Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
work_n	bear_v	fruit_n	tree_n	5,442	5	9.3742	5	false

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A26232	Observations upon some part of Sr Francis Bacon's Naturall history as it concernes fruit-trees, fruits, and flowers especially the fifth, sixth, and seaventh centuries, improving the experiments mentioned, to the best advantage / by R.A. Austen, practiser in the art of planting.	Austen, Ralph, d. 1676.; Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626. Sylva sylvarum.	1658 (1658)	Wing A4234; ESTC R13917	44,554	57

Observations upon some part of Sr FRANCIS BACONS NATVRALL HISTORY as it concernes Fruit-trees Fruits and Flowers especially the Fifth Sixth and Seaventh CENTURIES Improving the Experiments mentioned to the best Advantage By RA: AUSTEN Practiser in the Art of Planting Gen 2.8 And the Lord God planted a Garden Eastward in Eden and there he put the man whom he had formed And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for foode Gen 1.29 And God said behold I have given you every hearb bearing seede which is upon the face of all the Earth and every Tree in which is the fruit of a tree bearing seede to you it shall be for meate OXFORD Printed by Hen Hall for Thomas Robinson 1658. To the honourable Robert Boyle Esq. sonne to the Lord Boyle Earle of Coâ—keâ— Honoured SIR THE Prophet David tells us the workes of the Lord are wonderfull sought out of all them that have pleasure therein and he hath laid some of the secrets of Nature so deepe that no humane understanding can fathom or find them out Yet neverthelesse he gives wisdome unto man who is studious thereabout to discover multitudes of rare and excellent things for the use and comfort of mankind that God in all things may be glorified Every man hath a Talent or more given him to improve for the honour of him that gave it and the advantage of himselfe and others and not to hide it or lay it up in a Napkin as very many slothfull persons do to their shame and destruction Especially of those who have the greatest portions and Revenues in this world and therefore think ther 's no need nor reason they should labour either with body or mind * But Mr Boulton now in heaven hath left a Lesson behind him for such to learne He is saith he a cursed drone a child of idlenesse and sloth the very tennis Ball of Temptation most unworthy of the blessings and benefits of humane society who doth not one way or other cooperate and contribute to the common good with his best endeavours in some honest particular calling or course of life It brings true honour to be Instrumentall for the honour of God and good of others we may take his word for it who hath said Them that honour me I will honour but those that despise me shall be lightly esteemed All men desire a good name which is no way attainable but by obedience according to the Scriptures the truest worth and Nobility is to be borne from above to have Relations in Heaven all earthly honour is but a shadow to it Now I wish for their good such persons would look upon you worthy Sr and set you as an Example and Patterne before them of Learning and studiousnesse in all profitable knowledg your diligent search and indagation into the noble Art of Chymistry as it relates to Vegetables and Animals having already produced many excellent effects and been profitable unto many your study also of other parts of Philosophy I doubt not but â—ill in due time bâ—ing forth speciall fruits And thaâ— in parâ—icular about Fermentation and other waâ—es of prâ—paration of Liquors more especially that of Cider which you are now in hand with It is well knowne how acceptable and profitable it is and hath been for many generations past for the health of our bodies abovâ— many if not any other kinds of Liquors knowne to us Now in case it may be advancâ—d and made much better by Fermentation as there is no doubt but it may then it will be of more speciall and generall use then ever yet it hath been if unto all this be added viâ— to make it of those fruits wâ—ich are knowne by Experience to be the best for that purpose The Learned and incomparable Author Sr Francis Bacon hath left unto men such Rules and helps in all kinds of Learning that thâ—y will be much wanting to themselves if Arts and Sciences improve not very much above what they have been in former ages And as the foresaid worthy Author was eminently seen in all Arts and Sciences so his delight was especially as is recorded of him in Vegetable Philosophy which was as it were his darling delight having left unto us much upon Record in his Naturall Hâ—story some part whereof referring to Fâ—uit-trees Fruits and Flowers I have by encouragement from himselfe endeavoured to improve unto publique profit according to what understanding and experience I have therein I think it would not be in vaine if others who are seene and experienced in other parts of the said History would do the like And seeing I perceive since you have been pleased to honour me with your acquaintance that your Genius is towards things of this nature to promote them in order to the Common good and that I have encouragements in my labours thereabout both as to the Theory and Practise I humbly present these following Observations into your hands and am for all your favours honoured Sr your obliged servant RA: AUSTEN To the Reader COncerning my undertaking this ensuing work I give this Account It may perhaps by some be thought too bold an attemp in me to examine the writings and to recede in any thing from the Judgment of so Eminent and worthy an Author To which I Answer For what I have here done I doubt not but if the Authour himselfe were now living he would approve of it But more particularly let it be considered that those things which I have to do with herein are directly within the compasse of my Calling and course of life about which I am daily conversant And the Author hath given to my selfe and others sufficient encouragement in this Having said in his Advancement of Learning That the writings of speculative men upon active matter seemes to men of Experience to be but as dreames and dotage And that it were to be wished as that which would make Learning indeede solid and fruiâ—full that active men would or could become writers Men that have Experience in things are like to see in the Mysteries and secrets of them more and further then such as have only Notions and apprehensions of them without action and practice It is concluded and laid for a ground That peritis credendum in sua Arte Men are to give credit to Artists in their owne faculty And fâ—rther observe That many of the ensuing particulars are but only Queries set downe by the Author wherein not having Experience he desired further light from it which I have endeâ—voured herein to resolve And wherein I have perceived a manifest mistakeâ— I have for the Truths sake and profit of men discovered it I hope without any reflection upon the worthy and Learnâ—d Author who I verily believe would have encouraged any Experienced man in the like undertaking not seeking himselfe as he * professeth but the Truth in these things for the good of future Generatioâ—s Let

acquainted with them and know their good properties and virtues in reference to Health and Longâ—life they will be more diligent in planting Fruit-trees such as are best and fittest for this purpose As the Pearâ—-maine Pippin Gâ—nnet-Moyle Redstreake and such like whiâ—h make Cider better then French-winds Concerning the manner of making Cider and Perry with the kâ—eping and oâ—dering of it I have spoken at large in my Treatiâ—e â—f Fruit-trees See the use of Fruits pag. 77. Aâ— for Plums it is affirmed that there may be made an excellent wine out of them and also Aquavitae of those that are sweete fat Plumâ— as Musle plums Damsonâ— c. And though the juyce be too thiâ—k of it selfe for that purpose yet water Cider or some other Liquor may be mixed therewiâ—h which being put up into the Vesâ—ell some Honey Yest or the like must be mixed to cause it to woâ—ke It hath beene noted that mâ—st Trees and specially those that beare Mast are â—â—uiâ—full but once in two yeaâ—es The Cause no doubt is the expence of sâ—p For many Orchard Trees well culâ—ured will beâ—re divers yâ—ares together Some Fruit-trees beare store of fruits but once in two yeares and I conceive it to be as naturall so to do as to beare such or such a kâ—â—d of Fruit And others are observed to beare store of Fâ—uits eâ—â—â—y yeare constantly unlesse perhaps in some extreame blastâ—â—g spring which spoyles in a manner all But for many yeâ—â—es tâ—gether eveâ—y yeaâ—e sâ—me are knowne to beare Fruiâ—s exceeding full in the same ground and with the same culture as those that beare but each other yeare so that we see the expence of saâ— in the â—â—aring yeare is not the only Cause that Trees beaâ—e not the next yeare â—â—ter foâ— some that expend as much sap do yet beare the next yeare after as full as before So then let care be taken to â—hâ—se Grafâ—s from those trees that we see by Experience are the best and mâ—st constâ—nâ— bâ—arers and bâ—st fruits The gâ—â—atâ—r part of Tâ—ees beare most and best on the lower Boughes but some beare bâ—st on the tâ—p bâ—ughes Those that beare bâ—st below are â—uâ—h as shade doth more good to then hurt for gâ—nâ—rally all fruits beaâ—e bâ—st lâ—west bâ—cauâ—e the sap tireth not having but a short way and theâ—efore in Fâ—uits spread upon walls the lowâ—st are the greatest To my Observation Apple-trees Peare trees Cherry-trees c. that are good bearers they beare all over alike And generally all Fruitâ—tâ—ees in these parâ—s hâ—ve need enough of the sunne and beare better in the â—unne then in the shâ—dâ— But indeed as to Wall-tâ—ees most commonly we see most fruits upon the lower boughes and * sideâ—boughes And the reason I apprehend to be this Not the tiring of the sap in its going to the top branches for the sap is too vigorous and too plentifull in the top boughes and thence it is we alwaies see the fairest and greatest shoots towards the top of all wâ—ll-trees and commonly of all other trees But the cause why the lower boughes and side branches have usually more fruit then the top branches I conceive to be for that the sap naturally presseth upwards in greatest plenty and runneth forth into shoots and branches Nâ—w natâ—re being so intent and vigorously active in one work viz. increase of the tree in those branches it doth not put forth it selfe at the same time in that other effect of bearing fruit upon the same branches But now as to the lower boughes and side-branches there naâ—ure is at work but in a râ—misse and weaker dâ—gree as to the increase of the branches such grow but little because the sap is somewhat obstructed and curbed by bowing the branches downewards and so does attend to the other work also viz. the bearing of Fruits And the truth of this is made more evident if we consider the same thing in all young trees We know young Apple-trees Peare-trees and the like when and while they grow and increase exceedingly in all the parts shooting forth great large strong shoots and branches they beare but littlâ— fruit or none at all But afâ—er certaine yeares when they grow not so much when they shoute lâ—ssâ— then they fall to bearing fruits more abundantly There be Trees that bearâ— best when thâ—y begin to be old As Almonds Peares Vines and all trees that give Mast. The Cause is for that all trees that beare Mast have an oylie Fruit and young trees have a more watry juyce and lesse concocted But the most part of Trees Amongst which are Apples Plums c. bearâ— best when they are young Pearâ—-trees Apple-trees Plumâ— and Cherry trees if they be good â—earing kinds naturally after they are three or foure yeares growâ—h and some sooner do all beare store of fruits untill they be extreame old and in a decaying dying condiâ—ion And thereâ—ore in planting of Fruit-trees be sure to procure those kinds that are knowne by Experience to be good bearers and good fruits and such will beare well both when they are young and when they are old untill extreame age Were I to plant an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees and might have Trees at hand freely for nothing of indifferent common kinds aâ—d but indâ—fferent beareâ—s I would raâ—her châ—â—e to fetch â—hose thaâ— are choice kinds and speciall bearers one hundred or two hundred miles if they could not be had neerer and there pay deare for them too besides all other Charges then take those at hand for when men plant Fruit-â—râ—es It is not for a fâ—w yeâ—â—es but foâ—sevâ—rall generations therefore take speciall care to have the bâ—st kinds for bearing and for Râ—lish or tast that is the foundation of the work the principall thing in planting Now when fruit-fruit-trees are growen to extreame old age and therefore beâ—re but little this mâ—y be done which will make them as it were young againe for certaine yeares and to beare excâ—eding much fruit yearâ—ly That is Cut off their Headâ— or big boughâ—s not straight over but a slope that so Raine and moisture may not rest â—pon the top to rot it These great Boughes will the next sommer put forth many young shoots which may be Inoculated the same sommer or Grafted the spring after with speciall bearing kinds And these old Bodies hâ—ving young heads which draw sap vigorously will be much refreshed thereby and such trees will beare store of fruits many yeares after the Roâ—ts of Trees do some of them put downâ—-wards deep into the ground As the Oake Pine Fiâ—re câ— some spread more towards the surface of the earth As the Ash Cypresse-tree Olive c. The Caâ—se of this lâ—â—â—r may be for that such Trees as lovâ— the sunne do not williâ—gly dâ—scend farre into the Earth It is true The Roots of Oakâ— Trees and some other kinds shoot dâ—wne deeper into the Earth then Ash-trees and some other â—â—ees May

convert it and assimilate it into their severall natures accordâ—ng to the innaâ—e and intrinsâ—call Formeâ—hat every one hath as was said before of severall kinds of grafts upon one tree The altering of the Sent Colour or Tast of Fruit by infusing mixing or letting into the Bark or Rootâ— of the tree Herb or Flower any coloured arâ—maticall or Medicinall substance are but Fancies All alteration of vegetables in those quâ—lities must be by somewhat that is apt to go into the nourishment of the Plant. Divers Authours in their Books of planting Fruit-trees have given severall directions for the altering of the Sent Colour and Tast of Fruits but none of them from any well grounded Experience Many particulers are mentioned and set downe at large with reasons and Experience against them that men may not be deceived by them and loose their tâ—me cost and labour about such Fancies See pag. 91 92. c. of the Treatise of Fruit-trees But as this Authour saâ—es well The lâ—keliest way to make herbs and fruits Medicinable and to give them a good relish is the often watring of the Tree or Plant with that substance which we desire they should pertâ—ke of for this is certaine and we see it by manifest experience that Plants and fruits of Trees do somewhat tast and partake of the nature and virtues of that kind of nourishment which they continually draw As if Trees grow upon a low mâ—ist watrish ground the fruits will be more spongy and watrish then the same kinds of fruits where the trees gâ—ow upon a dry sandy soyle So if Cabbages Turneps Carrâ—ts and such like grow in a Rancke Soyle full of Filâ—h and Dung they have a virtue and relish accordingly not halfe so sweeâ—e and pleasant as the same kinds growing upon pure moâ—ld or sweet sandy soyle so here If men think it worth the while if they judge it will answer their labour cost and time to water Fruit-trees herbs plants and flowers with Aromaticall and Medicinall substances Infusions of Cinamon Ginger Cloves Mace and such like spices to give a pleasant relish or for physicall respects with Hellâ—bore Opium Scammony c. If they can afford to give them enough from time to time of these things waâ—ring their Roots abundantly therewith why then its probable such Plants will somewhat pertâ—ke of their virtues but as for slitting of their Roots or perforating the body of the Tree and infusing the medicine or steâ—ping the sâ—ede or kernell in sâ—me Liquor wherein the mâ—dicine is infusâ—d these I account aâ— good as nothing not only for that the virtues cannot be communâ—caâ—ed or transâ—used by this meanes but also because though they weâ—e carried to all the parâ—s of treeâ— and plants yet suâ—h â—mall quantities would be indiscernable the effect would be as nothing at all The VI CENTURY IT is a curiosity to have severall fruits upon one tree some early and sâ—mâ— late ripe fruits all sâ—mmâ—r This is done by Grafting sâ—verall â—ruits upon one tree But I conceive the diversity of fruits must be such as wâ—ll grafâ— upon the same stocke not contrary kinds It is true as the Authour saies that severall fruits may be grafâ—ed or Inoculated upon one tree some early and some late but yet as he also observes they must be of such as will take and grow together as many â—inds of Applâ—s upon one tree so of Peares and of Châ—rries among themsâ—lves and the lâ—ke And it is not true which some Authours have written that Cherries and Plums Figgs Nuts Peaches and such like will grow together upon one tree Yet a Book intituled the Country farme composed by some Doctors of Physicke and other inexperienced men is full of such odde conceits pag. 360 361 c. It is a curiâ—sity to have fruits of divers shapes and figuresâ— This is easily performed by moulding them when the fruit is young with moulds of earth or wood â—f severall shapes on the inner side as it is in mould workes of Liquid thingâ—â— let the moulds be made partible in the middle that they may be opened Also Trees or Fruits may be with Inscriptions and engravings upon them by writing with a Nâ—edle or Bodkin or Knife when the Trees and Fruits are young and as they grow greater so the Letters or figures will be more plaine If men be not content with the Naturall forme of Fruits they may if they have so much leasure to spâ—re put them into moulds as is said to make them of an artificiall forme As for Inscriptions figuresâ— and shapes upon Fruit trees that is as the Authour saies performed by scoring through the Baâ—ke with the poynt of a knife in the spring or summer what Lettersâ— or Words or Figures a man pleaseth which as the tree growes will become more plaine and discernable and that for many yeares after I use to make a Letter or two or three or more upon all young trees that I graft whereby to know the severall kinds of Fruits or if any be stolen and found againe they may thereby be knowne And I have perceived the Letters plainely Nine or Ten yeares after or more But as for the prescriptions of some Authours about these things they are vaine and ridiculous who direct to write upon the kernellâ— of seeds that we sow and set and upon the Buds that we inoculate what letters or shape we please and the fruits coming thereof will have the samâ— upon them See hereof Treatise of Fruit-trees pag. 97. You may have Trees apparelled with Flowers or herbs by boring holes in the bodies of them and putting into them good mould and setting slips or â—owing seeds therein those Roots of a more Ligneous nature will perhaps incoâ—porate with the tree it selfe This is a Curiosity indeed which may be done as the Authour saies by mâ—king hâ—les in Trees and putting in good mould care must be taken to make them slopewaies with the bottome downewards that so both mould and moisture may keepe in them about the Roots of things that are set But yet I should be loath to spoyle a good tree thus for it must needs make it rot and perish in a certaine time howsoever for one or two of indifferent kinds it may raâ—her be admitted for satisâ—action in this Curiosity Beauty in Flowers is their preheminence It is observed that Gilly-flowers Violets c. that are coloured if they be neglâ—cted and not watred nor nâ—w moulded nor traâ—splanted will turne white And its probable that the white with much culturâ— may turne colourâ—d I doubt not but that the Flowers aforementioned and diverâ— oâ—her â—inds will not only lâ—oâ—e the beauty of their Coloâ—rs if they be not sometimes removed into new and bâ—tter mould but also that they will in time change from double to single or else be much â—malâ—r then they will be in frâ—shâ— strong mould Therefore every oâ—her yeare at least let

nourishment and that left will turne to fruits Thirdly Bend downewards the branches and fasten them to the wall with their tops as low as may be this obstructs and restraines the excessive â—â—sing of sap which rising moderâ—tely turnes to fruiâ—â— But if the Trees are Naturally bad bearers if barren upon that account then there is no remedy for such but grafting them agâ—in with Grafts taken from some good bearing kinds which are knowne by yearely experience to beare fruits well It hath beâ—ne set downe by one of the Ancients that two twiggs of severall Fruit-trees flatted on the sides and bound together and set thâ—y will come up in one stock And that Vines of red and white grapes slatted and bound togâ—ther will beare Grapes of severall colours upon one branch Alâ—o the shoots of divers seeds will incorporate And that young trees of severall kinds set contiguous will incorporate These and such like are prescribed in order to the compounding of Fruits Concerning compounding or mixing of divers kinds of fruits whereof to make one new kind these things before mentioned and many such like have beene prescribed by Ancient Authours which are of the number of those things (a) Sr Francis Bacon accounts meere imaginations and conceits without any ground or light fâ—om Experiâ—nce He saies (b) elsewhere That many things have beene rashly and with little châ—ice or judgment receivâ—d and registred as appâ—ares in the writings of divers Authours which aâ—e eveâ—y where fraâ—ght and forged with fabulous reports and those not only uncertaâ—â—e and untryâ—d but notoriously untrue to the great derogation of Naturall Philosophy with grave and sober men As for those things before mentioned they can never effect what is promised to produce compound fruits For we see by continuall Experiencâ— that Grafts and Buds though never so small set upâ—n stâ—cks of different kinds do hold their owne and kâ—epe their kinds and so it would be if two long shoots were united or three or many if it were possible to make them incorporate and become one body yet they would retaine every one their owne nature and bring forth each its owne kind of fruit without commixture If any man desire to be set on work about these things he may have pâ—escriptions enoâ—gh out of a certaine Book entituled the Country Farme pag. 360 361 362 363 364 365 c. For more full satisfaction about which and all of that nature see my Treatise of fruit-Fruit-trees pag. 91 92 93 c. where these things are spoken to largely But if the thing be possible in Nature to mix and compound fruits the likeliest way that I apprehend is this which I hâ—ve upon tryall but is not yet come to an issue viz To graft one fruit upon another many times over every yeare a dâ—fferent kindâ— so that we keepe still to those kinds that will grow together As first to graâ—t a Crab tree neere the ground with some good kind of Apple graft and the next yeare to graft that agâ—ine a handfull or two above where the first was grafted and the next yeare to graft that second graft and the fourth yeare to graft that third graft a handfull or two above where it was grafted and thus every yeare to set graft upon graft for divers yeares together this probably may make some alteration and commixture in the top branch and its fruit although it be true that every graft keepâ— his owne nature yet so as that it receives some small alteration from the stoâ—k as hath beene said Now the sap arising and passing thâ—ough so many kinds of stocks as before up into the top branches this if any thing I conceive will have an influence into the fruit of the last graft to cause some commâ—xture more oâ— lesse in the fruit the sap passing through so many kinds of stocks Thus as of many kinds of Apples together so also of Peares among themselves and of Cherries and Plums among themselves but as for mixing contrary kinds Apples Peares Cherries Plumâ— c. all together as some prescribe there is no hope nor possibility of any advantage thereby All Plants that draw much nourishment from the earth and exhaust it hurt all things that grow by them as Ash-trees Coleworts c. And where Plants of severall natures which draw severall juyces are set together there the neerenesse doth good As Rue by a Fig-tree Garlicke by a Rose-tree c. It is true indeed That all Trees and Plants that draw much nourishment from the earth are no good neighbours to any thing that growes neere them because such make the earth barren in which plants must needs grow poorely But that severall kinds of Plants draw severall kinds of juyces out of one and the same soyle I much question as that bitter plants Rue Wormwood and the like draw the bitter juyce of the earth and the sweeter kinds as Roses Flowers c. draw the sweeter juyce For can it be immagined that there are so many kinds of juyces in the earth as there are severall kinds of Trees and Plants so that every one should draw only its proper and peculiar nourishment May it not upon better grounds be said that many Trees and Plants growing neere together in a piece of ground though they draw all of them one and the same juyce yet they convert assimilate the same every one into its owne specifique nature We see that in a little Garden where there are it may be divers hundreds or thousands of distinct Plants Trees Flowers Herbs and Simples they growing all upon one and the same soyle do convert the juyce and fatnesse of it into their severall natures by the same Law in Nature as severall kinds of Grafts upon one Tree drawing one and the same Sap do turne that one kind of nourishment into their severall natures whereby they bring forth as we see by experience distinct and severall kinds of Fruits made of the same single juyce or sap of the Tree whereon they all grow this they would do if there were all or many kinds of Apples grafted upon one great Crab-tree and so of Peare-trees Cherry-trees and the like upon their owne kinds though multitudes of distinct kinds of grafts draw one and the same sap yet every one changes it into its owne nature and why should it not be so also with severall plants drawing one and the same juyce out of the earth So that I cannot conceive that those things mentioned or the like if try'd would succeed to the purpose viz That Rue set by a Fig-tree will make the Figs tast sweeter or Garlike set by Rose-trees will make Roses smell sweeter or sorrell set by Rasps will make the Rasps sweeter and the like because severall or contrary kinds of Plants meete not with severall kinds of juyces in the same Soyle shâ—ll we think there are hundreds or thousands of severall juyces in one Garden though they draw the same juyce they

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