Selected quad for the lemma: word_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
word_n	greek_a	latin_a	translate_v	3,558	5	9.2013	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A63981	Cicero redivivus, or, The art of oratory refin'd being two essays of elegancy : the first, containing plain and easie rules for scholars to make eloquent Latin, the second, usefull directions for young gentlemen and students to adorn their discourse and writings with a refin'd and genteel style / by John Twells, School-Master.	Twells, John, b. 1651 or 2.	1688 (1688)	Wing T3394; ESTC R5342	37,896	114

it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is so great a plainness of Speech as that the things seem to be set before the eyes A. What are the vices contrary to this vertue B. The vices contrary to Perspicuity are Obscurity and Ambiguity A. When may a Sentence be said to be obscure B. When it can scarce be understood as that of Varro Omnia dapatilia comîsse Jani cusiones for Omnia opipara comedisse Jani Curiones A. Whence ariseth this obscurity B. This obscurity proceeds from words unknown to the People A. What Sentence may be said to be ambiguous B. That which admits of a various interpretation as if a man should say Peto jus he may mean either jusculum or justitiam A. Whence ariseth this ambiguity B. It ariseth from equivocal or homonymous words Therefore a word that is obscure homonymous or too general is like a Rock to be avoided by him that has a mind to speak perspicuously For this reason in our familiar discourse we say not Clepta or Directarius but Fur nor jus but jusculum nor rem inveni but hoc or illud Or if such a word should thrust it self in let another word more common distinct special be immediately subjoyned to enlighten limit the former or let some explicatory discretive or determinative epithet be added as Clepta quod Latinis furem sonat Jus seu jusculum Rem perdidit nempe bona sua Or Clepta furax Jus coctum Rem possessam perdidit Words that by chance light into the same termination may sometimes be changed into another free from ambiguity as if you should say Tu canis 't will be uncertain whether you call any one a Dog or mean he sings If the first you will speak more clearly by an Adjective Tu impure Canis or Tu latras ut Canis If the latter you had better say Tu cantas c. Or they are to be discriminated by an accent if possible either pronounced or marked as venit in the present tense from vênit in the preterperfect tense Moreover he that desires to acquire this great Ornament must studiously avoid Amphibolie that is such a placing of the words as may render the sense doubtful Such is that in Terence Adeò uno animo omnes Socrus oderunt Nurus for one would be at a stand scarcely discerning whether Socrus was the Nominative Plural and Nurus the Accusative or contrariwise It is supposed the Poet so placed the words with a design to set out the reciprocal odium between Mothers-in-law and Daughters-in-law which if so 't was artificially done A. Must then words that are obscure homonymous of a more general signification and amphibolous be for ever interdicted a studied clarity B. To your four-fold question I answer distinctly thus 1. An obscure word appositely used and in its right place is commendable as if there be any thing you would not have all men indifferently understand but some one only that is privy to your counsels and purposes or some few of the more sagacious With these did Cicero fill his Epistles to Atticus a wise man and his intimate friend 2. An homonymous word in its proper place ceaseth to be such because words are understood according to the subject matter For example A Cook speaks not ambiguously that says Jus piscinum or an Astronomer that says Sol in piscibus An homonymous word set on purpose for the ambiguity of the sense is a pleasant elegancy As when Tully said that Octavius was laudandum tollendum for he might be understood either tollendum esse laudibus or tollendum de vitâ 3. Words of a very general signification are happily homonymous for they augment the treasure of the Language with variety of Elegancies Such are these Latine Nouns Res Vis Locus Natura Substantia Genus Species and the Verbs Sum Habeo Facio Do Gero c. 4. Words of a doubtful meaning fitly disposed in the same Sentence increase the Elegancy as Jura te velle servare jura And Lingua puerorum facilè discit diversas linguas Hence the Distick so much celebrated Quid facies facies Veneris si veneris ante Ne sedeas sed eas ne pereas per eas A word so placed betwixt two that it matters not to which it is referred is an Elegancy as Opus caeptum urgeas vehementer oro For here it is a question whether I mean the work is to be mightily hastned or that I mightily desire it And yet which way so ever you take it it will not be amiss and more full if you understand it both ways But if yet you have a mind to speak it very perspicuously you may do it by a Comma or a Repetition thus Ut opus urgeas vehementer oro Ut opus urgeas vehementer oro Ut opus vehementer urgeas vehementer oro A. Proceed to the second part B. Secondly by putting instead of the usual speech and common language Idiotical and proper only to the Latine tongue as if instead of Magister studiorum meorum one should say more latinely Meus à studiis A. What do you call this Ornament B. This second part is called Idiotism and in specie Latinism Graecism Hebraism c. when this Language or that hath an elegancy unknown to others A. What is Idiotism B. Idiotism is an emphatical custom of speaking proper and peculiar to some one tongue Or thus Idiotism or Idiom is a propriety phrase or form of speaking peculiar to its own tongue which cannot be rendred word for word into any other language but with much barbarity and baldness of expression A. How many fold is Idiotism B. Idiotism is two fold or there are two sorts of Idiotism i. e. Lexical and Grammatical Of the first in Latine this may be an example Potiri rerum to reign of the latter this Potiente rerum Augusto when Augustus reigned A. What mean you by Lexical Idiotisms B. By Lexical Idiotisms I mean such as cannot be translated out of Latine into English Greek c. word for word or iisdem verbis as Audire bene Dare verba c. A. What mean you by Grammatical Idiotisms B By Grammatical I mean such as cannot be translated by the same Case Person Tense c. as Sole orto c. Of Lexical Idiotisms see a plentiful Harvest in Mr. Walker's Idiomatical Dictionary of Grammatical here A. How many are the general subjects of Grammatical Idiotisms B. The general subjects of Grammatical Idiotisms are two A. Which are they B. 1. Single words 2. Phrases A. In what heads of single words are Grammatical Idiotisms found B. 1. In Substantives 2. In Adjectives 3. In Pronouns 4. In Verbs 5. In Participles 6. In Adverbs A. How many Rules do you observe in delivering the Idiotisms of Substantives B. Four. A. Which is the first Rule B. It is an Elegancy instead of the Substantive or Abstract to use the Adjective or concrete in the neuter Gender either singular or

ex Venetiis è Mediolano c. Quo ibis In Italiam Venetias Mediolanum Romam i.e. in Venetias c. Ubi est ille In Italiâ Venetiis i. e. in Mediolani Roma Here the Candidate of Eloquence must observe three things 1. That Names of Cities and Towns are very commonly used elliptically the Names of whole Countries and Islands very seldom as Navigare Cyprum for in Cyprum said Livie And Ter. Proficisci Aegyptum i. e. in Aegyptum 2. That the Names of Cities of the first and second Declension and the singular number are put in the Genitive case instead of the Ablative by a double ellipsis So Ubi Romae in urbe Remae Mediolani sc in urbe Mediolani 3. That this ellipsis is imitated by five Noun-Substantives common viz. Domus humus rus bellum militia and yet not in every thing for we say only Ubiest Domi humi rure or ruri belli militiae Unde redis Domo rure Tolle humo Quo ibis Domum rus 3. Of Measure The Preposition is understood in Nouns of Measure as Capua distat Româ Iter tridui per iter tridui Itinere tridui ab itinere tridui 4. Of the Cause Whence or why any thing is or is said may also be put elliptically in the Ablative case as Est puer aetate i. e. ab aetate Sapientiâ senex i. e. à. Est mater nomine à nomine Noverca re c. The same Latines put two Prepositions together one of their casual words being understood Cicero often In ante Calendas in Diem ante Cal. Ex ante diem nonarum ex termino qui fuit ante Liv. Ex templo è circa Praetorem missi ad civitates nuntii ex hominibus qui erant circa Praetorem So Seneca in de irâ in libro de irâ c. A. Which is the fifteenth Rule B. It is a delicacy amongst the Latines to joyn together two Conjunctions or Adverbs of the same signification as 1. Copulatives Que Etiam Etiam quoque Quoque etiam for says Cicero Apertâque clarà voce dicere Macrobius Existimo nonnihil ad consuetudinem veterum etiam Praetoris accedere Plaut Et hoc quoque etiam Lucret. Est etiam queque ubi proprio cum lumine possit c. 2. Concessives Etsi quamvis non fueris suasor approbator certè fuisti Cic. Quanquam etsi magnum me dixisset Apul. 3. Ordinatives Pòst deinde Ter. Deinceps inde Liv. Deinde postea Ulp. Tandem denique Apul. 4. Illatives Ergo igitur Apul. Itaque ergò Ter. A. Are Idioms always confined to some one language only B. Idioms strictly so call'd are so peculiar to one Language that others cannot imitate them whether they lie in single words as the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which the Romans themselves are fain to circumlocute thus Vis rerum viva motuum principium and the Latine Parentare i. e. Personis funeratis aut funerandis ceremoniarum apparatu honorem veluti Parentibus exhibere Or in Sentences as Post homines natos Since the creation of man which no modern Language can translate ad verbum no nor the Greek neither These are termed Idiotismi stricti Others are not so the monopoly of any one tongue but that they may be common to two or more Languages Such are all pure Latine words used by Classic Authors and many Sentences as that of Plautus Nescio quid habeo in mundo Anglicè I know not what in the world I have So habeo scriptum solutum may idiomatically be translated verbum de verbo into the English German and Italian Tongues Quantum est in rebus inane for quanta est in rebus inanitas is common to Latine and Greek So inania famae lubricum juventae for inanis fama lubrica juventus c. Vir irae spiritus lenitatis mammona iniquitatis are common Idioms to the Hebrew Latine and English Languages These therefore are stiled Idiotismi laxi A. Wherein lies the Virtue of Idiotism B. The Virtue of this Ornament lies in the Emphasis that is in the validity of the signification which other tongues cannot attain to even with a Periphrasis such are many expressions of the Greeks Latines English c. inimitable in equal nervositie by other Languages A. How many Vices are contrary to this Virtue B. The Vices which stand in opposition to this Virtue are Three sc Barbarism Solecism Xenism or Peregrinity A. What it Barbarism B. Barbarism is defined by Diogenes in his seventh Book thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 By Suidas thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In English thus Barbarism is a word used contrary to the custom of approved Authors Again Comenius defines it thus Barbarism is when in a Latine Sentence a word is made use of which either is not Latine as avisare for certiorem facere or praemonere or not conformable in some circumstance or other to the practice of pure writers as filie for fili Sciopius thus Barbarism is a sin against the Rules of Orthoepia Prosodia Etymologia such Rules I mean as are built upon the Writers of Tully's Age. 1. Against Orthoepia as Mecaenas for Maecenas Expecto for exspecto doc-tus for do-ctus c. 2. Prosodia as Compétitor for Competítor Oporínus for Opórinus 3. Analogia as Gratitudo and ingratitudo for animus gratus and ingratus or gratum and ingratum certitudo and incertitudo for certum and incertum adversitas for res adversae turbidae gravis fortuna c. A. What is the true signification of the Adjective barbarus a um B. Barbarus is synonymous to extraneus peregrinus one of another Country from דב extra foras A. What is Solecism B. Suidas defines Solecism thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vox incongruè constructa the Latines call it Stribligo Sciopius thus It is saith he a sin against the Rules and Figures of Construction Comenius thus It is a Solecism when Latine words are joyned together unlatinely that is after a manner unusual to the Latines as if one should say Facere damnum for dare or dare jacturam for facere Milites viligant in monte for milites speculantur de monte in these the words are Latine but coupled unlatinely So if one should say Magna fur or misera homo it would be Solecism no less than pugio mea profectus Londini penes Romanis or such-like A. What is Xenism or Pereginity B. Peregrinity or Xenism is when we in Latine or Greek c. unelegantly imitate an Idiotism elegant in another Language Sciopius defines it thus Peregrinitas est verborum Latinorum usus ad idiomata aliarum linguarum consuetudinem conformatus as Non me latet is an unelegant imitation of the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 So superior illius is a Peregrinity in imitation of the Greeks who use a Genitive case after a Comparative degree by an ellipsis of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which really governs the case instead of illo which is governed

Aegyptiis ferimus Zythum for referimus Decerptum for discerptum Animus mihi est ita tractare literas ut neminem depretiem Ab iis oris longe dissiti erant Daci In terras longinquas dissitásque for remoti remotas Hodiéque for hodie quoque Juxta Stoïcos for secundum Stoîcos de Stoîcorum sententiâ Collaterales sunt quorum alter alterius latus claudit for which Horace said tegit Catullus adhaeret Muto sumere est mutuari for mutuam Non vero for non autem Nuspiam clathrus legitur Nuspiam aequè peccatum Hoc nuspiam extat for nusquam Ex Hispaniâ Paenos petituri obiter visemus Sardos for pretereuntes or in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In transitu in trancursu per viam Primum universè aliqua praemittam de longè vetustissimis Aeuropae linguis tum particulatim dicam de linguae Latinae natalibus for separatim seorsum Passivus est error for vulgaris by his own confession Praeclara eorum reperta sine quibus esset defraudaremur magnâ doctrinarum parte for absque quibus esset c. But certainly there is nothing can make Latin so impure and debase it so much as Xenism or Peregrinity Which is the usage of Latin words in conformity to the Idiotisms or proper custom of other Languages And this Vice this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as the Greeks call it this foolish affectation began so early to taint the Latin Tongue that Sallust himself cannot plead not guilty when charg'd by Quintilian for saying Amat fieri in imitation of the Greek Idiom 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the Latin solet Muretus also among other learned men must pardon my boldness if I call him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for saying Non me latet because forsooth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whence lateo seems to be formed is construed with an Accusative Case whereas Latet me is no more Latin than Patet me Nor indeed did ever Lucretius Plautus or Cicero use other than latet mihi For why Because forsooth the Greek is a Language of great elegancy will it be therefore praise-worthy always to use Latin words after the Greek way Why then let us e'en say with Vitruvius Nummus ex auri Poculum ex ligni for Nummus ex auro Poculum ex ligno and studium in Juris for studium in Jure because a Writer of Augustus's age thought good thus to Grecissate And in no wise less is Tacitus's evil-affectation who in the beginning of the 5th Book of his Annals writes thus Titus ut superior sui jam crederetur decorum se promtúmque in armis ostendebat Here our Historian indiscreetly imitates the Greek custom saying superior sui for superiorse which Lipsius not discerning and yet well knowing it was not right sterling Latin did what Criticks commonly do viz. go about to correct what they do not understand and so endeavoured ridiculously to amend and set it to rights thus Titus ut super fortunam crederetur c. Moreover if we consult Reason which Cicero adviseth all learned men to use as a Test or Touch-stone to try refine and purifie the corrupt custom of speaking we shall find that 't is absurdly done of him who after the Greek custom dares say Superior illius for in the Greek there is suppressed the Preposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which governs the Genitive Case but in the Latin prae is ellipted which ever governs an Ablative Case In Greek therefore by regular Syntax we say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but figuratively and usually 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In Latin according to Rule Major prae his charitas by a Figure Major his If you say Major horum why then you grecissate and are cacozélous laying aside both your Reason and Judgment But more intollerable are they that foist upon the Latin Tongue the Idioms of living Languages as the most learned Jesuit Johannes Mariana did in that Rex sumtus istos excusare debet for compendifacere ponere ad compendium sumtibus supersedere because in the Spanish Idiom it is said Escusar los gastos So Lipsius Orientales Imperatores in specie gestu cultu magis curiosi aut affectati for ista talia magis ducupantur venantur nimio studio persequuntur sunt putidi nimii in talibus because indeed the Italian Idiom bears it sc E troppo affettato in questo So Thuanus Rex Episcopum aliquando deponere potest for Episcopatu abigere exuere movere removere dimovere depellere detrudere desicere abire cogere or Episcopatum alicui abolere or abrogare His also is this Viginti ad minus dies because you must know the French say Au moins the Italians Al meno ò manco the Spaniards A lo menos which the Latins express thus Minimùm quod minimum est minimè and sometimes saltem duntaxat certè at vel And this reminds me of a novel expression that Dr. Busbey after Pasor upon the Verb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 uses viz. ut plurimùm most an end I know not by what authority Pasor says he in Lexico N. T. ad verbum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ut plurimùm dicit resumi 1 quae in indefinito primô abjicitur Gr. Gram. Rud. p. 298. There are some of our own Country-men too that being deceived by the Idiom of our Mother-Tongue stick not to say Fidem dare alicui for credere because we commonly say to give credit or trust to any one or any thing Nay Dr. Robinson in his Phrase-book commonly called Winchester-Phrases appoints it Children for a Phrase Phr. 186. Title To believe or credit Whereas Fidem dare alicui is to promise or pass ones word to any body Nempe saith Scioppius cum fidem tibi dedi i. e. promisi ac veluti fidem meam apud te deposui tu mihi fidem habes sive est mihi apud te fides hoc est Tu mihi credis Instead of which Ausonius Manutius Scaliger alias Burdo and Dr. Robinson in the fore-cited place say newly and barbarously Tu mihi fidem adhibes whenas adhibere fidem is afferre fidem ad rem aliquàm uti fide even as adhibere diligentiam And here give me leave to observe to you that Lucretius innovated in saying Fidem dare for persuadere facere ut res habeat fidem or credatur l 5. Dictis dabit ipsa fidem res forsitan which he presently interprets thus Hoc ratio potius quam res persuadeat ipsa But note Fidem habeo signifies one while credere other whiles credi or credibile esse Certainly Mr. Merryweather shew'd himself to be more skilful in foreign and ancient customs than in the vernacular practice and usage of the Language of his own Country when in his Latin Translation of Religio Medici he turns this passage of the Author Yet have I not so shaken hands with those desperate Resolvers Roman-Catholicks as to stand