motion is above the Earth 1713 2 10 semi-diameters and is in distance from the superficies of the terrestrial Globe 5996200 Miles and according to Tycho Brahe the Cube made of his Diameter is less then that of the Earth 13 times and a little more Sol in his Apogaeon is from the superficies of the Earth 1169 semi-diameters in his Perigaeon 1089 and consequently in his mean motion 1129 and according to his Cube 139 times greater then the cube made of the terrestrial Globes diameter and is in distance from the Earths superficies 3951500 Miles Venus is in proportion unto the terrestrial Globe as 6 to 11. and she is lesser then the globe of Earth 6● 1 1 times and in her mean motion is in distance from thence so much as the Sun is or very neer Mertury is held less then the terrestrial Globe 19 times very neer and in his mean motion hath the same distance allowed him almost as the Sun hath in his mean motion Luna in her mean motion is in distance from the Earth's superficies 58 9 10 semi-diameters in Miles 206050 and the cube made of the terrestrial Globes diameter will contain that made of the Moon 's 42 8 10 the proportion being as 2 is unto 7 and so much greater is the Globe of Earth then that of the Moon Vnder the Moon 's Sphere is the Element of Fire conceived for to be in thickness 154050 Miles whose concave or neerest distance from the superficies of the Earth and Water is conjectured 52000 Miles and from the center 55500 Miles The upper Region of the Air being next unto the Element of Fire is suppos'd to contain in thickness 51994 Miles and the concave of it in distance from the superficies of the Earth 6 Miles the Middle Region 4 Miles and the lowest two Miles which is the distance from the Earth to the highest watery clouds and this is the Region of Air in which we mortals draw our vital breath in The two lowest Elements do make one Globe consisting of Earth and Water whose Diameter is 7000 Miles and the whole circumference 22000 Miles and according to this proportion 61 1 9 miles upon this Globe will answer unto one degree in the Heavens but expect no exactness in the dimensions Here I could have shown you a great assembly of various opinions but not assisted with any convincing Reasons or grounded upon undeniable demonstrations as in the magnitudes and distances of the Stars most supposing them for to be in a further distance from the Earth and of greater magnitudes in which proportions I have followed Tycho Brahe but not altogether in their heights Some deny these several Spheres and the motions called Accessus and Recessus others will have them moved by Angelical powers and this opinion is assisted by the great Doctor and light of the Catholike Church St. Augustine lib. 83. p. 74. saying Every visible thing in this World is under the charge of an Angelical power And so writeth St. Jerome cap. 28. On Ezech. That there is an Element of Fire some reject others do affir it but deny that either the Fire or the Air have any morion with the Heavens from East to West Aristoile affirms the Air to be naturally of a hot quality the Stoiks and Cardanus do think it cold Turnebius neither but apt for either heat or cold The common received opinion is that the upper Region of the Air is naturally hot and dry the second cold and moist the lowest Region temperate according unto the place and Season of the year but generally the whole Element of Air is thought to be hot and moist Now as for the two lower Elements Earth and Water as united together they do make one Globe and this assertion generally ratified and unanimously consented unto by the ablest men in all Ages yet something in approbation of this shall be said hereafter But as for the greatness of this Globe it is doubted of by many although not with such dissonant and diversity of opinions as for the magnitude and height of the Spheres and the other two Elements for some do seem to prove by Eclypses of the Sun and Moon and voyages at Sea what part or how many leagues or miles upon this Globe will answer unto one degree of the Heavens the common opinion is 20 leagues or 60 miles and by this account the terrestrial Globe is in compass 21600 miles Ptolemaeus accounts 500 Stadiums for 1 degree that is 22500 miles if the Stadium in Egypt did not exceed that in Italy others will have it 66 miles allowed for one degree and in compass then 23760 miles but I have in this allowed for the whole circumference of the Earth 22000 miles Thus numerous are the opinions of learned Philosophers Geometritians Astronomers Geographers Cosmographers and Navigators and their ways so ambiguous seldome agreeing in any thing often crossing one another that if there

being a Mother 316. Maxentius in the Eastern Countries raised a terrible Persecution putting all Christians to death that he could find and with severall kinds of tortures to force them from their allegiance and service to the Son of God This persecution constrained many to fly their Countries and divers for fear of Maxentius and his unhumane competitours obscured themselves in Caves of beasts in the Desarts where from savage Creatures they found more mercy then from Man But this Christ reveng'd persecuting the Tyrants with Plague and Famine which so consumed many Countrys that they were destitute almost of Men Women or Children until the Emperour had nothing but beasts to rule over and not many of them neither From the Birth of our Lord and Saviour 1346. there happned in that year three great conjunctions of the higher Planets viz. ♄ ♃ and ♂ and these three all in ☌ in ♒ this year produced one of the most universal and destructive Plagues that ever was inflicted upon wretched mortals this pestiferous infection took the original in the East Indies and past over the world no people safe either by Land or Sea the Air being generally contaminated as with a deadly poyson many that year went to Sea hoping by that means to avoid it but in vain for there they were surprised with their whole families this Epidemical disease was so dreadful that it banished all humanity and perverted man from being a sociable creature Friends forsaking their Friends and Alies Parents unnaturally forsook their Children and ungrateful Children their Parents This general disease continued 9. years in several Countreys and was as mortiferous and raging as ever was Plague in any Countrey Some writers affirm how that this Plague began from fiery Exhalations risen out of the Earth whose malignancy infected the Air and from those distempers begot raging Feavers in Men untill the sword made incision of their inflamed veins a remedy worse then the disease Others say this Plague took its sad Exordium from fire that fell from Heaven the most authentick Chronologers record it thus Lamech a City of Arabia now known by the name of Mecha the Metropolitan of the Antichristian Mahumetans superstition in this City it rained Bloud and Snakes the space of three days and nights together the Serpents soon after perished in such multitudes that the stench of their corrupted bodies contaminated the Air in all the adjacent Regions this stupendious storm raz'd Mahumets Temple to the ground and sever'd into many pieces the Sepulchre of that infernal Impostor The next year the Earth denyed her accustomed fruits introducing a Famine more mortiferous then the former these direful calamities not moving man to repentance O incredulous and obdurate hearts but contemning those dreadful judgements were pleased with their enemies fall until they fell themselves Piety expulsed fled into exile while envy and confusion in Arms put the world in an uproar the sword licensed in the hands of Furies making a rude decimation of those who had espaced both Plague and Famine These three last deplorable afflictions were the most universal and destructive that the world ever felt or the Inhabitants groaned under since the general Deluge when in 40. days all living souls were destroyed from off the face of the Earth but what the Ark was fraighted withal whereby to replant the world again and those for many months were wafted over the angry waves that lav'd the Earth polluted with enormous crimes and transgressions of unbelieving licentious men only under the Law of Nature to which brute Beasts subject themselves This Ark represented the figure of Baptism 1 Pet. 3.20 21. And moreover St. Hierome calls it a Type of the Catholike Church the raging storms and tumultuous billows in opposition to one another resemble Herefies and Persecutions the Ark out-lived the fury of the Deluge and so shall the other to the worlds consummation all perished that were not in the first so I need say no more of the last Historiographers conjecture that more Men Women and Children perished in one of these Epidemical diseases then in the universal Flood the World being conceived more populous then in the days of Noah and the continuance much longer many will not believe these being but humane traditions and 't is not strange since they want faith in divine Records whereof some object that if the Deluge were 15. cubits above the highest Hills the superficies of the Waters on which the Ark floated was swell'd up to the middle Region of the Air in which no living creature can subsist besides they make queries from whence should these magazins of Waters be extracted the Fountains of the Earth they conceive not sufficient the Clouds are but thin dilated vapours the Waters mentioned above the Firmament could not descend so low in 100. years without a miracle To their objections I might answer 't was the providence of God which preserved them to whom nothing is impossible being sole Creator and Moderator of the Universe but since an Omnipotent and divine power condescended to make Mans preservation by a humane means humane reasons may be expected for which I refer the over curious unto the learned Expositors of Genesis yet not to leave them in a Sea at last something I will say not positively affirmed but conjecturally intimated only As for their Suppositions the whole Element of Air is held naturally hot and moist and the middle Region cold but by accident which frigid and restringent cause being chang'd the quality must cease and so the Air in general might convert to vapours innumerable and the waters in the Earth peradventure were dilated and so made more fluxible whose Fountains were opened for 40. continued days the Catarracts descending from their overburthned clouds which time to humane apprehension might encrease the inundation to submerge the terrestrial Globe 15. Cubits above the highest hills whereof 't is probable the Armenian mountains were most exalted above the Earths center and as the clouds were exonerated by the waters that fell 't is like this inferiour Air did ascend and assume the middle Regions Sphere and so made apt for all living creatures to breath in The Deluge ebbing Mount Ararat appear'd on whose firm foundation the Ark rested the Waters by an orderly summons retreated some to replenish the Earths entrails and exhausted veins others confin'd to channels of spacious Rivers ample Lakes and Oceans almost unterminated a great part by the influence of Stars might be sublim'd and reconverted to vapours thence rarifying to Air ascend their proper Orbs again the grosser parts sink to their seats of gravity and so will I this being above my Sphere yet pleased in recollecting my preservation past the hope of one in future transports my mind beyond a Deluge the landing Eternity A Compendium of Meteors and Signs observed in former Ages as at this present most prodigious in Nature stupendious to Mortals and portentious in their dismal events THe Symptomes of Natures distempers I have

menacing the subversion of the whole Island all which quickly after came to pass by their own intestine wars and the invasion made by Julius Cesar who subdued it to the State of Rome the people subjugated to the Tyranny of the ensuing Emperours As for the forerunning signs of calamities this Island groaned under there were seen in the Air globes of fire and dreadfull screaks and noises heard to the astonishment of the people Anno 1558. began deformed reformation whose infatuated doctrine was attended with a prodigious and fatal Comet hanging over their heads as a messenger of God's wrath In these times there fell out of the Air such multitudes of strange and monstruous proportion'd flies that for many miles in Germany they destroyed the corn in the fields and all vegetables until with want they died the corruption of whose bodies infected the Air and so begot an Epidemical disease in testimony of the protestation made In the year of Christ 1588. it is reported by Snellius how that at Amsterdam a little before Sun-setting there was beheld in the Air the form of a Seafight which continued the space of an hour where the conquered were seen to flie this was little before the Spaniards proud Armado came insulting into our narrow Seas who presuming of their strength to captive England were by the blessing of God frustrated of their design and put to flight being severed with a puffe of wind and many thrown upon our coast with shipwrackt fortunes craving mercy of us whom they presum'd to conquer under the disguise of Religion when it was to enlarge their Dominions by enthralling us An Embleme of humane greatness and how imbecile it is a story paralleld by Xerues both in their pride and successe Of these portentions apparitions and direful forewarnings of God's just wrath against the finful World there be many fearful examples over-long to be rehearsed in this Treatise so that all of this kind I will here forbear and conclude with those immediately following the death of Julius Cesar Dictator murdered by the Senators in the Senate house at which time there appeared a Blazing Star with divers other prodigious signs of ensuing woe and effusion of bloud which presently after followed For seven nights after his death there was heard hideous howling of Dogs and Wolves neer their great Towns fatal Birds screaking in their Cities Beasts did speak the Images in their Temples did sweat Mount Aetna brake forth with dreadful globes of fire where stones were melted the Earth gap'd Rivers stood still the Alpes trembled armed bands appear'd in the Air Trumpets were heard to sound the Sun pale and wan and almost obscured for a year following and of Cesar's slaughter thus writeth Ovid. Metam Lib. 15. Arma ferunt inter nigras crepitantia nubes Terribilesque tubas auditaque cornua coelo Praemonuisse nefas Solis quoque trist is imago Lurida solicitis praebebat lumina terris Of this writeth Virgil. Geor. Lib. 1. and also Tibullus lib. 2. Ele. 5. Of Parelii Lunary Rain-bows and some stupendious Eclipses of the Luminaries also light nights and dark days Before the bloudy conflict between Cesar and Pompey in the fields of Pharsaelia where blind Fortune was arbitrator which of these two fond ambitious Men should rule the subingated World at that time there appeared 3 Suns or 2 Parelii as if declaring the greatnesse and glory of these two Potentates who were but as false lights for they both soon vanish'd In the year of Grace 1525 there appeared 6 Suns or 5 Parelii all visible at one time Gem. Phri Lib. 1. cap. 8. and quickly after this was Francis King of France overthrown in Battall and of a great Prince made a captive by the Spaniards about this time also many false Prophets did arise Pliny Lib. 2. in his natural History writes of 3 Suns or 2 Parelii that were seen in Bosphorus but neither registers the age nor records the event He mentions also 3 when Lu. Plancus and Marc. Lepidus were Consuls and when Claudius Cesar was Consul and when C. Domitius and Ca. Fannius were Consuls there appeared at one time 3 Moons he affirms also some nights so light as that they were not but in respect of time easily distinguished from the day but what followed he relates not But this happned about the Nativity of our Lord and Saviour who was the light of the World and did disperse the clouds of errour and idolatry which had a long time infatuated the Heathens in their benighted understandings and now to be illuminated with the Truth and this recorded to be seen not only in Judaea but in Spain and other places of Europe Aristotle lib. 3. cap. 2. Mete writeth of two Rain-bows made by the rays of the Moon in the night season these were seen in his days Thimon writes of two Rain-bows seen in the night and both in the space of 3 years Albertus records one in his time the Moon not at full in the Sgn of ♑ the Sun in ♉ ready for to enter ♊ the time of year being about the middle of April the ☽ in the South and the Rain-bow in the North part of the hemisphere Americus who gave the West Indies its name writes of one Rain-bow which he did see in the north part of the Horizon about midnight but very pale Gemma Phri lib. 2. cap. 2. Cosmo writes of one that was seen the 12. of March about midnight the Air clear and temperate this Rain-bow was described with perfect colours as those that we see in the day And Daniel Sennertus a famous Physitian of Wittenberg reports of one Rain-bow which himself did behold about Midsommer-time in the year of Christ 1599 immediately after a direful Tempest of Thunder and Rain this Rain-bow appeared very beautiful between the North and East part of the Horizon by which it should seem 't was after 12 at night Snellius lib. de Cometa 1618 writes how that in the year of our Lord God 1617 and in the month of December the Moon neer the full there did appear a Rain-bow in the night and upon the 30. day of December following going towards the Hague he did see another continuing from 5 to 6 in the evening these were a little before the beginning of the Palatinate wars fatal unto Germany and hurtful to all Christendome Divers portentious Eclipses both of Sun and Moon have happened according to the course of Nature although prodigious and Egyptian darkness too hath benighted us continuing 3 or 4 days as John Stow in his Annals testifieth and that some days in Holland were not distinguished from the nights and divers men in the time of artificial day did miscarry by reason of darkness having lost their ways mistook their Inns and so fell into their graves shortning their voyages to their journeys end And Sleidanus records the like of this in Germany in the year of Christ 1547 in the moneth of April when the Sun was obscured to their Horizon for

the building For the pressure or violence upon one stone the pavements being connext must continue to some end or dividuum that the Air may vent it self The poarinesse of the Earth and volubility of the Air is made by this apparent In a still Evening place upon the ground a Drum to which lay your ear and you shall plainly hear the Air beating upon the Drum representing the motion by which t' was made whether it be Men or Carriages and this may be perceived at two or three Miles distance especially where the Number is great or the Motion violent upon open Plains or barren heaths most of all for the ground being poary in such places where the soyl is dry and hath ascents with hollow hills These sounds will not be so plainly heard at a distance over arrable lands as it will upon any heath because the turffe is as the Skin to the Earth restraining the subtile Air from evapourating forth and by reason of the concavity it contains the more and gives the freer passage Herodotus writes how Egypt was once Sea Seneca lib. 6. cap. 21. does record how the Isle Therasia did rise out of the Egaeon sea the Mariners beholding it the like of Thia in the days of Pliny and now a firm Island one of the Sporades And in the year of Grace 1538 in the fields of Puteoli there was a new mountain did rise neer a mile high from the foot of the hill Mountains and lower grounds have been removed from their places where Nature hath fixed them as you may read in Pliny lib. 2. cap. 83. how two mountains did remove and run together with a terrible noyse as if assaulting or contending with one another In the last year of Nero Cesar the meadows and Olive gardens of Vectius Marcellus were removed over a common high-way and contrary in their motions mutually changing their seats and situations And in the moneth of April An. Domini 1586 the like happned in Ireland where the ground was removed with the trees and all the lower plants growing upon it This shews the Omnipotent Creator as we read in Job cap. 9. ver 6. Qui commovet terram de loco suo columnae ejus concutiuntur The Cities of Hellice and Buris were buried with an Earth-quake and nothing remaining of them but the bare name onely And if Plato may be believed Aeon in the Atlantick was equal unto Asia and now all deep under water the Sea retaining yet the name and it is very probable that many Countries thus have suffered whose foundations have been shaken with Earth-quakes and so subjected to the insulting waves For if the terrestrial globe had been thus divided in the days of Noah how could America and divers remote Islands from any continent have been planted as now they are whose originals the Natives knows not But som do object to this that America might be planted by the North or South parts of the World First it is doubtful whether Greenland be part of that continent or no besides it is unlikely they should seek for a plantation through so cold unhospitable a Countrey that can afford no relief nor any thing but hunger and cold Others do better conjecture the first Colonies might pass by the straights of Magellune and thither out of Asia by Java or into new Guinea but admit it were so it is not probable they carried savage Beasts or venemous Serpents with them to a Plantation but for that beasts might grow wild with running in Desart places at their liberties and serpents breed out of the slime of the Earth as Eeles and other living and sensitive Animals produced from corruption and yet afterwards engender and beget others of their form But it is generally conceived there hath been many more Lands then there be at this present and divers Islands by which at first they passed and now devoured by the Seas and supposed by some that this British Isle hath been severed from France Spain from Asrica Sicily from Italy and Ossa from Olympia Some do inferr how that God promised Noah not to drown the World any more and that He had put bounds to the waters which they should not passe 'T is true but yet part of it may be submerged of which I could instance you many precedents as Rye and other places in England under the Seas irrecoverable their Steeples visible at a low water within this hundred years and those now quite swallowed up with the yawning waves For where these bounds are which God hath placed 't is known to Him and and not to us nor need we care if we serve the Omnipotent Creator Propterea non timebimus dum turbabitur terra transferentur montes in cor maris Psal 45. ver 2. Before the Nativity of our Sacred Redeemer Jesus Christ 374. Brennus a potent Prince whose territories being over-peopled raised a puissant Army to gain renown and seek new plantations in which design he was assisted by the then over-populous Gauls through whose Country he marched into Greece with 300,000 Men as some writes on mount Parnassus stood the City of Delphos famous in those days of darkness for the Temple of Apollo whom those Idolatrous people worshipped whose dubious responses had drawn from all Nations a great concourse of people by which means it was made the richest place of all Greece and by Nature fortified the taking of this City was the sole ambition of Brennus partly by reason of the wealth and partly it being the chief City which being subdued all the other Provinces would easily submit unto his power So this Prince with his multitudes of men Storm'd the City with Fire and Sword at which time part of the Mountain fell down with an Earthquake and overwhelmed multitudes of his most valiant and forward men this calamity was seconded by a violent tempest of Thunder Lightning and Hail which destroyed a great part of those that had escaped the former Brennus sore hurt and in despair of future good with his sword slew himself as it is recorded by Justine This story I have related to shew the judgement of God upon him for his covetousnesse and pride not done as against the worshippers of the Divel but as in contempt of a Deity Proper lib. 3. Torrida sacriligunt testantur limina Brennum Dumpetit intonsi Pythia regna Dei Three years before the Birth of the Worlds Redeemer when Herod was King of the Jews there happened an Earth-quake in Judea by which there prished of Men Women and Children to the number of 30000. precursor of the massacre and number of Infants as some records do testifie In the 15. year of our Lord and Saviour and in the beginning of Tiberius his Empire there were 12. Cities in Asia in one night overwhelmed with the inhabitants and which is more all swallowed up in the bowels of the Earth In the 18. year of this Empire the Son of God as a sacrifice for the World was accused