Selected quad for the lemma: word_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
word_n	proper_a	sense_n	signification_n	2,806	5	9.7840	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A46913	The scholars guide from the accidence to the university, or, Short, plain, and easie rules for performing all manner of exercise in the public school viz. rules for spelling, orthography, pointing, construing, parsing, making Latine, placing Latine, variation, amplification, allusion, imitation, observation, moving passion : as also rules for making colloquys, essays, fables, prosopopæia's, characters, themes, epistles, orations, declamations of all forts : together with rules for translation, variation, imitation, carmen, epigrams, dialogues, eccho's, epitaphs, hymnes, anagrams, acrostichs, chronostichs, &c. / by Ra. Johnson ...	Johnson, Ralph.	1665 (1665)	Wing J786; ESTC R2152	24,605	48

it cast it back to the last place as 3 vitam-tuam-suppliciis-justis-debitisque-ere-ptam 2 fugae 1 mandato 6. Relatives and Interrogatives cross this order being taken before the Verb which they should follow as 1 Quantum 1 quisque 4 suâ 1 nummorum 3 servat 4 in-arcâ c. 7. A Parenthesis or Subjunctive sentence must be construed alone and taken where the sence gives best room sometimes in the beginning but most usually after the Nominative case 8. Be sure in construing ever to avoid non-sence and breach of Grammar rule RVLes for construing Rhetorically 1. Give every Phrase or Proverb a suitable English one and construe the whole Phrase or Proverb together as Sator hominum atque deorum Jupiter Ad graecas calendas at latter Lammas 2. When a word hath various significations chuse that which may best express the sence as colere Deum to worship God colere parentes to honour ones parents colere sylvas to haunt the woods colere agros to till the fields c. 3. Be carefull to express terms of Art by proper English terms as viscera nudant they panch vela dabant ventis they hoised up sails 4. Resolve Infinitive moods and words put absolute as te venisse that thon art come Me duce when I am Caplain interjecto tempore after a certain time Saturno rege while Saturn ruled 5. Express Impersonals and Passives with their casual words Personally and Actively as tibi licet thou mayest vivitur ex rapto men live by plunder 6. Always endeavour to carry on a proper English style chusing such expressions as may best fit the matter in hand RVLES for parsing 1. Read over the sentence distinctly find the Verb and so the Nominative case 2. Enquire by your Rules what Declension Number Gender Person Species Figure your Nominat is of 3. Enquire of what Conjugation the Verb is what it maketh in the Perfect tense what in the Supine what Mood Tense Number Person as also what kind Species and Figure 4. Take next the casual word of the thing govern it on the next word before which cannot be lest out but destroy the sence 5. Do the like in order with the other casual words according to their nature and rule 6. When you have a Relative put ille in the same case and you may see its Government by construing the Sentence as cui similem non vidi non vidi similem illi 7. When you have an Adjective search what Declensions it is of what Species what Degree of Comparison and what is its Substantive unless it be put absolute in the neuter Gender for then it hath none 8. In Parsing all words be sure to enquire for the Radix whether it be Latine or Greek RVLES for making Latine Grammatically Praecognita 1. Learn to know of what parts any Sentence propounded doth consist viz. the Nominat Verb and casual words with what depends on them 2. Learn to know and distinguish by the sence and signs all sort of casual words viz. of the thing person place time cause crime space instrument price c. and what case they are used in with the Exceptions Rule 1. Read over the Sentence and if there be a Vocative case or any thing in stead thereof make that first 2. Find out the Nominative see what number it is of put it in that number and write it down 3. If any thing depend on the Nominat as Gen. case Adjective Gerund or Subjunctive sentence make that first Then 4. Come to the Verb finde what mood and tense it is from it in that mood and tense according to its Conjugation and put it in the same Number and person the Nominative case is 5. Make next the Infinitive mood Gerund Supine Adverb or what else doth depend on the Verb. 6. Put the casual word of the thing in the Accusat case the person in the Dat. the rest according to your Rules 7. If you have a Verb or Adjective which will properly Govern a case such as satago memini opus utor natus c. be carefull to put the right case after it 8. When you doubt what case any Noune or Verb will govern if Grammar will not determine consult with some Author or the Dictionary Cowper Thomas c. 9. When you have a relative ask the question who or what and thereby find the antecedent and therewith make it agree in Gender and Number and if it be not the Nominat to the Verb make it such case as the Verb or other word whereof it doth depend will govern RVLES for making Latine Rhetorically 1. In reading Authors mark out and remember all Latine Phrases that so when you meet with any English Phrase you may render it in proper Latine 2. When you have an English Phrase and know not a Latine one for it turn your phrase into Latine according to the sence not the words as I will not deal doubly say Non utar fraude malâ not non agam dupliciter 3. Care not to render a sentence word by word but change it so as the Latine may be handsomest and most agreeable to a Latine style as he must needs grieve that 's wrong'd non potest non dolere qui laesus est or fieri non potest quin doleat cui fit injuria 4. The Latine tongue loves Verbals Participials Gerundives and Participles of the future in rus Est mihi oblectamento Rather than Me oblectat Ad emendas merces Vt emeret merces Redempturus filiam Vt redimeret filium 5. When the English sets the Preposition at the end of the sentence or after the Verb in Latine set it in composition before the Verb as pull me out Eripe me get thee away Eripe re● cast thy eye back retorque oculum 6. Remember to cast away quòd or ut turning the Verb into the Infinitive mood to make Ablative cases absolute by casting away Dum cùm quando si postquam quanquam to express Actives sometimes by Passives and Personals by Impersonals to make have by est or suppetit and to observe such other Grammar rules as have most Elegancy as Gaudeo te venisse Rather than Gaudeo quòd venisti Appetente hieme Cùm appeteret hiems Laudatur ab omnibus Omnes laudant Miserè vivitur Miserè vivunt Rerum suppetit usus Habet usum rerum RULES for placing Latine 1. Read the best Authors by periods vivâ voce thereby their stile will be secretly instilled into your minds 2. Avoid the craggy concourse of many Consonants and the gaping of many Vowels temper one with the other so as a Vowel ending the next word may begin with a Consonant vice versâ as Quousque tandem abutere patientiâ nostrâ Catilina 3. Place the word last wherein the Emphasis of the sentence doth lie as Caesare fortiorem legimus neminem So in the Example next above Where these Rules permit 4. Place the casual word first the Nominat in the middle and the verb last

par ratio in the offence committed A Lege by a Law or custom either from the letter or the sence of the Law 3. A Quantitate by exaggerating the offence committed 4. A Comparato by comparing what was committed with what was omitted and shewing the hainousness of the one above the other We disprove by the same heads viz. Defining otherwise Interpreting the Law otherwise exaggerating the requisite omitted c. 3. Declamations Qualitative 3. A Declamation Qualitative is when we enquire concerning the quality of an Action whether profitable or unprofitable just or unjust c. These are 1. Negotiall 2. Juridiciall 3. Legall 1. Negotiall wherein we deliberate concerning matters publick or private We perswade to any enterprize from these heads 1. A legitimo from Law or Custom Humane or Divine 2. Ab aquo from what may advantage Divine Worship Parents Citizens c. 3. Ab utili from getting or keeping what is good or shuning what is evil or on the contrary loss or damage if we neglect 4. A necessario when the matter is such that we cannot be without it 5. A jucundo from what may bring pleasure delight and contentment 6. A possibili whence we prove the thing possible and facile or excuse the difficulty from the advantage to be got thereby 7. A glorioso whence we shew what glory and honour we shall thereby get or keep 8. Ab eventu whence we shew that however the matter fall out the end will be profitable or honourable 2. Juridiciall wherein we plead the lawfulness or justice of a past action viz. 1. A naturâ that it is according to the Law of Nature 2. A Lege that it is agreeable to the Laws of God or men 3. A consuetudine that it is according to the custom of men or nations 4. A judicato that there have been former precedents of like nature 5. Ab aequitate that it is according to equity or equall dealing 6. A pacto that it is according to covenant or former agreement But if the cause cannot be defended from these heads then we must make use of Colours viz. 1. A comparatione wherein we compare the fact with a worse whereunto we should otherwise have been necessitated 2. A relatione wherein we lay the blame upon the person injured aggravating the provocation 3. A remotione wherein we lay the blame upon some other person or thing commanding provoking or forcing us 4. A purgatione wherein we do not defend the fact but excuse our will laying the blame upon necessity fortune or ignorance bringing instances of like offences excused 3. Legall wherein the state or cause especially consists in the meaning of a Law here are four cases considerable 1. De scripto sententiâ when the one party stands upon the words the other upon the Sence of the Law or contract In this case The former shall alledge 1. How dangerous it is to depart from the letter of the Law 2. That we ought to follow what is briefly and plainly written and that if the Law-giver meant any thing further he would have added it 3. He shall bring a reason to prove that no further was meant 4. He shall add like examples or adjudged cases The other party shall alledge 1. That the Law-giver thought not needfull to write what every one did of himself see 2. That it is a cavillers part to stand upon the Apices of the letter and neglect the sence 3. He shall confute the other opinion from some other clause of this Law or from some other Law 4. He shall shew that his opinion is according to nature and Law 5. He shall bring examples of Laws where the Sence not the words have prevailed 2. Contrariarum legum when two Laws or two Clauses of one Law seem contrary in this Case if the Laws cannot be reconciled then the less must yield to the greater 1. Humane Laws yield to Divine 2. Old Laws to new 3. Permissive to Preceptive 3. Generall to perticuler 4. Private to Publick 3. Ratiocinationis when there is no perticuler Law in the Case but we gather the cause by likeness from some other Law Here the one party will alledge that the matter is either virtually contained in the Law or that which is less necessary The other party shall shew that there is not par ratio and bring a reason why and where they are unlike 4. Ex ambiguo when the question is with what Accent a word is to be read or whither a word is to be referred or in what signification to be taken In this case both the parties shall indeavour to prove that his cause is manifest or at least not absurd that it is equall and good agreeable to Law or custom and refute the other opinion 4 Declamations Quantitative 4. A Quantitative Declamation is wherein we enquire of the hainousness of an offence viz. Whether of two crimes is the greater and this is proved 1. Ratione animi depravati when the offence is committed upon light eauses 2. Ratione noxae when the Damage is greater as to kill is more then to rob or defame 3. Ratione patientis when the injured person cannot have justice or hath therefore grievously punished himself as Lucretia 4. Ratione agentis as if one offended alone or first or with few or often or occasioned a new Law or Punishment 5. Ratione adjunctorum as if one commie an offence on set purpose or ungratesully or if many injuries be involved in one 6. Ratione violati juris as when the written Law is violated we shall alledge that he who transgresseth Laws which are punishable how much rather would he if there were no Law or punishment so when an unwritten Law is transgressed we shall say it is a token of a worse disposition POETICAL EXERCISES RVLES for making a Verse 1. When you can perfectly scan and proove a Verse learn to put in meeter any Verse displaced the same words being retained 2. Upon any common place as Vertue Learning Love War c. bethink a Sentence consisting of three or four words for each word write down what Synonyma's you know out of which cull out a Verse Or seeking the principall words in Thesaurus Poeticus from thence piece up a Verse 3. If a word at any time be awanting to make up the measure chuse out of Textors Epithets a proper and sutable Adjective 4. Be carefull to express your sentence in a Poetical manner using much the Tropes especially Metonymia Metaphora and Periphrasis The vertues and vices of a Verse 1. The greatest excellency of a Verse is when the sound of the words or letters doth resemble the thing signifyed as vordt aequore vertex Multum ille terris jactatus alto Vna Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque procellis c. Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum 2. Gravity Majesty Slowness require Spondees Lightness and Swiftness are expressed by Dactyls otherwise let the feet be mixed as Olli

subridens respendit ore Latinus Ea lapsa repente ruinam Cum soritu trahit Danaum super agnima c. 3. Use a Sponde in the first place seldom and a Monosyllable in the last place never unless to express Gravity Majesty or Wonder as Magnum Jovis Incrementum Parturiunt Montes nascetur ridiculus mus 4. Verses run most pleasantly when no seet end a word as Infandum regina jubes renovare dolorem 5. Let no verse end in a Fentasyllable nor three Dissyllables such as Ambubaiarum collegia Pharmacopolae Semper ut inducar blandos offers mibi vultus 6. Shun too many Collisions or Elisions such as Belli ferratos postes portasque refregit Monstrum horrendum informe ingens cui lumen ademptum 7. Versus leonimi viz. such as Rhime one part to another are absurd as O fortunatam natam me consule Romam E re terrenâ premanant mille venena 8. In a Pentameter never suffer an Elision betwixt the Penthimimers Nor end otherwise then in a Monosyllable And let the former Penthimimer end a word For these are absurd Non desistere am are omnia si facias Deliciae populi qui fuerint Domini Hac quoque nostra sententia mentis erat 1. TRANSLATION Translation is when we turn Latine Verse into English or Greek contra one sort of Verse into another or Prose into Verse RVLES 1. In all sorts of Translation be carefull to express the Sence clearly and intelligibly 2. Ty not your self to the words but take liberty to vary the expression so as may best accord with the Phrase and terms of the Language into which you translate 3. Where the Poet is obscure you may enlarge where he is prolix you may contract so will your Translation be concise and easily understood 4. Endeavour as much as may be to apply the proper terms of Art belonging to any Subject you Translate 2. VARIATION Variation is when we express the same thing divers ways either in the same or divers kinds of Verse See above Rules of Variation 3. IMITATION Imitation is when we take some choice passage of a Poet and endeavour to imitate it in all the Excellencies of matter arguments order parts phrase style flowers c. See the Rules of Imitation See also Hornes Manuduct pag. 105. 4. CARMEN Carmen is a Paper of Verses made upon some common place and hath like parts with a Theme ut supra onely you must be carefull to express the matter in a Poeticall manner and dress using much the Tropes and Figures especially Perlphrasis Metonymia Metaphora Exclamatio c. 5. EPIGRAM An Epigram is a short but witty Poëm facetiously expressing the nature or quality of an action thing or person RVLES for making Epigrams 1. An Epigram must be short comprized within a Distich or two or three at most 2. Every Epigram must have a fancy which is as it were its soul the deeper or richer this fancy is the worthier is the Epigram The heads from whence the fancy of Epigrams is fetched are these and the like 1. A comparatione when comparing one thing with another we do wittily suddainly unexpectedly with admiration conclude 1. A greater from a less 2. A less from a greater 3. Equall from Equall 4. Divers from Divers 5. Contrary from Contrary 6. Like from Like c. Exempla Epigrammatum ubi concluditur 1. Majus Ad Trajanum Tanta tibi est recti reverentia Caesar aequi Quanta Numae fuerat sed Numa pauper erat Ardua res haec est opibus non tradere mores Et cum tot Craesos viceris esse Numam 2. Minus De Julio Caesare Spectat Alexandri picta ut certamina Caesar Ast ego nondum aliquid gessi ait illacrymans Quod si Alexander spectasset Caesaris acta Dixisset Persas vincere pigritia est 3. Aequale Columba Columbus Primus aquis terram refluis emergere pinguem Nuntius apperiens ipsa columba fuit Lapsis qui primus tellurem comperit undis Nuncius apperiens ipse Columbus erat 4. Diversum Quid novi Nil ait esse novum Salamon sub sole Columbus In veteri mundum repperit esse novum 5. Contrarium In Haereticos Aurùm Virgilius è stercore colligit Ennî Ex auro stercus colligit Haereticus 6. Simile Eclipsiis animae Vt solem tellus lunamque stat inter opacam Stat peccatum inter meque deumque meum 1. Ab allusione when we allude 1 To some History 2. Proverb 3. Gnome 4. Maxime 5. Term of Art 6. Custom of a Person or Nation 1. Historia Ulysses Penelope Mors nobis velut Vxori subrepsit Vlysses Vivimus ut telam texuit ille suam 2. Proverbium Spiritus Sanctus Vt semper veniunt ad candida tecta Columbae Ingreditur Sanctus candida corda Deus 3. Gnome Medicus Juris consultus Dat Galenus opes dat Justinianus honores Dum ne sit patiens iste nec ille cliens 4. Axiôma Generatio unius est corruptio alterius Ut genereut unam confuso semine prolem Corpora corrumpunt vir mulierque duo 5. Vox artis A centro ad circumferentiam A centro ad circum non unica binea ducit A terra ad Caelum fert tamen una via 3. A Paranomasiâ 1. When we play upon the Etymology of a Proper name 2. When the proper name is the same with a common or Appellative whence we observe some likeness or unlikeness 3. When by a small change of a letter or Syllable the Sence is changed 4. When a word is taken in divers Sences Examples 1. Etymologia Erasmus Quaritur unde tibi sit nomen Erasmus er as-mus Sin sum Musego te judice summus ero 2. Proprium Appellat Gallus Ex gallo capo fit fierent sl quique capones Galli nonne foret Gallica rara lues 3. Mutatio Syll. Podagra Chiragra Litigat podagra Diodorus Flacce laborat Sed nil patrono porrigit haec Chiragra est 4. Diversi sensus Sanguine non virtute Antiquum est virtute decet non sangnine niti Non meritis tamen at sanguine nitar ego Non inquam virtute decet sed sanguine niti Non virtute me â sanguine Christe tuo 3. Those Epigrams are the richest which have a double or triple fansie as Opto poto Anagramma Opto tibi multam nullam tibi poto salutem Est potior pot â sicca salute salus 6. DIALOUE A Dialogue is a short pithy and witty Discourse betwixt two or more persons RVLES for making Dialogues 1. In all Dialogues we must especially observe the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or decorum of the speakers viz. When what how much How or after what manner they ought to speak 2. The choicest Dialogues are those which are framed upon the Pictures or Statues of the Gods Goddesses vertues vices as occasion repentance justice fortune the fates the furies the graces c. Briefly demanding and wittily rendring the reason of what Poets or

as Galliam Caesar occupavit Religionem pauci colunt 5. Between the Adjective and his Substantive likewise between the Praeposition and his case put a Genitive case or other Particle as Innumeras hostium copias Caesar fudit omnis enim perturbatio c. 6. Comparatives Superlatives and Nounes of multitude must be set after their Substantives as sceleratos omnes Catilina unus superavit 7. Polysyllable Ajectives elegantly begin and end sentences as Miserrimi sunt omnes inglorii RVLES of Variation 1. Express your sentence in proper choice and purely Latine words without barbarism or Solaecism as fecit mihi potestatem abeundi not dedit mihi licentiam 2. By Synonyma's or words signifying the same thing as Literae tuae magnopere me delectârunt Epistola tua fuit mihi oblectamento fuit mihi voluptati 3. By tropes or figures viz. 1. Periphrasis as homo sapientiae studiosus pro Philosopho cubito se emungit pro salsumentario ars bene dicendi pro rhetorica 2. Metaphora as fluit oratio buccinare laudes 3. Allegoria as flamma fumo proxima 4. Mitonymia as Bacchus provino Vcalegon pro Domo ferrum pro gladio 5. Synecdoche as capus pro homine Hanibal Adria 4. Express the Active by the Pastive Or Personal by Impersonal contura as Virgilius legitur à me ego lego c. Starur ab illis illi stant 5. Change the Verbs into Verbals or Participles as quae nocent docent nocumenta documenta ut emerem libros empturus libros 6. Express the sentence by the contrary or negative as semper dum vivam tui meminero nunquam dum vivam tui non meminero 7. Express the sentence by Interrogation Admiration or Aporia or Ironia as Num tui me unquam qucat capere oblivio 8. Vary the sentence by the rules in Grammar viz. Est pro habeo The English of the Infinitive mood Gerunds turned into adjectives c. as habeo pecuniam est mihi pecunia suppetit mihi pecunia Huc veni ad emendum emptum empturus ut emerem causâ emendi ad emendos libros RVLES of Amplification 1. A sentence is amplyfied by reckoning up all the parts included within the General heads of the Theam ex gr love conquers all men here amplifie men by reckoning up all there under included as poor rich wise foolish young old Prince peasant c. 2. By handling the Antecedents concomitants and consequents of things ex gr theft the Anteced crafty looks and gestures Concom fear Conseq shame fear c. 3. By shewing the causes grounds or occasions of the matter in hand 4. By Diatypósis or a perticuler discription of each circumstance ex gr if we describe the ransacking of a City we shall mention houses burned virgins ravished temples ruined young men murthered c. 5. By digressions or stepping aside to other matters which notwitstanding bring light to the subject in hand especially from the Hypothesis to the Thesis 6. By Comparisons or Simile's illustrating the argument taken from things artificial or natural from things in heaven carth or sea 7. By Congeries or heaping up many sentence signifying all the same thing in substance ex gr we must all die Calcanda lethi semel via nullum saeva caput Proserpina fugit Seriùs aut citiùs sedem properamus ad unam 8. By Definitions or Descriptions various in words but one in Substance as mare est fons imbrium hospitium fluviorum Inventio commeatuum it incrum compendium c. 9. By Rhetoricall figures as Prosopopeia Apostrophe periphrasis correctio Aporia c. 10. By shewing the good or evill of the contrary ex gr if we treat of Sobriety shew the evill effects of drunkenness it wasts the estate consumes the body c. 11. By producing examples Apothegmes and Testimonies out of Authors viz. Poets or Historians RULES of Allusion 1. It is hand some to allude to the various significations or nearness in sound of Hebrew Greek Italian Saxon words or of any other Language as what we call a Grave the Welch call a bed so near a kin are death and sleep 2. We may allude to Sentences of Authors applying them to another matter ex gr de amore dicere possumus quod olim Seneca de ira furor brevis est We may say of drunkenness as the Poët did of love raptam tollit de cardine mentem 3. We may allude to persons as alter Hercules alia Minerva a second Alexander Vsque adeo Demeae Si fueris Thraso nusquam decrit tibi Gnatho Thus persons notable for any vertues or vices may be used as Appellatives 4. We may allude to memorable actions ex gr he consumes his estate In exstruendo mari montibus coaequandis Alluding to Xerxes 5. We may allude to the manners or customs of Nations ex gr The Baeotians used to burn the Axle-tree of the Coach that brought home a Bride intimating that she being once married might never return from her husband We worship the rising Sun 6. We allude to places as Qui sub zonâ torridâ persecution● degunt quasi in insulis Fortunatis natus Thus Psittacorum regio Terra del fogo Mare Pacificum and the like may be alluded to 7. We may allude to occasions of Proverbs as His plots are as undiscoverable as if he had Gyges ring 8. We may allude to any observable thing in nature or Art Viz. Stars Meteors Birds Beasts Fishes Plants Stones c. He is the rising Sun Thus Stella cadens ignis fatuus the Stork the Panther the Remora the Turn-sol the Magnet and a thousand such may be alluded to RVLES of Imitation 1. Observe the parts of such Sentences as you would imitate 2. Take another subject and make your sentences of the same parts putting Noune for Noune Verb for Verb Adverb for Adverb c. as The love of money is the root of evil The fear of God is the spring of Wisdom 3. When you would imitate a whole speech strive to make like style phrase and length of Periods 4. Where the Author useth any interrogations Admirations Epiphonema's Simile's Examples Allusions digressions do you the like 5. Observe from what heads your Author fetcheth his Arguments as cause effect subject Adjunct à pari à minore à majore à simili à contrario c. and fetch yours thence also if the matter will permit See Examples hereof in Hornes Manuduct pag. 88. The fountains of Eloquence whence Scholars must draw forth and lay up matter for Exercises 1. Histories remarkable and applicable See Plutarch Florus Justin Pliny Livy Tacitus Salust c. 2. Fables choice and witty See Ovids Metam Aesop 1. Natal Comes Rosse's Mystag Poeticus 3. Proverbs witty and best known See Erasmus Chil. Clarks Proverbs 4. Hierogliyphicks most significant and apposite See Nich. Causinas Pierius Clem. Alexandrinus 5. Emblems Symhols Impresses upon the Coyns or Arms of Emperors or other great Person Pictures of the Heathens Gods