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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
work_n	bear_v	good_a	tree_n	8,220	5	10.2554	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A43483	The second part of the principles of art military, practised in the warres of the United Provinces consisting of the severall formes of battels, represented by the illustrious Maurice Prince of Orange of famous memorie, and His Highnesse Frederick Henry Prince of Orange, that is Captaine Generall of the Army of the high and mighty Lords the States Generall of the United Provinces : together with the order and forme of quartering, encamping, and approaching, in a warre offensive and defensive.; Principles of the art militarie. Part 2	Hexham, Henry, 1585?-1650?	1642 (1642)	Wing H1654; ESTC R18347	75,268	96

javelings on the one side as on the other so that the Turnepike is alike over all and falleth alvvaies after one fashion as it lies and as one vvould have it Both the ends of these javelings are headed and sharp pointed vvith yron and the ends of the tree are plated about vvith rings of iron that the tree of the Turnepike may not cleave and in the middest of both ends there are rings and clasps made to tye tvvo or three of these Turne-pikes together with chaines if occasion should serve all vvhich is represented in the 165 figure Where there are some Banks near unto a Fortresse or water vvhere Shipping may passe to and again or vvhere a water may be vvaded through there are made pales or Barricadoes represented in the 166 figure which are made vvith Sparres of strong vvood squared out being some 4 or 5 inches big and some nine or ten foot long vvhich are set between 2 great posts about 5 or 6 inches one from another as ye may see in thee 166 figure The fouresquare Tanternailes is a very necessary thing for defence having alvvaies one of the points standing upvvard For they have foure points as sharp as a naile whereof three stands upon the ground and the fourth hovvsoever it lies standing bolt upright They are of divers greatnesse for those vvhich are commonly used in this Country are lesser then those which are cast into a Moate The point whereof 3 or 4 or 5 inches long A Fortresse ought to have good store of them for to cast them into a moate into a Falsebray or upon a Breach because they prick and hurt shrodly the Souldiers feet which strives to enter They are represented to you in the 167 figure Your Dodanes or Beares made of stone or brick are set upon a banke by a river side to keep the water from overflowing or running out of a moat The Dutches cals it a Beare because it represents the shape of a Beare but the French terme it des d'Asnes and of one word corrupted Dodanes that is an Asses backe because it hath some resemblance of an Asses back upon which disobedient Souldiers who committed some notable offence must ride upon some houres one after another which we call in English a Woodden horse and hath the fashion of an Asses-backe Master Symon Stephens Prince Maurice his old Mathematician in his new Booke of Fortification and Sluces makes mention of some great faults committed in the making of these Beares because the foundation which should sustaine and beare up this ponde●ous Work ought to be exceeding strong and foundly laid for otherwise the expence and the labour which it costs wil be cast away in vaine For the preventing whereof he gives good councill to sinke into the bottome of the moate piles or Mast trees bound fast together and of one and the same bignes and length which wil make a strong and a firm foundatiō wherupon afterward you may build your Beare It must be made a good deale higher then the water when the tides or the rivers are swolne up to the very bankes and it must be made so thick that it may be able to resist the force and violence of the water and the stones and bricks so laid and plaistred together that the water cannot eate or soake through it· And because these Beares in moates might serve as a way to straddle over and get into the Towne or Fortresse by at both ends there is two palissadoes set the one upon the banke and the other one either side next the Moate as you may see in the 166. figure before which also is struck into the ground many other small palissadoes of 4 or 5 foot length before mentioned But the top of the Beare is made with a sharpe Edge and in the midst of it a little round turrit to hinder and keepe backe those that would clime over it Sometimes there are made two round turrets when it is made over a broad water or moate the figure 168. will shew you the pouretrature of such a Beare OF RETRENCHINGS OR INWARD CUTTINGS OFF AND HOW ONE MUST RESIST AN ASSAVLT THE ELEVENTH CHAPTER Interiour THE Art of Fortification is not onely of perfect Fortresses provided with all kinde of Outward-workes but also hath besides an other use seing that it teacheth also how one ough to prepare and furnish a Towne or Fortresse with new workes When the others are ruinated This part of Fortification is called in French un Retrenchement Interieur in Latine Recessus and in English an Inward Cutting off because such workes are made to no other end but to make a Retreate into when the others are lost For when one cannot maintain and defend a whole worke or a part thereof because an enemie striveth with all his power to become master of it one must then resolve when he is driven out of one work how he may retire into another and defend himselfe againe against the assault of an Enemy because it would be very hurtfull to defend one selfe when he lies open to an Enemy This Inward Cuttings off is of two sorts the one in Outworkes the other in a Fortresse it selfe Besides it is in Generall or particular Wee wil first handle the Cuttings off which are made in outward works which are the first which an Enemy seekes to take in and afterwards the Cuttings off which must bee made in a Towne or Fortresse it selfe Touching a generall cutting off it is only used in Crown-works Horn-works or Tenailles The same is also of two sorts Regular and Irregular A Generall cutting off is when a worke is made in all things like unto that which is Cut off in such sort that a Crown-worke is made within a Crown-work a Horn-work within a Horn-worke and a Tanaille within a Tanaille Irregular cuttings off of outward works is that which is that which keeps not the form of the worke which is cutt off within yet Neuerthelesse shutteth up the worke with a continued Parapet A perticular cutting off is when a worke is made out of broken workes or severed one from an other in such wise that there is made one two or three Reuelings in stead of a Horn-worke or two Demy Bulwarkes You must observe well touching every kind of cutting off here set downe that they may have a good defence and if it be possible that they may also be defended from some other places and that they lie open to that side which lookes into the Towne or Fortresse besieged A Generall cutting off in Crown-works is done as followeth one fals backward some 20 or 24 foote yea more or lesse according as the condition of the place is and as necessity requires and one maks the work within it like unto the other which is cut off And though his work being cut off is lesser then the other yet it will give an Enemy enough to doe when he shall attempt the taking of it in Your Crown-workes are made commonly after the

change or alter his Countenance but upon the hottest services to give out his orders and directions with temperance and moderation without impatience choller cruelty or emulation against those that are under his command especially those who have gained honour and deserved well which he ought rather to advance and reward which will make him to be honoured loved and respected of all men A Generall also ought to be qualified with these excellent vertues as wisedome valour experience providence constancy authority and liberality and should well ponder and consider the occasion which might move him or engage him into a fight or to give battell to an Enemy he ought to be sparing and a good manager of the lives of his men and not rashly and unadvisedly to hazard his Troupes for he may aswell vanquish by policie in putting on the Lyons skinne and foreseeing all advantages and disadvantages as by surprising an Enemy unawares as by laying hold upon an advantage when their Troupes are in disorder when they are dispersed when they are dishartened harryed and wearied out when they are pinched with hunger thirst and cold and such like casualityes which may befall them Also by seeking to divert amuze and devide their Armie while he keepes his owne in peace concord and unity which is one of the chiefest points of Warre To gaine time and advantagious places to prevent and hinder an Enemy from possessing them and to seeke by all meanes to breake an Enemies dessigne and with all expedition to put his own into execution and to premeditate and to overweigh with a thousand things which depends upon the warre having a vigilant eye upon all occasions for the Art Military hath many difficulties attending upon it and one is not able to expresse the many hazards straights and plunges which befals this profession He ought not lightly to hazard his men either in skirmishes or in a battell unlesse he be forced to it and that upon very good grounds and advantages for having flesht his men in small occasions it hartens and embouldens his men and gives them the more incouragement and assurance of good successe for they perceiving the valliant wise and able carriage and conduct of their leaders and Commanders especially of their Generall this makes them fight bravely and gives them hope of victory A Generall also ought to take the grave Councell and advice of his Chiefes and Commanders and as is said to make choice of the best and yet not to make known his owne resolution for many a brave attempt and enterprise hath been broken for want of Secrecy and if he should reveale it to some intimate friend yet to do it as sparingly and reservedly as he can by which meanes he shall gaine knowledge and experience and in an instant will be ready to lay hold upon such and such occasions as may execute his resolution and there by make him capable of prevailing A Generall ought to take care that his Armie be not wearied out and fatigated overmuch which breedes sicknesses causes the weakning thereof to see Command that the Regiments be well armed duely exercised in all the seuerall motions of warre that Iustice be readily executed to be fauourable to good men and seuere against Euill-doers Offendours It is also the Office of a Generall to giue Charge that the Armie be provided with Victuals amunitions and other things belonging to the warre A Generall ought to speake diverse languages for hauing to doe with sundrie Nations vnder his Command being able to speake vnto them in their owne language this giues a great deale of Contentment Moreouer he ought to be learned a good Mathematician well seene in the points of Fortification and to haue excellent Inginiers about him that are carefull in running the lines of Approches for the preseruation of the liues of men It is requisite also that he should haue good Guides and spies about him to get him intelligence of the State of an Enemie ought to spare no mony that way for the breaking of an Enemies dessigne and for the aduancing of his owne A braue Generall also considers that the force of an Armie consists not in the multitude of men but in Valliant well experienced souldiers Officers which are well instructed and trained vp in the vse of their armes knovves that Victorie consists not in many Troupes but that an Enemies army being stronger then his as hath often hapned by obseruing of good order dicipline choosing of aduantages of VVind Sunne and Ground together with the ready obedience of his men in executing of his Commaunds by experience in their profession they become more bould confident in fight so that an old beaten souldier knowes by heart what his Chiefe Generall will require of him As a Generall should be beloued so likewise he ought to be feared of the two among Cammon souldiers rather to be feared for the most part of them vvil be soner restrayned from doing euill for feare of punishment then for any loue they beare to their Generall To conclude he ought to be experienced in the beleegring of Tovvnes Forts to vievv all places of advantages vvhere an Enemy may most offend him to forrifie his Campe strongly with lines of Circumvalation Forts and vvorkes vpon it to know the site and situation of a tovvne hovv in what manner those vvithin are able to defend it vvith men and munition to cause his Inginiers to be very circumspect and carefull how they run their lines to sap forward to the vveakest part of the Tovvne or Fort which he intends to become Master of vvith diverse other things requisite in a brave Generall vvhich for brevities sake I will omit NOW FOLLOWES IN VVHAT ORDER an Army ought to march in over a Campaigne narrow passages Woods and Rivers HAving shovvne the severall Offices of the Officers of the field it resteth novv to speak something in what order an Armie ought to march The Armie then being come to the Rendevous or being to disencampe from any place the afternoone or evening before the breakeing vp of it orders is giuē out that the Souldiers shal be provided vvith Munition so many dayes Victuals as the Generall shall Command But an Enemy being neere at hand vvhen the Generall vvill conceale thē breakeing up they dravv into Armes silently without sounding of Drum or Trumpet The Generall being attended vpon before his Lodging by the Sariant Majour Generall the Quartermaster Generall the Captaine of the Pionniers and some other Officers The most part of the Armie being dravvne into Armes the Generall gives Command to the cheife Inginier Quartermaster or some other to throvv dovvne the Trench fill vp the Ditch and to make such gappes in it that vvhole devisions Battaillions may march through them After the Trench is cast dovvne the Generall or the Sariant Majour Generall from him gives order that the Avantguards shall draw forth and march a

you consider well many new invented Bridges made with great skill and industry yet neverthelesse they serve for little or no use But your bridges made with flaggs or bulrushes are nothing so chargeable and yet neverthelesse of great use we will shew here in few words how they are and in what manner to be made The matter whereof they are made are called in Dutch Biesen in French a Ionc in Latine Iuncus and in English a Bulrush This rush groweth in Rivers waters Brookes some foure five or six foot high and is commonly found in brook pits Marras and wet places especially by Rivers sides whereof also many times houses are tharcht The nature of this bulrush is to float above the water and are used being bound up in a bundle when boyes learnes first to swimme putting them under their arme-pits This Bridge above mentioned is made with this rush after this manner following when they are ripe and growne to their length then they must be plucked up and well dried and when you would make such a Bridge you must bind up these Bullrushes in round bundles or foure square whereof the sides must be some ten inches broad and about foure or five foot long Now having got good store of them one makes a hurdle of them enterlaced with small wit hs 5 foot broad and 7. or 8. foot long Vpon this hurdle one layes and binds in order the bundles one after an other and afterward one takes two long stakes a little greater then a pike which is fastened to the hurdle drawing and binding these bundles fast one to another which are likewise bound with canvas at the end of the hurdles one fastens at both ends two or three rings made with wit hs , to joyne and fasten the joynctures of this bridge together These kind of Bridges are of excellent use in Seiges chiefely in places where one is resolved to take in a worke upon a suddain enterprise and would not be at the charge of making a Gallery When one is resolved to take in such a work those which are appointed to force it being well armed as is requisite being come to the brink of the moate by the meanes of the Approches which are brought thether they send out before some venterous Souldiers which carrying this bridge launces it into the water and joynes the peeces together withall expedition and while the musketteirs gives fire as fast as ever they can till they have laid it over the bredth of the moat and fastened it on the other side which being done the Souldiers goes over it and strives to enter by all meanes to take in the work as they are commanded But if there be any mine made ready they stay the putting over of the Bridge and the falling on till the mine be sprung for feare of breaking the Bridge and that it might spring backward When the beseiged are resolved to make a sally they may likewise make use of these kind of Bridges all other commodities and utilities necessity the mother of such like inventions will shew you Now for the better understanding of all things touching these bridges above described we have represented them in the figure 159. where you shall see how they are made fast on that side which is to come into the water But they are to weak where you are to put over a broad moat such as are before Townes and Royall Forts over which one must passe before they can come to the Wall for these serve onely for some suddaine peece of service and therefore it is needfull to make use of some other invention called a Gallery which is of excellent use though chargeable and which we will handle in the next chapter following OF GALLERIES THE SEVENTH CHAPTER VEgecius in the 16. chapter of his fourth book describeth a certain kind of work which the Ancients called Vinea and saith it was a work made of plancks ioyned together some eight foot high seven foot broad and sixteen foot long the roofe or toppe whereof was covered with boards and hurdles interlaced together and the sides with Boughes in such wise that it could not be spoyled with stones over which also was laid thick Oxen hydes newly killed or coverlids of hair cloth to keepe them from firing whence it hapneth that we make use of such coverings in our moderne warres for to hinder the force and violence of Gun-powder because they are not so easily spoyled by fire as hath bin said above and these workes being in a readinesse one makes use of them to their advantage When they have made good store of them then they joyne and fasten them together and the Beseigers being blinded and covered under them begin their approches to the wal● and sapp under the foundation of them to make them fall There is no work which resembles more rightly this invention of the Ancients then our moderne Galleries The preparation the use the height the breadth are almost all alike and do agree so together in all things that we must needs confesse our Gallery is no new invention but was in use among the Ancients and which of late yeares hath bin renewed again For if one considers neerly their structure the Vinea of the Ancients was made with timber and plancks and our Galleries for the most part are made with postes and plancks joyned together That had also posts to rest upon for its foundation and this hath also great posts to beare up the weight of the whole work The sides of the Ancients Vinea was fortified against the force of the Balists because they were laid with hurdles and boughs wreathed together but our Galleries are covered with plancks and earth cast upon them so that they cannot be spoyled by Canon The Vineas were kept from firing by the helpe of Oxehides wherewith they were covered and the sides of our Galleries have earth cast about them that fire-works may do them no harme These Vineas served to come to the wall to sapp it but our Galleries are brought to the Basis and Barme of a Rampart to make a mine in a Bulwarke and so to blow it up The hight and breadth of the one and the other do not differ much but it seemes the length is differing though in effect it differs not much For the Vinea the joynts of them being fastned one to another were reasonable long but our Galleries are set up with plancks and posts and as it were makes but one peece joyned together Whence it appeareth that our Gallery is not wholy a new invention but hath been in use of old though in some things it is altered and changed We will now take it in hand and shew after what manner it must be made with all the appurtenances thereunto belonging When an aproach then is brought so far where a Sap is to begin not far from the Town or Fortresse beseiged and that one is sapped to the Counterscharfe then one sees how a Gallery may be put over